REVIEWARTICLE

Vera CHINENOVA

Goryachkin’s agricultural mechanics

© Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Abstract The paper contributes to the development ofapplied mechanics by establishing a new discipline,namely, agricultural mechanics by academician V. P.Goryachkin (1868–1935) who was an apprentice of N. Y.Zhukovsky and a graduate of the Moscow University(current known as Moscow State University) and theImperial Higher Technical School.

Keywords theory of mechanisms and machines, agricul-tural machinery engineering, agricultural mechanics

1 Introduction

The legacy of academician V. P. Goryachkin is centered onthe development of theory of mechanisms and machines.His works are the basis for large-scale development of thetheory and practice of creating new, high-production, andeffective machines and systems of machines. Thesemachines helped solve many problems related to nationaleconomy and explored natural laws, which can be used inthe future.V. P. Goryachkin, a remarkable scientist and theoretician

of agricultural machinery engineering, laid the foundationfor a new scientific discipline called “agriculturalmechanics.” Goryachkin was an honorary member of theAcademy of Sciences of the USSR and an academician ofthe All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VASKh-NIL) [1].

2 Biographical notes on V. P. Goryachkin

Vasilii Prokhorovich Goryachkin (Fig. 1) was born inMoscow on January 29, 1868 to a family of craftsmen. Hewas raised by his elder brother because his mother died

when he was three years old and he lost his father at the ageof 12. He studied at a gymnasium on a full board-and-lodging basis. He graduated with honors from theMathematical Division of the Department of Physics andMathematics of Moscow University in 1890 and theEmperor’s Moscow Technical School (currently known asBauman Moscow Technical University) in 1894. He choselocomotives as the subject of his graduate thesis at theMoscow Higher Technical School. This choice could beattributed to the fact that his father and uncle worked at therailroad. Goryachkin mastered nine European languagesduring his studies at higher educational institutions. Atboth higher institutions, his teacher and tutor was NikolayYegorovich Zhukovsky (Fig. 2).At the end of the 19th century, Russia needed specialists

in applied mechanics, particularly experts in the use ofagricultural machines. The Department of Agriculturedispatched Goryachkin abroad to prepare for academic andscientific work. During his business trips to Germany andFrance, he realized that no actual science of agriculturalmachines and tools was established in these countries. Atthe time, the science of agricultural machinery was only adescription of the structure of machines and tools and acompilation of practical instructions on their usage,assembly, setting, and adjustment. This compilation alsoincluded information on the performance and cost ofmachines, as well as the number of working people and theamount of moving force required. The content of such a

Received July 16, 2015; accepted December 13, 2015

Vera CHINENOVA (✉)Mathematics and Mechanics Department, Lomonosov Moscow StateUniversity, Moscow 119992, RussiaE-mail: v.chinenova@yandex.ru

Fig. 1 Vasilii Prohorovich Goryachkin (1868–1935)

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“descriptive machine building” was far from being a truescientific discipline to understand the technologicalprinciples of operating machines and the mechanicalbasis of constructing machines.Upon arrival from foreign travel in 1896, V. P.

Goryachkin was appointed acting Associate Professor inagricultural machinery, tools, and engines at the MoscowAgricultural Institute (Fig. 3). At the very beginning of hisscientific and educational work as a professor, Goryachkinfocused on searching for and developing theoreticalprinciples to calculate and construct machines. Hedeveloped his own scientific approach. He studied manydifferent machines and tools with various purposes. Plows,horse drives, grain binders, mowers, various threshers,separators, and others, which differed significantly, were avast agglomeration of instruments that were neitherconsidered by science nor examined or described techni-cally.

