qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria - lib.bsu.edu.ge · 3 qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria II tomi meore gamocema oTxtomeulis meore gamocemis ideis avtori da redaqtori mixeil maxaraZe

3

qarTuli filosofiuri

azris istoria

II tomi

meore gamocema

oTxtomeulis meore gamocemis ideis avtori da

redaqtori mixeil maxaraZe

gamomcemloba ùniversali~ Tbilisi 2013

4

UDC (uak) 1(479.22)(09) q-279

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis meore tomSi ganxi-

lulia filosofiuri azri XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.

naSromSi xazgasmulia im mZime socialur-politikur viTa-

rebaze, romelic TiTqmis eqvs saukunes grZeldeboda saqarTve-

loSi da ramac didad Seaferxa qarTuli kulturis, maT Soris,

filosofiisa da filosofiuri azris ganviTareba.

naSromSi Seswavlili da ganxilulia filosofiuri ideebi

abuserisZe tbelis, JamTaaRmwerlis, sulxan-saba orbelianis,

anton pirvelisa da daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. gansaxil-

vel periodSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba eTikuri, esTetikuri

da socialur-sazogadoebrivi ideebis analizs.

saredaqcio kolegia: s. avaliani

a. bregaZe

i. kalandia

m. maxaraZe (mTavari redaqtori) T. mTibelaSvili

g. SuSanaSvili

m. WeliZe

meore tomis redaqtori _

filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori sergi avaliani

© m. maxaraZe, 2013 gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2013

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-17-944-0 (saerTo yvela tomisTvis) ISBN 978-9941-17-945-7 (II tomi)

5

w i n a s i t y v a o b a

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis meore tomi

ZiriTadad moicavs XIII-XVIII saukuneebs. samwuxarod, es

periodi filosofiuri ideebiT, sxva saukuneebTan Seda-

rebiT, gacilebiT Raribia. gansakuTrebiT, es iTqmis

XIII-XVI saukuneebze, rac gamowveuli iyo im Znelbedo-

biT, romelic am periodSi qarTvel xalxs Tavs daatyda

gareSe mtrebis Semosevebis Sedegad. erTmaneTs zedized

cvlida monRolTa, Temurlengis, sparsTa da osmalTa

batonoba, rasac Tan sdevda qalaqebisa da soflebis

aoxreba, saxelmwifoebriobis moSla, dampyrobelTa ba-

tonoba da maT winaaRmdeg ganuwyveteli brZolebi. aseT

pirobebSi, cxadia, aravis ecala kulturuli cxov-

rebisa da, miT umetes, filosofiuri azrovnebisaTvis.

amis miuxedavad, am periodSi mainc gvxvdeba filoso-

fiuri azrovnebis calkeuli faqtebi: abuserisZe tbeli

(XII-XIII ss.), „JamTaaRmwereli“ (XIII-XIV ss.), samedicino-

filosofiuri literatura.

qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis aRorZineba XVII

saukunidan daiwyo, rodesac SedarebiT mtkice da mSvi-

di sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTareba damyarda.

XVII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVIII saukunis pirvel

meoTxedSi cxovrobda didi qarTveli moazrovne, sasu-

liero da politikuri moRvawe, sulxan-saba orbeliani

(1658-1725). mis kalams ekuTvnis pirveli qarTuli encik-

lopediuri xasiaTis naSromi „qarTuli leqsikoni“, ro-

melSic filosofiur problemebs soliduri adgili

uWiravs. marTalia, es ideebi rig SemTxvevebSi aRebulia

sxvadasxva avtorebidan (platoni, aristotele, nemesios

emeseli, ioane damaskeli, ioane petriwi da sxv.), magram

es garemoeba xels ar uSlis imas, rom isini sulxan-

6

saba orbelianis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobad gan-

vixiloT. amave dros es filosofiuri ideebi imdroin-

deli filosofiuri azrovnebis dones asaxavda. leqsi-

konSi ganxilulia ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri, lo-

gikuri da naturfilosofiuri problemebi. sulxan-saba

orbelianis kalams ekuTvnis mravali sxva naSromic,

romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs

vrcel didaqtikur Txzulebas - „wigni sibrZne-sic-

ruisa”, romelSic igav-arakebis formiT gamoTqmulia

Rrma filosofiuri, eTikuri, pedagogiuri da socia-

lur-politikuri ideebi.

XVIII saukuneSi moRvaweobda didi qarTveli moaz-

rovne, filosofosi, enaTmecnieri, bunebismetyveli, poe-

ti, didi ganmanaTlebeli da religiuri moRvawe,

(kaTalikosi) anton pirveli (bagrationi) (1724-1788).

anton pirvelma XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi mTeli

epoqa Seqmna ara mxolod filosofiaSi, aramed, agreTve,

qarTuli kulturis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi Tavisi

originaluri da ucxo {laTinuri, rusuli, somxuri}

enebidan Targmnili TxzulebebiT, romlebic gankuTvni-

li iyo misive iniciativiT gaxsnili Tbilisisa da

Telavis seminariebis saxelmZRvaneloebad. anton pirve-

lis originaluri filosofiuri Txzulebebidan gansa-

kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia „spekali“ da „katiRoria si-

metneÁ“. 1762 wels man laTinuridan Targmna kr.

baumaisteris filosofiis sruli kursi (metafizika,

logika, eTika), kr. volfis wignis safuZvelze Sead-

gina Txzuleba „Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri“,

romelsac vrceli komentarebi daurTo. anton pirve-

lis wyalobiT Tbilisisa da Telavis seminariebSi

filosofias dasavleT evropis doneze aswavlidnen.

winamdebare gamocemis meore tomSi gamokvleulia-

agreTve, qarTuli eTikuri, esTetikuri da sazoga-

7

doebriv-politikuri azris istoria. Seswavlilia didi

qarTveli poetis daviT guramiSvilis (1705-1792) filo-

sofiuri msoflmxedveloba, sazogadoebriv-politikuri

azris istoria XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi, filosofiuri

urTierTobani mezobel qveynebTan da a.S.

sergi avaliani

8

S e s a v a l i

qarTulma kulturam, kerZod, qarTulma filoso-

fiurma azrma Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals

XI-XII saukuneebSi miaRwia, rasac metyvelebs efrem

mcires, arsen iyalToelisa da ioane petriwis, rogorc

mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, ise maT mier Targmnil

filosofiur Zeglebze darTuli RrmasafuZvliani ko-

mentarebi. am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia

ioane petriwis mier Targmnili neoplatonuri filoso-

fiis ukanaskneli didi warmomadgenlis, prokles (412-

485) ,,RvTismetyvelebis safuZvlebze” darTuli komenta-

rebi, romelic scildeba komentaris daniSnulebas da

warmoadgens petriwis damoukidebelsa da originalur

naSroms.

XI-XII saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis ayvavebis yve-

laze srulyofili gamoxatuleba iyo SoTa rusTavelis

,,vefxistyaosani”, romelic, maRalmxatvruli Rirebule-

bebis garda, epoqis mowinave filosofiur ideebsac

warmoaCens.

ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTulma kulturam am

dros iseT simaRleebs miaRwia, romlis msgavsma

movlenebmac evropaSi renesansis warmoSoba ganapiroba.1

misive azriT, es procesi saqarTveloSi ver dasrulda

dampyrobTa mravalricxovani Semosevebis gamo.

XI-XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv

aRmavlobas XIII saukunis meore naxevridan daRmavloba

mohyva, ramac Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova kulturaSi,

maT Soris, filosofiur azrovnebaSic. efrem mcires,

arsen iyalToelisa da ioane petriwis moRvaweobis Sem-

deg qarTul filosofiaSi axali saxelebi unda gamoCe-

niliyo, magram moxda piriqiT: dakninda, daeca qarTuli

9

saxelmwifos Zliereba, rasac mohyva kulturis, maT

Soris, filosofiuri azrovnebis daRmavloba.

eqvsaukunovan (XIII-XVIII ss.) xangrZliv periodSi

saqarTveloSi filosofia, filosofiuri azri, aRar

arsebobs, radganac am drois saqarTveloSi filoso-

fosi, rogorc aseTi, aRar moRvaweobda. amitom epoqis

filosofiuri azrebi Tu ideebi xSirad mxatvrul

nawarmoebebsa da istoriul ZeglebSi, upirvelesad,

,,qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebSia saZiebeli. swored es

aris am epoqis qarTuli filosofiuri azris erT-erTi

Tavisebureba. sabednierod, didi SeWirvebis miuxedavad,

saqarTveloSi sulieri kultura mTlad ar Camkvdara

da am periodis kulturul memkvidreobaSi SesaZlebe-

lia qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis sayu-

radRebo nimuSebis moZieba.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom XIII-XVIII saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi sulieri kulturis mxolod dacemis

tendenciebi ar yofila. Tu XIII-XIV saukuneebSi saqarT-

veloSi qarTuli filosofiuri azris nimuSebi, Ziri-

Tadad, mecnierulsa da istoriuli xasiaTis ZeglebSi

gvxdeba (abuserisZe tbelis Semoqmedeba, ,,aswlovani

matiane”...), Semdgom modis dacemis xana, rasac mosdevs

SedarebiTi aRmavloba (XVII-XVIII ss.).

dacemis xanis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba S. nucubiZes

ase aqvs daxasiaTebuli: ,,mTavari sakiTxi XIII-XVI sau-

kuneTa ganmavlobaSi iyo gamaerTianebel da gamTiSvel

ZalTa brZola. am xnis ganmavlobaSic yovelive, rac

mxars uWerda mTlianobas da erTmmarTvelobas, isto-

riulad progresuli movlena iyo. is, rac ebrZoda

mTlianobasa da erTmmarTvelobas da rac gamTiSav

Zalebs exmareboda, istoriulad reaqciul banaks war-

moadgenda”.2

10

saqarTvelos istoriis am mZime periodSi, rogorc

ukve aRiniSna, gvxvdeba erovnuli filosofiuri azris-

Tvis sayuradRebo masalebi. am TvalsazrisiT, sayurad-

Reboa bagrat batoniSvilis ,,moTxrobaÁ sjuliTa uRm-

rToTa ismailitTaÁ”3, romelic ZiriTadad mahmadianuri

sarwmunoebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. amasTan, am

TxzulebaSi saubaria qarTvel mTargmnelebzec (daviTi,

stefane, arseni, efTvime, giorgi da efremi).

Semobrunebis momenti dgeba XVII saukunis meore

naxevridan, roca saqarTveloSi erTgvari kulturuli

gamococxleba iwyeba. aq upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT

mefe vaxtang VI-is kulturul-aRmSeneblobiTi moRva-

weoba (,,swavlul kacTa komisiis” Seqmna, stambis ga-

marTva, ,,vefxistyaosnis” pirvelad stamburi wesiT ga-

mocema da sxv.). am periodSi iwyebs Tavis mravalmxriv

moRvaweobas sulxan-saba orbeliani, romlis Semoqmede-

baSic wamyvani adgili ukavia eTikur problematikas da

qarTuli filosofiuri terminologiis daxvewa-ganvi-

Tarebas. amis Taobaze S. nucubiZe SeniSnavda: ,,qarTuli

filosofiis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze meti

mniSvneloba aqvs, cxadia, s.s. orbelianis wminda

filosofiur interess; ra Tqma unda, avtoris gonebrivi

viTarebisTvis mniSvnelovania moraluri filosofiis

motivebi da mizandasaxulobac da pedagogiuri Sexedu-

lebanic. isini ara marto arkveven s.s. orbelianis

gonebrivi muSaobis ares, aramed Tanamedrove viTarebis

anarekls, ideologiur asaxvas warmoadgens. avtori,

Cans, moralur filosofiasac ar uyurebda ganyene-

bulad da aq imdenad mxilebis miznebi ar hqonda mxed-

velobaSi, ramdenad Tanamedroveebze iseTi zegavlena,

rac, saboloo angariSSi, imave aRmzrdelobiT miznebs

isaxavda”.4

11

sulxan-saba orbelianis udidesi damsaxureba iyo is,

rom man petriwsa da arsen iyalToelze damyarebiT

gaacocxla da mimoqcevaSi Semoitana Sua saukuneebis

qarTuli filosofiuri terminologia.

gansaxilveli epoqis, kerZod, misi bolo saukunena-

xevrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia qarTul-somxuri da,

gansakuTrebiT, qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri urTier-

Tobebis gaRrmaveba-ganviTareba. am mimarTebiT gansakuT-

rebiT unda gamoiyos anton pirvelisa da misi skolis

mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, ris Sedegad qarTul enaze

ametyvelda evropuli filosofiisa da rusuli filo-

sofiuri azrovnebis Semcveli literatura. anton pir-

velma Seqmna enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromi ,,speka-

li”.

saqarTvelos erT-erTi msxvili safeodalo gvaris

warmomadgeneli, mefe erekle II-is winaaRmdeg mebrZoli

da damarcxebis Semdeg umkacresad dasjili aleqsandre

amilaxvari (1750-1802), romelmac cxovrebis naxevarze

meti ruseTSi gaatara, Tavis naSromSi _ ,,brZeni

aRmosavleTisa”5 did simpaTiebs amJRavnebs saxelmwifos

mowyobis evropuli modelisadmi. eWvi ar aris, rom

aleqsandre amilaxvris msoflmxedvelobaze didi gav-

lena moaxdina anton pirvelis dawyebulma saqmem,

rasTanac dakavSirebulia evropul mowinave kulturas-

Tan daaxloeba.

gansaxilvel epoqaSi, qarTuli filosofiuri azris

gamococxlebisa da ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, umniSv-

nelovanesi movlena iyo erekle meorisa da anton

pirvelis TaosnobiT filosofiuri skolebisa da

sasuliero seminarebis daarseba Tbilissa (1755) da

TelavSi (1782). aRniSnul filosofiursa da sasuliero

centrebs sxvadasxva dros xelmZRvanelobdnen _ filipe

yaiTmazaSvili (XVIII s.), daviT reqtori (1745-1824) da

12

gaioz reqtori (1746-1821)6, romlebic, sazogadoebrivi

moRvaweobis garda, eweodnen mTargmnelobiT

saqmianobas. maT qarTul enaze araerTi filosofiuri

Txzuleba Targmnes.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli fi-

losofiuri azris istoriis meore periodi _ XIII-XVIII

saukuneebi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi pirveli ori monak-

veTi (XIII-XIV da XV-XVI ss.) aSkara daRmavlobiT xa-

siaTdeba, mesame monakveTi ki (XVII-XVIII ss.) gamococx-

leba-aRmavlobis niSnebs atarebs. mTlianobaSi es ori

tendencia: daRmavloba da Semdgom SedarebiT aRmav-

loba _ ganviTareba mTlianad qarTuli filosofiuri

azris istoriis meore periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

13

pirveli Tavi

XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis mokle mimoxilva

saqarTvelos istoriis ,,oqros xana”, romelsac sa-

fuZveli Caeyara daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobiT (1089-

1125), didxans ar gagrZelebula. xorezm Sahis Semosevam,

1226 wels Tbilisis aRebam da gadawvam saqarTvelos

axali mtris _ monRolebis _ moaxloeba amcno.

ilxanebis batonoba da mZlavoba (1256-1336), marTalia,

saqarTvelosTvis metad mZime iyo, magram is raRac-

nairad mainc axerxebda Zveli didebis SenarCunebasa da

gavlenas mezoblebze. politikuri regresis aSkara

gamovlineba iyo samefo karis uniaTobisa da qiSpis

Sedegad saqarTvelos or samefod gayofa, rac qarTuli

samefos gauqmebamde grZeldeboda. monRolebTan daZabu-

li urTierTobis Sedegad politikuri damcrobisa da

ekonomikuri siduxWiris zogadi suraTi SedarebiT

asatani gveCveneba im didi ubedurebisa da unugeSobis

fonze, rac saqarTvelos Temur lengis Semosevebis

Sedegad daatyda. marTalia, monRolTa batonobis

Semdeg saqarTvelo TiTqos Tavs aRwevs kriziss da

warmatebebic aqvs mopovebuli politikur sarbielze,

magram XIV-XV ss. mijnaze gaTurqebuli monRoluri

tomis beladis, Temur lengis gamanadgurebelma

laSqrobebma saqarTvelo unugeSo mdgomareobaSi

Caagdo.

1386-1403 wlebs Soris Temur lengi 8-jer Semoesia

saqarTvelos. am gamanadgurebel laSqrobebs saqarTve-

los verc erTi mxare ver gadaurCa, zogi ramdenimejer

iqna darbeuli.

14

Temurlengis sisxlian TareSs saqarTveloSi uaRre-

sad mZime Sedegebi mohyva, rac socialuri da ekono-

mikur-politikuri cxovrebis Tanaziarad iqca saukunee-

bis ganmavlobaSi. erTi bizantieli istorikosi gvamc-

nobs, rom sadac Temurlengis jari gaivlida, iq

mxolod ukacrieli udabno rCeboda, aRar ismoda arc

ZaRlis yefa, arc mamlis yivili da arc Cvil bavSTa

tirilio. Temurlengi gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT anad-

gurebda da Zarcvavda saqarTvelos 1400 wlis mTeli

gazafxulisa da zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, kerZod, qarT-

lisa da samcxis soflebs. 1403 w. man oTxi Tve dahyo

saqarTveloSi da sikvdilis win kidev erTxel daarbia

ukve meramdenimejer awiokebuli adgilebi. misi sisas-

tike religiuri fanatizmiT Sepyrobili adamianis moq-

medebas hgavda _ angrevda eklesia-monastrebs, wvavda

soflebsa da qalaqebs. TiTqmis yvela eklesia, romelic

qarTveli arqeologebis mier aris aRmoCenili da gaTx-

rili, Temurlengis xeliT aris gadamwvari da dangreu-

li.

araadamianuri sisastikisa da ulmobeli qcevis

miuxedavad, rac eWvqveS ayenebda Temur lengis sulier

Seracxadobas, man ver gatexa samSoblosa da qristes

rjulisTvis mebrZoli qarTvelebis nebisyofa da

iZulebuli Seiqmna, Serigeboda Tavis politikur

marcxs; 1403 wels qarTlis mefesTan dadebuli xel-

SekrulebiT igi oficialurad aRiarebda saqarTvelos,

rogorc qristianul samefos. es iyo qarTveli xalxis

mier didi materialuri zaralis fasad mopovebuli

gamarjveba.

amierkavkasiaSi mosaxle xalxisTvis Temurlengis

parpaSs erTnairi Sedegebi ar hqonia. Tu saqarTvelo

ukanasknel amosunTqvamde ibrZoda mamulisa da rjuli-

saTvis, sxvebma ver gauZles mtarvalis zewolas, zogi

15

sruliad gadaSenda da moispo, xolo zogi gandevnil

iqna samSoblo miwa-wylidan. araraobad iqca Sirvanis

feodaluri samTavro, didad dazaralda somxuri

Temebi. magram mainc yvelaze didi ziani saqarTvelos

miadga CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTSi mcxovrebi erT-

guli mosaxleobis CamoSorebis gamo. aq qarTvelebis

mier gavrcelebuli qristianobis nacvlad Temur

lengis mier mahmadianoba dainerga, ramac, marTalia,

isini gadaarCina sastiki dampyroblis risxvas, magram

qarTvelebis sawinaaRmdego banakSi miuCina bina.

kavkasiel mTielTa qristianobis misaniSneblad dRemdea

SemorCenili qristianuli eklesiebi da saflavis qvebi

qarTuli warwerebiT.

XV saukunis dasawyisi SeiZleba miviCnioT qristia-

nuli saqarTvelos irgvliv mahmadianuri koaliciis

Seqmnis periodad, rodesac samxreTidan Turqmenuli

tomebis jebirs CrdiloeTidan axlad gamahmadianebul-

Ta rkalic daemata. saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi urTulesi

istoriuli periodi dadga.

cnobilia saqarTvelos istoriis Znelbedobis pe-

riodis araerTi SemTxveva, rodesac, ukiduresi gaWirve-

bisa da gamouvali viTarebis miuxedavad, Cndebian gmi-

rebi, umamacesi adamianebi, romelTa gamWriaxobac ers

swor gzaze ayenebda da Svebas aniWebda. aseTad

SeiZleba miviCnioT mefe aleqsandre, romelic samefo

taxts ikavebs 1412 wels (mefobda 1442 wlamde). is

mondomebiTa da didi energiiT Seudga qveynis aRdgena-

ganaxlebas, ris gamoc xalxma mas ,,aleqsandre didi”

Searqva. erT sabuTSi mis mier naTqvamia, rom ,,vidre

brZola usjuloTa da ganvasxen zRvarTagan CvenTa da

qristianni friads mSvidobasa da myudroebasa miecnes”.

amis gamo uwodeben mas ,,mefeTa Soris warCinebuls”.

misi zemoaRniSnuli sityvebidan kargad Cans mefis sap-

16

rogramo moqmedeba _ usjuloTa gandevna saqarTve-

lodan da qristianTaTvis mSvidobis mopoveba. pirvel

rigSi aleqsandre didi iwyebs gandgomili moqmedi

mTavrebis alagmvasa da damorCilebas, rasac didi

mcdelobis Semdeg warmatebiT aRwevs. amis Sedegad is

iqca ,,orsave samefos mtkiced” mpyrobelad, rac

gulisxmobda dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis samefoebis

gaerTianebas. Sinauri saqmeebis mowesrigebasTan erTad

is energiulad cdilobda mterTagan mitacebuli qar-

Tuli miwebis dabrunebas. 1431 wels man daibruna lore,

1434-1435 wlebSi-sivnieTi (Tanamedrove yarabaRi),

Semoimtkica CrdiloeTis kari _ dariali da am mxaris

mTis mosaxleoba.

XIV s. bolosa da XV s. dasawyisSi gasagebi mize-

zebis gamo kulturuli mSeneblobis kvali ar Cans,

piriqiT, Semosevebis Sedegad ingreoda saero Tu

saeklesio nagebobebi, nadgurdeboda kulturuli kere-

bi. XV saukunis pirveli naxevari ekonomikuri aRdgeni-

Ti samuSaoebiTa da mtrebis mier dangreuli cixe-

simagreebisa da eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobiT aris

gamorCeuli. am samuSaoebis gansaxorcieleblad mefes

droebiTi saxelmwifo fuladi gadasaxadi SemouRia.

aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi pirvel rigSi mcxeTis sakaTedro

taZarSi _ sveticxovelSi _ wamouwyiaT, rac 1431 wels

dasrulebula. aRudgeniaT Temur lengis mier dangreu-

li X saukuneSi agebuli ruisis taZari, sicocxle

daubrunes garejis udabnoebs, sadac VI saukunidan

didi samonastro cxovreba Cqefda. sainteresoa, rom

samefo kars yuradRebis gareSe ar dautovebia saqarT-

velos gareT arsebuli qarTuli kerebic, kerZod, sa-

berZneTSi, aTonis qarTul monasterSi, ganuaxlebiaT

sasneulo, senakebi da zRude-goldebi.

17

aleqsandre didis warmatebebis miuxedavad, misi

mefobis bolo periodSi Tavi iCina samefo saojaxo

konfliqtma, ris gamoc 1442 wels is berad aRikveca.

samefo taxti ki mas SvilisTvis _ vaxtangisTvis _

gadaucia. vaxtang mesame mcire xans mefobda (1442-1446).

igi misma Zmam giorgi aleqsandres Zem Secvala.

marTalia, giorgi VIII (1446-1466) erTiani saqarTvelos

mefed iTvleboda, magram mas mxolod qarTli, kaxeTi

da imereTi emorCileboda. dasavleT saqarTvelos

teritoriaze arsebuli samTavroebi: sabediano (samegre-

lo-afxazeTi), guria da samcxe damoukidebel politi-

kas awarmoebdnen, riTac saqarTvelos erTianobas safu-

Zveli ecleboda. es ki moaswavebda misi politikuri

daSlis procesis dawyebas, romlis SeCerebac istoriu-

li gardauvalobis gamo SeuZlebeli iyo.

saqarTvelos SigniT mtrobisa da gaTiSulobis

procesze metad damRupvelad moqmedebda arastabiluri

da meryevi sagareo viTareba, romelic qarTvelobisTvis

mtrulad ganwyobili Zalebis kontroliT mimdinareob-

da. ase gaumezoblda saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavle-

Tidan Savbatkniani (yara-yoinlu) TurqmenTa tomebi.

samxreT-dasavleTidan ki bizantiis xarjze afarToebda

Tavis samflobeloebs osmalTa mzardi da metad

agresiuli politikuri Zala. amis logikuri dasasruli

iyo 1453 wlis 29 maiss sulTan mehmed II-is mier bizan-

tiis dedaqalaq konstantinopolis aReba, riTac bolo

moeRo bizantiis imperias. es iyo msoflio masStabis

tragedia, kulturuli samyaros aunazRaurebeli kraxi.

amieridan marTlmorwmune bizantiis nacvlad saqarTve-

los daumezoblda metad agresiuli da islamis fana-

tizmiT Sepyrobili osmalTa saxelwifo. saqarTveloSi

yvela grZnobda moaxloebul ubedurebas. Zneli dasana-

xi ar iyo, rom saqarTvelos irgvliv ikvreboda islamis

18

saxelmwifoTa mtruli garemocvis marwuxebi. saqarTve-

lo moswyda gare samyaros, aRar hqonda saSualeba,

gascnoboda evropaSi mimdinare renesansis aRmavlobas.

gadaiketa gzebi ara mxolod evropis saxelmwifoebTan

(arada metad mWidro urTierToba myardeboda italiis

qalaqebTan), aramed maxlobeli aRmosavleTis centre-

bTanac. imis gamo, rom konstantinopolis dacemas mohyva

mcire aziis regionebSi Turquli mosaxleobis damkvid-

reba, karga xniT gadaiketa gzebi samxreTis qveynebisken.

saqarTvelo moswyda qarTuli kulturis centrebs pa-

lestinaSi, sinaze, saberZneTSi. osmaleTis gabatonebam

mcire aziasa da Sav zRvaze evropis savaWro centrebi

aiZula, axali gzebi moeZebnaT kavkasiisa da mcire

aziis gverdis avliT. es ki damRupvelad moqmedebda

saqarTvelos ekonomikaze. is karga xniT _ yovel

SemTxvevaSi XVII saukunamde _ gamoeTiSa, vidre gzebis

sxva mimarTulebebi aRmoCnda volga-astraxanisa da

ardebilis gavliT, saerTaSoriso satranzito savaWro

saqmianobas.

konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg Seqmnil tragi-

kul situacias kargad grZnobdnen ara marto saqarT-

veloSi. mas SiSiT uyurebdnen dasavleTSic. amis gamo

iyo, rom daiwyo mzadeba osmalebis gasadevnad mcire

aziidan da konstantinopolis gasaTavisufleblad. ini-

ciativa romis papma pius II-em aiRo. misi gegmiT jvaros-

nul omSi aRmosavleTis xalxebsac unda mieRoT monawi-

leoba. am gegmis gasacnobad 1459 wels saqarTvelos

ewvia papis elCi ludoviko bolonieli. saerTo mizanma

qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi SeakavSira da elCs ufro didi

gegmebis ganxorcieleba SesTavazes; kerZod, ierusali-

mis gamoxsna mahmadianTa xelidan. aRmosavleTis

qristianTa mxridan brZolaSi monawileobas miiRebda

120 aTasi kaci, maT emxroboda iranis Sahic, romelsac

19

Tavisi pretenziebi hqonda osmalebis mimarT. qarTveli

elCebi wavidnen italiaSi. veneciaSi senatma zeimiT

miiRo isini, Semdeg estumrnen roms, Sexvdnen pius II-s,

magram gamoirkva, rom romis papma dasavleTis qveynebi

ver daiyabula jvarosnul laSqrobaze. misi rCeviT

qarTveli elCebi eaxlnen safrangeTis mefes, magram

uSedegod. dasavleTma swored ver gansazRvra mosalod-

neli safrTxe, rac SemdegSi iwvnies, roca osmalTa

jarebma daipyres balkaneTis didi nawili, ungreTi da

miadgnen venas. am movlenebs saqarTvelo ver gamoexmau-

reboda _ ukve gvian iyo. am droisTvis qarTveloba ise

iyo dauZlurebuli, rom aseTi didi tvirTis awevis

Tavi aRar hqonda. ase CaiSala romis papis ganzraxva,

romelic vin icis, rogor Semoabrunebda istoriuli

ganviTarebis mimdinareobas.

antiosmaluri gegmis CaSlis Semdeg Sinauri SuRli

qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris ufro mZafr saxes iRebs.

yvela maTgani miiltvoda damoukideblobisken, ar eri-

deboda ra ukiduresi mtruli zomebis miRebas centra-

luri xelisuflebis mimarT. amasTan, xSirad mokavSi-

red mezobeli qveynebis mmarTvelebsac iyenebdnen.

giorgi VIII mxolod nominalurad iTvleboda saqarTve-

los mefed, yvela mTavari Tavis samTavroSi Tavs mefed

asaRebda. Sida aSliloba imiT dasrulda, rom saqarT-

velos erTiani samefo daiSala. giorgi VIII iZulebuli

iyo kaxeTSi gadasuliyo da kaxeTis samefo daearsebina.

aqedan daiwyo kaxeTis samefo dinastiis istoria (1466

w.). dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalibda

calke politikuri erTeuli _ sabediano. aq Sedioda

guria, samegrelo, afxazeTi, qalaqebi: cxumi (soxumi),

foTi, baTumi. calke samefoebad Camoyalibda qarTli

da imereTi. samcxis samTavros gamgeblebic xSirad

mefeebad iwodebodnen.