3 Establishing “agricultural mechanics”

First, examining this machinery based on its diversity isnecessary to carefully consider and classify different kinds

of machines, clarify the main tasks of studying every typeof tool and machine, and determine the fundamentals ofdeveloping theoretical and calculation methods for allmachines. Thus, answering these problems would be thesubject of the science that deals with agricultural machinesand tools. Eventually, Goryachkin laid out the funda-mentals of this new science and called it agriculturalmechanics [2].Goryachkin stressed on many occasions that the

development of applied sciences, including agriculturalmechanics, was only possible when these applied sciencesare based on fundamental sciences, such as mathematics,physics, and other fields. He laid the foundation for theagricultural branch of technical sciences, a new engineer-ing specialization, and a novel approach for engineeringeducation.V. P. Goryachkin was an outstanding specialist in

agricultural machinery. However, his most significantcontribution was creating a philosophy of agriculturalmechanics as a domain of science and technology. He wasthe best in Russia and the world in formulatingscientifically valid requirements for constructing machinesand developing types of agricultural machines, as well asin identifying future research directions to develop thisarea.The scientific works of Goryachkin are considered as

classics in the field of technical sciences. Aside fromdeveloping a theory of agricultural machinery, he alsocontributed fundamental theoretical aspects in his works,such as the theory of masses and velocities, impact anddestruction of materials, a wedge, cutting, similarity, and ageneral scheme of natural phenomena and processes. Totest machines, he created instruments in agriculture,metalwork, and machine building, such as soil hardnesstester, profilographs, dynamographs, and others.The task of establishing and developing agricultural

mechanics spanned many years. V. P. Goryachkin taughtthe course “Theory of Agricultural Machines and Tools”starting from the first year (Fig. 4). Nevertheless, theearliest lithographic prints of Goryachkin’s lectures on thiscourse appeared as far back as 1897, and all the remaininglists were uncovered in 1898.

Fig. 2 N. Y. Zhukovsky (1847–1921)

Fig. 3 V. P. Goryachkin

Fig. 4 V. P. Goryachkin in the laboratory

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The Moscow Agricultural Society organized exhibitionsof agricultural machines and tools in 1896, 1897, 1898,1903, 1908, 1909, and 1910. These exhibitions were heldat Butyrskii Khutor, a property of the Society, which waslocated in the vicinity of the Moscow AgriculturalInstitute. Goryachkin actively participated in these exhibi-tions since 1897 as a supervisor during the testing of themachines at the show. Since 1903, he was the chairman ofexpert commissioners at these exhibitions. These exhibi-tions and tests of machines and tools that were organizedby V. P. Goryachkin provided him with original material tostudy machine constructions and determine the theoreticalprinciples of their work and structure (Fig. 5).

The first printed work by Goryachkin, Moldboard, waspublished in 1898. It was written as a result of examiningthe shapes of the working surfaces of plow bases usingprofilometer measurements at the 1897 exhibition.Goryachkin explained why it was important to study the

moldboard when the work of a plough is characterized.“The working parts of the plough are the chisel, the shareand the moldboard; the chisel makes a vertical cut, theshare makes a horizontal cut, and the moldboard lifts andthrows up a rectangular-sectioned slice, turning the upperstratum down. The furrow slice is loosened somewhat,keeping its form. Or it may completely break down intoseparate, greater or smaller pieces” [3].Goryachkin invented devices for agricultural engineer-

ing, such as soil hardness tester, profilograph, dynamo-graph, and others. By using the profilograph, he studied theforms of moldboards of different ploughs and formulated amethod to design these moldboards. The monographMoldboard contains the theoretical analysis of theexperimental data and the application of mechanicalprinciples. The work begins with the following words:“The theory of every tool should answer two questions. 1)What form should be the working parts of the tool in orderto operate most effectively? 2) What dimensions should allthe tool components (working and non-working parts)have and how (should they) be located in order to managethe tool in the most convenient way, spending effort as

small as possible?” [3].Goryackin emphasized that the first question to address

is determining the forms of the working parts of the tool tosatisfy the working conditions in the best way possible.This step may be conducted using geometrical considera-tions with respect to effectiveness. This implies that acertain family of surfaces with a variable parameter shouldbe selected from the infinite diversity. Next, determining aparameter of the surface that belongs to the family selectedusing mechanical conclusions is necessary, i.e., todetermine the dimensions of the parts and their mutuallocation.In solving the problem following this order, the most

beneficial tool form (with respect to effectiveness), whichrequires the least effort, will be determined eventually.Determining the tool form is a key problem, whereas the