20

qarTlis samefo xelisufleba, romelsac tradiciu-

lad mindobili hqonda saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwi-

fos politikuri centris roli, ar scnobda qveynis

daSlis faqts da qveynis damSleli Zalebis winaaRmdeg

brZolis moTaveobas kisrulobda. qarTlis Seunelebe-

li mcdeloba qveynis gasaerTianeblad uSedego gamodga

da 1490 wels qarTlis samefo darbazma aRiara saqarT-

velos politikuri daSlis faqti, rasac Sedegad mohyva

saTanado xelSekrulebis gaformebac mefe-mTavarTa So-

ris da sazRvrebis daweseba.

rTuli saSinao viTarebisa da arastabiluri saga-

reo politikuri garTulebebis pirobebSi ver

xerxdeboda qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis wamoweva-

ganviTareba. metad mZime viTarebaSi mefeca da feoda-

lebic arcTu iSviaTad saeklesio mamulebs ZaliT

euflebodnen, adidebdnen gadasaxadebs. ekonomikuri

gaWirvebis gamo samefo kari ver uwevda daxmarebas

saqarTvelos gareT arsebul kulturul-samonastro

centrebs da isini materialuri daxmarebis gareSe

upatronod iyo mitovebuli. 1478 wels qarTlisa da

imereTis taxtze avida aleqsandre didis Svili-

konstantine meore. kaxeTSi 1476 wlidan giorgi VIII

nacvlad gamefda misi Ze aleqsandre I. TiTqosda Caisaxa

saqarTvelos samefos gamTlianebis imedi, magram

Sedegi ar gamoCnda. Sinauri aSliloba da gareSe

mtrebis moZaleba XV s. bolo meoTxedSic ver iqna

daZleuli. qarTuli politikuri Zalebi Seqmnili

viTarebidan gamosavals aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis

qristianebis gaerTianebaSi da iran-osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolaSi xedavdnen, risTvisac

agzavnidnen werilebs romis papTan, espaneTis

dedofalTan da sxva, magram uSedegod. qarTvelebi ver

uwevdnen angariSs, rom evropisTvis iranic da

21

osmaleTic angariSgasawev Zalebs warmoadgendnen da

maTi gulmxurvale mowodeba qristianobis gadasarCenad

evropuli pragmatikosebis dadebiT reaqcias ver

iwvevda. magram gamoCnda Zala erTmorwmune da Zlieri,

magram ara dasavleTidan, aramed CrdiloeTidan,

ruseTis saxiT, romelTanac kavSiris gasabmelad

dasavleTze gulacruebulma kaxeTis mefem 1491 wels

seriozuli nabiji gadadga _ ruseTSi ivane III-Tan

gaagzavna elCebi werilebiT da saidumlo sityvieri

moxsenebiT.

aseTi iyo saqarTvelo XV saukunis dasasrulisaT-

vis. saerTo gaWirvebis fonze kulturuli da inte-

leqtualuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb laparaki Wirs. Tuki

XV s-is pirvel naxevarSi xerxdeboda Temur lengis

mier dangreuli eklesiebisa da cixe-darbazebis aRdge-

na-SekeTeba, am saukunis meore naxevarSi msgavsi

samuSaoebis warmoebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar arsebobs.

Tumca cota ram SeiZleba iTqvas samwerlebo moRvaweTa

da ucxoeTis centrebSi arsebul SemoqmedebiT saqmia-

nobasTan dakavSirebiT. pirvel rigSi unda movixsenoT

zaza fanaskerteli-ciciSvili, romelic moRvaweobda

XV s-is meore naxevarSi da romlis saxelTanacaa da-

kavSirebuli Zvirfasi samedicino naSromis Seqmna

saTauriT ,,karabadini”. avtori wignis gadamweris mier

moxseniebulia, rogorc ,,zaza mkurnali” da ,,zaza

brZenmTavari”.

calkea mosaxsenebeli ierusalimSi arsebuli qar-

Tuli centri ,,jvris monasteri”. is XIV s. bolos sas-

tikad auoxrebiaT Temurlengis laSqrobisas. manamde,

1273 w. monasteri daatovebines qarTvel berebs da is

mizgiTad gaadaakeTes. mamluqTagan misi gaTavisufleba

moxda 1305 wels. aRdgenil iqna da ganaxlda Semoqme-

debiTi saqmianoba. 1400 wels Sedgenili xelnaweris-

22

,,golgoTis svinaqsaris” minaweris mixedviT vgebulobT

dasabuTebulsa da argumentirebul mosazrebebs

qarTvelebis golgoTaze uflebebis Sesaxeb, rac

dRemde sadavo sagnad aris qceuli. XV s. meore

naxevarSi jvris monastris energiuli msaxuri biZina

ColoyaSvili wers: ,,frangebs golgoTa davagdebineo”.

is palestinaSi qarTvelTa mitacebuli eklesiebis

saqmes awarmoebs, erTi dokumentis mixedviT, 1514

welsac. ierusalimSi qarTvelTa salocavi adgilebi

popularobiT sargeblobda da qarTvelebs garkveuli

privilegiebic hqoniaT momlocvelobis dros. rogorc

erTi mogzauri SeniSnavs: ,,ierusalimSi salocavad

Sesvlis dros qarTvelebi sazeimod morTul-mokazmul

cxenebsa da aqlemebze sxedan da gaSlil afrialebuli

erovnuli droSebiT Tavisuflad Sediodnen qalaqSi da

sxvebiviT sultans amisTvis dawesebul gadasaxads ar

aZleveno.”

aRniSnul periodSi kulturul-inteleqtualuri Se-

moqmedebis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens ,,qarTlis

cxovrebis” Cvenamde moRweeul xelnawerTa Soris uZve-

lesi XVs. daTariRebuli xelnaweri, romelic daweri-

lia kaxeTis mefis aleqsandres meuRlis, dedofal anas

brZanebiT 1479-1495 wlebs Soris.

saqarTvelos samefos politikuri daSlilobis

fonze metad sainteresod gamoiyureboda qarTuli

qalaqebi.

maT Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira Tbiliss.

misma geografiulma mdebareobam igi kavkasiis upirve-

les qalaqad aqcia. Tbilisi yovelTvis saqarTvelosa

da kavkasiis centris movaleobas asrulebda. XVI-XVIII

ss. ganmavlobaSi Tbilisi xSirad icvlida patrons,

xelidan xelSi gadadioda xolme, iyo SemTxvevebi,

rodesac qalaqis erT nawilSi erTi ijda, meoreSi _

23

meore. aseTi cvalebadoba qalaqis eTnikur Semadgen-

lobaSic iyo asaxuli. qarTvelebis gverdiT qalaqSi

cxovrobdnen somxebi, sparselebi, ebraelebi, Turqebi.

qalaqSi dRemdea SemorCenili marTlmadidebluri,

kaTolikuri da grigorianuli eklesiebi, sinagogebi,

meCeTebi. sxvaTa Soris aseTi eTnikuri siWrele qalaqis

stabilur cxovrebaze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. kerZod,

mtrebis Semosevebisas araqarTuli mosaxleobis

mxridan Ralatisa da gamcemlobis araerTi SemTxvevaa

cnobili.

osmalTa imperiis gamezoblebam mxolod saqarTve-

los ar Seuqmna problemebi; aranakleb dReSi iranic

aRmoCnda. tradiciuli pretenziebiT da pirvelobisaT-

vis Jiniani swrafviT osmaleTi gadaulaxav zRuded iq-

ca sefianTa iranisaTvis. didi monarqiis brZolas

pirvelobisTvis yvelaze metad amierkavkasiis xalxebi

ewirebodnen. omis cecxli xan SirvanSi ainTeboda, xan

somxeTSi, xan saqarTveloSi da sxvadasxva poziciebidan

mas uerTdebodnen kavkasieli mTielebi. iran-osmaleTis

omi permanentulad grZeldeboda 1514 wlidan 1555

wlamde. 1514 wels osmalebma sastikad daamarcxes Sah-

ismailis laSqari da daikaves qalaqi Tavrizi. irani

cdilobs antiosmaluri kavSiris Sekvras, romlis

SemadgenlobaSic Sedis saqarTvelos samxreT dasavle-

Tis didi nawilic samcxis aTabagis meTaurobiT. Sah

ismaili amasac ar dasjerda da qarTlisa da kaxeTis

Semomtkicebasac Seudga.

gareSe mtrebTan sastiki brZolebis paralelurad

ar cxreboda dava da qiSpi calke samefoebs Soris. am

mxriv qarTli da kaxeTi gamorCeviT moqmedebdnen. Tumca

ki upiratesobas verc erTi ver aRwevs da dazavebis

Sedegad, rac iran-TurqeTs Soris moxda, samefo

gaerTianebis sakiTxi kvlav gadaido.

24

XVI-XVII saukuneebi saqarTvelos istoriaSi erT-

erTi yvelaze rTuli periodia. gareSeTa momZlavreba,

Sinagani aSliloba, separatistuli gancalkeveba,

mTliani qveynis suraTis warmodgenis saSualebas ar

iZleva; Tanac politikuri sarbielis cvalebadoba im-

denad swrafad xdeboda, rom misi gaanalizeba did

sirTules warmoadgens.

kaxeTi saqarTvelos sxva regionebTan SedarebiT

mdidari da dawinaurebuli samefo iyo. Sah-abasis Semo-

sevamde (1614-1616 ww.) aq TiTqmis yvelaferi normalurad

mimdinareobs. kaxeTis mefeebi axerxeben qveynis dawyna-

rebas, saerTo enasac pouloben iranis SahebTan, Tumca

vasalur damokidebulebas Tavs ver aRweven. kaxeTis

samefos ori sataxto qalaqi hqonda _ gremi da bazari

(zagebi). organve samefo rezidenciebi iyo mowyobili.

gremi imdroindeli aRmosavluri qalaqebis yaidaze iyo

gaSenebuli. qalaqi 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi cocxlobda

(1466-1616 ww. Soris); daingra sparselebis Semosevis

dros. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo qalaqi bazari. isic same-

fos politikuri da ekonomikuri centri iyo (amJamad

azerbaijanis teritoriazea). kaxeTis ZiriTadi ekonomi-

kuri sayrdeni iyo abreSumiT vaWroba. qsovili nedli

saxiT gahqondaT ucxoeTSi, ZiriTadad ardebilisa da

alepos bazarze, riTac savaWro garigebebs amyareben

ucxo vaWrebTan. vercxlisa da oqros fuls Wridnen

kaxeTis mefeebic. maT didi Rvawli miuZRviT ruseTTan

diplomatiuri kavSirebis damyarebaSi. ruseTi daintere-

sebas iwyebs saqarTvelos sakiTxiT. imis Semdeg, rac

ruseTma 1552 da 1556 wlebSi daipyro yazanisa da

astraxanis saxanoebi, aSkarad Canda, rom misi SeCereba

samxreTisken aravis SeeZlo. 1567 wels rusebi Tergis

SesarTavTan cixe-simagres ageben. ruseTTan kaxelebis

kavSiris damyareba ar siamovnebda arc TurqeTsa da

25

arc irans, ris gamoc araerTi samxedro operacia Cata-

rebula saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. maTi karnaxiT gaaq-

tiurdnen kavkasieli mTielebi, gansakuTrebiT-daResta-

nis tomebi, romlebic mosvenebas ar aZleven kaxelebs

yaCaRuri TavdasxmebiT. ruseTTan dakavSireba sababi iyo

Sah-abasis ulmobeli laSqrobisa aRmosavleT saqarTve-

loSi (1614-1616 ww.), rodesac, Tavganwiruli winaaRmde-

gobis miuxedavad, kaxelebi damarcxdnen. ayvavebuli da

mdidari kuTxe sastikad iqna darbeuli, gadaiwva qala-

qebi da soflebi, daiRupa mosaxleobis didi nawili,

aTi aTasobiT qarTveli iranis provinciebSi gadaa-

saxles.

kaxeTis gverdiT mniSvnelovnad dazaralda qarT-

lic. sparselTa laSqari sastikad uswordeboda

qarTlelebs. Tavis gadasarCenad qarTleli mefe-

mTavrebi imereTs afarebdnen Tavs, sadac sparselebi

ver gadadiodnen.

dasavleT saqarTvelos feodalebi da samefo kari

gamudmebuli qiSpisa da mtrobis pirobebSi xSirad

ucxo Zalasac uxmobdnen, romelTa Carevac adgilob-

rivi mosaxleobis aoxrebis xarjze xdeboda. dasavleT

saqarTvelo gansakuTrebiT daazarala tyveebiT vaWro-

bam. yovelwliurad aTasobiT bavSvi stambolis bazarze

iyideboda, romlebic avsebdnen ianiCrebisa da mamluqe-

bis razmebs.

es periodi cnobilia italieli misionerebis moRva-

weobiTac. isini gansakuTrebiT energiulad moqmedeben

samegrelos safeodaloSi. maT saqmianobas yuradRebiT

akvirdebodnen samefo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebic

da ZiriTadad xels uwyobdnen kidevac. amis gamo iyo,

rom samisionero centrebi aRmocenda saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva regionSi _ samegreloSi, axalcixeSi, gorSi,

TbilisSi. isini kaTolikobis gavrcelebas axerxebdnen

26

piradi Rirsebebis demonstrirebiT, rogorc religiur

sferoSi, ise sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. daxmarebas

uwevdnen avadmyofebs, ebrZodnen tyveebiT vaWrobas,

exmarebodnen adgilobriv mmarTvelobas dasavleTTan

urTierTobis damyarebaSi.

ucxoeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa umetesoba samxedro

saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli. isini Seadgendnen iani-

CarTAjaris umetesobas TurqeTsa da sparseTSi. TiTqmis

yovelTvis yulis jaris sardali qarTvelTa rigebidan

iyo, romelic, rogorc wesi, ,,uzenaesi mejlisis” wevri

xdeboda.

iranis maRal aristokratiulsa da samxedro-admi-

nistraciul sferoebSi qarTvelTa aqtiuri monawileo-

bis miuxedavad, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi maTi

sasikeTo gavlena ar Cans. is, rac xdeboda sakuTriv

saqarTveloSi _ qiSpi, mtroba, muxanaToba _ Sua sauku-

neebis sazogadoebrivi seni iyo.

ngreva-awiokebis miuxedavad, XVI-XVIII ss.-is inteleq-

tualuri cxovreba saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRalia.

feodaluri aRzrdis sistema moicavda saero da sasu-

liero aRzrdis sinTezs, romlis centric eklesiebsa

da monastrebSi iyo gadatanili. ra Tqma unda, aRzrdis

saqmeSi qristianuli ideologiis SemzRudvel gavlenas

Tavisi daRis dasma ar gauWirdeboda, Tumca ki ganaT-

lebis xalxuri sawyisi Cveulebriv utevda Suasauku-

neobriv sqolastikasa da azris Tavisufali ganviTa-

rebis moTxovniT gamodioda. skolebSi RvTismetyve-

lebis gverdiT sxva disciplinebsac aswavlidnen. XVII

saukunidan skolebs aarsebdnen kaTolike misionerebic.

maTi mcdelobiT zogi qarTveli bavSvi saswavleblad

igzavneba ucxoeTSi, magaliTad, neapolis skolaSi. mi-

sionerebi aarseben skolebs TbilisSi, gorsa da qu-

TaisSi.

27

kulturis mniSvnelovan centrebs warmoadgendnen

saepiskoposo kaTedralebi: sveticxoveli, wilkani, sam-

Tavisi, alaverdi, gelaTi, caiSi, bedia, da sxva. XVI s.

biWvinTidan dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriar-

qis rezidenciis gelaTSi gadmotanis Semdeg, is kul-

turis erT-erTi Zlier centrad iqca. upirvelesi cent-

ris roli ki kvlav Tbiliss ekuTvnoda, sadac iyo

Tavmoyrili kulturul dawesebulebaTa mTeli rigi.

imis miuxedavad, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli

xelovneba wina epoqebisas ver Seedreba, bevri sayurad-

Rebo ram mainc gakeTda: xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebidan

mSfoTvare epoqis gavleniT ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatani-

li iyo TavdacviTi nagebobebis, cixe-galavnebis, simag-

reebis mSeneblobaze. am dros Seqmnili Zeglebidan

SeiZleba davasaxeloT gremis mTavarangelozTa komp-

leqsi, axali SuamTa, ninowmindis samreklo, ananuri,

batoni cixe TelavSi, saero nagebobebi _ abanoebi

gremSi, TelavSi, TbilisSi, xidebi _ ,,gatexili xidi”

md. qciaze, xidi quTaisTan mdinare WiSuraze da sxva.

sabazro dawesebulebebi gremSi, bazarSi, axalqalaqSi.

XVI-XVII saukuneebSi tradiciulad grZeldeboda

eklesiebis moxatva. am metad gavrcelebul xelobas

araerTi skola emsaxureboda. gansakuTrebiT gavrcele-

buli iyo didebulTa da maTi ojaxis wevrTa port-

retebis Seqmna. portretebis seriaa mocemuli gelaTis

eklesiaSi, nikorwmindis, gremis, axali SuamTis, naT-

lismcemlis (md. inwobis xeobaSi), xobis, martvilis

eklesiebSi.

am periodis oqromWedlobis nimuSebi cotaa Semor-

Cenili; isini gamoirCeva daqveiTebuli gemovnebiTa da

mdare SesrulebiT. vrceldeba saero Sinaarsis xel-

nawerTa dasuraTeba. am mxriv yvelaze sainteresoa

samegreloSi levan dadianis karze Sesrulebuli ,,vef-

28

xistyaosani”, romlis avtoria mamuka TavaqaraSvili.

saqarTvelos peizaJebis, tipaJis da yofis sxvadasxva

Canaxatebia Sesrulebuli kaTolike misionerebisa da

mogzaurebis mier, romelTa Sorisac gamorCeulia ita-

lieli misioneris don kristoforo de kastelis mier

Sedgenili albomi (XVII s. Sua wlebi).

gviani Suasaukuneebis mTel manZilze saqarTveloSi

brunvaSi iyo ucxo qveynebSi moWrili spilenZis,

vercxlisa da oqros fuli, ZiriTadad sparsuli. XVIII

s-Si imata Turqulma fulmac. saqarTvelos Cabmam saer-

TaSoriso savaWro operaciebSi bevri ucxoeli, maT

Soris, evropeli vaWaric, moizida, ris gamoc vrcel-

deba vercxlisa da oqros evropuli monetebi. mTeli am

xnis ganmavlobaSi iWreboda spilenZisa da vercxlis

qarTuli fulic. zarafxana TbilisSi samefo reziden-

ciis maxloblad mdebareobda.

gamudmebuli Sinagani SfoTisa da gareSe mtrebis

moZalebis miuxedavad, yovelTvis cocxlobda qarTvel-

Ta erTianobisa da SekavSirebis idea. ,,Cven mefeman

saqarTvelosman anu qarTlisa da afxazeTisman”-ase

iwyeboda xolme mefis sabuTi, Tumca mas xeli araTu

mTlianad saqarTveloze, aramed mis nawilzedac Zlivs

miuwvdeboda. magram azri cocxlobda da es azri mTel

progresul sazogadoebas asazrdoebda, radganac yvela

misi nawili _ mcire saqarTveloebi _ iyo Cadebuli

gamoTqmaSi: ,,SvidTave saqarTvelo”.

saqarTvelos gaerTianebis idea iran-osmaleTis

agresiisa da kavkasiis mTielTa ganuwyveteli TareSis

pirobebSic isxamda frTebs. erekle II is erTaderTi

mefe iyo, romelsac erTiani saqarTvelos xelmwifoba

unda rgeboda. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-m da

solomonma, romelic iyo ,,mefe afxazeTisa da yovlissa

imereTisa”, 1753 wels gaaformes samxedro kavSiri,

29

riTac seriozuli nabiji iqna gadadgmuli gaerTia-

nebisken. 1783 w. erekle II xels awers ruseTTan urTi-

erTobisa da megobrobis xelSekrulebas (,,georgievskis

traqtati”), romlis ZaliTac aRmosavleT saqarTvelo

ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sedioda. 1790 wels imereTSi

erekle II-is SviliSvilis solomon II-is gamefeba gaer-

TianebisaTvis brZolaSi mopovebuli warmatebebis maCve-

nebeli iyo, rac gaformda kidevac saTanado traqta-

tiT.

saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaken gadadgmul am nabijs

da ruseTisken ltolvas sparseTis Sahis aRa-mahmad-

xanis Semoseva mohyva. es iyo iranis mier saqarTvelos

damorCilebis imedgacruebis gamomxatveli ukanaskneli

aqti.

magram es ar iyo saerTod ukanaskneli cda

qarTvelobis damorCilebisa. saqarTvelos win ufro

sastiki gamocda eloda. daarRvia ra 1783 w. SeTanxmeba,

1801 w. 12 seqtembris ruseTis imperatoris manifestiT

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefos likvidacia gamocxad-

da, is ruseTis imperiis guberniad iqca.

30

meore Tavi

XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris Seswavlis

istoriidan

gansaxilveli epoqis qarTuli filosofiuri azris

istoriis Seswavlasa da SefasebaSi didi wvlili mi-

uZRviT, rogorc qarTvel filosofosebs, ise mecniere-

bis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenlebs: istorikosebs,

filologebs, bunebismetyvelebs da sxv, imis

miuxedavad, rom XIII _XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli

filosofiuri azris istoriis Seswavlis

TvalsazrisiT, qarTvel mecnierebs saTanado

kvleva_Zieba aqvT Catarebuli, jer kidev bevri ram

gasakeTebelia. am periodis qarTuli filosofiuri

azris istoriis SeswavlaSi xarvezebi ori garemoebiT

iyo ganpirobebuli:

1. Sesaswavli obieqtis TaviseburebebiT: filosofiu-

ri kulturis jer dacema da Semdgom SedarebiT aRmav-

loba, damoukidebeli filosofiuri kerebis ararseboba

da Cveni azrovnebis masazrdoebel dasavleTis filo-

sofiisgan mowyveta;

2. ideologiuri CarCoebi, ramac didi daRi daasva

gansaxilveli epoqis filosofiuri azris istoriis yo-

velmxriv safuZvlian Seswavlasa da obieqtur Sefa-

sebas.

pirvelad gansaxilveli epoqis qarTul filosofiur

azrs Seexo solomon dodaSvili (1805-1836) mimoxilviTi

xasiaTis werilSi – ,,mokle ganxilva qarTul

literaturisa anu sityvierebisa”. werilSi igi ioane

petriws axasiaTebs, rogorc ,,WeSmarit filosofoss” da

31

misi rolis warmoCenaSi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs anton

pirvelis wvlils: ,,Rirseba didisa mis mwerlisa

Tqmulsa leqssa Sina, romelic aRtrfobili Txzule-

baTa mier misTa hswers Semdgomsa”1.

amave werilSi s. dodaSvili laparakobs im did

kulturul aRmavlobaze (maT Soris, filosofiaSi),

rac mohyva erekle-II-is saganmanaTleblo politikas da

raSic mTavar rols asrulebda anton pirveli (bagra-

tioni) (1720-1788)2.

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis mecnierul

Seswavlas safuZveli Cauyara niko marma (1864-1934) im

naSromebiT, romlebSic ioane petriwis filosofia da

rusTavelis msoflmxedveloba iyo ganxiluli3.

sakuTriv XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri

azris istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa

niko maris naSromi ioane petriwze, kerZod, misi is

nawili, sadac ioane petriwis filosofiuri memkvidreo-

bis bedia ganxiluli. am monakveTSi ganxilulia ioane

petriwis naSromebis (prokles Txzulebis Targmani da

masze darTuli komentarebi) somxurad gadaTargmnisa

(XIII s.) da Semdeg am somxuri Targmanis piruku qarTu-

lad gadmoTargmnis (XVIII s.) faqtebi. es movlenebi niko

mars saTanadod aqvs gaanalizebuli da Sefasebuli.

XIII_XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri

azris istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi didi wvlili aqvs

Setanili ivane javaxiSvils (1876-1940). am mimarTebiT

kvleva-Zieba didi mecnieris moRvaweobaSi mxolod

gansaxilveli epoqiT rodi Semoifargleba. am mxriv

sayuradReboa misi ori naSromi, romlebSic mraval-

mxrivad da RrmasafuZvlianad aris ganxiluli zneob-

rivi problematika Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi4. sakiTxis

safuZvliani Seswavlis safuZvelze ki avtori im das-

kvnamde midis, rom swored am periodSi Camoyalibda

32

azri qarTvelis specifikurobaze. am droisTvis xde-

boda qarTvelTa Tvisebebis idealizacia, rac sxvasTan

dapirispirebasac warmoadgenda. magaliTad, giorgi

xuces _ monazoni qarTvelebs axasiaTebs, rogorc wrfe-

lebsa da umankoebs: giorgi dayudebulis aRniSvniT,

qarTvelebi TviT RvTismSobelsac ki uyvarda. giorgi

mTawmideli erT-erT polemikaSi saubrobs qarTvelTa

wrfelobasa da umankoebaze, mas swams qarTvelTa

rwmenis siswore da midrekileba. sabolood iv. javaxi-

Svili imowmebs giorgi mTawmidlis azrs qarTvelTa

simyareze: ,,raJams erTgzis gvcnobies, arRara midrekil

varT marcxl, gina marjul da arca mivdrkebiT, Tu

RmerTsa undes”5.

gansaxilveli periodis qarTuli filosofiuri

azris istoriis sakiTxebi gvxdeba iv. javaxiSvilis

meTodologiuri xasiaTis naSromSi – ,,istoriis mizani,

wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla”6, romelSic

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa qarTlis cxovrebis

sxvadasxva versiis avtoriseuli analizi da Sefasebebi.

aseve sayuradReboa abuserisZe tbelis moRvaweobis,

,,mesxuri daviTnis matianis”, ,,gelaTuri qronikis”,

vaxtang VI-is ,,swavlul kacTa” komisiis saqmianobis,

vaxuSti batoniSvilis, sexnia CxeiZis, papuna orbe-

lianisa da oman xerxeuliZis istoriuli Txzulebebis

SedarebiTi analizi da avtoriseuli Sefaseba, ris

safuZvelzec naCvenebia xsenebul qarTvel swavlulTa

moRvaweobis Rirsebebi da naklovanebebi. qarTuli

filosofiuri azris istoriis TvalsazrisiT, did

STabeWdilebas tovebs iv. javaxiSvilis mier vaxuSti

batoniSvilis gaweuli Rvawlis Sefaseba: ,,Tu amas-

Tanave gavixsenebT vaxuStis sworupovars saqarTvelos

istoriul-filosofiur sazogado mimoxilvas, maSin

misi sidiade ucilobeli iqneba CvenTvis da XVIII sau-

33

kunis qarTul mwerlobaSi namdvil uebro bumberazad

warmogvidgeba”7.

XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris

istoriis sakiTxebi ganxiluli aqvs cnobil mecniers

korneli kekeliZes (1879-1962) fundamentur naSromSi _

,,Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria”, sadac gaana-

lizebulia im avtorTa moRvaweoba, romlebic cnobili

arian, rogorc filosofiuri teqstebis mTargmnelebi

da, amasTan, arc filosofiuri azrebis naklebobas

ganicdian. am mizniT k. kekeliZes ganxiluli aqvs

abuserisZe tbelis, petre gelaTelis, JamTaaRmwerlis,

sulxan-saba orbelianis, filipe yaiTmazaSvilis, anton

pirvelis, iona xelaSvilis da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba8.

aseve mniSvnelovania k. kekeliZis naSromSi mocemuli

apokrifuli, egzegetikuri, dogmatikuri, polemikuri,

agiografiuli, asketuri da mistikuri xasiaTis

literaturis analizi9.

gareSe Zalis mier qarTuli kulturis aRmavlobis

Seferxeba-SeCerebaze sayuradRebo azri aqvs gamoTq-

muli gamoCenil mecniers, ivane beritaSvils (1884-1974).

misi azriT, ,,saqarTvelos kulturuli ganviTareba XIV

saukunemdis imnairad mimdinareobda, rom gareSe

stiqiur Zalas rom ar emoqmeda, Cven gacilebiT adre,

vidre evropaSi, mivaRwevdiT im mdgomareobas, rodesac

adamianis buneba, misi anatomia-fiziologiiT, uSualo

kvlevis sagnad gadaiqceoda”10.

i. beritaSvilis azriT, renesansisa da humanizmis

ideebi CvenSi ufro adre gamovlinda, vidre evropaSi; am

movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sedegad CvenSi daiw-

yeboda eqsperimentuli, maT Soris, biologiur mecni-

erebaTa ganviTareba11. Aamis winapirobad avtors gelaTi-

sa da iyalTos akademiebis Camoyalibeba da iq maRal-

xarisxovani saxelmZRvaneloebiT sargebloba miaCnda.

34

XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris

istoriis Seswavla-SefasebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili

miuZRviT qarTvel filosofosebs – Salva nucubiZes,

grigol kalandariSvils, Salva xidaSels, cnobil

qarTvel fsiqologs aleqsandre frangiSvilsa da

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebs (sergi avaliani, revaz baramiZe,

gulnara dedabriSvili, leo menabde, revaz siraZe da

sxv.).

S. nucubiZis (1888-1969) kvleva-Ziebani gansaxilveli

epoqis qarTul filosofiaze ZiriTadad Sesulia misi

,,qarTuli filosofiis istoriis” II tomSi12. masTan

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs qarTuli filo-

sofiis istoriis periodizacia. kerZod, S. nucubiZis

mixedviT, qarTuli filosofiis istoria 6 periodad

iyofa. amasTan, meeqvse periodi or etaps moicavs.

qarTuli filosofiis istoriis S. nucubiZiseuli

periodizacia aseTia: 1. adreuli antikuroba, romelic

xasiaTdeba miTologiurobiT;

2. gviani antikuroba (III-VII s.s.) _ misi niSania

sakuTari filosofiis ganviTareba;

3. saeklesio-dogmaturi periodi (VIII-X s.s.) _ misi

damaxasiaTebeli niSania Teologiuri azrovnebis aRmav-

loba;

4. filosofiuri aRorZinebis periodi (XI_XII s.s.) _

neoplatonuri filosofiis primatiT;

5. gviani feodalizmi (XIII-XVI s.s.) _ sqolastikuri

epoqa;

6. orientaciis Ziebis periodi, I etapi – evropuli

mimarTuleba (XVII_XVIII s.s.) da me-2 etapi (XVIII_XIX

s.s.) _ ruseTze orientacia.

aRniSnuli periodebidan me-5 da me-6 periodis I

etapi gansaxilvel epoqas exeba, romelic, S. nucubiZis

azriT, warmoadgenda qarTuli filosofiis adrindeli

35

periodis logikur gagrZelebas da masTan erTad erTian

sxeuls Seadgens. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom

S. nucubiZis mosazrebebi qarTul filosofiaze imiTac

gamoirCeva, rom gansaxilveli sakiTxebi da problemebi

(filosofia, social-politikuri da ideologiuri Sexe-

dulebebi, filosofiuri urTierTobani) ganxilulia

mTlianobaSi.

S. nucubiZe gansaxilvel epoqaSi gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas aqcevs socialur-politikursa da ideolo-

giur viTarebas XIII-XVI saukuneebis saqarTveloSi,

ideologiur reaqcias ioane petriwis winaaRmdeg da

aseve ideologiur brZolas rusTavelis irgvliv XIII-

XVIII saukuneebSi.

S. nucubiZis qarTuli filosofiis istoriis me-2

tomSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili ucnobi mematianis-

JamTaamRwerlis, saxeliT cnobili avtoris istoriuli

Txzulebis filosofiur analizs.

am monakveTSi saubaria, agreTve, filosofiur ur-

TierTobebze (qarTul-somxuri da qarTul-rusuli) da

rusuli filosofiis gavlenis Sesaxeb qarTul filo-

sofiur azrovnebaze. nakveTi mTavrdeba anton pirvelis

rolis SefasebiT qarTuli filosofiis ganviTarebaSi.

am mizniT ganxilulia misi enciklopediuri xasiaTis

nawarmoebi ,,spekali”.

grigol kalandariSvili (1904-1965) Tavis gamokvle-

vaSi, romelic saqarTveloSi logikis mecnierebis isto-

rias exeba, aRniSnavs, rom XIII-XVII saukuneebis pirvel

naxevramde qarTuli filosofiuri literatura axali

logikuri TxzulebebiT ar Sevsebula. XIII-XIV sauku-

neebSi ZiriTadad adgili aqvs ukve Targmnili Zeglebis

(mag. ioane damaskelis ,,dialeqtika”, amoniosis ,,komen-

tarebi” da sxva.) gadaweras14. aris, agreTve iseTi Targ-

manic, magaliTad, kaTolikos basilis (1306-1354) mier

36

Sesrulebuli porfiriosis ,,Sesavali”, romelic dakar-

gulad iTvleba, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi gadaiwera amo-

niosis, XVI–Si ki ioane petriwis Txzulebani. avtoris

azriT, XIII-XVII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi axali naS-

romi logikaSi arc dawerila da arc gadaTargmnila15.

g. kalandariSvils SedarebiT vrclad aqvs ganxilu-

li filosofiuri aRmavlobis procesi XVIII saukunis

saqarTveloSi. am mxriv sayuradRebo iyo sulxan-saba

orbelianis leqsikoni, romelic, avtoris SeniSvniT,

Tavisebur enciklopedias warmoadgenda da romelSic

saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili logikur terminolo-

gias. naSromSi gaanalizebulia logikuri terminolo-

gia sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis mixedviT, maTSi

Setanili orbelianiseuli saTanado cvlilebebiT. aqve

ganxilulia vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da zurab SanSo-

vanis mier 1738 wels somxuridan qarTul enaze Targm-

nili aristoteles logikuri naSromi ,,aTi kategoriis

Sesaxeb” da SanSovanis originaluri naSromi16. avtori

sagangebod Cerdeba vaxuSti batoniSvilis Rvawlze fi-

losofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi, rac cxadad mJRavn-

deba protestanti avtoris vilhelm stratemanis ,,sayo-

velTao istoriis” Targmanze darTul vaxuStis winaa-

sityvaobasa da leqsikonSi. leqsikonSi vaxuSti batoni-

Svili iZleva filosofiuri terminebis mokle da zust

gansazRvrebebs17.

g. kalandariSvilis gamokvlevaSi mniSvnelovani ad-

gili aqvs daTmobili anton pirvelis ,,spekalis” logi-

kuri nawilis, kerZod, ,,spekalSi” Semaval aristoteles,

porfiriosis, ioane damaskelis, ioane petriwis, simeon

juRaecis logikuri Sexedulebebis analizs18.

g. kalandariSvili anton pirvelis moRvaweobaSi

gamoyofs or periods: 1756 wlamde, vidre is ruseTSi

wavidoda da ZiriTadad sqolastikuri filosofiiT iyo

37

gatacebuli; meore periodi ruseTSi wasvlis Semdeg

iwyeba, roca igi erTgvarad Sordeba sqolatikas. anton

pirveli am dros mihyveba baumaisteris ,,logikas” da,

sabolood, midis im daskvnamde, rom aristoteles ,,lo-

gika” unda ganTavisufldes sqolastikisgan (e.i. Teolo-

giis msaxuris funqciisgan)19.

g. kalandariSvilis naSromSi ganxilulia, agreTve

timoTe gabaSvilis, filipe yaiTmazaSvilis, doseTeoz

nekreselis (CerqeziSvili) da anton cagareli-Wyondi-

delis mTargmnelobiTi da ganmanaTleblobiTi moRva-

weoba.

cnobilma qarTvelma fsiqologma aleqsandre fran-

giSvilma (1909-1988) specialuri monografia miuZRvna

XVII-XVIII da XIX saukunis dasawyisis fsiqologiis

istorias saqarTveloSi. es gamokvleva qarTuli filo-

sofiuri azris istoriisTvis mniSvnelobas iZens sakv-

levi Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebiT, rac gamoixa-

teba SemdegSi: avtoris aRniSvniT, igi fsiqologiis

istorias ikvlevs, rogorc filosofiuri codnis

dargs20. avtori sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebiT Tavis

pozicias sabolood ase ayalibebs: ,,Cven mier Sesaswav-

lad aRebuli periodis qarTvel moazrovneTa filoso-

fiuri moZRvrebis ganuyrel nawils warmoadgenda fi-

losofiuri refleqsiis safuZvelze Camoyalibebul Se-

xedulebaTa sistema adamianis sulieri cxovrebis Sesa-

xeb. Cveni gamokvlvebis sagansac saqarTveloSi XVII-XIX

saukunis dasawyisis qarTvel moazrovneTa filosofiu-

ri moZRvrebis nawilad warmodgenili fsoqologiuri

codnis, e.i. adamianis sulieri cxovrebis Sesaxeb

codnis, istoria warmoadgens”21.

a. frangiSvilis gamokvlevaSi am poziciidan aris

ganxiluli fsiqologiis istoria da igi warmodge-

nilia, rogorc filosofiuri codnis erT-erTi dargi.

38

saerTod ki es sakiTxebi gansaxilvel epoqaSi Seswavli-

lia sulxan-saba orbelianis Semoqmedebis (ZiriTadad

misi ,,leqsikonis” mixedviT), anton pirvelis ,,spekalisa”

da saqarTvelos sasuliero seminariebsa da filoso-

fiur kerebSi (Tbilissa da TelavSi) qarTvel moRva-

weTa (zaqaria madinaSvili, anton Wyondideli, gaioz da

daviT reqtorebi) Semoqmedebis analizis safuZvelze22.

a. frangiSvilis gamokvleva Rirebul masalas Sei-

cavs gansaxilveli epoqis, kerZod, misi bolo ori

saukunis (XVII da XVIII) qarTuli filosofiuri azris

istoriis Sesaswavlad.

qarTuli filosofiis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari

_ S. nucubiZis dawyebuli saqmis gamgrZelebeli _

Salva xidaSeli (1910-1994) ZiriTadad IV-XII saukuneebis

qarTuli filosofiis istoriis problemebsa da rusTa-

velis msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxebs ikvlevda. amasTan,

mas aqvs specialuri gamokvleva, romelic eZRvneba

gansaxilveli epoqis bolo monakveTis moRvawis

aleqsandre amilaxvaris (1750-1802) Semoqmedebas.

S. xidaSeli ar iziarebs im azrs, rom aleqsandre

amilaxvari Tavaduri partikularizmis poziciidan ebr-

Zoda erekle II-s. es brZola, avtoris azriT, ufro

aleqsandre amilaxvaris mxridan dasavleTis mowinave

da progresuli ideebis gaTavisebiT iyo ganpiro-

bebuli23. aqve aRniSnulia, rom a. amilaxvaris ideali

ufro eTikuri msoflmxedvelobiTaa gansazRvruli,

vidre social-politikuri principebiT24, rac SeiZleba

sakamaTo iyos. S. xidaSeli dawvrilebiT ganxilavs

amilaxvaris pozicias mefisa da xalxis damokidebule-

baze, samxedro organizaciaze, romelic saxelmwi-

foebrivi organizmis ,,urCeulesi” nawilia25.

S. xidaSeli yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze,

rom, a. amilaxvaris mixedviT, im drois qarTuli ekle-

39

sia ganudga WeSmaritebis gzas da SfoTsa da ganxeT-

qilebas Tesavs maSin, roca eklesia ar unda Caerios

saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. xazgasulia a. amilaxvaris pozi-

ciaze, romelic Tanasworobis ideas (,,yoveli adamiani

,,Tanasworad” aris dabadebuli) qadagebs26.

sayuradReboa S. xidaSelis naSromis SefasebiTi

nawili, romelic naTlad warmoaCens a. amilaxvars, ro-

gorc moazrovnes: ,,gansakuTrebul yuradRebas al.

amilaxvaris traqtatSi bunebrivi uflebis Teoria imsa-

xurebs, yvela im SexedulebiT, romlebic am Teoriaze

aris dafuZnebuli: adamianTa Tanasworoba, sikvdilis

dasjis uaryofa, realur ZalTa urTierTobaze damyare-

buli kanonmdebloba. kanonmdeblobis erT-erT safu-

Zvels, rogorc vnaxeT, xalxTa zne-Cveuleba, maTi speci-

fikur-fsiqikuri wyoba warmoadgens, romelic al.

amilaxvaris traqtatis mixedviT, sabolood ganisazRv-

reba ama Tu im qveynis klimaturi TvisebebiT”27.

Tanamedrove mkvlevarTagan gansaxilveli epoqis qar-

Tuli filosofiuri azri Seswavlili aqvT sxvadasxva

gamokvlevebis avtorebs28.

40

mesame Tavi

qarTuli azrovnebis istoria XIII-XV saukuneebSi

XIII saukunis dasawyisidanve saqarTvelos istoriaSi

dgeba periodi, romelsac dacemis (ekonomikuri, politi-

kuri da kulturuli mniSvnelobiT) xana ewodeba.

mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva mosazrebani arsebobs sa-

qarTvelos istoriis am mZime saukuneebis ganmsazRv-

reli mizezebis Sesaxeb. avtorebis nawili fiqrobs, rom

es mizezebi sagareo politikur viTarebaSi unda veZioT.

mkvlevarTa meore jgufs miaCnia, rom didi kulturuli

aRmavlobis gzaze mdgarma qveyanam, romelmac _ XI-XII

saukuneebSi, feodaluri sazogadoebis pirobebSi, Tavi-

si ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals miaRwia, amowura

Tavisi Sinagani SesaZleblobani gareSe mtrebis winaaRm-

deg da erovnuli damoukideblobis dasacavad.

SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom saqarTvelos istoriis

am etapze orive faqtori moqmedebda, magram, pirvel

yovlisa, is mZime, SeiZleba iTqvas, autaneli pirobebi,

romlebic warmoiqmna sagareo politikur viTarebaSi: es

iyo erTi mxriv, XIII s-is dasawyisSi aRmocenebuli

Zlieri saxelmwifo mongolTa teritoriaze, meore

mxriv _ amave dros warmoqmnili xorezmSahebis saxel-

mwifo muslimur aRmosavleTSi, da, mesame mxriv, Tur-

quli tomebi, romlebmac axlo aRmosavleTi gadaiares,

bizantiis civilizacia daamxes da dasavleT evropis

erTi nawili saxelmwifoebisa daipyres.

Tu 1220-1221 wlebSi mongolebi samjer Semoesivnen

saqarTvelos, samjer gaimarjves, magram arc erTxel ar

darCenilan damarcxebul qveyanaSi, Semdegdroindeli

Semosevebi qveynisTvis gamanadgurebeli aRmoCnda. aseTi

41

iyo 1226 wlis jalaledinis (xorezmelebis) Semoseva,

romlebic, mongolebisgan gansxvavebiT, religiuri

fanatizmiT gamoirCeodnen. ,,dangreuli da aoxrebuli

cixe-qalaqebi, _ werda iv. javaxiSvili, _ didZali

umowyalod da ugunurad amowyvetili xalxi, gaZar-

culi qveynebi da ganadgurebuli ekonomikuri keTild-

Reoba, ai ra datova Tavis Semdeg xvaraz Sahma”1.

am ori Zlieri saxelmwifos _ mongolebisa da

xorezmelebis _ metoqeobaSi, saqarTveloze sakuTari

xelisuflebis gavrcelebis Zlieri tendencia xSirad

aqcevda Cvens qveyanas mZime Tavdasxmebis obieqtad.

jalaledinis gamanadgurebeli Semosevis Semdeg

saqarTvelo XIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi kvlav mongo-

lebis pirispir idga, rasac maTi xangrZlivi batonoba

mohyva.

sayuradReboa, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaxiz-

nuli rusudan mefe romis papisgan iTxovda damxmare

jarebs mongolebis saqarTvelodan gandevnis mizniT,

magram am Txovnas Sedegi ar mohyolia. rogorc romis,

papis grigol IX-is, sapasuxo werilidan (1240 wlis 13

ianvris TariRiT) irkveva, paps sakuTari gasaWiri

hqonda; is am dros aRmosavleTidan Semoseuli arabebis

winaaRmdeg Rebulobda zomebs da sinanuls gamoTqvamda

imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi jarebs ver gzavnida2.

erTi mxriv, mZime ekonomikuri da politikuri piro-

bebi, xolo, meore mxriv, qarTveli eris gaerTianebisa

da SemWidroebisaken mZlavri erovnuli miswrafeba,

erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRrmavebas uwyobda xels, rac

mravalricxovan SeTqmulebebsa da ajanyebebSi gamoixa-

teboda. mag., daviT narinisa da ulu daviTis ajanyebebs

Soris sul 2 weli iyo gasuli (1259-1260/I), rac koxtas

Tavis SeTqmulebaSi (1246/47) monawileobas Rebulobdnen

rogorc aRmosavleT, agreTve, dasavleT saqarTvelos

42

mosaxleoba; cotne dadianis zneobrivad amaRlebulma

saqcielma, rogorc cnobilia, qveyana erT-erTi Suris-

Ziebisgan mainc ixsna.

mZime mdgomareobis miuxedavad, romelic XIII s-is

Semdeg saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdenime sau-

kune grZeldeboda, qarTveli xalxis erovnuli energia

ar modunebula; igi vlindeboda, rogorc ekonomikur

RonisZiebaTa sferoSi, agreTve, politikur cxovrebasa

da kulturul SemoqmedebaSi. amas periodulad droebiT

gaumjobesebuli sagareo politikuri viTarebac uwyob-

da xels.

jer kidev XIV s-is damdegisTvis ,,saqarTvelo uki-

duresad dacemuli iyo”3, magram sul cota xanSi, gior-

gi V brwyinvales mefobisas (1314-1346) qveyanam did war-

matebas miaRwia.

politika, romelic XIV s-is pirobebSi qveynis poli-

tikuri mTlianobis aRdgenisken iyo mimarTuli, iseve,

rogorc daviT aRmaSeneblis dros, didgvarovani feoda-

lebis (mTavrebis) uflebaTa SezRudvasa da, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, maT alagmvasac gulisxmobda. qveynis gaer-

Tianebisa da aRmavlobisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebis

ganxorcielebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli im gare-

moebam, rom imave saukunis 30-ian wlebSi SesaZlebeli

gaxda mongolTa xangrZlivi (TiTqmis aswlovani) bato-

nobisa da, kerZod, maTi xarkisgan qveynis ganTavi-

sufleba.

1329 wels, dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis miqelis

(narin daviTis Zis) gardacvalebis Semdeg, giorgi mefem

quTaisi SemoierTa, xolo male (1334 wels) samcxis mTav-

rad yvaryvare daadgina. amis Semdeg, SeiZleba iTqvas,

saqarTvelo gaerTianebuli iyo da giorgi mefis Semd-

gom amocanas gaerTianebuli saxelwifos centraluri

xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis mowesrigeba Seadgenda.

43

am dros Sedgenili iuridiuli Zegli _ ,,xelmwifis

karis garigeba” saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis mowes-

rigebis mizniT Seqmnil sakanonmdeblo kodeqss warmo-

adgens da mniSvnelovania TavisTavad, rogorc samarT-

lebrivi azrovnebisa da qveynis SigniT arsebuli maRa-

li kulturis damadasturebeli faqti. mraval mniSvne-

lovan sakiTxSi es Zegli saqarTvelos istoriis war-

sul viTarebas asaxavs, magram iseT warsuls, rodesac

feodaluri xanis qarTulma kulturam ganviTarebis

umaRles dones miaRwia.

qveynis marTvis saTaveSi idga mwignobarTuxucesi _

Wyondideli _ romelic iseve, rogorc daviT

aRmaSeneblis dros, saero da saeklesio xelisuflebis

saTaveSi imyofeba da saero-saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebTan

saeklesio saqmeebsac ganagebs. garda gelaTisa,

romelic SeiZleba, uSualod mefis gamgeblobisa da

mzrunvelobis qveS imyofeboda, yvela monasteri, saepis-

koposo da calkeuli eklesia mwignobarTuxucesis Wyon-

didelis (da nawilobriv ,,sawolis mwignobris”)

daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda.

ZeglSi gansazRvrulia ,,darbazis” movaleobani da

uflebani. ,,darbazi” mmarTvelobis kolegiuri dawesebu-

lebaa, romelSic im periodSi monawileobdnen maRali

saero da saeklesio xelisufalni: karze myofni _

vazirni, saqveynod gamrigeni _ erisTavebi, kaTalikosebi

(afxazeTisa da qarTlisa), moZRvarTmoZRvari (gelaTis

akademiis reqtori), episkoposebi da samefo didi

monastrebis (gelaTis, garejis da samcxis ,,Tormeti

udabnos”) winamZRvarni ufrosi ber-monazvnobiTurT4.

giorgi V brwyinvales dros Cveni qveyana ekonomiku-

ri, politikuri da mniSvnelovani kulturuli aRorZi-

nebis gzas daadga, magram es aRorZineba, samwuxarod,

didxans ar gagrZelebula.

44

sagareo politikis mkveTr gauaresebas Tavisi

Sedegebi mohyva: drois sul mokle manZilze Temur len-

gi rvajer (1386-1405 ww.) Semoesia saqarTvelos. pirveli

Semosevebidan 1386 wels, rodesac cixeSi gamagrebuli

qarTvelebi Temurlengis jarebma zarbaznebiT ,,Seaje-

res”, qalaqi aiRes da mosaxleobis xocva-Jleta daiw-

yes, ukanasknel _ merve Semosevamde, da birTvisis cno-

bil brZolamde (1403 wels), sul 16 welma gaiara, magram

SedarebiT mokle xnis manZilze ara mxolod SeCerda

giorgi brwyinvales dros dawyebuli aRmavloba, aramed

qveyana srul ganadgurebamde mivida.

beri egnataSvili, istorikosi, romelsac Temurlen-

gis Semosevebi aqvs gadmocemuli, wers: ,,da daasrula

lang-Temur mooÃreba qarTlisa da warvida sxuaTa

queyanisa dapyrobad. da qmna mravalni saqmeni didZalni

lang-Temur, romlisa cxovreba misi vrclad aRweril

ars cxovrebasa Sina sparTasa, xolo Cuen aRvwereT

yovelive mosvla misi qarTlad da aoÃreba qarTlisa,

romeli ara sada mowevnil ars qarTlsa zeda Wiri

eseviTari, raodeni aman moawiva”5. ,,saqarTvelos isto-

riis narkvevebis” rvatomeulSi ki vkiTxulobT: ,,Cvens

qveyanas ara erTi dampyrobeli Semosevia, rogorc

Temurlengamde, ise mis Semdeg (sparselebi, romaelebi,

bizantielebi, arabebi, xazarebi, Turqebi, xvarazmelebi.

mongolebi, Savbatkniani da TeTrbatkniani Turqmenebi,

yizilbaSebi, osmalebi da a.S). droisa da Jamis Sesa-

bamisad, isini erTmaneTisgan didad ar gansxvavdebodnen

SemosevaTa miznebisa Tu qveynisaTvis miyenebuli ngreva

aoxrebis masStabebiT, magram mTeli misi mraval-

saukunovani istoriis manZilze saqarTvelos aseTi sas-

tiki da ulmobeli, veragi da cbieri, amave dros uaR-

resad daJinebuli da mizanswrafuli mteri, arasodes

Semosevia, rogoric Temurlengis urdoebi iyo”6.

45

amgvari pirobebiT iyo gansazRvruli am drois

saqarTveloSi kulturuli movlenebis mTeli wyeba.

XI-XII ss-is kulturuli aRmavloba, romelic dRes

qarTuli renesansis saxeliT aris cnobili da romel-

Sic iv. javaxiSvili dasavluri renesansis niSnebs

xedavda, misive azriT, ori niSniT iyo gansakuTrebuli

yuradRebis sagani: erTi mxriv _ saero poziciisa da,

meore mxriv, filosofiuri azrovnebis intensiuri

ganviTarebiT. ,,metad sagulixmoa”, _ werda igi, _ rom

am dros Seiqmna ,,qarTuli saero poezia”7. amave dros,

saero poeziam ,,sabolood sZlia... sqolastikur azrov-

nebas” da Seiqmna pirobebi qarTuli renesansis meore

mniSvnelovani faqtisaTvis, _ ,,Tavisufali filosofiu-

ri azrovnebisaTvis”8, raSic, sxvaTa Soris, iv. javaxi-

Svili ,,azrovnebis umwvervales xarisxs” xedavda9.

sayuradReboa da damaxasiaTebeli, rom gansaxilvel

periodSi sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis am orive formam

Sewyvita arseboba _ saero literaturamac da

filosofiurma azrovnebamac.

am dros agrZelebs arsebobas sasuliero mwerloba,

Tumca ara winasaukuneebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli intensi-

vobiT, romelic ramdenime avtorisa da Zeglis saxiT

aris warmodgenili. es faqti nawilobriv mainc SeiZ-

leba aixsnas mongolebis gulgrilobiT religiis

sakiTxebisadmi. rogorc JamTaaRmwerlis saistorio

Txzulebidan irkveva, qarTlis episkoposs, nikolozs,

(XIII s-is meore naxevari) mongolTa xelisuflebisagan

eklesiis Seuvalobis sagangebo sigelic ki gamouT-

xovia: ,,xolo queyana samefo, saydarTa da mcxeTa da

misi mimdgomi qveyana da monasteri aravisgan icvebodes,

rameTu warCinebulni amis samefosani TÂsisa

queyanisTÂs zrunvides...” da miiRo ,,ierlayi, romel ars

46

wigni Sewyalebisa” da, romlis mixedviTac nikolozma

,,daicva yovelni saydarni da monasterni”10.

qarTuli azrovnebis istoriisa da msoflmxedvelob-

riv mimarTulebaTa ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, am

periodis mweralTa Soris, yuradRebas imsaxurebs ori

avtori: abuserisZe tbeli da makari mesxi.

abuserisZe tbeli cnobilia, rogorc ramdenime

Txzulebis avtori. erT-erTi maTgani _ ,,saswaulni

wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisani” _ rogorc saTau-

ridan Cans, exeba wminda giorgis saswaulebs. magram

amave TxzulebaSi gadmocemulia saqarTvelos istoriis

realuri faqtebi: xvarazmelTa Semoseva saqarTveloSi,

maT mier qveynis aoxreba, da kulturuli moRvaweobis

iseTi dargi, rogoricaa arqiteqturuli da samSeneblo

moRvaweoba.

abuserisZe tbeli, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili wers,

,,jalaledinis saqarTveloSi Semosevis Tanamedrovea”11

da, safiqrebelia, rom misi Txzulebis saistorio

nawili sayuradRebo cnobebs unda Seicavdes. saswaule-

biT gataceba mas xels ar uSlis saqarTvelos ,,im-

droindeli Sinauri yofa-cxovrebis” suraTebi ,,xorc-

Sesxmulad” warmoadginos. misi Txzuleba ,,sagulisx-

miero saistorio wyarod unda CaiTvalos”12.

k. kekeliZis azriT,13 abuserisZe tbels ekuTvnis,

Txzuleba, ,,qronikoni sruli misiTa sauwyebeliTa da

gangebiTa”. rogorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, es ,,traqtati

mdidaria sxvadasxva kalendaruli, ariTmetikuli da,

gansakuTrebiT, astronomiuli terminebiT”. ase rom, _

ganagrZobs avtori, _ sruli sabuTi hqonda broses,

eTqva am Sromis gamo: ,,qarTvelebma 1233 wels (rodesac

dauweria is tbels) ukve icodnen naxevari im cTomi-

lebisa, romelmac 1582 wels papi grigol XII aiZula,

Sedgomoda kalendris Sesworebas. ,,sayuradRebo ufro

47

isaa, _ fiqrobs k. kekeliZe, _ rom avtori (abuserisZe

tbeli, avt.) cdila, Seefardebina erTimeorisaTvis

qarTuli da berZnuli welTaRricxva da pasqalisturi

sistema da SeZlebisdagvarad SeeTanxmebina isini”14.

qveynis mdgomareobisa da maSindeli qarTuli

sazogadoebrivi sulieri ganwyobis garkvevisTvis kidev

ufro mniSvnelovania abuserisZe tbelis am TxzulebaSi

asaxuli esqatologiuri ideebi, romlebsac k. kekeliZem

ukve 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi miaqcia yuradReba:

,,qristianul doqtrinasa da azrovnebaSi erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani adgili imTaviTve esqatologiur Temebs

ekava. sakiTxebi qveynis aRsasrulis, meored mosvlisa

da momavali cxovrebis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT iCenda

Tavs maSin, rodesac esa Tu is eri raime mwvave

Seviwroebasa da gaWirvebaSi Cavardeboda”15.

es savsebiT swori fsiqologiuri dakvirvebaa da

SemTxveviTi araa, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi esqatolo-

giuri ideebis, kerZod, qveynis dasasrulis moaxloebis

Sexedulebebis gavrcelebas sazogadoebaSi hqonda

garkveuli istoriul-qronologiuri safuZvlebi.