expenditure of energy is a problem of lower prioritybecause every tool is assessed based on its quality ratherthan the quantity of the work it entails.Goryachkin focused on the technological peculiarities of

the soil as an agricultural material and the qualityrequirements of its processing. He identified structuralagricultural indicators of the plough, which influenced itsproduction. He valued experimental studies. He made aditch where a real plough could be tested at any time of theyear.Let us consider a profilograph created by Goryachkin in

a more detailed manner. He used this device to build upcurves of the cross-sections of moldboards in vertical andhorizontal planes to conduct the graphical analysis ofmoldboards.The profilograph, which is used to record coordinates,

contains a board (Fig. 6) where a plough is set. A metallicpath is placed next to the board. A runner with an attachedvertical rod can slide along this path. Another runner with ahorizontal rod passing through it is placed on the verticalrod. Both runners are supplied with setscrews, and bothrods and the path are labeled with millimeter marks. Whenthe end of the horizontal rod touches any point of the

Fig. 5 V. P. Goryachkin at his drafting desk

Fig. 6 Profilograph by V. P. Goryachkin

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moldboard, the coordinates of this point can be easilycounted. Establishing the curves of the cross-sections ofthe moldboards using both vertical and horizontal planeswith the recorded coordinates is easy.The curves of the cross-sections of a moldboard, which

were obtained using the profilograph, allowed thereproduction of the form of the moldboard in an arbitraryscale. To perform this task, we place plates on both sides,whose thickness is equal to the distance between the planesof the cross-sections. Two neighboring curves on each ofthem in a corresponding scale are drawn. Finally, we cutand paste the curves together.The graphical analysis of moldboards is based on the

study of curves recorded using the profilograph. Thisanalysis has two goals:1) To determine the characteristics of the moldboard

surface using the form of the curves, and2) To deduce the average dimensions of the homo-

geneous surfaces.The first problem is the most important and interesting

issue. However, it is also the most challenging, whichrequires a comparative study of various moldboards. Thesolution of the second problem follows the first one.Furthermore, Goryachkin conducted a detailed graphicalanalysis of cylindrical and helical moldboards.Goryachkin’s research on the scope of ploughs was

extensive. In 1910, he published the book Moldboard ofPloughs, and Ploughs was released later. He was the firstexpert to establish the fact that the position of the gravitycenter of a plough affected its movement, which conse-quently enabled him to gain attention in academe. Hisscientific ideas were embodied in machine designs. Heestablished a new form factory made of moldboardaccording to his instructions. At the same time, hecarefully examined other agricultural machines.Shortly thereafter, Goryackin’s small books and bro-

chures were published, which included Different Sorts ofPlows, Plows, Threshers, and other works. Each worktheoretically clarified the structure and function of amachine. In each of the works, the author sought to identifythe laws of mechanics that were responsible for theoperation of a machine through observation whileconstructing the machine. Under his guidance and withhis direct participation, the theory of tractor plowmechanisms was developed. Thus, the raising mechanismsof local plows were superior to the mechanisms of the bestimported plows.In 1913, the Mower, Harvester, and Binder Drawing

Atlas was published (a copy is kept in the Goryachkinmuseum). The Atlas contains strictly systematized andvoluminous data that characterized the existing harvesterconstructions in their totality while having the mostcompact and particular form. Goryachkin presented aninstruction in writing the Encyclopedia of AgriculturalMachine Building (he edited four volumes and 263author’s sheets). He created working models with original

cuts and sections to demonstrate his work.In 1917–1918, Goryachkin wrote the book Agricultural

Mechanics [2] with the subtitle Fundamentals of theTheory of Agricultural Machines and Implements (Fig. 7).This book was published in 1919 and served as a textbookin agricultural mechanics. This course was taught byGoryachkin himself.