Sua saukuneebis moRvaweebsa da kulturuli

cxovrebis mTavar warmomadgenlebs bibliis sityvebidan

_ ,,aTasi weli winaSe TualTa Seni, ufalo, viTarca

guSindeli dRe, romel warÃda” _ gamohqondaT daskvna,

rom RmerTisTvis aTasi weli erT Rames udris, da

radgan, bibliuri kosmologiis mixedviT, RmerTma

samyaro 7 dReSi Seqmna, es procesi, Sua saukuneebis

warmodgeniT, 7 aTas wels unda gagrZelebuliyo. amis

Semdeg dadgeboda misi aRsasruli, movidoda meored

mosvla da damyareboda maradiuli arseboba16.

,,qveynis dasasrulis” gamoangariSeba da ,,dadgena”

ama Tu im qveyanaSi moqmed kalendrebze iyo damokide-

buli. qristianul qveynebSi arsebuli aseTi kalendrebi

48

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda. amitom, mag., berZnuli da

rusuli gamoangariSebiT 7 aTasi weli qveynis gaCenidan

sruldeboda 1492 wels (qristes Semdeg); qarTuli

kalendris mixedviT da qarTuli gamoangariSebiT _ 1396

wels. es TariRi aqvs aRniSnuli abuserisZe tbels.

berZnul enaze daweril TxzulebebaTa Soris, sadac

qveynis aRsasrulzea laparaki, mravali Zveladve iyo

Targmnili da cnobili qarTul enaze. amgvar cnobebs

Seicavs, mag., grigol RvTismetyvelis (IVs.) ,,Tqmuli

dRisa misTÂs meergasisa, romel ars martÂlobaÁ”,

romelic Targmnili iyo eqvTime aTonelisa da efrem

mcires mier; Sua saukuneebis qristianul aRmosavleTSi

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli ioane damaskelis _

,,gardamocemaÁ...”, romlis mniSvneloba gascilda aRmo-

savleTis farglebs da papis evgeni IV-is gankargulebiT

laTinurad iTargmna 1145/47 wels. qarTulad ki

iTargmna orjer: XI s-Si Targmna efrem mcirem, XII s-Si

_ arsen iyalToelma.

esqatologiur ideebs Seicavs, agreTve, mitrofane

smirnelis _ ,,TargmanebaÁ eklesiastisaÁ” (XII s-Si

Targmna ioane WimWimelma) da Teofilaqte bulgarelis

(XI s.) _ ,,TargmanebaÁ maTes saxarebisaÁ” (Targmna imave

WimWimelma).

aRniSnuli Txzulebebis es sakmaod vrceli sia

adasturebs, rom esqatologiuri ideebis Semcveli li-

teratura sakmaod farTod iyo Targmnili da war-

modgenili feodaluri qarTuli kulturis aRmavlobis

periodSi. magram maT am dros ar moupovebiaT iseTi

mniSvneloba, rogoric Cveni istoriis dacemisa da

daqveiTebis pirobebSi moipoves, rodesac amgvari idee-

bis gavrcelebis Sesaferisi pirobebi Seiqmna.

makari mesxi mxolod erTi TxzulebiTaa cnobili.

mas qarTul enaze uTargmnia petre iberis ,,cxovreba”,

49

romelic Tavdapirvelad bizantiuri xanis berZnuliT

iyo dawerili, Semdeg is asurul enaze iTargmna da am

saxiT moaRwia Cvens dromde (berZnuli cxovrebis

avtoria bizantiis cnobili moRvawe, zaqaria ritori,

romelic im qalaqSi daibada, sadac petre ibers

episkoposis maRali posti eWira).

petre iberis cxovrebis makari mesxiseul TargmanSi

vkiTxulobT: ,,ese cxoreba wmidisa netarisa mamisa

Cuenisa petre qarTvelisa amas kurTxeulsa zaqarias,

mowafisa mis wmidisa petressa, asurebriTa aRewera,

vinaÁTgan friad mecnier yofila maTsa enasa da kualad

rameTu palestines asrni mravalni arian da did da

ufrosad qalaqsa maÁumisasa, sada igi wmida petre

mRudelTmoZRurobda. xolo me, glaxakman makar xuces-

man gadmovTargmne qarTulad asurTa enisagan, rameTu

friad mecnier meca maTsa enasa”.

n. mari xsenebul Zegls XIII_XIV ss.-iT aTariRebda, k.

kekeliZe ki _ XIII s-iT.

ase Tu ise, XIII-XIV ss-Si petre iberis ,,cxovreba”

qarTul enaze gaCnda da sayuradReboa, rom es iyo

romis mTel imperiaSi ganTqmuli moRvawisa da

moazrovnis pirveli xseneba qarTul mwerlobaSi.

petre iberis saxeli dRes qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis

kargad cnobilia; magram es gamoCenili moRvawe, romlis

Sesaxeb cnobebi berZnul wyaroSi uxvad daculia,

romelTa mixedviT igi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda

politikur moRvaweTa Soris, saukuneebis manZilze

saqarTveloSi ucnobi iyo.

iv. javaxiSvili jer kidev ocian wlebSi Seecada am

uCveulo da gaugebari garemoebisTvis naTeli moefina

da misi mizezebi aexsna. saqme is aris, rom bizantiur

mwerlobaSi petre iberi monofizitad iyo cnobili, es

mimdinareoba VII s-is dasawyisidan eretikulad iTv-

50

leboda da saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg (VII s.)

devnas ganicdida. iv. javaxiSvili Seecada petre iberis

ignorireba saqarTveloSi konfesiuri mosazrebebiT

aexsna. im dros, _ werda mkvlevari, _ ,,rodesac

uZvelesi qarTuli qristianuli saistorio mwerlobis

,,mwvaleblobis RvarZlisagan” ganwmenda dauwyiaT,

rogorc etyoba, petre qarTvelis moRvaweobis gamo

mTlad misi xsenebis warxocva umjobinebiaT”17.

imisTvis, rom makari mesxis droindeli qarTuli

sazogadoebisTvis petres cxovreba ,,misaRebi” yofili-

yo, petre orTodoqsiis damcvelis rolSi unda gamosu-

liyo da, rogorc Cans, orTodoqsias energiuli da

Tanamimdevruli damcveli aRmouCnda makari mesxis

saxiT.

swori unda iyos k. kekeliZis dakvirveba, rom

xsenebuli ,,cxovreba” imdenad naTargmni araa, am sity-

vis namdvili mniSvnelobiT, ramdenadac ,,gadmokeTebu-

lia”18. ,,cxovreba” gadmokeTebuli yofila ruis-urbni-

sis krebis poziciidan, sadac, rogorc cnobilia, daka-

nonebuli iyo Sexeduleba, rom ,,ara midrekil ars qveya-

na igi qarTlisa wmidisa da marTlisa sarwmunoebisagan

da arca mivdrekT ukunisamde madliTave wmidisa same-

bisa”.

ra mimarTulebiT iyo Secvlili petre iberis

asuruli cxovreba makari mesxis qarTul TargmanSi? am

kiTxvaze pasuxs iv. javaxiSvilis imave naSromSi vkiT-

xulobT: ,,TargmaniTgan petres monofizitobis mauwyebe-

li yoveli cnoba amouSliaT da gamoutovebiaT ise, rom

qarTul cxorebaSi is qalkedonian moRvawed aris

qceuli da gamoyvanili”.

JamTaaRmwerlis saistorio Txzuleba, romelic XIV

s-iT TariRdeba, farTod mofiqrebuli nawarmoebia, rom-

lis mniSvneloba ar ganisazRvreba mxolod saistorio

51

qronikis moTxovnilebebiT. iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda

am farTod mofiqrebul TxzulebaSi warmodgenili

saistorio Txrobis mravalferovnebas. aq ,,saqarTvelos

marto politikuri Tavgadasavali ki ar aris aRwerili,

aramed saxelmwifo cxovreba da weswyobilebac cxov-

lad daxatuli”19. gadmocemulia imdroindeli saqarTve-

los ,,saeklesio saqmeebic, qveynis zneobrivi mdgomareo-

bac” da ,,Sinauri sacolqmro viTarebac sakmaod aris

dasuraTebuli” da sxv*.

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, saqarTvelos isto-

riis gansaxilvel periodSi arseboba Sewyvita qarTul-

ma saero poeziam da filosofiurma Semoqmedebam. magram

Semoinaxa XIV s-is pirveli naxevris erTi mniSvnelovani

dokumenti, romlis mixedviT irkveva, rom im mZime

pirobebis miuxedavad, romlebic imdroindel saqarTve-

loSi iyo, mniSvnelovani kulturuli muSaoba mimdi-

nareobda qarTul monastrebSi; arsebobda sakmao ricxvi

monastrebisa, specialuri skolebi am monastrebSi,

sadac sxva sagnebTan erTad, filosofiac aswavlidnen.

sanam am dokuments detalurad SevexebodeT, aRvniS-

noT, rom am da sxva istoriuli faqtebis safuZvelze. k.

kekeliZe akeTebda savsebiT safuZvlian daskvnas:

,,XIII_XIV saukuneTa kulturuli mdgomareobis daxasia-

Tebisas Cvens istoriografiaSi gadaWarbebas unda hqon-

des adgili. Tqma ar unda, politikuri da ekonomikuri

cxovrebis autanel pirobebSi kulturuli cxovrebac

unda dakninebuliyo da daqveiTebuliyo wina periodTan

SedarebiT, da es asec moxda”. magram ,,sakmarisia movi-

gonoT, rom im xanaSi gadawerilia mravali mniSvne-

lovani Txzuleba wina droisa da literaturisa,

SeTxzulia sayuradRebo Sromebi”. k. kekeliZe gulisx-

* JamTaaRmwerelze ufro vrclad ix. winamdebare wignis IX Tavi.

52

mobs avtorebsa da Sromebs _ vinme ber mRvimels, ,,yo-

velTa aRmwerels”, Cven mier zemoganxilul JamTaaRmwe-

rels da ,,xelmwifis karis garigebas”, beqas da aRbuRas

sakanonmdeblo Zeglebs da am dros Seqmnil agiog-

rafiul Txzulebebs20.

dokumenti, romelic Cven gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, mose

janaSvilma aRmoaCina da pirvelad gamosca Tavis

,,saqarTvelos istoriaSi”. meored gamoqveynda da

gamokvleva daurTo k. kekeliZem21.

Tavis droze ,,anderZad” dasaTaurebuli es sabuTi

Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:

,,q. odes sanatrelman man patriarqman Cuenman equTime

moixila kaxeTs: anwuxisa saepiskopozoÁ da meriTgan

gardmovida waxurs, kekelisens da movlo sayrdani _

kasri samebisaÁ, yumi RmrTismSoblisaÁ, leqarTs wmidi-

sa mociqulTa sworis ninoisi, zards wmidisa mTavar-

mowamisa giorgisi, vardians wmidisa haboÁsi, ganuxs

arCilisi, qiS-nuxs RmrTismSoblisaÁ, vardaSens eliasi,

Ta... sarans yovladwmidis mociqulis petreisi, kualad

sayrdarni xunZTa, naxcTa, ToSeTisa, nekresisa, lagoe-

Tisa, belqanisa, maj-fifineTisa, derijan-muxan-mamrexi-

sa, da yovelTa vakisa, ese igi ars Zuelisa movakanisa,

da elisanisani, verxvianiT zeganiT gamo vidre ivris

mdinaris CasarTavamde alazansa, _ da aman sanatrelman

equTime mibZana qurmuxisa mTavarepiskopossa da yovlisa

mTeulisa winamZRuarsa kÂrile donaursa gardawerine-

bad saxarebisa da wargzavnad TiTeulisa TÂs ekle-

siisa, meca gardavewerinen kakisa wmidisa barbares

taZrisa mRdelisa iase qitiaSvilisa da aTormetTa

misTa mowafeTa da warvgvzevnen saydarTa, monasterTa

da SÂdTa saswavlelTa TavsmdgomTadmi da vubrZane

swavlebad sjuli WeSmariti filasofosebaÁ, mamaTa

cxorebaÁ, qarTlisa cxorebaÁ da cxorebaÁ alvaniisaÁ,

53

ese igi ars savanisaÁ, romeli dawera petre lagaZeman

da vinme somexman gadaiRo igi. da sakuTrad werilad

gamoacxada da somexTa advilad Cuelebisamebr, ufalo

ieso qriste, meox meqmen dResa gankiTxvisasa mTava-

repiskopossa kÂriles. amin, amin! qoronikonsa fl,

Tuesa maissa id, dasabamiTgan xSid welTa”22.

es dokumenti mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo. is zustad

TariRdeba, vinaidan xelnaweris boloSi aRniSnuli

orive TariRi, qristes dabadebidan da qveynis dasaba-

midan, rogorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, iZleva 1310 wels.

amis garda, sabuTSi moxsenebuli patriarqi eqvTime is

piria, romelic qarTuli eklesiis saTaveSi idga XIV s-

is pirvel naxevarSi da moxsenebulia sxva istoriul

sabuTebSi mefe giorgi V brwyinvalesTan dakavSirebiT,

rogorc misi Tanamedrove da daaxlovebuli piri.

sabuTSi mocemuli cnobebi saqarTvelos mxolod

erT-erT nawils, aRmosavleTis mxares _ hereTs _ exeba,

sadac eklesiebisa da monastrebis ricxvi (sabuTSi

dasaxelebulia 20-mde eklesia, romelTa Soris Svidi

mainc monasteric unda yofiliyo) samonastro cxovre-

bisa da ganviTarebuli kulturis sakmaod maRali

donis damamtkicbeli unda iyos. amas emateba is faqtic,

rom saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveuris gamgeblobaSi yo-

fila Crdilo kavkasiis eklesiebi da, cxadia, misi mrev-

lic, am kuTxis mosaxleobis qristianobaze moqceuli

nawili.

garda eqvTimesi, sabuTSi moxseniebulia ,,qurmuxis

mTavarepiskoposi da yovlisa mTeulisa winamZRuari”

kirile donauri, romlis gamgeblobaSi yofila, sxvebs

Soris, erT-erTi taZari da misi mRvdeli iese qitia-

Svili; am qitiaSvils gadaawerina da gadaamravlebina

mTavarepiskoposma saxareba da daavala, eklesiebisa da

monastrebisaTvis daerigebina. es davaleba iase qitia-

54

Svilma 12 mowafes Seasrulebina da gadawerili wignebi

Svid samonastro skolas gaugzavna.

yuradRebas imsaxurebs qitiaSvilis brZaneba, rom-

liTac man, wignebis gagzavnasTan erTad, xsenebuli

skolebis meTaurebs mimarTa: eswavlebinaT skolebSi

saRmrTo sjulsa da mamaTa cxovrebasTan erTad saerTo

swavlebis sagnebi _ filosofia, qarTlis cxovreba da

albaneTis istoria. es ukanaskneli vinme petre lagaZes

dauweria da, Cans, iseTi mniSvneloba moupovebia, rom

Semdeg ,,vinme somexs” somxurad uTargmnia, da Tavis

sakuTar Txzulebad gausaRebia (,,sakuTrad dawerilad

gamoacxadao”, _ wers sabuTis avtori).

CvenTvis yvelaze metad sainteresoa am skolaSi

Sesaswavli saero sagnebi, gansakuTrebiT, filosofia.

romeli filosofia iswavleboda am dros xsenebul

saswavleblebSi da romeli avtori, an Txzuleba iyo iq

upiratesi Seswavlis sagani? am kiTxvaze pirdapiri

pasuxi ar arsebobs, mis garkvevas iribi mosazrebebi

sWirdeba. k. kekeliZe amasTan dakavSirebiT werda: ,,Cvens

skolebSi am dros filosofiaSi swavlobdnen umTavre-

sad ioane petriwis Sromas ,,kavSirni RmrTismetyue-

lebiTni”23. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom xsenebul sko-

lebSi es Sroma unda yofiliyo Seswavlis sagani, k.

kekeliZe im faqts imowmebs, rom is somxuradac iTargm-

na 1248 wels. es mosazreba safuZvliania da gasaTva-

liswinebeli, magram SeiZleboda dagvezustebina, rom

,,kavSiri RvTismetyvelebiTni” petriwis Sroma araa, is,

rogorc cnobilia, neoplatonikos prokles ekuTvnis;

petriwi avtoria am Sromis komentarebisa, romelic

ramdenjerme aRemateba Tavad prokles traqtats da

sadac petriwis sakuTari Sexedulebania warmodgenili.

amgvari gaugebroba Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSic SeimCneva

da imiTaa gamowveuli, rom prokles teqstic da

55

petriwis komentarebic erTi mTliani xelnaweris saxiT

vrceldeboda da erT saTaurs (,,kavSirni RvTismetyve-

lebiTni”) atarebda. magram, isic unda iTqvas, rom es ar

cvlis arsebiTad viTarebas, radgan im Sromis Seswavla,

romelic am saTauriT iyo cnobili, niSnavda prokles-

Tan erTad petriwis Sexedulebebis Seswavlasac.

dasaxelebuli Sromis garda, zogierTi sxva faqti

da mosazreba saSualebas iZleva, rom gazardos Sua

saukuneebis pirobebSi popularul TxzulebaTa da

avtorTa ricxvi, romlebic Seswavlis sagani unda

yofiliyo. am dros erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli

avtori ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel qris-

tianul aRmosavleTSi, iyo ioane damaskeli da misi

Txzuleba ,,gardamocemaÁ...”, romelic qarTulad orjer

iyo Targmnili, erTxel efrem mcires mier XII s-is

meore naxevarSi, xolo meored arsen iyalToelis mier

XIII s-is dasawyisSi. cnobilia, rom es Txzuleba

laTinuradac iTargmna XII s-is Sua wlebSi da iqac

sakmaod didi mniSvneloba moipova, petriwis zemoxsene-

bul SromasTan erTad da imave simeon pRinZahanqelim

qarTulad Targmnili Sroma ioane damaskelisa

qarTulidan somxurad gadaTargmna da am gziT somexi

mkiTxvelisTvis is cnobili gaxda.

dasmul kiTxvaze naTelis mofenis mizniT SeiZleba

gagveTvaliswinebina mogviano xanis cnobebic saqarTve-

loSi cnobili filosofosebisa da maTi Txzulebebis

Sesaxeb. davimowmeb SedarebiT adrindel cnobas, rome-

lic sulxan-saba orbelians ekuTvnis da gamoTqmulia

misi leqsikonis winasityvaobaSi: ,,me sulxan-saba orbe-

liansa, Wabukobisa Jamsa Tana da siyrmesa, friadi Sro-

ma damics ama wignsa zeda. rameTu qarTulTa enaTa leq-

sikoni aRar ipoeboda, rameTU JamTa viTarebiTa uCino

qmniliyo”24.

56

avtorebi, romlebic sabas gamouyenebia Tavisi

leqsikonis Sedgenis dros (,,saRmTo werilTa da

RmrTis metyuÀlebaTa Sina” TxzulebebTan erTad) da

romlebsac Tavad saba ,,filosofosTa wignebs” uwodebs,

Semdegia: pirvel rigSi dasaxelebulia ,,platonur

(filosofosTa) diadoxosi” prokle da misi Txzuleba

,,kavSirni RmrTismetyuÀlebiTni”. am saxelwodebiT cno-

bili Sroma, rogorc iTqva, Tavad petriwis Sexedule-

bebsac Seicavda. Semdeg aRniSnulia aristoteles ,,kate-

goriebi” porfiriosis SesavalTan erTad da Txzu-

lebani nemesios emeselisa da ioane damaskelisa. aris-

toteles ,,kategoriebi” warmoadgens Sua saukuneebSi

antikuri filosofiis erT-erT yvelaze ufro gavr-

celebul Zegls, romelic, neoplatonikos porfiriosis

SesavalTan erTad, vrceldeboda. es Txzuleba Targmna

ioane petriwma, romelsac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram

XIV s-Si igi SeiZleba jer kidev gamoyenebuli iyo.

nemesios emeseli IV s-is cnobili moRvawe, qristiani

neoplatonikosi, romlis mTavari Txzuleba ,,bunebisaT-

vis kacisa” Targmna imave petriwma. dasasrul, sabas

mier miTiTebuli ioane damaskelis mTavari Txzuleba

,,gardamocemaÁ...”, rogorc iTqva, ori Targmanis saxiT

vrceldeboda Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.

57

meoTxe Tavi

Teoriuli filosofiis problemebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul azrovnebaSi

$1. sulxan-saba orbeliani, zurab SanSovani,

vaxuSti batoniSvili, iese CubinaSvili

sulxan-saba orbeliani _ didi qarTveli mwerali,

mwignobari, leqsikografi da politikuri moRvawe;

daibada 1658 wels sofel tanZiaSi (bolnisis raioni)

didgvarovani feodalis ojaxSi, romelic daaxloebuli

iyo qarTlis samefo karTan (sulxan-saba orbelianis

mama qarTlis samefos mdivanbegi iyo). man safuZvliani

ganaTleba miiRo samefo karze, romelic maSin kul-

turisa da ganaTlebis centrs warmoadgenda; mas megob-

ruli urTierToba hqonda vaxtang V-is (Sah-navazis)

ganaTlebul vaJebTan _ mis mamidaSvilebTan. sulxan-

saba imTaviTve gamorCeoda ara mxolod saero da saek-

lesio literaturis Rrma codniT, aramed agreTve

sibrZniT, gonerebiT. swored amitom mas miandves taxtis

memkvidris _ SemdgomSi cnobili mefis vaxtang VI-is

aRzrda.

eriskacobaSi orbelians sulxani erqva. magram 1698

wels politikuri viTarebis gamo berad aRikveca

daviT garejis ioane naTlismcemlis monasterSi sabas

saxeliT. amis miuxedavad, mas xeli ar auRia sazoga-

doebriv moRvaweobaze. vaxtang VI-is gamefebis Semdeg

igi samefo karze gavlenian figuras warmoadgenda. 1713-

1716 wlebSi mefis davalebiT diplomatiuri misiiT

imogzaura safrangeTsa da italiaSi, Tumca am misias,

garTulebuli saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamo, dadebiTi

58

Sedegi ar mohyolia. sulxan-sabas mogzauroba evropis

qveynebSi aRwerilia mis wignSi ,,mogzauroba evropaSi”,

romelic dRiuris formiT aris Sedgenili da prozau-

li damwerlobis SesaniSnav nimuSs warmoadgens.

imave politikuri da patriotuli motivebiT sulxan-

saba orbelinma miiRo kaTolikuri aRmsarebloba, rac

mas dasavleT evropis qveynebTan daaxloebis saSuale-

bad miaCnda.

1724 wels sulxan-saba kvlav politikuri misiiT

moskovSi gaemgzavra, raTa niadagi moemzadebina vaxtang

VI-is ruseTSi gamgzavrebisTvis, magram am misiis Ses-

ruleba mas ar dascalda. xandazmuli mwerali, mecnie-

ri da diplomati gardaicvala moskovSi 1725 wlis

ianvarSi. dakrZalulia vsesviatskoeSi.

1. filosofiis sagani

sulxan-saba orbelianis mTavari mecnieruli naSro-

mia ,,qarTuli leqsikoni”, romelsac vaxtang VI-em ,,sity-

vis kona” uwoda. es ar aris leqsikoni Cveulebrivi ga-

gebiT, masSi leqsikografiuli masalis garda, moce-

mulia sxvadasxva mecnieruli, maT Soris, filosofiuri

cnebebis ganmarteba, romelSic naTlad Cans misi

avtoris msoflmxedveloba.

samwerlo-literaturuli moRvaweobis sferoSi sul-

xan-saba orbelianis mTavari Txzulebaa igav-arakebis

krebuli _ ,,wigni sibrZne sicruisa”, romelsac didi

didaqtikuri, eTikuri da pedagogiuri mniSvneloba aqvs.

sulxan-saba orbelianis kalams ekuTvnis agreTve

sasuliero naSromebi (,,samoTxis kari”, ,,swavlani”, him-

nografiuli Txzulebani da sxv.,) poeturi nawarmoebebi,

masve ekuTvnis ,,qilila da damanas” saboloo redaqcia

da sxv.

59

amJamad Cven sulxan-saba orbeliani gvainteresebs,

rogorc filosofiuri moazrovne, romelic SeiZleba

Seswavlil iqnas misi mTavari mecnieruli naSromis

,,sityvis kona”-s mixedviT. am leqsikonSi uxvad warmod-

genilia filosofiuri ideebic.

avtori ama Tu im filosofiuri terminis ganmarte-

bisas garkveuli filosofiuri koncefciidan amodis

da, rogorc mosalodnelia, es koncefcia obieqtur-

idealisturia, ufro xSirad ki Teologiuri. leqsikon-

ze muSaobis procesSi igi umeteswilad sxvadasxva

wyaros emyareba, magram es garemoeba ar ukargavs am

Txzulebas originaluris Rirebulebas. erTi da igive

terminis sxvadasxva ganmartebidan sulxan-saba irCevs

imas, romelic misi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis-

Tvis ufro misaRebia. amis Sesaxeb TviTon miuTiTebs

wignis SesavalSi (,,anderZnamagi”), ,,romelman damajera

igi davwereo”1. amitom leqsikonSi warmodgenili filo-

sofiuri ideebi sulxan-saba orbelianis filosofiur

koncefciad unda CaiTvalos, imis miuxedavad, rom igi

umeteswilad sxvadasxva avtorebidan aris aRebuli.

leqsikonis wyaroebs, saidanac sulxan-saba sargeb-

lobs, TviTon asaxelebs. es aris prokles wigni

,,kavSirni RvTismetyvelebiTni” (ioane petriwis Targma-

niTa da misive komentarebiT), aristotelesa da porfi-

riosis kategoriebi, nemesios emeselis ,,bunebisaTvis

kacisa” da ioane damaskelis ,,codnis wyaro” (gansakuT-

rebiT misi pirveli nawili ,,dialeqtika”). rasakvirve-

lia, mas xelT hqonda sxva wignebic, magram maTgan

sulxan-saba martooden im Txzulebebs asaxelebs,

romelTac, etyoba, yvelaze ZiriTadad Tvlida.

,,sityvis konaSi” warmodgenil filosofiur ideebs

upiratesad saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba hqonda. mis

Sesaxeb TviTon sulxan-sabac miuTiTebs. zemoaRniSnuli

60

avtorebis Txzulebani ,,aRvwere ara maTebr RularWni-

lad, aramed saadviloni aRvweren, raTa iswaon ena

qarTuli”.

sulxan-saba orbeliani, romelic qarTuli leqsiko-

nis Sedgenisas zemoaRniSnuli neoplatonuri da Teo-

logiuri xasiaTis TxzulebebiT sargeblobda, filoso-

fiis sagnad Tvlida zebunebrivi, metafizikuri sinamd-

vilis Semecnebas, romelic aristotelesa da neopla-

tonikosebis naazrevSi miCneuli iyo idealur, RvTaeb-

riv realobad. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sruliad

usafuZvlo da Seuwynarebelia mosazreba sulxan-saba

orbelianis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis materia-

listuri da aTeisturi xasiaTis Sesaxeb2.

eWvgareSea, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis msoflmxed-

veloba ekuTvnis idealistur-Teologiur mimarTulebas,

xolo sulxan-saba filosofiis sagnad pirvel rigSi

zebunebrivi (aramaterialuri) sinamdvilis Semecnebas

Tvlis.

sulxan-saba orbelianis filosofiur msoflmxedve-

lobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs ontologiursa

da logikur problemebs. amitom Cven am moazrovnis

filosofiur msoflmxedvelobas am kuTxiT ganvixilavT.

2. ontologiuri ideebi

ontologiuri problemebidan sulxan-saba orbeliani

did yuradRebas uTmobs arsebisa da arsis, aucilebeli

da SemTxveviTi arsis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebas. misi

ontologiuri Sexedulebebis centralur cnebas ,,myo-

fi” anu arsi, arsebuli warmoadgens. ,,myofi _ aRniSnavs

igi, _ zogadi saxeli ars yovelTa myofTa”3. es niSnavs,

rom arsebulis (,,myofis”) cneba yovelgvar arsebuls

moicavs. amitom igi uzogadesia, pirveladi cnebaa,

61

romelsac gvari ara aqvs. es is cnebaa, romelic hegelma

ukiduresi abstraqtulobis gamo ararss gauigiva. myofi

e.i. arsebuli SeiZleba iyos arsebiTi an araarsebiTi

anu aucilebeli an SemTxveviTi. ,,xolo es myofi gani-

yofebis arsebisa mimarT da SemTxuÀTisa”4. aq igulisx-

meba, rom arseba aucileblobiT arsebulia, magram arse-

bobs SemTxveviTad myofic anu SemTxveviTad arsebulic;

myofis anu arsebobis cneba ki orives moicavs; amaSi

mdgomareobs misi uzogadesoba.

arsis (,,myofis”) cnebidan sulxan-saba arsebis cne-

baze gadadis. ,,arseba _ aRniSnavs igi, - ukuÀ ars saqme

TaviT TÂsiT myofi da ara moqene sxvisa Semtkicebisa

mimarT”5. aq gamoTqmulia arsebis cnebis tradiciuli

gansazRvreba: arseba aris TavisTavad, obieqturad,

sxvisgan damoukideblad arsebuli arsi, romelic sxvis

arsebobas ar saWiroebs. cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi

laparakia substanciuri arsebis Sesaxeb, romelic ara-

ferze ar aris damokidebuli, upiroboa, absoluturia.

sulxan-sabam aristoteledan uTuod kargad icis, rom

nebismieri arseba substanciis niSnebis matarebelia, vi-

naidan igi yovelTvis aris gamoTqmis subieqti da ara-

sodes predikati. swored aseTia aristoteles katego-

riaTa sistemaSi ,,usias” (arsebis) kategoria. substan-

ciurobis niSnis miuxedavad, nebismieri arseba rodia

substancia, absoluturi. aseTia mxolod ukanaskneli

instanciis arseba anu arsebaTa arseba, romelic erTi

da erTaderTia. am cnebis qveS ki klasikur azrovnebaSi

mxolod da mxolod RmerTi moiazreboda.

myofis anu arsebulis meore sferoa SemTxveviTi,

SemTxveviTad myofi. sulxan-sabas azriT, SemTxveviTi

aris ,,ver SemZlebeli Tavisa Soris TÂssa yofisa,

aramed sxÂsa Soris mqonebeli yofisaÁ. oriveni ese

62

myof ars”6. aq ukve aSkarad Cans arsebisa da SemTxvevi-

Tis anu substanciurisa da aqcidenciuris dapirispi-

reba. arseba, rogorc substanciuri arsi, aucileblo-

biT arsebobs; igi sxvis arsebobaze ar aris damoki-

debuli. SemTxveviTi ki, ,,ver SemZlebelia Tavisa Soris

TÂssa yofisa”. e.i. mas Tavisi Tavis arsebobis uzrun-

velyofa ar SeuZlia, sxvisgan damoukideblad ki ar

arsebobs, aramed aris ,,sxÂsa Soris mqonebeli yofisaÁ”.

e.i. misi arseboba sxvazea damokidebuli, sxvis mimarT

da sxvis safuZvelze arsebobs, ris gamoc misi amgvarad

arseboba SemTxveviTia. am principuli gansxvavebis miu-

xedavad,, „oriveni ese myof ars”, orive arsis sferos

miekuTvneba anu orive arsebobs, orive arsebulia.

es Tvalsazrisi arsebisa da arsis anu aucilebe-

lisa da SemTxveviTis Sesaxeb kidev ufro vrclad

ganmeorebulia terminTan ,,naTesavi”. ,,myofsa egreT

gansazRvreben: myofi ukuÀ ars anu TviTguamoani saqme

da ara moqene sxuisaÁ Semtkicebisa mimarT. anu ver

SemZlebeli TaviT TÂisiT yofad, arames sxuisa Soris

mqonebeli yofisaÁ. xolo arsebaÁ saqme ars, TÂT TaviT

TÂsiT myofi da ara moqvne sxÂsaÁ Semtkicebisa mimarT;

xolo SemTxveviTi vidremde saqme ver SemZlebeli TviT

TÂsiT yofisaÁ, aramed sxvisa Soris mqonebeli yofisa.

aha arca arsebaman miiTuala yoveli sazRvari myofisaÁ,

arca SemTxÀviTman, aramed arsebaman kerZoÁ da SemTxve-

viTman sxuaÁ igi kerZoÁ”7. aq sulxan-saba imeorebs

,,myofis” (arsis) klasifikacias arsebad (aucileblobiT

arsebulad) da SemTxveviTad. amasTan, damatebiT

aRniSnavs, rom verc arseba da verc SemTxveviTi mTel

myofs ver moicavs, arseba da SemTxveviTi sxvadasxvaa.

arsebis aucilebloba misi absoluturobis gamom-

xatvelia. marTalia, yvela arseba absoluturi ar aris,

63

magram igi, rogorc arseba, yovelTvis absoluturobis,

TavisTavadobis niSans atarebs; sxvagvarad igi arsebac

ar iqneba. sulxan-saba ar akonkretebs arsebisa da

substanciis urTierTobas, Torem mas SeeZlo erTmane-

Tisgan ganesxvavebina arasubstanciuri da substanciuri

arseba, eCvenebina maTi msgavseba-gansxvaveba. arsebisa da

movlenis anu substanciurisa da aqcidentaluris

(SemTxveviTis) ,,naTesaobas” igi imaSi xedavs, rom orive

myofis sferos ekuTvnis, orive arsebobs.

sulxan-saba Tvlis, rom materialuri da idealuri

erTmaneTisgan principulad gansxvavdeba. isini SeiZleba

erTad arsebobdnen, magram maT Soris arsebiTi

gansxvaveba ucvleli rCeba. magaliTad, adamiani RmerTma

materialurisgan Seqmna, magram mas idealuri suli

STabera. amitom adamiani materialuri (sxeulisa) da

idealuris (sulis) erTianobaa. ,,kaci dabada RmerTman

xatebisa da msgavsebisaebr TÂisisa, nivTebTa mier xor-

ci Seamzada, sulisa gonierisa da sityÂierisa STaber-

viTa mimniWebelgan”8. amis miuxedavad, ar SeiZleba imis

Tqma, rom sulxan-saba orbeliani TiTqos fsiqofizi-

kuri paralelizmis poziciebze dgas. marTalia, cocxa-

li arseba, kerZod, adamiani, materialurisa da idealu-

risgan anu sxeulisa da sulisgan Sedgeba da, rogorc

ori sxvadasxva bunebis mqone arsi, TiTqos erTmane-

Tisgan damoukidebelia, magram sinamdvileSi aqtiur

Zalas mainc suli warmoadgens, romelic sxeuls

,,marTavs”. sulxan-saba am SemTxvevaSic idealisturi

monizmis poziciebze darCa. igi xSirad sargeblobs

wminda nawerebiT (,,biblia”), rac erTxel kidev adastu-

rebs imas, rom misi msoflmxedveloba idealistur-

Teologiuria da ara materialisturi, miT umetes

aTeisturi. igi amave poziciebze rCeba igav-arakebis

wignSi ,,sibrZne-sicruisa”.

64

ontologiur problemebTan mWidrod dakavSirebulia

sulxan-saba orbelianis logikuri ideebi.

3. logikuri ideebi

saerTod unda iTqvas, rom logikur problematikas

qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi arasodes

yuradReba ar moklebia. interesi logikisadmi arasodes

ar gamqrala TviT qarTveli eris Znelbedobis period-

Sic. XIII-XIV saukuneebSic ki, roca saqarTvelo mon-

RolTa uRels qveS gminavda, qarTveli mwignobarni ar

iviwyebdnen im mdidar filosofiur tradiciebs, rome-

lic gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebSi antikuri filo-

sofiis SemoqmedebiTi aTvisebis mimarTulebiT dam-

kvidrda. swored am epoqaSi xelaxla gadaiwera ioane

damaskelis ,,dialeqtika”, efrem mciresa da arsen

iyalToelis TargmaniT. aseve gadaweres V-VI saukunis

neoplatonikosis, aristoteles cnobili komentatoris

amonios hermias (ermisis) Txzuleba ,,mosaxsenebeli

aTTa katiRoriaTadmi aristotelisaTa“, romelic qar-

Tul enaze Targmnili iyo XII saukunis qarTveli moaz-

rovnis ioane tariWisZis mier9. XIV saukuneSi kaTali-

kosma basilma berZnulidan qarTul enaze Targmna

berZeni neoplatonikosis, aristoteles komentatorisa

da cnobili logikosis porfiriosis Txzuleba. am

naSromebSi Camoyalibebulia logikuri koncefcia, ro-

melic antikuri epoqis berZeni filosofosebidan

(ZiriTad aristoteledan) iRebs dasabams. XVI saukuneSi

gadaweres petriwis Txzuleba, romelSic agreTve

logikur problematikas soliduri adgili uWiravs.

gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda interesi filosofiisadmi

da, kerZod, logikisadmi XVII saukunidan. mis Sesaxeb

saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis erT-erTi sirieli mwera-

li, romelmac aRwera misi mamis antioqiis patriarqis

65

mogzauroba sxvadasxva qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTve-

looSic. patriarqi gancvifrebaSi mouyvania qarTvele-

bis codnas gansakuTrebiT logikis dargSi. patriarqi

makari saqarTveloSi Camovida 1664 wels17.

sulxan-saba orbelianis logikuri ideebi ZiriTadad

Camoyalibebulia mis ,,qarTul leqsikonSi”. specialur

literaturaSi araerTgzis miTiTebulia am leqsikonis

wyaroebze da mas aRar gavimeorebT11.

sulxan-sabas logikuri ideebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi

originaluri ar aris; igi sxvadasxva avtorTagan aris

aRebuli; es bunebrivia, vinaidan igi werda ara

filosofiur traqtats, aramed ganmartebiT leqsikons,

rac mas avaldebulebda, rom sxvadasxva moazrovnis

ideebi miewodebina qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis. magram es

garemoeba xels ar uSlis imas, rom sulxan-sabas

filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaze, mis logikur ideebze

vilaparakoT. saqme is aris, rom sulxan-saba ganurCev-

lad ki ar alagebs sxvis naazrevs, aramed detalurad

aanalizebs maT, gansjis da, rogorc TviTon wers,

miiRebs im variants, ,,romelman daajera”12. Ees garemoeba

uflebas gvaZlevs, rom ,,leqsikonSi” warmodgenili

filosofiuri koncefciis mixedviT sulxan-saba orbe-

lianis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaze vimsjeloT.

TiTqmis analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs am da momdevno

epoqis sxva moazrovneebTanac (anton pirveli, ioane

bagrationi, daviT bagrationi da sxva.)

sulxan-saba orbeliani ganixilavs aristoteles

moZRvrebas kategoriebis Sesaxeb, CamoTvlisa da ganmar-

tavs aT kategorias: ,,aoba” (anu arseba), ,,raisamimarTi”,

,,raodenoba”, ,,viTareba”, ,,sada”, ,,odesi”, ,,qoneba”, ,,de-

ba”, ,,vneba” da ,,moqmedeba”. igi, aristoteles kvaldak-

val, miuTiTebs arsebis (,,usias”) kategoriis pirvelad

66

mniSvnelobaze. arsebis aRmniSvnel terminad igi xma-

robs ,,myofs” da aRniSnavs, rom ,,myofi zogadi saxeli

ars arsebisa da SemTxÀviTisa, rameTu arseba TaviT

TÂsiT myofi ars da ara sxvisa Soris mqonebeli“13. es

niSnavs, rom arseboba anu arsi (,,myofi”) exeba yve-

lafers _ arsebasac da imasac, rac SemTxveviTia. igu-

lisxmeba, rom arseba ar aris SemTxveviTi, igi auci-

lebelia, vinaidan ,,TÂiT TÂsiT”, e.i. TavisTavad arse-

bobs, upiroboa, damoukidebelia anu absoluturia, xo-

lo is, rac sxvis mimarT da sxvis safuZvelze arsebobs,

SemTxveviTs warmoadgens. sityva ,,naTesavTan” dakavSi-

rebiT sulxan-saba orbeliani kidev erTxel ganmartavs

arsebisa da SemTxveviTis (arsebiTisa da ararsebiTis)

cnebebs. ,,arsebaÁ saqme ars, TÂiT TaviT TÂisiT myofi

da ara moÁqene sxÂsaÁ Semtkicebisa mimarT. xolo

SemTxueÂiTi vidreme saqme ver SemZlebeli TÂiT TÂisiT

myofisaÁ, aramed sxvisa Soris mqonebeli yofisa”14.

Semdeg mocemulia arsebis kategoriis diferenciacia

sxvadasxva saxeebad. kerZod, arseba SeiZleba iyos sxeu-

lebrivi da usxeulo, sxeuli SeiZleba iyos sulieri

da usulo, sulieri _ mgrZnobeli da ugrZnobeli,

mgrZnobeli cxoveli _ metyveli da pirutyvi, metyveli

_ mokdavi da ukvdavi, mokdavi calkeul adamianad da

calkeul cxovelad. ,,naTesavis” es danawileba sqemis

saxiT aris warmodgenili15.

SemTxveviTobis kategorias sulxan-saba aristote-

les mixedviT gansazRvravs. cnobilia, rom aristotele

SemTxveviTs uwodebda imas, rasac SeuZlia yofnac da

ar yofnac, e.i. risi arseboba aucilebeli ar aris.

,,SemTxÀeviTi ars... _ wers sulxan-saba, _ romelisa

SesaZlebel ars missive yofaÁ da arayofaÁ, rameTu

SesaZlebel ars kacisa TeTr yofaÁ”16.

67

sulxan-saba ganmartavs msjelobis formebs dade-

biTsa da uaryofiTs (,,warTqma” da ,,ukuTqma”); yoveli

msjeloba, misi azriT, an dadebiTia an uaryofiTi

(,,esreT ars yoveli warTqmaÁ da ukuTqmaÁ”)17. rogoc

vxedavT, aq laparakia msjelobis formebze, romelic

aristoteles droidan sakmaod cnobilia.

silogisturi daskvnebis garCevisas sulxan-saba,

ioane petriwis kvaldakval, arCevs wanamZRvrebs, saSua-

lo terminsa da danaskvs, romelTac berZnul saxelebs

uwodebs. amasTan, igi aRniSnavs saSualo terminis gansa-

kuTrebul mniSvnelobas. yovelgvari Semecneba, amtki-

cebs igi, saSulo terminis saSualebiT sruldeba.

sulxan-saba orbeliani aristoteles silogizmis

empiristul gagebas emxroba, magram ar uaryofs diskur-

siuli azrovnebis rolsac. sulxan-saba orbeliani pet-

riwis msoflmxevelobas misdevs da fiqrobs, rom lo-

gika da Semecnebis Teoria ganuyrelia.

aseTia zogadad sulxan-saba orbelianis Semoqmede-

baSi filosofiuri ideebi (filosofiis sagani, onto-

logia, logika).

4. zurab SanSovani, vaxuSti batoniSvili, iese Cubi-

naSvili

XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi friad sayuradRebo

iyo zurab SanSovanis moRvaweoba logikis dargSi. z.

SanSovani ZiriTadad gramatikosi iyo, magram mis kalams

ekuTvnis ara mxolod saenaTmecniero naSromebi, aramed

filosofiuric. igi vaxuSti batoniSvilTan (1696-1757)

iyo daaxloebuli da misive SekveTiT eweoda mTargmne-

lobiT saqmianobas. z. SanSovanma somxuridan Targmna

aristoteles Txzuleba ,,aTni queTqmulebani” da ,,peri

68

hermeneias” daviT anhaRTis komentarebis CaTvliT,

,,agreTve xuTni xmani porfirisa” da sxva.

vaxuSti batoniSvilma da zurab SanSovanma moskovSi

yofnisas Seadgines saenaTmecniero filosofiuri kre-

buli, romelSic Sevida: qarTuli enis gramatika da

filosofiuri (logikuri) Txzulebani: porfiriosis

,,Seyvanileba”, aristoteles ,,peri hermeneias”, moZRvreba

aristoteles kategoriebis Sesaxeb da originaluri

Txzuleba, romelSic gamokvleulia aristoteles 10

kategoriis gamoyeneba TeologiaSi. enaTmecnieruli da

filosofiuri Txzulebebis erT krebulSi moTavseba,

etyoba, SemTxveviTi ar iyo. rogorc gr. kalandari-

Svili SeniSnavs, krebulis avtorebi (vaxuSti batoni-

Svili da zurab SanSovani) ,,logikas gramatikis gagrZe-

lebad Tvlidnen”18.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa z. SanSovanis origina-

luri Txzuleba aTi kategoriis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. am

naSromSi avtori, uwinares yovlisa, gadmoscems aris-

toteles Tvalsazriss substanciisa da aqcidenciis

Sesaxeb. substancia aris is, rac TavisTavad arsebobs

da Tavisi arsebobisTvis sxva raimes arsebobas ar

saWiroebs. aseTia mxolod RmerTi. maSasadame, substan-

ciis qveS z. SanSovans esmis RmerTi. aqcidencia ki aris

is, rac sxvazea damokidebuli, kerZod, damokidebulia

substanciaze. aseTi SeiZleba iyos mxolod SemTxveviTi.

substanciisa da aqcidenciis es aristoteluri gageba

z. SanSovans aRebuli aqvs ioane petriwis ,,ganmartebaÁ”-

dan.

z. SanSovani amtkicebs, rom vinaidan RmerTis buneba-

Si ar aris araviTari SemTxveviTi da aqcidentaluri,

amitom aristoteles moZRvreba kategoriebis Sesaxeb

gamosayenebelia (,,saxmarad iqmnebian”) mxolod im

nivTebis mimarT, romlebic materiisa da formisagan

69

aris Sedgenili. RmerTi ki mxolod formaa da arsebobs

SemTxveviTobis gareSe (,,viTarmed arsad iwodebis

RmerTi, raTa man mxolod ars saxe Tvinier nivTisa ars,

da arseba Tvinier SemTxveviTisa”)19. swored amitom

RmerTis mimarT aristoteles yvela kategoriis gamoye-

neba SeuZlebelia. aris mxolod erTaderTi kategoria

_ substanciis, arsebis _ kategoria, romelic RmerTis

mimarT gamodgeba. RmerTi aris yvelafris arseba,

qvemdebare, substancia da, cxadia, substanciis katego-

ria RmerTs unda asaxavdes.

anton pirvelisa da baumaisteris filosofiuri

Txzulebebis aSkara gavlena SeiniSneba SedarebiT

gviandeli qarTveli moazrovnis _ iese CubinaSvilis

(1780-1821) ,,logikaSi”, romelic man dawera Tbilisis

seminariebis saxelmZRvanelod, sadac igi seminarielebs

qarTul gramatikasa da logikas aswavlida.

am naSromSi i. CubinaSvili gvevlineba rogorc

obieqturi idealisti da Teologi; am poziciebidan

gadmoscems igi filosofiisa da logikis sakiTxebs.

logika mas esmis rogorc WeSmaritebis miRwevis

saSualeba. amdenad logikisa da Semecnebis Teorias

Soris kavSirs amyarebs. sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom

tradiciul formalur logikas logika esmis ara

rogorc WeSmaritebis wvdomis iaraRi, aramed rogorc

mecniereba swori azrovnebis Sesaxeb. i. CubinaSvilis

mosazreba am SemTxvevaSi tradiciuli logikisgan

gansxvavdeba.

magram es gansaxvaveba kvlav antonisa da baumaiste-

risagan modis. avtori TiTqmis kvaldakval misdevs

baumaisteris ,,logikas” da mxolod koniuqturuli

TvalsazrisiT Tu scildeba mas. baumaisteris mixedviT

igi laparakobs bunebrivsa da xelovnur logikaze; am

ukanasknels Tvlis moZRvrebad logikuri azrovnebis

70

formebis Sesaxeb. i. CubinaSvilis azriT, cnebis zoga-

doba Seqmnilia azrovnebis mier individualuri sag-

nebisa da movlenebis Semecnebis procesSi. yvelaferi es

gadmocemulia baumaisteris ,,logikis” mixedviT. msje-

lobas i. CubinaSvili winadadebasTan kavSirSi ganixi-

lavs. igi miuTiTebs gramatikasa da logikas Soris

kavSirze, rac sruliad bunebrivi iyo misTvis, rogorc

gramatikosisaTvis. magaliTad, igi ,,logikaSi” lapara-

kobs sintaqsis Sesaxeb. g. kalandariSvili fiqrobs, rom

SesaZlebelia i. CubinaSvils ,,logika” misive ,,grama-

tikis” gagrZelebad miaCnda20.

msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT i. CubinaSvili lapara-

kobs subieqtze, predikatsa da kopulaze, romlebic

gagebulia agreTve tradiciuli logikis mixedviT.

daskvnas igi Tvlis ori winadadebidan mesamis gamoyva-

nad. aqac aSkarad igrZnoba logikisa da gramatikis

kavSiri.

i. CubinaSvilis ,,logika”, rogoroc vTqviT, semina-

riaSi saxelmZRvanelod iyo gankuTvnili da mas, ro-

gorc saxelmZRvanelos, originaluroba ar moeTxove-

boda. es Txzuleba Sedgenilia anton pirvelisa da pr.

baumaisteris logikuri ideebis mixedviT da mxolod

iSviaT SemTxvevaSi Tu gadauxvevs mas. es iSviaTi gadax-

vevebi ZiriTadad maSin igrZnoba, roca saqme logikisa

da gramatikis urTierTobas Seexeba. vinaidan es Txzu-

leba arsebiTad imeorebs winamorbed moazrovneebs (um-

Tavresad antonisa da baumaisteris ideebs), amitom misi

Sinaarsis ufro vrceli gadmocemisagan Tavs Sevika-

vebT21.

71

$2. anton pirveli

(1720-1788)

XVIII saukunis meore naxevris didi qarTveli moaz-

rovne, mecnieri, filosofosi, sazogado da saeklesio

moRvawe anton pirveli daibada 1720 wels. igi iyo

qarTlis mefis ieses Ze, Teimuraz meoris disSvili,

erekle meores mamidaSvili. berad aRkvecamde cnobili

iyo Teimuraz bagrationis saxeliT. igi izrdeboda

Telavis samefo sasaxleSi erekle meoresTan erTad

(isini erTi wlis moziareni iyvnen). axalgazrdobidanve

daewafa swavla-ganaTlebas, miiRo safuZvliani codna,

filosofiasa da sxva mecnierebebSi (fizika, gramatika

da sxv.). 1738 wels berad aRikveca gelaTis monasterSi

antonis saxeliT. erTxans igi iyo gelaTis monastris

winamZRvari (1739), quTaisis mitropoliti (1740), xolo

1744 wels ki axalgazrda, 24 wlis antoni saqarTvelos

kaTalikosad akurTxes. am periodidan iwyeba misi inten-

siuri, daZabuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweoba

filosofiis, mecnierebis, mwerlobis, saeklesio da

saero asparezze, rac misi sicocxlis bolomde ar

Sewyvetila.

1752 wels anton pirvelma dawera originaluri

filosofiuri Txzuleba ,,spekali”, romelSic gadmoce-

mulia berZnul da laTinurenovani filosofiur

moazrovneTa (platoni, aristotele, albert didi da

sxv.) ZiriTadi ideebi. am saqmeSi mas daxmarebas (kon-

sultaciebs) uwevdnen TbilisSi mcxovrebi kaTolike

misionerebi. es sababad gamoiyenes antonis mtrebma da

,,gakaTolikeba” (kaTolikuri aRmsareblobis miReba)

daswames, ris gamoc 1755 wels kaTalikosobidan ga-

daayenes. momdevno wels igi ruseTSi gaemgzavra da

72

1757-1762 wlebSi iyo vladimiris eparqiis mTavarepis-

koposi, romelic maSindel ruseTSi did Tanamdebobas

warmoadgenda. ruseTSi yofnisas man kidev ufro aqtiu-

rad ganagrZo samecniero da mTargmnelobiTi moRva-

weoba. laTinuri enidan Targmna kr. baumaisteris filo-

sofiis sruli kursi, volfis ,,Teoriuli fisika” (ru-

sulidan), kvintos kurciosis mravaltomiani (aTi wigni)

Txzuleba ,,istoria aleqsandre makedonelisa” da sxv.

naTargmn Txzulebebs TbilisSi gzavnida mis mier

daarsebuli Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis (1755)

msmenelTa saxelmZRvaneloebad. Teimuraz meoris (erek-

le meoris mamis) gardacvalebis Semdeg ereklem qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoebi gaaerTiana da anton pirveli moiwvia

TbilisSi, sadac igi kvlav akurTxes kaTalikosad. 1782

wels antonis TaosnobiT gaixsna Telavis seminaria.

antonma Tavis garSemo Semoikriba ganaTlebuli qarT-

veli mwignobrebi (t. gabaSvili, d. nekreseli, a. Wyondi-

deli da sxv.), Caudga maT saTaveSi da daiwyo inten-

siuri mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba. amasTan erTad,

antoni wers originalur filosofiur, enaTmecnierul,

poetursa da Teologiur Txzulebebs. filosofiaSi mis

kalams, garda ,,spekalisa” da baumaisteris filosofiu-

ri Txzulebebis Targmanebisa, ekuTvnis ,,katiRoria

simetneÁ”. didi Rirebulebisaa misi ,,qarTuli Rrama-

tika”, ,,wyobilsityvaoba”, ,,mzametyveleba”, ,,RvTismetyve-

leba” (oTx tomad) da a.S. antoni gardaicvala 1788

wels, dakrZalulia mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi

erekle meoris gverdiT22.

1. filosofiis sagani

anton pirveli mravalmxrivi mecnieri iyo. misi Teo-

riuli interesebis sferoSi, garda filosofiisa, Se-

dioda enaTmecnierebis, fizikis, RvTismetyvelebis prob-

73

lemebi. magram Tu misi mecnieruli memkvidreobis

mixedviT vimsjelebT, davrwmundebiT, rom mis mTavar

interess mainc filosofia warmoadgenda. am sferoSi ki

igi, uwinares yovlisa, filosofiis sagnis gansazRvre-

biT iyo dainteresebuli, romlis saSualebiT unda mox-

des, erTi mxriv, filosofiis gansxvaveba sxva (spe-

cialuri) mecnierebebisgan, xolo, meore mxriv, filo-

sofiuri disciplinebis klasifikacia.

filosofiis sagnis gamorkveva filosofiis cnebis

gansazRvrebis aucilebeli pirobaa. amasTan, antonisT-

vis cnobilia filosofiis sagnis gansazRvrebis sir-

Tule. igi ,,spekalSi” aRniSnavs, rom ,,aravisda Zal

warweraÁ filosofiisa erTiTa sityviTa”23., e.i aravis

ZaluZs, rom filosofiis cnebis Sinaarsi erTi gan-

sazRvrebiT (,,erTi sityviT”) srulyofilad gamoxatoso.

filosofiis cnebis tradiciuli gansazRvrebani antons

ar akmayofilebs. iqve antoni ganixilavs filosofiis

cnebis sxvadasxva gansazRvrebas, romlis avtorebic

arian rogorc RvTismetyvelni, aseve filosofosebi.

marTalia, arc erT aq motanil gansazRvrebas antoni ar

eTanxmeba, magram TiToeul maTganSi racionalur mar-

cvals xedavs.

filosofiis cnebis yvelaze zogad gansazRvrebad,

romelic am sityvis etimologiur mniSvnelobas emyare-

ba, antoni imas Tvlis, rom igi aris ,,sibrZnis moyva-

reoba, ese igi filosofia”24.

antoni imowmebs platonis, aristoteles, amoniosis,

baumaisteris da sxva moazrovneebis Tvalsazrisebs

filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb. ,,spekalSi” mas moaqvs

platonis azri filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb. ,,ityvis

didi platon: filosofia ariso mecniereba saRmrToTa

da kacobrivTa saqmeTa”.