The basic content of the book includes the description ofthe components of analytical mechanics, theory ofmechanisms, theory of elasticity, and mathematics, whichshould be a basis in studying agricultural machines andtheir operational processes and constructing the theory ofall kinds of agricultural machines.Goryachkin thoroughly revised the entire material and

developed it to provide a theoretical basis in studyingagricultural machines. Many parts of his remarkable workwere independent contributions to the various disciplineswith some principles and laws that were described by theauthor in his book. For example, Prokhorovich mentionedthat most tools were based on the use of a wedge. In thechapter “General theory of tools”, the theory of materialfailure is immediately followed by the description of afriction wedge (dihedral and trihedral) and its effect on theprocessed material. In this chapter, Goryachkin signifi-cantly elaborated friction wedge theory in comparison withwhat was achieved earlier.Aside from their direct targets, the books Forces of

Inertia and their Counterpoising [4] and AgriculturalMechanics [2] achieved another important result. Theseworks demonstrated that agricultural machinery was anintensive, complex, specific, and serious subject ofinvestigation and identified scholarly instruments thatwere needed to study these machines. In particular, thesebooks show that some branches of mechanics are not

Fig. 7 V. P. Goryachkin. Agricultural Mechanics. Moscow, 1919

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sufficiently developed to master objects, such as agricul-tural machines and tools, as well as the differenttechnological processes executed by these machines. Itbecame clear that agricultural machines should not beconsidered elementary instruments because thesemachines were not primitive at all.In Forces of Inertia and their Counterpoising, Prokhor-

ovich selected and presented the branches of kinematicsand the dynamics of mechanisms in studying the forces ofinertia in the mechanisms of agricultural machines. He alsodescribed the corresponding methods of kinematic anddynamic analysis considering the specific features ofmechanisms in agricultural machines. In general, when thebook is characterized, Goryachkin likely selected andadapted the scholarly apparatus to study agriculturalmachines and construct their theory and calculationmethods. Meanwhile, only the questions concerning thecalculation of velocities, accelerations, forces of inertia, aswell as counterposing these forces, were considered in thebook. Agricultural Mechanics by Goryachkin was trans-lated into English, Arabic, and Bulgarian.In late 1932, Goryachkin began to compile a multi-

volume collection of works called Theory and Calculationof Agricultural Machines. He collected four volumes forprinting and only saw one of them printed.Goryachkin’s succeeding works were focused on the

development of the theory of agricultural machinery. As aresult of his extensive efforts, he arranged the firstmachine-test station at his department, which became acenter of scientific work and the managerial basis of hissubsequent endeavors. This machine-test station wasactually a scientific research institute (Fig. 8) whereintensive explorations were carried out under the guidanceof Goryachkin.

4 Teacher and organizer of science

V. P. Goryachkin received the rank of associate professor in1899 and became a full professor in 1913. Since that year,he was in charge of the machine-test station, which was hisproject. Goryachkin established the Engineering Depart-

ment (1915) and the Department of Agricultural MachineBuilding (1928) at the Moscow Agricultural Institute.As an outstanding scientist and social activist, V. P.

Goryachkin was elected and appointed as a principal of thePetrovskaya Agricultural Academy (1919–1922), formerlythe Agricultural Institute. He was the director of the All-Union Institute of Agricultural Mechanics since 1929. Heorganized a council under the All-Union Institute ofMechanization of Agriculture.After organizing VASKhNIL, Goryachkin became an

academician and an honorable member of the Academy ofSciences of the USSR later on. Goryachkin was a modestman. When he was nominated for the title of a full memberof the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1932, herefused to be a candidate. He reckoned that he had notachieved enough to become an academician. He wasinstead elected as an honorary academician.In 1935, Goryachkin was awarded the Order of the Red

Banner of Labor.Неwas awarded the title was awarded thetitle Honored Master of Sciences and Engineering of theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The Mos-cow State Agricultural University and the All-UnionInstitute of Agricultural Mechanics were named afterhim. He died in Moscow on September 21, 1935. TheGoryachkin Memorial Museum was opened at themachine-test station (Fig. 9).After Goryachkin’s death, seven volumes of his

collected works were published [5]. His three-volumecollected works [6] were published in 1968, whichcoincided with the 100th anniversary of his birth, and itwas translated into English [7].Almost all foreign theoretical works cite V. P. Gor-