74

platonma, antonis azriT, arsis sfero (,,myofni”) or

nawilad gayo: RvTaebrivad da kacobrivad (anu imqvey-

niurad da amqveyniurad). am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, mxedve-

lobaSia platonis moZRvreba ideebis samyarosa da

bunebis Sesaxeb. ideebi RvTaebrivi arsia, idealuria,

namdvil sinamdviles warmoadgens. buneba ki, rogorc

ideebis samyaros mibaZva, arsisa da ararsis erTianobaa,

amqveyniuri, warmavali sinamdvilea. am gansazRvrebidan

gamomdinareobs, rom filosofia orives swavlobs _

rogorc namdvil sinamdviles (,,WeSmarit arss”), aseve

bunebas. ,,kacobrivs”, anu amqveyniur sinamdviles. amaSi

mdgomareobs filosofiis sagnis universaluroba; igi

arsze moZRvrebas warmoadgens.

antons moaqvs uSualod aristoteles gansazRvrebac:

,,filosofia aris xelovneba xelovnebaTa da zedmiwev-

nulobaÁ zedmiwevnulobaTa”25. sityva ,,zedmiwevnuloba”

antonis im terminologiiT, romelsac igi baumaisteris

filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis wina-

sityvaobaSi xmarobs, niSnavs cnebas, codnas, mecniere-

bas. aq aSkarad Cans aristoteles moZRvreba filoso-

fiis, rogorc ,,mecnierebaTa mecnierebis” anu ,,mecnie-

rebaTa dedoflis” Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia,

mxedvelobaSia ,,pirveli filosofia” anu, rogorc

Semdeg uwodes, ontologia. aristotelesTan ontolo-

gia da metafizika erTmaneTTan gaigivebulia, Tumca

orive termini gviandeli warmoSobisaa.

sxva SemTxvevaSi antons filosofiis sagnis qveS

esmis yovelgvari arsebulis ukanaskneli mizezis cod-

na. TxzulebaSi ,,katiRoria simetneÁ” aseT gansazRv-

rebas vxdebiT: ,,filosofia aris cnoba nivTTa da mi-

zezTa, romelnica arian an iqnebian”. igive gansazRvreba

mcireodeni variaciebiT ganmeorebulia antonis sxva

TxzulebebSic, magaliTad, ase: filosofia ,,iwodebis

75

cnobad (codnad _ s.a.) mizezisa nivTTa maT, romeli

arian anu iqnebian”26. mokled: ,,filosofia ars zed-

miwevnuloba (mecniereba _ s.a.) mizezTa nivTTasa”27.

ufro gvian antonis Sexedulebebi filosofiis

sagnis Sesaxeb ramdenadme Seicvala laibnic-volfis fi-

losofiis gavleniT. saxeldobr, am periodidan filo-

sofiis sagans sakmao safuZvlis kanonis mixedviT gan-

sazRvravs. laibnicis filosofias antoni icnobs vol-

fisa da baumaisteris mixedviT, romlebic laibnicis

mowafeebi da misi filosofiis popularizatorebi iyv-

nen. saxeldobr, antoni filosofias gansazRvravs ro-

gorc mecnierebas ,,kmaTa mizezTa nivTTasa”28, e.i. ro-

gorc moZRvrebas nivTebis (samyaros) sakmao mizezis

(safuZvlis) Sesaxeb.

filosofiis sagnis gansazRvrebasTan mWidro

kavSirSia filosofiur disciplinaTa klasifikacia.

antoni laparakobs filosofiur disciplinaTa or did

jgufze: ,,xedviTi” anu ,,mxedvelobiTi” (e.i. Teoriuli)

da ,,saqmiTi” (anu praqtikuli) filosofia. Teoriuls

anu ,,xedviTs” (,,mxedvelobiT”) filosofias igi iseT

codnas uwodebs, ,,romlisa Sina iWirvan WeSmaritebani

ufrosRa saWironi ganaTlebisadmi gonebisa ganmswav-

leblisadmi gulisxmisyofsa, vidre warmarTebadi saqme-

Ta CuenTa”. praqtikuli filosofia aris is, ,,romelnica

gardamoscems kanonTa, romelTa mier warmarTuloben

saqmeni da Cueulobani kacTani”29. erTi sityviT, Teo-

riuli filosofia Cvens praqtikul miznebs ar emsaxu-

reba, aramed Cveni gonebis ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs.

praqtikuli filosofiis kanonebi ki adamianTa yovel-

dRiuri saqmianobisa da Cveulebebis kanonebia. amitom

mas zogjer antoni ,,sayofacxovrebo filosofias”

uwodebs.

76

Teoriuli filosofiis mTavari Semadgeneli nawi-

lia metafizika, romelic antons ramdenadme gansxva-

vebuli azriT esmis. ,,spekalSi”, romelic antonis

adreuli periodis Txzulebas warmoadgens, metafizika

gagebulia platonisa da aristoteles mixedviT,

saxeldobr, rogorc Teologia, moZRvreba RvTaebaze.

igi wers: ,,ganyofen ukve amiT filosofiasa filoso-

fosni: fisikad, loRikad myofiTad (ontologiad _ s.a.)

da meTe-fisikad, romelsa dasdevs saxeli platonis-

ganTa TeoloRiad”30. aq antoni imowmebs platonsa da

prokles, romlebmac metafizikis sagani gamoikvlies da

Teologias gauigives. iqve naTqvamia, rom ,,WeSmariti

meTe-fisika aris eklesiisa moZRvarTa goneba mzeTa

filosofosTa RiaÁ da ars uaRres gonebisa xedvisagan

sarwmunoebiTisa SesapyroÁ”31.

magram ra igulisxmeba am SemTxvevaSi Teologiis

cnebis qveS? SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aq laparakia

religiur Teologiaze _ RvTismetyvelebaze _ da,

maSasadame, metafizika da RvTismetyveleba gaigivebu-

lia. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom ,,spekalSi” amgvari

gageba WeSmaritebisgan mTlad Sors ar unda iyos. amis

miuxedavad, mTavari mainc sxvaa, saxeldobr is, rom,

rodesac antoni metafizikisa da Teologiis urTier-

Tobaze msjelobs, maSin Teologiis cnebas ar unda

xmarobdes pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, saxeldobr, ro-

gorc religiur moZRvrebas. amas gvafiqrebinebs Semdegi

garemoeba: jer kidev ,,spekalSi”, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT

ufro gviandeli periodis naSromebze, antoni metafi-

zikas filosofiis nawilad Tvlis (,,ganiyofen ukve

amiT filosofiasa filosofosni: fisikad, loRikad,

myofiTad (ontologiad _ s.a.) da meTe-fisikad”). maSa-

sadame, metafizika filosofiis dargia da ara reli-

giuri disciplina. amasTan, udavoa, rom antoni filo-

77

sofiasa da religiur Teologias erTmaneTisgan kargad

asxvavebda. amis garda, antoni metafizikasTan dakavSi-

rebiT xSirad xmarobs sityvas ,,gnosis” (codna, mecnie-

reba), rac gaugebari iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi

filosofiasa da religiur Teologias erTmaneTTan

aigivebdes.

ramdenadme gansxvavebulia anton pirvelTan metafi-

zikis cnebis gageba mas Semdeg, rac igi baumaisteris

meSveobiT gaecno laibnic-volfis moZRvrebas. am perio-

didan igi yovelmxriv cdilobs filosofiisa da reli-

giis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas da, maSasadame, laparaki

aRar aris metafizikisa da Teologiis igiveobaze.

saxeldobr, amieridan igi metafizikis cnebis qveS

gulisxmobs filosofiur mecnierebas sinamdvilis im

uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tumca

cdaSi ar gveZleva, magram cdiseuli sinamdvilis

safuZvels warmoadgens. igi wers: ,,gnosis (mecniereba _

s.a.) nivTTa sazogadoTa anu swavla igi, romelsa Sina

ganimartvian ideani sazogadoni metafizikad iwode-

bis”32. aq, rogorc vxedavT, laparaki aRar aris metafi-

zikisa da Teologiis igiveobis Sesaxeb. magram meta-

fizikis cnebis am or gagebas Soris principuli gan-

sxvaveba mainc ar aris. RvTaeba, rogorc grZnobadi

sinamdvilis saboloo mizezi, aris am sinamdvilis

swored is obieqturi uzogadesi gansazRvruloba, rome-

lic zegrZnobadia, cdiseuli samyaros (bunebis) safu-

Zvelia.

antoni baumaisterTan erTad (romelic laibnicsa da

volfs emyareboda) Tvlis, rom metafizika oTxi nawi-

lisgan Sedgeba: ontologia, kosmologia, fsiqologia

da bunebrivi Teologia. aq gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

iqcevs metafizikisa da ontologiis damokidebuleba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aristotele metafizikas uwo-

78

debda moZRvrebas RvTaebis Sesaxeb. RvTaeba ki Tavis-

Tavad, substanciuri arsia, mTeli sinamdvilis ukanask-

neli safuZveli da mizania. substanciur arsebaze

moZRvrebas ki ontologia ewodeba. amitom aristoteles

filosofiaSi metafizika da ontologia erTmaneTTan

gaigivebulia. sul sxva mdgomareobaa laibnic-volfis

skolaSi, sadac ontologia metafizikas daeqvemdebara,

mis erT-erT nawilad gamocxadda. am ukanasknel Tval-

sazriss iziarebs anton pirvelic. ontologia, amtki-

cebs igi, aris ,,cnoba arsisa sazogadod, anu raoden

ars arseba”33. antoni iziarebs baumaisteris im azrs,

rom ontologiaSi ,,sazogadoni ideani da dasabamni

kacobrivisa cnobisani ganwualebulad ganimartvian”34.

es niSnavs, rom ontologia dawvrilebiT ganmartavs

uzogades ideebsa da adamianuri Semecnebis sawyisebso.

zogadi kosmologia ki aris ,,gnosis (mecniereba _ s.a.)

sazogadod soflisaTvis”, e.i. moZRvreba samyaros

Sesaxeb saerTod35. fsiqologiis sagania adamianis suli

(,,swavlasa ganmartebelsa kacobrivsa sulisasa psixo-

loRia ewodebis”36. bunebrivi Teologia ki RmerTis

arsebobas asabuTebs.

im periodSi, rodesac antoni ,,spekals” werda (meTv-

ramete saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebi), igi platonisa

da aristoteles filosofiis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.

marTalia, igi uSualod ar icnobda platonisa da

aristoteles Txzulebebs, magram igi uTuod kargad

icnobda sqolastikis mier ,,gadamuSavebul” aristote-

les. erTi sityviT, am periodSi anton pirveli sqolas-

tizirebuli aristoteles gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.

magram ufro gvian _ ruseTSi gamgzavrebisa da iqidan

dabrunebis Semdeg _ dasavleTis filosofiis (laibnic-

volfis skola) gavleniT igi emijneba sqolastizi-

rebul aristoteles. astraxanis arqierisaTvis gagzav-

79

nis werilSi antoni aristoteles ,,Zvel sqolastikoss”

uwodebs37. xolo kidev ufro adre _ baumaisteris fi-

losofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis winasity-

vaobaSi _ ruseTSi myofi antoni gulistkiviliT ambobs,

rom Cems dros (igulisxmeba antonis eqsoriamdeli

periodi) saqarTveloSi logikas aswavlidnen mxolod

porfiriosis mier gadmocemuli aristoteles aTi

kategoriis mixedviT (,,ara vinme iswavebian loRikasa

Tvinier aTTa SesmenaTa aristotelesTa”) an damaskelis

safuZvelze, rac antons ukve aRar akmayofilebs. ar

akmayofilebs imitom, rom logikas aswavlidnen ,,ufros-

Ra RvTismetyuelurebr da ara filosofosurebr”38.

amrigad, ruseTSi wasvlisa da iqidan dabrunebis Semdeg

anton pirvelis Sexedulebebma filosofiisa da Teo-

logiis urTierTobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani evolucia

ganicada; saxeldobr, igi moiTxovs filosofiisa da

Teologiis erTmaneTisgan gamoyofas. Tu aseTi moT-

xovna ,,spekalSi” ar Cans, samagierod, am periodSi

sruliad aSkaraa. igi kategoriulad acxadebs, rom arc

metafizika da arc logika TeologiaSi ar unda

avurioT. filosofia da Teologia sxvadasxva discip-

linebia. aseTia antonis Tvalsazrisi misi moRvaweobis

meore periodSi.

aRniSnuli ar niSnavs, rom antonma mTlianad xeli

aiRo ,,spekalSi” warmodgenil filosofiur ideebze. es

imiT dasturdeba, rom man 1767 wels ,,spekalis” pirveli

ganyofilebis (,,katiRoria”) Tavebi gadakeTebuli saxiT

gamoiyena TxzulebaSi _ ,,katiRoria simetneÁ”. ,,speka-

lis” calkeuli ideebi gamoyenebulia, agreTve, baumais-

teris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis

winasityvaobaSi.

Teoriuli (,,xedviTi”, ,,mxedvelobiTi”) filosofiis

garda, anton pirveli aRiarebs ,,saqmiTi” anu praqtiku-

80

li filosofiis (,,filosofia praqtika”) arsebobasac.

filosofiis am dargs antoni ,,spekalSi” uwodebs

,,myofiTi ese igi cxovrebiTni filosofia”, romelic

aCvenebs ,,moswrafebasa, ese igi saTnoebasa”. ufro gvian-

deli periodis nawerebSi antoni laparakobs ,,sayofac-

xovrebo filosofiis” anu ,,qceviTi filosofiis” Sesa-

xeb, vinaidan igi adgens adamianis qcevis normebs anu

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kanonebs. es kanonebi, Teoriu-

li filosofiis kanonebisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianis

qcevis normebia anu Tanamedrove terminologia rom

vixmaroT, normatiuli kanonebia. amis Sesabamisad praq-

tikul filosofiaSi Semavali disciplinebi normatiu-

li mecnierebania. am Taviseburebis gamo antoni mas

,,saeTiko filosofias” uwodebs. ,,saqmiTi” (anu praqti-

kuli) filosofiis cnebis qveS antoni mxolod eTikas

ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed igi mas ufro farTo mniSv-

nelobiT esmis. kerZod, ,,saqmiT filosofiaSi” Sedis

,,morTulobaÁ da SewevnaÁ yofisa qalaqTa da godolTa

da saxlTa”. amitom uwodebs igi mas ,,praqtikul

filosofias” (,,filosofia praqtika”). es disciplina,

Teoriuli filosofiisagan gansxvavebiT, praqtikul

cxovrebaSi gamosayenebel codnas gvaZlevs.

2. ontologiuri problemebi

metafizikisa da ontologiis problemebs centra-

luri adgili uWiravs anton pirvelis filosofiur

msoflmxedvelobaSi. maT Sesaxeb antoni sakmaod

vrclad msjelobs jer kidev ,,spekalSi”, xolo mas

Semdeg, rac laibnic-volfis msoflmxedveloba gaicno

baumaisteris meSveobiT, antonis daintereseba am

problemebiT kidev ufro gaizarda.

81

antoni, baumaisteris kvaldakval metafizikis nawi-

lebad Tvlis ontologias, kosmologias, fsiqologiasa

da bunebriv Teologias; amave dros igi iwunebs Zvel

metafizikas misi sqolastikuri xasiaTis gamo. xSirad

metafizikosebi, aRniSnavs antoni, iseT raimes amtki-

cebdnen, rac adamianisTvis naklebad sasargeblo da

gamosadegia (,,saxmarTaTÂs cotasa saqmidan”); amitom

,,metafizika mravalTa da ugonieresTa kacTa Sina

sacinebel iqna”39. magram amasTanave antoni Tvlis, rom

sqolastikuri metafizika ar aris metafizikis erTa-

derTi SesaZlebeli forma. WeSmariti metafizika aris

mecniereba sinamdvilis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Se-

saxeb. ,,gnosis (mecniereba _ s.a.) nivTTa sazogadoTa anu

swavla igi, romelsa Sina ganimartvian ideani sazo-

gadoni metafisikad iwodebis”40. arsebiTad igive azria

gamoTqmuli ,,spekalSi”, sadac antoni erTmaneTs ada-

rebs fizikasa da metafizikas. fizika xilul bunebas

swavlobs, metafizika ki zogads ikvlevs, e.i. ikvlevs

imas, rac bunebrivi (fizikuri) samyaros safuZvels war-

moadgens. aseTi ki aris zebunebrivi sinamdvile. amri-

gad, fizika swavlobs bunebriv sinamdviles, xolo meta-

fizika _ zebunebrivs41.

miuxedavad amisa, antonis Sexedulebebma metafizikis

arsis Sesaxeb evolucia ganicada. ,,spekalSi” igi

metafizikas TeologiasTan aigivebs (,,WeSmariti meTe-

fisikaÁ ars TeoloRiaÁ”). marTalia, Teologias am

SemTxvevaSi filosofiuri Sinaarsi aqvs da ara reli-

giuri, magram esec uaxles filosofiaSi ganswavluli

antonisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. igi mkacrad mijnavs

erTmaneTisgan metafizikasa (saerTod filosofiasa) da

Teologias.

metafizikis Sinaarsis Semadgenel uzogades cnebebs,

antonis mixedviT, ontologia ganmartavs. ontologiis

82

sagania arsi, rogorc aseTi, e.i. yvelaze uzogadesi ram

arsebulTagan. ,,ontologia aris gnosis (mecniereba _

s.a.) anu cnoba myofisa sazogadod anu raodenca ars

myofi”42. amasTanave arsi (,,myofi”) ara marto uzoga-

desia, aramed uZiriTadesic, grZnobadi sinamdvilis mi-

marT upirvelesi. amitom misi Semswavleli mecniereba _

ontologia _ aris ,,pirveli filosofia”. yvela mec-

nierebis WeSmariteba sabolood ontologias emyareba

da miT mtkicdeba.

arsi, romelic ontologiis sagania, moicavs yovel-

gvar arsebuls, maT Soris arsebasac. arseba ki aris is,

rac TavisTavad arsebobs da sxvis arsebobas ar

saWiroebs (,,arseba ars TviT mdgomoÁ, armoqeneÁ sxvi-

saTÂs da mamyofebelad”)43. aseTi ki aris aucileblobiT

arsebuli.

arseba aris is, rac ganapirobebs imas, rom nivTi

aris es da ara sxva. igi aris nivTebis umTavresi gan-

masxvavebuli niSani. ,,arseba yovlisa nivTisa igi ars, _

wers antoni _ romlisa ZaliT nivTi ese ars da ara

sxua, ese igi romlisa ZaliT nivTi yovelgan ukuÀ nivT-

Ta sxuaTa ganrCevad SesaZlebel ars”44. es niSnavs, rom

yovel arss aqvs arseba (,,yoveli arssa Tana aqvs qone-

bad arsebaÁ TÂisi”). arsi arsebobs arsebis arsebobis

ZaliT anu arseba arsisaTvis aucilebelia (,,arseba ar-

sisa saWiro ars”). amave dros antoni xazs usvams arse-

bis zogadobas.

antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs namdvilsa da

aranamdvil arss. amave dros orive maTgani aristote-

les mixedviT esmis. saxeldobr, namdvili arsi, misi

azriT, aris is, rac araferze ar aris damokidebuli,

garda Tavisi Tavisa (,,TviT-myofi, aravisadmi moqeneÁ”),

aranamdvili arsi ki sxvazea damokidebuli.

83

arsebasTan dakavSirebiT antoni aristoteles mixed-

viT ganmartavs aucileblobasa da SemTxveviTobas. Sem-

TxveviTi aris is, rac SeiZleba iyos da arc iyos,

aucilebeli ki misi sapirispiroa. magaliTad, SemTxvevi-

Tia musikis codna, e.i. SeiZleba adamiani ar iyos

musikosi. magram is ki ar SeiZleba, rom broli ar iyos

TeTri. pirveli SemTxveviTia, meore aucilebeli. SemTx-

veviTi, gveubneba antoni, is aris, romlis sawinaaRmdego

SesaZlebelia. ,,SexdomiTi (SemTxveviTi _ s.a.) igi ars,

romelic winaaRmdgomi SesaZlebel ars, ese igi, rome-

lica SesaZlebel sxua guar yofad”. iqve motanilia

magaliTebi: me vwer, magram SesaZlebelia ar vwerde;

vkiTxulob, magram SesaZlebelia ar vkiTxulobde da

sxv. aucilebeli ki aris is, risi sawinaaRmdegoc

SeuZlebelia. ,,saWirod (e.i. aucileblad _ s.a.) vidreve

wodebul vhyofT ese guarsa raimesa, romlisa winaaRm-

dgomi SeuZlebel ars yofad, ese igi saWiroÁ SeuZle-

bel ars aryofad”.

sakmao safuZvelis anu ,,kmaÁ mizezis” kanoni, antonis

mixedviT, amtkicebs, rom ,,yoveli raicaRa ars, saTanado

ars, raTa aqundes kmaÁ mizezi”. igi arkvevs imas, Tu

ratom aris sagani aseTi da ara sxvanairi. amasTanave

antoni ar eTanxmeba baumaisters, romelic am kanonis

universalurobas amtkicebs. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba

vTqvaT, rom sakmao mizezi aqvs yovelgvar suls da ara

mxolod adamianis suls. am ukanasknelis saboloo

mizezi RmerTia. suli ki, rogorc substancia, araviTar

mizezs ar saWiroebs45.

bunebriv movlenebs bunebrivi mizezebi aqvT, romel-

Ta qveS antoni aristoteles mier dasaxelebul oTx

mizezs gulisxmobs: materialuri (,,nivTebiTi”), forma-

luri (,,nakvTobiTi”), moqmedi (,,SemoqmedebiTi”) da fina-

luri (,,dasrulebiTi”)46. mizezsa da Sedegs Soris

84

droSi Tanamimdevroba arsebobs. mizezi warmoSobs da,

maSasadame, win uswrebs Sedegs: ,,adami upirveles ars

seiTisa, vinaTgan adam ars mizezi seiTisa mSobelobiT”.

antonisTvis misaRebia baumaisteris azri bunebaSi

TviTmizezobriobis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. ,,ara raime

ars mizez Tavisa TÂsisa, ese igi vera SemZlebel ars,

raTa awarmoos Tavis TÂisi”47. materialuri samyaros es

Tavisebureba misi inertulobis maCvenebelia.

sainteresoa antonis is mosazrebac, rom Sedegi ar

SeiZleba Seicavdes imaze met realobas, rac mizezSia:

,,SeuZlebel ars yofad ufrosi saqmesa (,,saqme” _ Sedegi

_ s.a.) Sina, viTar igi iyo mizezsa Sina”. es idea

dekartidan momdinareobs, romelsac emyareba RmerTis

arsebobis dasabuTebis ontologiuri argumenti. antoni

ki mas baumaisteris meSveobiT icnobs.

aristoteles gavlena Cans antonis mier moZraobisa

da uZraobis gagebaSic. moZraoba da uZraoba bunebas

axasiaTebs, romelic sasrul arss warmoadgens. ,,bunebaÁ

arso, _ imowmebs antoni, _ aristotelesa da damaskels

_ TiToeulisa myofTaganisa dasabami Zvrisa da myud-

roebisa”48. amis miuxedavad, materia pasiuria, moklebu-

lia TviTmoZraobis unars.

bunebrivi da metafizikuri moZraoba erTmaneTisagan

imiT gansxvavdeba, rom pirvels mamoZravebeli mizezi

Tavis gareT aqvs, meores ki _ Tavis SigniT. metafizi-

kuri arsi, aRniSnavs antoni, TviTmoZravi da TviTmoq-

media. mas ,,aqus Tavsa Sina TÂssa dasabami igi cuale-

baTa”49. aq saqme gvaqvs jer kidev antikur filosofiaSi

damkvidrebul TvalsazrisTan, romelic erTaderT

WeSmarit realobad uZravsa da ucvlel sinamdviles

Tvlida, xolo bunebas, romelic ganuwyvetlad moZ-

raobs da icvleba, aseTad ar miiCnevda.

85

anton pirveli iziarebs empedokledan momdinare

samyaros Semadgeneli oTxi elementis Teorias, rome-

lic cnobili iyo qarTul filosofiaSi mTeli Sua

saukuneebis manZilze. am stiqionebs (cecxli, wyali,

miwa da haeri) igi samyaros Semadgenel metafizikur

elementebad Tvlis. yvelaferi Sedgenilia ,,oTxTa

asoTa (,,aso” _ kavSiri, elementi _ s.a.) mier, romel

arian kavSirni oTxni”50. amave dros am elementebs ekvi-

valenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. ,,arca erTi ars meorisa

upirveles bunebiT”. es elementebi ustruqturoa (,,Seu-

zavebeli”), rac maT maradiulobas uzrunvelyofs. ,,we-

sad ars _ wers igi baumaisteris Txzulebis qarTuli

Targmanis erT-erT SeniSvnaSi _ viTarmed arsisa Seza-

vebulisa kerZoni (nawilebi _ avt.) SesaZlebel arian

ganwualebad TÂT TÂTod, amisaTÂs ara arian Tqua fi-

losofosman (e.i. baumaisterma _ s.a.) arsni Sezavebulni

pirvelad dasabamebad”51. aq antoni ambobs, rom Tuki

stiqionebi nawilebisgan Sedgebodes, e.i. struqturul

mTlianobas warmoadgendes, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneba

misi nawilebad daSla da, maSasadame, mospoba. amitom

maradiuli _ am SemTxvevaSi samyaros Semadgeneli sti-

qionebi _ nawilebisgan ar Sedgeba, ustruqturoa, mar-

tivia da ara rTuli. cxadia, am stiqionebs antoni

metafizikur (da ara fizikur) realobad Tvlis.

aseTia, mokled anton pirvelis ontologiuri

moZRvreba, romelic, misi azriT, metafizikis pirvel

nawils Seadgens.

,,metafizikis” meore nawilia ,,sazogado (zogadi _

s.a.) kosmoloRia”, romelic aris mecniereba (,,gnosis”)

samyaros Sesaxeb saerTod (,,sazogadod soflisaTvis”).

samyaros erT-erT uZiriTades niSnad antoni,

baumaisterTan erTad, droSi arsebobas Tvlis. droSi

arseboba ki moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaSi

86

yofnas niSnavs. droSi arsebuli warmavalia, aramara-

diulia. aseTi niSani, idealurisagan gansxvavebiT, mxo-

lod materialur arss gaaCnia.

samyaros meore arsebiT niSnad antons saganTa da

movlenaTa Soris urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTgan-

pirobebulobis arseboba miaCnia, rac, Tavis mxriv, moZ-

raobisa da cvalebadobis procesSi myardeba. sagnebisa

da movlenebis urTierTkavSiri da urTierTganpiro-

bebuloba SesaZlebels xdis samyaros, rogorc mTelis,

arsebobas.

amasTanave, antoni, laibnic-volf-baumaisteris gav-

leniT, samyaroSi arsebul kavSir-urTierTobebs xSirad

teleologiurad xsnis. igi eTanxmeba baumaisters, ro-

melic sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris miznobrivi

kavSiris arsebobas amtkicebs.

teleologizmis idea antonisTvis arc adre iyo

ucnobi. man xom ,,spekalze” muSaobis procesSi Seis-

wavla aristoteles moZRvreba, romelsac teleolo-

giuri xasiaTi aqvs. amitom antonis azrovneba axali

drois teleologiur ideebs sruliad momzadebuli

Sexvda.

materialuri samyaros erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tvisebaa

Zala. cxadia, mxedvelobaSia materialuri Zalebis ar-

seboba, magaliTad, inerciis Zalisa (,,dayenebiTi Zala”).

CaTvlilia, rom yovel sxeuls aqvs moqmedi Zala

(,,yoveli sxeuli ZaliTa moqmedebisTvis niWebul ars”)

anu ,,yovlisa nivTisa buneba ars Zali moqmedebiTi”52.

magram es ar niSnavs materialuri samyaros inertulo-

bis uaryofas. materialuri sxeulebi inertulia, rac

imas niSnavs, rom ,,ver ZaluZs quasa moZraoba, Tu sadme

aravin SesZra igi”53.

,,metafizikis” mesame nawilia moZRvreba sulis Sesa-

xeb, romelic baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis

87

mixedviT, fsiqologiisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. amis

miuxedavad, aq mainc laparakia sulze, rogorc Tavis-

Tavad arsebul realobaze da amdenad saqme gvaqvs

sulis metafizikur problemasTan.

antoni Tvlis, rom sulis mTavari niSania aramate-

rialuroba (,,usxeulo”). materialur sagnebs aqvs sidi-

de, Sedgenilia nawilebisgan da SegrZnebebSi gveZleva.

suls ki arc erTi es niSani ara aqvs; sxeuli moZraobs

garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, suli ki TviTmoZravia.

kidev metic, igi materialuri sxeulis (adamianis tanis)

mamoZravebelia. antoni imowmebs petriws, romlis mixed-

viT ,,suli gonieri ars”, ,,suli usxeuloÁ ars“ da a.S.

antons moaqvs sulis imaterialurobis damamtkicebe-

li argumentebi; suli rom materialuri iyos, gveubneba

igi, maSin is sxeulis nawili iqneboda. es argumenti mas

nemesios emeselis Txzulebidan (,,bunebisaTvis kacisa”)

aqvs aRebuli. materialuri sxeuli kvebis Sedegad

izrdeba, suli ki izrdeba ara sakvebis miRebiT, aramed

swavliT, azriT da a.S. sxeuli ganfenilia, suli ki

ara. suli rom ganfenili iyos, maSin sikvdilis (sulis

ganSorebis) Semdeg sxeulis raodenoba Semcirdeboda.

amis garda, sulis erT-erT specifikur niSnad antonma

cnobiereba miiCnia. suli cnobieria, sxeuli ki aseTi ar

aris.

amrigad, suli, antonis mixedviT, sxeulisgan damou-

kidebelia, TavisTavadi arseboba SeuZlia anu sulier

substancias warmoadgens. sulis substanciurobas anto-

ni umTavresad imaSi xedavs, rom igi marTavs sxeuls,

sicocxles aniWebs mas, xolo misi ganSorebis Semdeg

sxeuli kvdeba. sikvdili aris sxeulisgan sulis

ganSoreba. aqedan antoni daaskvnis, rom ,,arsebaÁ ars

88

suli”, e.i. suls substanciuri buneba aqvs, sxeulis

arsebas warmoadgens54.

suli, rogorc idealuri arsi, martivia, nawilebi-

sagan ar Sedgeba. ,,martiv ars suli, vinaTgan usxeuloÁ

ars igi”55. rTuli da struqturuli mxolod materia-

luri sagnebi SeiZleba iyos, rac maT aramaradiulobas

ganapirobebs. sulis simartive ki mis maradiulobas

uzrunvelyofs. ,,suli, _ wers antoni, _ martivi myoÁ

ars; xolo vinaiTgan uxrwneli, ukvdavica ars”; da Sem-

deg: ,,suli mimcemi sxeulisad cxovrebisa, rameTu ukv-

dav ars suli”56. amrigad, suli sicocxles aniWebs

sxeuls, xolo TviTon ki ukvdavia.

sulis erT-erT ZiriTad unarebad antoni gonebasa

da nebelobas Tvlis. ,,suli ars sicocxle saukunoÁ _

wers igi _ ese igi gonierebiT da nebiTa, ese igi TviT

xelmwifebiTa”57. sulis ,,xelmwifeba” sxeulze vrcel-

deba. antoni suls sxeulis mmarTvelad Tvlis. igi

imowmebs albert dids (,,didi alberdi”) da amtkicebs,

rom ,,suli arso arsebaÁ usxeuloÁ mmarTebeli sxeu-

lisa”. an kidev: ,,suli ars mimdreki (mamoZravebeli _

avt.) da mmarTebeli sxeulisa”58. arsebiTad igive azria

gamoTqmuli baumaisteris ,,metafizikis” mesame nawilSi,

romelic suls exeba.

antoni ar iziarebs aristoteles im azrs, rom suli

aris sxeulis entelexia. suli rom sxeulis entelexia

iyos, maSin, antonis azriT, suli mxolod imdenad iar-

sebebs, ramdenadac arsebobs sxeuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi

ki igi aRar iqneba substancia (arseba). magram antoni sa-

bolood mainc xels ar iRebs aristoteles am konef-

ciaze da mas neoplatonizmiT avsebs. igi Tvlis, rom

sxeuls arsebobasa da formas aniWebs suli. es Tval-

sazrisi ki man albert didisagan aiRo59.

89

adamianis sulis SemecnebiTi unarebi gansazRvrulia;

swored amitom samyaros pirvelmizezebis Semecneba mas

ar ZaluZs. am ukanasknelis Semecneba RvTaebrivi sulis

saqmea (,,angelosTa Seisminebis”). marTalia, adamianis

suli RvTaebrivi sulis Tanaziaria, magram misebri

sruli ar aris.

am gansxvavebis miuxedavad, adamianisa da cxovelebis

sulebs mainc raRac saerTo aqvT. saxeldobr, adamianis

suls (,,sulsa kacobrivsa”) da cxovelebsa (,,usityuoTa

Tana”), amtkicebs antoni, aqvT ,,bneli da Serevnili

cnobis (Semecnebis _ s.a.) unari”60, rac imas niSnavs, rom

adamians aqvs goneba da amitom Semecnebis unarsac

flobs. goneba, inteleqti adamianis specifikuri niSa-

nia. ,,gulisxmisyofaÁ kacisa namdvil sakuTari bunebiT

Tviseba ars” _ wers igi baumaisteris ,,metafizikis”

qarTuli Targmnis erT-erT SeniSvnaSi61. magram adamiani

mainc sasruli arsebaa. amis Sesabamisad gansazRvrulia

misi SemecnebiTi unaric; antoni uaryofs cxovelebSi

Semecnebis unaris arsebobas da Tvlis, rom maT ara

aqvT goneba (,,usityÂTa ara aqusT goneba”) da nebelo-

ba62, Tumca zogjer cxovelebic iseT STabeWdilebas

qmnian, rom TiTqos maT erTic aqvT da meorec.

marTalia, cxovelebs goneba ara aqvT, magram isini

mainc ar arian manqanebi (,,naxelovnebi”). maT aqvT fsi-

qika da maTi sxeulebis agebulebac araorganuli sxeu-

lebis agebulebisagan gansxvavdeba. aq, rogorc vxedavT,

gamoTqmulia dekartis sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi, rom-

lis mixedviT, cxovelebi gaigivebulia manqanebTan.

,,gulismsityuÀlobidan kartezianeTani xeca pirutyvni

arian naxelovnebi”, e.i. kartezianelebis azriT, cxove-

lebi (,,pirutyvni”) manqanebi ariano. antoni uaryofs am

azrs da cxovelebSi uSvebs minimaluri (,,raime ugla-

90

xakesi”) azrovnebis unaris arsebobas, Tumca gonebas igi

martooden adamianis unarad Tvlis.

sainteresoa antonis Sexeduleba sulisa da gonebis

urTierTobis Sesaxeb. ,,spekalSi” igi imowmebs ioane

petriws, romelmac suli da goneba erTmaneTisgan ga-

nasxvava. antoni gveubneba, rom petriwis mixedviT

,,sulsa dauzavdebis gonebaÁ da sxvaÁ arsebaÁ misi da

sxvaÁ sulisa; da ars suli gamgone, xolo gonebaÁ _

gasagonoÁ”63. es niSnavs, rom goneba sulze maRla dgas

(,,dauzavdebis”) da, maSasadame, suli da goneba sxvada-

sxvaa. suli aris ,,gamgone”, xolo goneba ,,gasagonoÁ”.

anton pirveli ,,metafizikur” problemebs miakuTv-

nebs RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis sakiTxs, romelsac

igi exeba rogorc ,,spekalSi”, aseve ,,RvTismetyveleba-

Si”, ,,mzametyvelebaSi” da TviT baumaisteris ,,metafizi-

kaSi”, romelic antonma qarTulad Targmna da romlis

Sinaarssac igi iziarebs.

antoni am tipis argumentebidan, uwinares yovlisa,

ganixilavs ontologiur arguments, romelic jer kidev

cicerons gamouTqvams da mas Semdeg mravalma moaz-

rovnem sxvadasxva yaidaze gaimeora.

antoni mimarTavs kosmologiur argumentsac, romlis

mixedviT samyaros sakvirveli agebuleba, masSi arsebu-

li kanonzomiereba, wesrigi, mizanSewoniloba RmerTis

arsebobas asabuTebs. aq damowmebulia ciceroni, ro-

gorc am argumentis erT-erTi pirvelTagani damcveli64.

mcireodeni gansxvavebiT am arguments imowmebs ,,RvTis-

metyvelebaSic”, Tumca aq ZiriTad yuradReba sakmao

safuZvlis kanonze (,,kmaÁ-mizezi”) amaxvilebs.

yoveli arsebulis saboloo mizezs RmerTi warmo-

adgens, magram TviTon RmerTi umizezoa. aqedan

gamomdinareobs misi maradiuloba.

91

antoni laparakobs ,,sulieri Zalis” Sesaxeb, romel-

sac igi RmerTs miawers. RmerTis Zala ar unda avurioT

materialur ZalebSi, romelTac aqvT sidide da,

maSasadame, izomeba. aq igi imowmebs ioane petriws da

aRniSnavs, rom sulieri Zalis simravle misi moqmedebis

simravles niSnavs. ,,simravle igi ZalTa ars simravle

moqmedebaTa”65.

RvTismetyvelebas antoni gansazRvravs rogorc

,,gnosis RmerTisTvis da saqmeTa saRvToTa, raodenca

maT bunebiTa gulisxmiyofiTa SemZlebel varT”. aq gan-

sakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom antons

RvTismetyveleba esmis rogorc codna, mecniereba (,,gno-

sis”) RmerTisa da saRvTo saqmeTa Sesaxeb, ramdenadac

adamians misi Semecneba SeuZlia.

magram amasTanave antoni laparakobs orgvari RvTis-

metyvelebis Sesaxeb. pirvels igi ,,dadebiT RvTismetyve-

lebas” uwodebs, romlis qveS igulisxmeba moZRvreba

RvTaebis Sesaxeb, romelic dafuZnebulia saRvTo

werilze, mociqulTa nawerebze, saeklesio krebebis

dadgenilebebze da a.S. amgvari RvTismetyveleba uTuod

rwmenis sferoa; magram is RvTismetyveleba, romelsac

antoni Tavis TxzulebaSi ganixilavs, aris codnis sfe-

ro, vinaidan iq mocemulia damtkiceba _ filosofiuri

dasabuTeba _ dialeqtikisa da silogizmis gamoyenebiT.

amgvar RvTismetyvelebas antoni ,,sqolastikurs” uwo-

debs, vinaidan mas filosofiuri dasabuTebis xasiaTi

aqvs.

sqolastikur RvTismetyvelebasTan dakavSirebiT an-

toni laparakobs agreTve orgvar Teologiaze: buneb-

rivze (,,fizikebri”) da zebunebrivze (,,zesT-bunebiTi”).

bunebrivi Teologia, misi azriT, aris ,,cnoba, romelic

guaqvs CuÀn RmerTisTÂs da TÂsebaTa misT, mxolod

mecnierebaTa oden gonebisa, da bunebisa CuÂnisaTa da

92

ganhsjiTa maT saqmeTa, romelnica ver SemZlebel arian

sxuÀbr gamosluad, TÂnier oden xelisagan RmerTisa”66.

es niSnavs, rom antoni bunebriv Teologias uwodebs

iseT codnas RvTaebis Sesaxeb, rac adamians miRebuli

aqvs mxolod Tavisi gonebis safuZvelze, gonebrivi

gansjis gziT; magram zebunebrivia iseTi Teologia,

romelic gamocxadebas emyareba da gonebis gziT miRe-

buli codniT ar kmayofildeba. sayuradReboa is gare-

moeba, rom antoni Teologiis am meore saxes upira-

tesobas aniWebs.

3. gnoseologiuri ideebi

anton pirvelis filosofiur msofmxedvelobaSi

saTanado adgili uWiravs gnoseologiur Sexedulebebs.

Semecnebas (,,cnobas”) antoni uwodebs adamianis sulis

(,,psixi”) iseT moqmedebas, romliTac igi warmoidgens da

gaigebs nivTebis bunebas, xolo Zalas, romelic am

moqmedebas iwvevs, Semecnebis unarad (,,Zala cnobisa”)

Tvlis.

Semecnebis amosaval wyarod anton pirveli cdas

(,,mcnobeloba”) Tvlis. igi, erTi mxriv, cdasa da

SegrZnebebs erTmaneTisgan ar ganasxvavebs67, xolo, meo-

re mxriv, cda mas ori mniSvnelobiT esmis:Ppirveli

mniSvnelobiT cda aris obieqturi sinamdvilis uSualo

grZnobadi mocemuloba, xolo meore mniSvnelobiT cda

eqsperiments niSnavs. arsebiTad asevea gansazRvruli

cdis cneba ,,spekalSi”, sadac antoni aRniSnavs, rom

SegrZneba aris is informacia, rac calkeuli grZnobis

organoebis saSualebiT gveZleva garegani sinamdvilis

Sesaxeb, xolo ,,mcnobeloba aris cnoba maTi, romelni-

ca ideaisa mimarT Cuenisa moval mxoloiT oden moswra-

febiTa”. es niSnavs, rom adamians cdis, eqsperimentis

Catarebamde aqvs idea, romlis mixedviT aqtiurobis

93

(,,moswrafebiTa”) safuZvelze ayenebs cdas da aRwevs

Semecnebas.

antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs empiriuli da

racionaluri Semecnebis safexurebs. empiriuli anu

,,mgrZnobelobiTi” safexuri aRqmiTi (,,pyrobiTi”) Zale-

bisgan iwyeba. SegrZneba sagnis ,,saxes” gvaZlevs. roca

sagnebi gaaRizianebs Cveni grZnobis organoebs, maSin

,,ZarRvni misni kuÀTebulni moZraobas miscemen tvinsa”,

anu grZnobis organoebidan gaRizianeba tvins gadaecema.

,,spekalSi” antoni vrclad aanalizebs empiriuli

Semecnebis safexurs, saxeldobr, grZnobad Semecnebas,

romelsac igi ,,pyrobiT Zalebs” uwodebs. adamianis

suls (romlis aRsaniSnavad ufro gviandeli periodis

nawerebSi antoni xmarobs sityvas ,,psixi”, e.i. Ffsiqika)

aqvs orgvari Zala: ,,pyrobiTi”, e.i. grZnobadi da ,,Zvri-

Ti” e.i. mamoZravebeli. es niSnavs, rom grZnobadi Semec-

nebac da moZraobac sulis funqcias warmoadgens; suli

aris Semmecnebelic da mamoZravebelic.

magram aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom TiTqos suls

sxeulis gareSe SeeZlos SegrZneba an moZraoba; grZno-

bis organoebi sxeuls aqvs, aseve moZraobasac sxeuli

asrulebs. amdenad sxeuli da suli erTad grZnoben68.

amis miuxedavad, antoni suls, sxeulTan SedarebiT,

mainc upiratesobas aniWebs, saxeldobr, sxeuli mas

esmis rogorc sulis iaraRi.

,,pyrobiTi Zalebi” orgvaria _ Sinagani da garegani.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxva-

vebs Sinagansa da garegan grZnobas. igi tradiciulad

garegan grZnobas miakuTvnebs im SegrZnebebs, romelic

xuTi grZnobis organos (mxedveloba, smena, Sexeba,

ynosva, gemovneba) saSualebiT xorcieldeba, xolo Sina-

gani grZnoba moicavs zogad grZnobas, warmosaxvas

(,,warmoCineba”), eWvs, azrs, ganzraxvasa da TviT mexsie-

94

rebasac ki69. garegani grZnoba informacias gvawvdis

garegani sinamdvilis Sesaxeb da, maSasadame, adamianis

suls garegan sinamdvilesTan akavSirebs; Sinagani

grZnoba ki adamianis Sinagan mdgomareobas asaxavs.

antoni Semecnebis sakiTxebis garCevisas, gansakuTre-

biT grZnobadi Semecnebis Sesaxeb msjelobis procesSi,

aristoteles emyareba, xSirad imowmebs mas, kerZod, mis

Txzulebas ,,sulis Sesaxeb” (,,wignsa Sina ,,sulTasa”);

magram isic udavoa, rom igi uSualod ki ar icnobda am

Txzulebas, aramed mxolod meore da mesame wyaroebi-

dan. amis miuxedavad, aristoteles gavlena antonis

gnoseologiur Sexedulebebze udavoa.

TiToeul grZnobis organos specifikuri unari aqvs;

yuriT mxolod bgeris mosmena SeiZleba, xolo TvaliT

_ feris SegrZneba. ,,TiTosa mohqonan vidreme sakuTarni

saqmeni... yovelni mgrZnobelni arian Semwynarebel anu

mimTvalvel grZnobaTa kerZovanTa da ara yovlobiT-

Ta”70.

grZnobis organoebis specifikuri unarebis Sesaxeb

msjelobis paralelurad antoni laparakobs im

specifikuri garemos Sesaxebac, romelic TiToeuli

grZnobis organos aqvs. am garemos igi ,,samimRebo Suas”

uwodebs, romelic SegrZnebis obieqtsa da grZnobis

organos erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. amasTan erTad antoni

mxedvelobis grZnobis organos Semecnebis Tvalsazri-

siT sxva grZnobis organoebis mimarT upiratesobas ani-

Webs. meore adgils ki igi smenis organos miakuTvnebs.

sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom antoni laparakobs

nervuli sistemis rolze grZnobadi Semecnebis proces-

Si. grZnobis organoebs aqvT nervuli gamtarebi (,,ZarR-

vebi”), romelTa saSualebiT gaRizianeba tvins gadae-

cema. ,,ZarRuni misni kuÀTebulni _ moZraobasa miscemen

tÂnsa... moZraoba miiwevs vidreme tÂnamde”. rogorc

95

vxedavT, aq laparakia nervuli sistemis, rogorc

SegrZnebis materialuri safuZvlis Sesaxeb.

garda garegani grZnobisa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

antoni laparakobs ,,Sinagan pyrobiT Zalebzec” anu

Sinagan grZnobaze, romelic aRqmiseuli zogadobiT

xasiaTdeba. amasTanave antoni, garkveuli azriT, zogad

grZnobas upiratesobas aniWebs; saxeldobr, igi Tvlis,

rom ,,zogadi grZnobaÁ ars mawarmoebel da wyaro da

Zir, romlisgan warmoeben yovelni grZnobani da romli-

sadmi yoveli moZraobaÁ samgrZnobelTani zedSemoyvane-

bian, viTarca dasasrulisadmi oxWanisa”71. amrigad,

garegani grZnoba zogadi grZnobisagan ,,warmoeben”,

maSasadame, maszea damokidebuli.

zogadi grZnoba ara mxolod TviTon aris yvela

sxva grZnobaTa ,,mawarmoebel da wyaro da Zir”, aramed

TviTonac ,,bevrad davalebulia” garegani grZnobebisa-

gan. igi aerTianebs garegani grZnobebis monacemebs; zo-

gadi grZnoba antonis koncefciaSi, rogorc al. fran-

giSvili aRniSnavs, ,,warmodgenilia rogorc erTiani

aRqmis grZnobadi aqti”. igi aris ,,aRqmis aqtis cno-

biereba, xedvis xedva, xilvis cnobiereba smenis smena,

smenis cnobiereba, e.i. smenis smenad gacnobiereba”72.

grZnobadi Semecneba, antonis azriT, Semecnebis

sawyisia, magram sakmarisi ar aris. misi ukmaroba Tun-

dac imaSi vlindeba, rom igi xSirad cdeba. ,,scTebian

mravljer grZnobani da eseTave mcnobelobaca” (cda _

s.a.)73. swored amitom saWiroa Semecnebis unaris ufro

maRali safexuri _ racionaluri Semecneba, romelTan

SedarebiT grZnobadi Semecneba Semecnebis ufro dabal

safexurs (,,umdablesi da uquÀnaresia”) warmoadgens. es

iqidanac Cans, rom SegrZnebis unari adamianebsac aqvT

da cxovelebsac. Tumca adamianuri da cxoveluri

SegrZnebis gaigiveba SeuZlebelia.

96

anton pirveli erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs raciona-

luri Semecnebis sxvadasxva formas: inteleqts (,,gu-

lisxmisyofa”), Wkuas (,,gnomi”). midmogonebasa da gone-

bas. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom igi am klasifikacias

zustad ar icavs da, kidev metic, es unarebi yovelTvis

erTniSnad rodi esmis.

inteleqts antoni uwodebs ,,gulisxmisyofas”. amis

dasturad gamodgeba magaliTad, baumaisteris filo-

sofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmani74. sityva ,,intel-lectu”, romelic naxmaria baumaisteris filosofiuri

Txzulebebis dedanSi75, Targmnilia rogorc ,,gulisx-

misyofa”. es ukanaskneli niSnavs sagnis gamowvlilviT

gagebis unars. inteleqtis saSualebiT saganTa Tvi-

sebebs SevimecnebT.

Wkua (laT. ingenio76, rusulad Ум77) anu ,,gnomi” (an-

tonis terminologiiT), aris adamianis unari aRmoaCinos

saganTa Tvisebebs Soris msgavseba. antoni wers: ,,gnomi

ars Zali, raTa ganixilnesmca msgavsebani nivTTani”.

gnomi, gveubneba igi, adamianis sulis TiTqmis yvela

Tvisebas moicavs: mexsierebas, warmosaxvas, gansjas da

TviT inteleqtsac ki.

,,spekalSi” antoni laparakobs ,,midmogonebis”, ro-

gorc diskursiuli azrovnebis unaris Sesaxeb. mis qveS

daaxloebiT is igulisxmeba, rasac Tanamedrove termi-

nologiiT gansja ewodeba.

adamianis sulis mTavar Semmecnebel unarad antoni

gonebas Tvlis; ,,goneba ara sxuaÁ raime ars, TÂnier

Zali sulisa Cuenisa ganxilvad ganyofladre mikidu-

lebisa sazogadoTa WeSmaritebaTa”78, e.i. goneba sxva

araferia, garda Cveni sulis im unarisa (,,Zalisa”), rom

uzogades WeSmaritebaTa kavSiri (,,mikiduleba”) dawvri-

lebiT ganixilos. am gansazRvrebidan iseTi STabeWdi-

97

leba iqmneba, rom goneba azrovnebis unaria, maSasadame,

diskursiuli Semecnebis saSualebas warmoadgens. magram

,,spekalSi” antons goneba esmis rogorc intuiciuri

Semecnebis unari. igi wers: ,,gonebai zedmiesxmis marti-

vad; viTar aRmoxda ra mze da aha Saravandica misi

uJamod da miudrekelad dahfaraven yovelsa”79. es niS-

navs, rom goneba uSualod wvdeba (,,zedmiesxmis marti-

vad”) Tavis sagans, iseve rogorc mzis sxivi myisierad

(,,uJamod”) moefineba garemos.

antonis mixedviT, Secdoma SesaZlebelia rogorc

grZnobadi, aseve racionaluri Semecnebis procesSi. am

Secdomidan Tavis daRwevis saSualebas igi grZnobadi

da racionaluri Semecnebis erTianobaSi xedavs. grZno-

badi Semecnebis naklovanebebs racionaluri Semecneba

avsebs da, piriqiT, grZnobis organoebis Cveneba sakmari-

si ar aris da igi racionalurma Semecnebam unda Seav-

sos.

amrigad, antons miaCnia, rom Semecneba cdisa da

inteleqtis erTianobis safuZvelze xorcieldeba da

maTi gaTiSva SeuZlebelia. ,,mcnobeloba da gulisxmis-

yofa... SevaerToT esTa, raTa erTi meoresamca msaxureb-

des”. es aris Semecnebis grZnobadi da racionaluri

safexurebis erTianobis moTxovna da maTi gancalkeve-

bis SeuZleblobis mtkiceba.

grZnobadi da racionaluri Semecnebis safexurebis

erToblivi moqmedebis safuZvelze yalibdeba codna,

romelsac WeSmaritebis niSani miewereba. WeSmariteba,

rogorc gnoseologiuri fenomeni, antons gagebuli aqvs

rogorc sinamdvilis asaxva adamianis cnobierebaSi;

magram antoni amas ar sjerdeba da WeSmaritebis onto-

logizacias axdens, e.i. WeSmaritebis niSans miawers ara

mxolod azrs, aramed arssac. magaliTad, igi fiqrobs,

rom ,,WeSmariteba ars kargi (wesrigi _ s.a.) maTi,

98

romelnica arssa hSvenian” (ekuTvnis)80. metic: misi az-

riT, ,,yoveli arsi WeSmariti ars”81. aq, rogorc vxedavT,

WeSmariteba da obieqturi sinamdvile gaigivebulia.

antoni msjelobs Semecnebis meTodebzec; igi gveub-

neba, rom dava arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu saidan unda

amovideT da ra gziT viaroT Semecnebis procesSi.

amovideT kerZodan da wavideT zogadisaken, Tu piriqiT?

,,romelnime ityodes _ wers igi _ Sesmenilsa ufro-

sisagan da romelTame umcrosisagan, romelTa azrisa

meca Tanaxma viyav. mizezisa amiT, viTarmed umciresi-

sagan vicnobT ufrossa... cnoba ars quÀmoTa Sina

zemoisa”. ese igi, antoni gveubneba, rom zogierTis az-

riT, zogadidan (,,ufrosisagan”) unda amovideT da

kerZosaken (,,umcrosisaken”) wavideT; sxvebi ki, piriqiT,

kerZodan amosvlas moiTxoven da aqedan zogadze

gadasvlas (zogadis gamoyvanas). me ukanaknel azrs vemx-

robi, vinaidan zogadis Semecneba kerZos saSualebiT

SeiZlebao.

aq laparakia induqciuri da deduqciuri meTodebis

Sesaxeb. antoni induqciis meTodis momxrea, vinaidan

Tvlis, rom zogadis dadgena kerZos safuZvelze SeiZ-

leba; swored amitom mas Semecnebis amosavlad SegrZ-

neba, cda miaCnia, romlis Sedegebis gadamuSavebis safu-

Zvelze racionaluri Semecnebis produqtebi miiReba. aq

aSkarad Cans aristoteles gnoseologiis gavlena.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom antoni diskursiuli Semecne-

bis (,,midmogoneba”) gverdiT intuiciur Semecnebasac

uSvebs. zogierTi ram diskursis gziT Seimecneba, xolo

zogierTis wvdoma mxolod intuiciurad SeiZleba. aseve

antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs iseT obieqtebs,

romlebic SegrZnebebSi gveZleva da iseTs, romlebic

mxolod azrovnebiT Seimecneba. ,,yovelni myofni _

gveubneba igi _ an grZnobiTa icnobian, an gonebiTa

99

miiwTomian”82. SegrZnebebis saSualebiT mxolod is

Seimecneba, rac grZnobis organoebze moqmedebs. aseTia

ZiriTadad materialuri sagnebi da movlenebi (Tumca

iseTi materialuric arsebobs, romelic SegrZnebebSi

ar gveZleva; aseTia, antonis azriT, eTeri). magram suli

SegrZnebebSi ar gveZleva; igi ar aris materialuri da,

maSasadame, misi Semecneba SegrZnebebis saSualebiT

SeuZlebelia; igi ,,misawTomia” mxolod racionaluri

Semecnebis gziT. ,,sulica gonebisa ar zedmiwevnilisa

qveSemrdomi arsebiT, ara Tavisa TÂsisa, aramed zedSes-

rulTagan icnobis samarTlad, ese igi ara misTagan,

aramed mis garemoTagan”83. erTi sityviT, suli mxolod

gonebiT miiwvdomeba (Seimecneba), magram igi Seimecneba

ara uSualod, TavisTavad, aramed misi gamovlenis gziT

(,,ara misTagan, aramed mis garemoTagan”). sulieri

movlenebi, ambobs antoni sxva adgilze, ,,moqmedebiTa

misiTa xorciTa mier iCvenebiano”.

dasasrul, aRvniSnavT, rom anton pirvels bolomde

ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli gnoseologiuri Sexedule-

bani. amis miuxedavad, is gnoseologiuri koncefcia,

romelsac igi iziarebda, sakmaod naTel suraTs gvaZ-

levs misi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis am mxaris

Sesaxeb. TavisTavad ki antonis gnoseologiuri Sexedu-

lebani, iseve rogorc, saerTod, misi filosofiuri

msoflmxedveloba, didi movlena iyo imdroindeli

qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi.

4. logikuri ideebi

logikur problemebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs

anton pirvelis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi. bau-

maisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targma-

nis winasityvaobaSi antoni miuTiTebs logikis codnis

saWiroebasa da aucileblobaze. Semecnebis procesSi

100

adamiani xSirad cdeba. xSirad Secdomis wyaro xdeba

SegrZnebani da cda (,,scdebian mravaljer grZnobani

da aseTave mcnobelobaca”), rogorc Semecnebis amosa-

vali da sayrdeni aqtebi. grZnobadi Semecnebis Secdo-

mebs racionaluri Semecneba asworebs. magram Secdoma

racionaluri Semecnebis procesSic xdeba. igi gansakuT-

rebiT maSin aris mosalodneli, roca inteleqti (,,gu-

lisxmisyofa”) garkveuli kanonebis mixedviT ar moqme-

debs84. es aris logikis kanonebi, romelTa dacva

aucilebelia swori da WeSmariti azrovnebisTvis. xSi-

rad adamianebi azrebs arasworad akavSireben, ris

Sedegad araswori daskvnebi gamoaqvT. am Secdomebisgan

Tavis dazRvevis saSualebas logikis codnas warmoad-

gens.

anton pirvelis logikuri Sexedulebebis analizi

gvafiqrebinebs, rom antons, rogorc Cans, logika miaCn-

da ara mxolod swori azrovnebis, aramed, agreTve,

WeSmariti azrovnebis saSualebad. es ki imas niSnavs,

rom igi logikas martooden formalur mecnierebad ar

Tvlida, romelic azrTa mxolod swor gamomdinareobas

uzrunvelyofs, aramed mas gnoseologiur funqciasac

miakuTvnebda.

am mosazrebas uSualod adasturebs antonis Sexedu-

leba silogisturi daskvnebis Sesaxeb. igi laparakobs

am daskvnebis gnoseologiur funqciaze, saxeldobr,

imaze, rom isini Semecnebas emsaxureba. maTi mizania

ucnobis Semecneba. jer kidev ,,spekalSi” antoni werda,

rom ,,silogizmo iTqmis win Camosagdeblad da Sesaxebe-

lad, rameTu sityvani gamomaCineblobiTni Seiwmasvnian,

raTa mecnav yon ucnoTa”85. amrigad, antoni fiqrobs,

rom silogistur daskvnebSi sityvebi (winadadebebi,

msjelobebi) erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba, raTa cnobili

gaxadon is, rac ucnobia (,,raTa mecnav yon ucnoTa”).