yachkin as an unquestioned authority in the field ofagricultural mechanics.The role of V. P. Goryachkin was not restricted to the

establishment of a new scientific discipline. He did notonly leave various scientific works but also brought up anentire scientific school of apprentices and followers. Theseindividuals included V. Yu. Gann, the author andconstructor of the Rostselmash project and a correspondingmember of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR,academicians I. I. Artobolevski and V. A. Zheligovskii,VASKhNIL academicians N. D. Luchinskii and I. F.Vasilenko, many doctors of sciences, candidates ofsciences, and engineers. The scientific school created byV. P. Goryachkin has influenced the development ofagricultural machine building in other countries. Many ofhis foreign followers called themselves his apprenticesalthough they never met V. P. Goryachkin personally.Thus, Dr. Giordano, the professor of the Milan StateHigher Engineering Institute, wrote to his Russiancolleagues: “With a deep emotion I received, along withtwo volumes of the Theory, Construction, and Productionof Agricultural Machines, sad news about the death of Mr.Professor Goryachkin. You have lost the remarkablescientist whose works will attest to his great significance.

Fig. 8 The machine-test station, 1913

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I have lost a great and very kind friend who was attentivelywatching my work, who inspired me and helped me fromthe first steps in activity of the experimental institute ofagricultural mechanics I founded in my country. Glory tohis memory” [1].

5 Goryachkin and his idea in theory ofmechanisms and machines:Man-machine-environment

Upon examining the ideas propsed and developed by V. P.Goryachkin in terms of modern concepts, these ideas canbe encapsulated as a global problem concerning man-machine-environment.In the current century of scientific and technological

revolution, this problem is developed based on fourgeneral scientific directions: Biomechanics of workingprocesses, mechanics of machines, theory of machinecontrol, and theory of technological processes.A specific property of most agricultural machines,

including modern machines, is the fact that a humanoperator is needed to control these machines. Manymanual tools are applied at present, particularly in

gardening, horticulture, vineyard processing, and cultiva-tion of specialty crops. In his early works in agriculturalmechanics and theory of agricultural machinery, Goryach-kin explored the working movements of a human operatorto determine the optimal forms of these movements, whichwould minimize the burden on the arms and legs of anoperator. He also examined certain aspects of comfort andconvenience in machine control and addressed thequestions related to service zones, as these are called today.In solving these questions, a problem emerged on how to

determine the interrelationships between the requiredoperator movements and human physiology. Goryachkinintroduced the course Theory of Live Engines in thecurriculum of agricultural mechanics. The course wascreated by A. V. Leontovich, an outstanding physiologist.He considered some questions of human physiology,which are now developed as biomechanics of workingmovements of humans and animals. Leontovich alsoposited the physiology of humans and animals, focusingon the role of the muscles of the nervous system and brainin generating and controlling working movements.Furthermore, the energy characteristics and adaptiveproperties of live engines were considered to determinetheir ability to adjust to different working conditions,

Fig. 9 The Goryachkin’s Memorial Museum

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particularly determining the effect of the position of anoperator relative to the machine (standing or sitting,moving near the machine, and so on).Goryackin not only created a new branch of applied

mechanics but also formulated an original human-machine-environment concept. The second item of theproblem, the machine, was considered by Goryackin indifferent aspects. However, studying the issues ofmechanics of machines was the primary consideration.In the 1930s, Goryachkin eagerly studied the theory of

manual tools. He conducted his explorations with theCentral Institute of Labor and involved his apprentices inthe work. For example, I. I. Artobolevski determined themechanical parameters of hammers, mattocks, spades, andscythes, specifically their masses, barycenters, moments ofinertia, centers of oscillation, and so on. Simultaneously,more complicated tasks were solved. An example isdetermining how the position of a barycenter of a humanoperator affected an operator’s movements. These taskswere solved using the simplest experimental installationsalthough this approach was unheard of at the time. Allthese works were based on the remarkable results obtainedby Goryachkin in the kinematics and dynamics of manualtools and theory of impact processes produced by thesetools.The works on the standardization of tractor plows were

also organized during this period. V. P. Goryachkinrequested his friend, Professor N. I. Mertsalov, who wasreading courses of theory of mechanisms and machinesand the kinematics of spatial mechanisms at the MoscowAgricultural Institute (since 1921), to carry out the study ofkinematics and kinetostatics of elevating mechanisms intractor plows. N. D. Luchinskii, who became anacademician of VASKhNIL thereafter and I. I. Artobo-levski, a future academician of the Academy of Sciences ofthe USSR, were also involved in these works. Luchinskiidefended his graduation project called “Americanthresher,” which considered the problem of how anoperator could control a machine using handles. Thesame problem on the relations between a human operatorand a machine emerged in designing new reapingmachines (these questions were examined by ProfessorsP. I. Borodin and I. I. Artobolevski under the guidance ofV. P. Goryachkin).The machine is the second item in the human-machine-

environment problem. Goryachkin considered differentaspects of machines in his works, focusing mostly on thestudy of the mechanics of machines. His works onkinematics and dynamics of plane and spatial mechanismsare significant. Goryachkin often said that “mechanismsare flowers of technics.”He focused on the development ofthe theory of mechanisms. Goryachkin first posed thequestion on the necessity of developing the methods ofkinematic and dynamic studies of spatial mechanisms foragricultural machinery. He encouraged Professor N. I.Mertsalov to create and read the course Theory of Spatial

Mechanisms. Stimulated by Mertsalov’s lectures and uponthe recommendation of Goryachkin, Artobolevski alsodevoted his attention to the theory of spatial mechanisms.He began to examine mechanisms used in agriculturalmachines and became interested in other machine-buildingbranches.Goryachkin studied many different aspects of mechanics

of machinery: Kinematics of mechanisms, dynamics ofmachines, theory of oscillations in machines, theory ofcontrol over machines and technological processes.All his works highlighted the idea that the mechanics of

agricultural machinery should consider technologicalprocesses. In this context, his papers were on cutting andreversing furrow slices, theory of cutting herbs andgrasses, crushing agricultural products, and so on, whichwere connected to specific technological processes invol-ving the environment that was processed using a tool or amachine.

6 Conclusions

The necessity of considering the theory of agriculturalmachinery in terms of the man-machine-environmentsystem, which is a profound concept of Goryachkin, hasbecome widely recognized today in the current theory ofmachinery. Indeed, all the three factors are considered indesigning separate automatic machines and systems ofautomatic machines (automated sequence machine sys-tems), machine tools, and other program-controlledmachines, as well as industrial robots and walkingmachines.The legacy of Goryachkin, although connected with the

past doctrines on mechanisms and machines, led to theunprecedented and extensive development of the theoryand practice of the agricultural mechanics. New, highly-productive, and effective machines and systems ofmachines were designed as a result of his teaching.These machines were developed to provide solutions toproblems on the development of the national economy.

Acknowledgements The author is grateful to the members of V. P.Goryachkin’s family (his grandson Oleg P. Vinogradov, a professor atLomonosov Moscow University, Doctor of Physical and MathematicalSciences; granddaughter Galina A. Yaroshevskaya) and to the staff of theGoryachkin Memorial Museum for providing all the necessary information,photographs, and documents.

References

1. Zheligovskii V A. Vasilii Prokhorovich Goryachkin. Saransk:

Archival files of the Perm Territory, 1968 (in Russian)

2. Goryachkin V P. Agricultural Mechanics. Moscow, 1919 (in Russian)

3. Goryachkin V P.Collected Works in Seven Volumes. Volume 3.

Moscow: Selkhozgiz, 1937: 9–11 (in Russian)

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4. Goryachkin V P. Collected Works in Seven Volumes. Volume 1.

Moscow: Selkhozgiz, 1937: 69–178 (in Russian)

5. Goryachkin V P. GoryachkinCollected Works in Seven Volumes.

Moscow: Selkhozgiz, 1937–1949 (in Russian)

6. Goryachkin V P. Collected Works in Three Volumes. Moscow:

Kolos, 1968 (in Russian)

7. Goryachkin V P.Collected Works in Three Volumes. Jerusalem:

Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1973

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