101

antoni Zalian cotas laparakobs im siZnelis Sesaxeb,

Tu rogor SeiZleba silogisturi daskvnebis safuZvel-

ze axali WeSmaritebis miReba. magram is ki cxadia, rom

igi logikis gnoseologiur funqciaze msjelobs.

amis garda, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom antoni

laparakobs Secdomebis SesaZleblobaze im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac adamianis inteleqti (,,gulisxmisyofa”) logi-

kuri azrovnebis kanonebis mixedviT ar moqmedebs. rasak-

virvelia, man icis, rom logikis kanonebis darRveva

SesaZlebelia, rac Sedegad Secdomas gvaZlevs. rogorc

vxedavT aq laparakia logikis kanonebis gnoseologiur

funqciaze. isini ara marto swori, aramed WeSmariti

azrovnebis dacvasac emsaxureba.

anton pirveli logikuri azrovnebis kanonebidan

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs winaaRmdegobis

SeuZleblobisa da sakmao safuZvlis kanonebs. Ppirveli

maTgani, rogorc cnobilia, aristotelem aRmoaCina

(igiveobisa da gamoricxuli mesamis kanonebTan erTad),

meore _ sakmao safuZvlis kanoni _ laibnics ekuTvnis,

romlis mixedviT, yvelafers aqvs sakmao safuZvli da,

maSasadame, araferi usafuZvlod ar xdeba. aristote-

lec da laibnicic am kanonebs ontologiur mniSvne-

lobas aniWebdnen, azrisa da arsis kanonebad Tvlidnen

da, maSasadame, maT universalurobas asabuTebdnen. an-

toni eTanxmeba baumaisters (romelic arsebiTad laib-

nicis azrs gamoTqvams), rom es kanonebi arian ,,upirve-

lesi dasabamni kacobrivisa cnobisani”, e.i. adamianuri

Semecnebis principebs warmoadgens86. Cveni Semecneba da-

fuZnebulia ZiriTadad am or principze, romlebic ga-

mocxadebulia WeSmaritebis Semecnebis (,,saWiro”) kano-

nebad. amave dros am kanonebs Zala aqvT obieqtur si-

namdvileSic. Tu raime arsebobs, maSin igi ar SeiZleba

102

amave dros ar arsebobdes (,,SeuZlebul ars, raTa igi

raiRaca ars, myofsa Sina aRara iyos”).

antoni am kanonebs mTeli sinamdvilis upirveles

principad Tvlis (,,dasabami pirveles ars, romelic

upirveles ara ars”), magram igi am kanonebis gnoseo-

logiuri funqciisken ixreba da gvafrTxilebs, rom

winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni WeSmaritebisa da

Secdomis gansxvavebis kriteriums warmoadgens. Tu rai-

me Tavis Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, maSin igi mcdaria, xolo

winaaRmdegobis ararseboba miCneulia WeSmaritebis

aucilebel pirobad87. Ees erTxel kidev adasturebs

imas, rom antons logika ar esmis rogorc mxolod

swori azrovnebis iaraRi, aramed mas, uwinares yovlisa,

WeSmaritebis problema ainteresebs. am SemTxvevaSic

antoni aristotelesken ixreba da mis xazs agrZelebs.

Tu raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda anton pirve-

li logikis codnas, Cans iqidanac, rom man logika

(Tbilisisa da Telavis) seminariebSi savaldebulo

saswavlo disciplinebad daawesa. antonis mier logikis

mniSvnelobis did Sefasebaze isic metyvelebs, rom igi

am mecnierebas sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebze, ker-

Zod, fizikaze maRla ayenebda. jer kidev ,,spekalSi“

antoni werda: ,,TumcaRa fisikaÁ upirveles sadme loRi-

kisa; bunebaÁ, romel ars quemdebare fisikasi, upirveles

ars upirvelesisa sityvisa, romelic quemdebare ars

loRikisi, magram swavlaÁ loRikisi, ese igi sityvao-

biTisa, pirvel iqnebis swavlisagan fisikasa, ese igi

bunebiTisa”88, e. i. Tumca fizika logikaze maRla dgas

(,,upirveles ars”) imdenad, ramdenadac buneba, romelsac

fizika swavlobs, logikis Seswavlis obieqtze _ sity-

vebze (,,logosi” niSnavs sityvasa da masSi nagulisxmeb

azrs) _ maRla dgas, magram sabolood logika, e. i.

103

moZRvreba sityvebze (azrovnebaze) ufro maRla dgas

(,,pirvel iqmnebis”) fizikaze, romelsac saqme aqvs bune-

basTan. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, raoden maRal

Sefasebas aZlevs antoni fizikas (,,umecarni fisikisani

msgavs arian brmaTa...“)89, maSin kidev ufro cxadi

gaxdeba misi mxridan logikis maRali Sefaseba.

anton pirvelis ,,spekalSi” mocemuli logikuri

Tvalsazrisi aristoteles logikis mixedviTaa dala-

gebuli. am dros aristotele antonis umaRlesi avto-

ritetia. magram ufro gvian, kerZod, ruseTSi gamgzav-

rebisa da iqidan dabrunebis Semdeg, antons aRar ak-

mayofilebs aristoteles moZRvreba da moiTxovs logi-

kis swavlebis axal yaidaze gardaqmnas. es gardaqmna,

misi azriT, Teologiidan logikis ganTavisuflebaSi

unda gamoxatuliyo.

baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli

Targmanis winasityvaobaSi antoni gulistkiviliT lapa-

rakobs logikis swavlebis dabal doneze saqarTvelo-

Si. Cems dros, ambobs igi, logikis saxiT sxva arafers

aswavlidnen, garda aristoteles moZRvrebisa aTi kate-

goriis Sesaxeb, romelic damaskelisa da porfiriosis

mier iyo gadmocemuli (,,ara vinme iswavlebian loRiki-

sa, TÂnier aTTa SesmenaTa aristotelisTa, garmoce-

mulTa saRmrToisagan damaskelisa da xuTTa xmaTa por-

firiosiTa”); ar gvqonda logika, garda zemoxsenebuli

wignebisa; magram es wignebi ar iyo sakmarisi imisTvis,

rom mowafes logikis sruli codna mieRo (,,magra ara

kmara ese, raTa miiRosmca mowafeban cnobaÁ srulisa

loRikisa”)90.

Zveli logikis ZiriTad nakls antoni imaSi xedavs,

rom logika XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sa-

qarTveloSi iswavleboda ,,ufrosRa RvTismetyvÀlurebr

da ara filosofosurebr”91. astraxanis arqiepiskoposis

104

meTodesadmi miweril werilSi (,,gaiosis saqmezed”)

antoni aristoteles ,,Zvel sqolastikos” uwodebs, ri-

Tac igi gamoxatavs Tavis ukmayofilebas aristoteles

logikuri moZRvrebis sqolastikuri interpretacii-

sadmi.

is garemoeba, rom anton pirvels aristoteles

logikuri moZRvreba im saxiT, rogorsac igi icnobda,

60-iani wlebidan ukve aRar akmayofilebs, imiT unda

avxsnaT, rom igi icnobs ara istoriul aristoteles,

aramed Sua saukuneebis mier sqolastizirebulsa da,

maSasadame, damaxinjebuls. amitom antonis protesti am

SemTxvevaSi Seexeba ara imdenad TviT aristoteles is-

toriul logikas, aramed mis sqolastikur interpret-

tacias.

rogorc ,,spekalSi”, ise momdevno periodis naSromeb-

Si, anton pirveli vrclad ganixilavs logikuri azrov-

nebis formebs: cnebas, msjelobas, daskvnas. msjeloba

(,,ganmsjeloba”) aris azrTa SeerTeba an gaTiSva

(,,ganmsjeloba anu ideaTa SeerTeba an ganhyofa”)92 anu,

Cveni sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, msjeloba aris azri sagan-

ze, romelic raimes amtkicebs an uaryofs. amis safu-

Zvelze msjelobis ZiriTad formebad CaTvlilia dade-

biTi da uaryofiTi msjelobebi; pirveli maTgani aris

,,ideaTa SeerTeba”, e.i. raimes mtkiceba, xolo meore _

ideaTa ,,ganhyofa”, anu uaryofa. antoni, aristoteles

msgavsad, msjelobas WeSmaritebasTan akavSirebs. Msje-

lobis WeSmaritebas ki ontologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs,

saxeldobr, msjeloba WeSmaritia maSin, roca imas

vamtkicebT, rac sinamdvileSia anu roca Cveni msjeloba

sinamdviles Seesabameba. xolo Secdoma maSin gvaqvs,

roca msjeloba sinamdviles ar asaxavs. amrigad, sinamd-

vilis asaxva miCneulia WeSmaritebis niSnad da safuZv-

105

lad. es erTxel kidev adasturebs, rom antoni logikas

gnoseologiur funqcias miakuTvnebs. igi aris gnoseo-

logiuri logika, romelsac ontologiuri safuZvlebi

aqvs. amis miuxedavad, antons ar moucia gnoseologiuri

logikis principebi. es idea mas aristoteledan aqvs

aRebuli, romelmac mis naazrevSi SemdgomSi ganviTa-

reba ver hpova.

antonis logikur naazrevs aristoteles gavlena

maSinac etyoba, roca igi winadadebasa da msjelobas

erTmaneTisgan ar ganasxvavebs. amis Sesabamisad igi xSi-

rad gramatikulsa da logikur Tvalsazrisebs erTmane-

Tisgan ar gamoyofs.

anton pirveli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs

daskvnebs, kerZod, silogistur daskvnebs (,,gamoCineba

anu silogizmo”)93. silogizms igi ganmartavs rogorc

daskvnis iseT formas, romlis saSualebiT ucnobs nac-

nobis gziT SevimecnebT. igi gadmoscems tradiciul

Tvalsazriss induqciuri daskvnebis (,,zedmoyvanaÁ”)

Sesaxeb. induqciuri daskvna aris kerZodan zogadis

miReba. zogierT mklevars anton pirvelis logikuri

koncefciis erT-erT naklovanebad is miaCnia, rom igi

ver iZleva azrovnebis formebis subordinacias94. magram

es sayveduri SeiZleba zedmeti iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswi-

nebT im garemoebas, Tu ra viTarebaSi uxdeboda antons

logikuri ideebis aTviseba da popularizacia.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi

antons ukve aRar akmayofilebs logikis imgvari, saxel-

dobr, Teologiuri (,,RvTismetyvÀlurebr”) gadmocema,

romelsac adgili hqonda 50-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi.

am SemTxvevaSi, etyoba, igi Tavis Tavsac gulisxmobs,

saxeldobr, ,,spekals”, romelSic aristoteles logiku-

ri moZRvreba im saxiT aris gadmocemuli, rogorc igi

Sua saukuneebma moitana. swored amitom ruseTidan

106

dabrunebis Semdeg antonis winaSe daisva aristoteles

axleburi wakiTxvisa da misi logikuri moZRvrebis

filosofiuri gadmocemis sakiTxi. es amocana man

ganaxorciela TxzulebaSi ,,wigni katiRoria simetneÁ”,

romelSic ZiriTadad gadmocemulia aristoteles

moZRvreba kategoriebis Sesaxeb da erTgvarad avsebs da

azustebs ,,spekalSi” gadmocemul logikur koncefcias.

anton pirvelis Txzuleba „wigni katiRoria simet-

neÁ“, marTalia, ar aris originaluri nawarmoebi am

cnebis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, magram igi arc Targmnili

Txzulebaa95. marTalia, masSi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia

aristotelesa da misi komentatorebis Tvalsazrisebi,

magram ara Targmanis saxiT. amasTan, antoni gadmogvcems

am avtorebis iseT Sexedulebebs, rac misTvis misaRebia,

rac misi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis SinaarsSi

Sedis. amdenad, ,,wigni katiRoria simetneÁ”, garkveuli

azriT, anton pirvelis erT-erT originaluri nawarmoe-

badac SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom es Txzuleba iseve, ro-

gorc “spekali”, erTxel kidev adasturebs aristoteles

filosofiis mZlavr gavlenas qarTul filosofiur

azrovnebaze. aristoteles gavlena yovelTvis sagrZno-

bi iyo qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi, magram man

gansakuTrebuli gamoxatuleba hpova anton pirvelis

filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi. isic unda iTqvas,

rom anton pirveli am mimarTulebiT ukanaskneli qarT-

veli moazrovne iyo, vinaidan ruseTTan saqarTvelos

SeerTebis Semdeg qarTuli filosofiuri azrovneba

sxva mimarTulebiT wavida, kerZod, ruseTis meSveobiT

igi ufro axali drois dasavleTis filosofiur azrs

eziara da aristoteles filosofiis gavlenac arsebi-

Tad Sewyda.

107

mexuTe Tavi

naturfilosofiuri ideebi

1. naturfilosofiuri ideebi Sua saukuneebis qar-

Tul sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino literaturaSi

naturfilosofiur ideebs saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi

istoria aqvs1. am ideebis kvals vxvdebiT jer kidev

qarTul miTologiur eposSi ,,amiraniani”. rac Seexeba

qarTul filosofias, naturfilosofiuri ideebis

swavla da kvleva kolxeTis ritorikul skolaSi (III-IV

saukuneebi) udavod unda CaiTvalos. Uunda vivaraudoT,

rom am skolaSi naturfilosofiur ideebs aristo-

teles ,,fizikis” mixedviT aswavlidnen; am mosazrebis

safuZvels is gvaZlevs, rom kolxeTis ritorikul sko-

laSi aRzrdili filosofosebi evgeniosi da Temistio-

si aristoteles mimdevrebi da misi komentatorebi

iyvnen. kerZod, Temistioss ekuTvnis aristoteles ,,fi-

zikis” komentarebi.

naturfilosofiuri ideebi figurirebs giorgi mer-

Cules, petriwis da TviT rusTavelis TxzulebebSi. Zo-

gierTi avtori ,,vefxistyaosanSi” soliduri kosmolo-

giuri Teoriis arsebobasac ki amtkicebs2, rac safu-

Zvelmoklebuli ar aris.

rogorc Semonaxuli wyaroebidan Cans, naturfilo-

sofiuri ideebi farTod iyo warmodgenili Sua

saukuneebis qarTul sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino

literaturaSi. am saxis damwerloba gavrcelebuli

unda yofiliyo rogorc kolxeTis ritorikul skola-

Si, aseve swavla _ ganaTlebis sxva centrebSi saqarT-

velosa da mis farglebs gareT. samedicino codnis

gavrcelebis uSualo stimuls, uwinares yovlisa,

praqtikuli moTxovnilebani warmoadgenda. amiT iyo

108

gamowveuli, rom qarTvelebma ara marto ucxouri (Ziri-

Tadad _ arabuli) samedicino literatura SeiTvises,

aramed, agreTve, Seqmnes originaluri samedicino nawar-

moebebi (e. w. karabadinebi), romlebic saukuneebis man-

Zilze friad popularuli iyo.

CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is garemoeba,

rom samedicino literatura xSirad ar Semoifarg-

leboda praqtikuli sakiTxebiT, aramed mas win uZRvoda

farTo Teoriuli safuZvlebi, romelsac ZiriTadad

naturfilosofiuri Sinaarsi hqonda. amas adasturebs

hipokrates, galenosis, avicenas, averoesisa da medici-

nis sxva klasikosTa naSromebi, rasac saqarTveloSi

kargad icnobdnen.

samedicino literatura saqarTveloSi gansakuTre-

buli intensivobiT gavrcelda arabebis Semosevis (VII

s.) Semdeg. arabTa batonoba ramdenime saukune gagrZel-

da, romelsac, bevri uaryofiTi mxareebis gverdiT, Tan

sdevda arabuli kulturis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi.

zogierTi mkvlevari TviT daviT aRmaSeneblis farTo

astronomiulsa da astrologiur ganaTlebas arabuli

kulturis gavleniT xsnis.

cnobilia, rom arabuli medicina berZnuli da

romauli sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino literatu-

ris gavleniT Camoyalibda. arabi medikosebis naSromeb-

Si aSkarad Cans aristoteles, hipokratesa da galeno-

sis memkvidreobis kvali. es sabunebismetyvelo da

samedicino literatura arabebis batonobis periodSi

saqarTveloSic gavrcelda. kerZod, cnobilia ramdenime

samedicino wigni (,,karabadini”) qarTul enaze, romel-

Tagan uZvelesia ,,usworo karabadini”. es Txzuleba

Seqmnili unda iyos X-XI saukuneebSi3, romelSic ara-

buli medicinis gavlena aSkarad Cans. arc isaa zustad

dadgenili, originaluria Tu Targmnili es nawarmoebi.

109

masSi moxseniebulia qananeli (,,codvilsa qananelsa

Sendobas ubrZanebdeTo”), romelic SeiZleba iyos av-

tori an gadamweri, wignis gamomcemeli l. kotetiSvili

mas avtorad Tvlis.

cota mogviano periods miekuTvneba meore samedi-

cino Txzuleba ,,wigni saaqimoÁ”, romelic XIII sauku-

neebSi unda Seqmniliyo. am wignis gamomcemeli l. kote-

tiSvili varaudobs, rom igi ekuTvnis arab moazrovnes

avicenas (ibn _ sinas). Ees wigni saqarTveloSi gamoCnda

Tamar mefis dros 1206 wels, rodesac qarTvelebma er-

zurumi aiRes. Tamar mefis mwignobarTuxucesma Wyondi-

delma, SeiZleba Tamaris uSualo miTiTebiT, igi arabu-

lidan qarTulad gadaaTargmnina viRac xojayofils,

romelic SesaZlebelia gaqarTvelebeli arabi iyo _

qarTul, arabuli da sparsuli enebis zedmiwevniT

mcodne. mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom mTargmneli agreT-

ve kargi mkurnali unda yofiliyo; igi Tavisuflad

erkveva samedicino terminologiaSi da, rac mTavaria,

icnobs arabul medicinas.

arsebobda, agreTve, sxva saeqimo wignebic (e.w. ,,kara-

badinebi”). kerZod, cnobilia frinvelTa karabadini,

cxenis karabadini da sxva.

gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo zaza fanasker-

teli _ ciciSvilis samkurnalo wigni _ ,,karabadini”,

romelic mogviano periodis originaluri nawarmoebia.

am TxzulebaSi samedicino codnas wamZRvarebuli aqvs

garkveuli naturfilosofiuri ideebi samyaros

Semadgeneli elementebis Sesaxeb.

,,wigni saaqimoÁ” asaxelebs oTx elements (miwa, way-

li, haeri da cecxli), romelTagan yoveli materialuri,

maT Soris adamianis sxeulic, Sedgeba. am elementebs

avtori ,,mizezebs” uwodebs4, romlebic miCneulia mar-

tiv nivTierebebad. ,,oTxni martivia _ naTqvamia am Txzu-

110

lebaSi, _ romelsac hqvia arabulad mafiadi, erTi

mxurvalea, meore _ grili, mesame _ nedli, meoTxe _

xmeli”5.

Txzulebis avtori am elementebis ganlagebas neme-

sios emeselis mixedviT warmoadgens. nemesiosi elemen-

tebis kidura wevrebad miwasa da cecxls Tvlida; aseve

iqceva ,,wigni saaqimoÁ”-s avtoric.

samyaros elementebis Sesaxeb laparakia ,,usworo

karabadinSic”. iq naTqvamia, rom ,,amaTgan izrdebian

oTxive kuTxeni”,Ee.i. mTeli materialuri samyaro. Ro-

gorc vxedavT, samyaros elementebi gamocxadebulia

amqveyniuri (materialuri) sinamdvilis sawyisebad.

TiTqmis yvela samedicino wignSi samyaros oTxi

elementi miCneulia adamianis (da cxovelis) organizmis

sawyisebad. ,,frinvelTa karabadinSi” naTqvamia, rom

yoveli xorcieli Sedgeba oTxi elementisagan. amasTa-

nave erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebulia sxeuli

(materialuri) da suli (idealuri), romelTa urTier-

Toba Sua saukuneebisaTvis Sesaferi cnebebiTaa war-

modgenili. saxeldobr, ,,frinvelTa karabadinis” mixed-

viT, sxeuli aris sulis sapyrobile (,,viTarca cixe”),

xolo ,,suli _ viTarca cixis patroni”6.

,,wigni saaqimoÁ” imowmebs aramarto medikosebs, ara-

med agreTve filosofosebs, romlebic oTxi elemen-

tisagan adamianis organizmis Sedgenilobas udavod

Tvlidnen. ,,aqimni da filosofosni erTnia da maT Sua

sacilobeli ara ars, _ naTqvamia am TxzulebaSi, _

romel ityvian viTa kaci ama oTxi bunebiTa arsni arian:

wylisa, cecxlisa, haerisagan da miwisagan”7. am SemTxve-

vaSi avtori udavod antikur filosofosebs gulisx-

mobs, gansakuTrebiT empedokles, romlis saxelTan da-

kavSirebulia oTxi elementis Teoria.

111

es oTxi elementi adamianis sxeulSi Sezavebulia

garkveuli proporciiT; maTi Tanabari Sereva adamianis

janmrTelobis sawindaria8. magram idealurad Tanabari

Sereva TiTqmis arc erT organizmSi ar xdeba (,,kacisa

Sinagan tansa ara ars”), rac daavadebis mizezia9.

am Txzulebebis avtorebi Tvlian, rom organizmis

Sedgeniloba oTxi elementisagan RvTiuri saqmea da am

Sezavebis ,,saidumloeba da sinamdvile RmerTman icis”.

RmerTma es oTxi elementi adamianis organizmSi kanon-

zomierad Seazava, sxvadasxva bunebis stiqionebi erTma-

neTs SeaTanxma. zaza fanaskerteli _ ciciSvilis wers:

,,Seqmna RmerTman kaci oTxTagan bunebaTa: cecxlisagan,

qarisagan, miwisagan da wylisa”10. am oTxi elementis

gaerTianeba ar niSnavs maT urTierTSerwymas, gaTqvefas;

isini TavianT suverenulobas cocxal organizmSic

inarCunebs. maTi swori, proporciuli Sezaveba sicocx-

lisa da janmrTelobis sawindaria.

amrigad, samyaros elementebi organizmSi meqaniku-

rad rodi erTiandeba, aramed mis Semadgenel nivTiere-

bad gadaiqceva. xolo mTeli am procesis Semoqmedi

aris RmerTi; amrigad, saeqimo wignebi adamianis Semoq-

medad RmerTs Tvlis. samyaros elementebi, rogorc

masala, materialuria.

zaza fanaskerteli _ ciciSvilis karabadinSi

vxvdebiT mixvedrebs fsiqikis materialuri substratis

Sesaxeb. kerZod, iq aRniSnulia, rom tvini aris ,,xel-

mwife srulad sxeulisa”, e. i. adamianis sxeuls Tavis

tvini ganagebs. ,,cnoba da Wkua kacisa tuins Sinagan

ars“11. cota qvemoT naTqvamia, rom ,,RmerTman tuini

gvamisa xelmwifed dahbada da cnoba yuela misgan

aris...…yoveli cnoba da Wkua kacisa tuinSigan ars, Set-

yuebaca... am niSniTa mecnieri da Wkuiani tuini aris”

112

da sxva12. miuxedavad amisa, igi, cxadia, Sors dgas

fsiqikis mecnieruli gagebisagan.

arsebobs erTi sabunebismtyvelo naSromi, romelic

ufro mogviano epoqas ekuTvnis, romlisganac mxolod

nawyvetebia darCenili. Aam TxzulebaSi laparakia samya-

ros elementebis ganlagebasa da maT urTierTgardaqm-

nadobaze. kerZod, naTqvamia, rom ,,gadindgeldes raÁ,

wylad iqmnebis qveyanaÁ da Semtkicdes raÁ-air, iqmnebis

wyali. kualad ganxmes raÁ, cecxlad Seicvlebis da

usixmeloÁ cecxli ar iqmnebis”13.

es xelnaweri an uSualod nawyvetia nemesios emese-

lis Txzulebisa ,,bunebisaTvis kacisa” (ioane petriwis

Targmani) da an Sedgenilia misi pirdapiri mibaZviT.

SesaZlebelia igi iyos sxva raRac TxzulebaSi CarTu-

li masala nemesiosis wignidan. yovel SemTxvevaSi is ki

udavoa, rom igive azri TiTqmis sityva-sityviT meordeba

nemesiosis wignis petriwiseul TargmanSi. kerZod, iq

naTqvamia, rom ,,rameTu queyanaÁ (miwa _ avt.) odes raÁ

gadindgeldes, iqmnebis wyal, xolo wyali odes raÁ

Semtkicdes da daxSirdes _ iqnebis queyanaÁ, aramed

odes raÁ ganxurdes da ganorTqldes, iqnebis air.

xolo odes raÁ Sekrbes airi da Semtkicdes, iqmnebis

wyal; aramed ganxmes raÁ, cecxlad Seicvlebis; egreTve

odes raÁ daivsos cecxli da ganagdos sixmele, air

iqmnebis”14.

amave xelnawerSi kiTxva-pasuxis saxiT warmodgeni-

lia samyaros agebulebis kosmologiuri modeli. ,,kiT-

xuaÁ: raÁ ars garegani kerZo queyanaÁ? migebaÁ: zRuaÁ.

kiTxuaÁ: da queSe kerZo zRuisaÁ raÁ ixilebis? migebaÁ:

ali, viTarca saxmili cecxlisa garemodebul ars.

kiTxuaÁ: da que kerZo cecxlisa raÁ ixilvebis? migebaÁ:

quaÁ cecxlebr motyinare. Dda queSe kerZo missa damtki-

cebul ars buneba wyalTaÁ da kualad qveSe kerZo

113

wyalTa maT ganfenil ars bunebaÁ cecxlisa wyudiadi-

saÁ”. es modeli tradiciuli Tvalsazrisisagan ramde-

nadme gansxvavdeba da SeiZleba sxva wyaroebidanac mom-

dinareobdes.

2. sulxan-saba orbeliani

sulxan-saba orbelianis naturfilosofiur koncef-

ciaSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Sexeduleba samyaros

elementebze, rogorc bunebis materialur sawyisebze.

igi ase ganmartavs ,,asos” (kavSiris, elementis) cnebas:

,,aso eladelTa xmiTa hqvian kavSirTa; amisaTvis filo-

sofosTa mier asoni saxeldebian cecxlsa, airsa, wyal-

sa da queyanasa (miwa _ avt.), rameTu viTarca asoTa

dasxmiTa amoikiTxvis sityuaÁ da sityuaTagan Seiqmnebis

wigni, agreTue am oTxTa asoTgan Seimzadebis sxeuli

da sxeulisagan kaci sruli. xolo am oTxTa asoTa kav-

Sirad saxelsdeben, vinaTagan miT dakavSirdebian yo-

velni nivTni”15.

aq sainteresoa ramdenime momenti: pirveli, sulxan-

saba orbelians samyaros elementebis ganlageba

daaxloebiT tradiciulad esmis. yovel SemTxvevaSi

Tvlis, rom cecxli da miwa (,,queyana”) samyaros wyobis

kidura wevrebia (zog naturfilosofiur koncefciaSi

miwa pirvel adgilze dgas, cecxli _ ki sul bolos;

magram amas ara aqvs principuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan

orive SemTxvevaSi miwa da cecxli miCneulia samyaros

elementebis kidura wevrebad. aseve araarsebiTia wylisa

da haeris adgilmonacvleoba sxvadasxva moazrovnesTan,

vinaidan isini miwisa da cecxlis rkalSia moqceuli).

samyaros elementebis aseTi wyoba sulxan-saba orbelia-

nis msoflmxedvelobaSi, rasakvirvelia, SemTxveviTi ar

aris. amasTan aris dakavSirebuli garkveuli kosmolo-

114

giuri warmodgenebi, rac am didebul moazrovnes

uTuod gaaCnda.

meore, sulxan-saba orbeliani miuTiTebs, rom samya-

ros elementebs ,,asoebi” da ,,kavSirni” imitom ewodebaT,

rom maTgan yoveli sxeuli, maT Soris adamianis or-

ganizmic Sedgeba, iseve rogorc sityvebi Sedgeba asoe-

bisagan. materialuri sxeulebi am elementebis kavSiria.

elementi swored Semadgenel nawils niSnavs.

mesame, elementis ganmartebisas sulxan-saba emyareba

nemesios emeselis Txzulebis ,,bunebisaTvis kacisa”

petriwiseuli Targmanis arSiaze gakeTebul erT SeniSv-

nas, sadac Camoyalibebulia zemoaRniSnuli azri. Ker-

Zod, am SeniSvnaSi naTqvamia: ,,daniSne, viTar asod

nivTTa ityvis oTxTa, viTar: miwasa da wyalsa, airsa da

cecxlsa. rameTu esreT ewodebis amaT xmiTa elladel-

TaÁTa. xolo ewodebis amisaTvis asoT amaT, rameTu

viTar igi anbansa asoTagan marcualni da marcualTagan

sityuani Seiqmnebian, egreTve amaTgan oTxni balRamni

(siTxe _ avt.), xolo balRamTagan sxeulni cxovelTani

Seimzadebian”16.

rac Seexeba eTers, igi sulxan-saba orbelians

aristotelesa da misi mimdevrebisagan gansxvavebulad

esmis. eTeri, misi azriT, haers moicavs. amdenad, jer

aris dedamiwa (miwa, queyana), Semdeg haeri, xolo mis

Semdeg eTeri. ,,queyana aris mrguali da gare Seculi

haerisagan _ wers igi _ xolo haeri gare Seculi

eTerisa mier”17. sxva adgilze eTeri ganmartebulia

rogorc cecxli, romelic haers moicavs. amrigad,

gamodis, rom eTeri aris igive cecxli, maSasadame, igi

mexuTe elements ar warmoadgens. es ki niSnavs, rom

platonisa da aristoteles mier Setanili koreqtivi

elementebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi sulxan-saba orbelia-

nisTvis miuRebelia.

115

es garemoeba imaSic gamovlinda, rom sulxan-saba

orbeliani ciur sxeulebs, aristotelesgan gansxvave-

biT, eTerisagan Sedgenilad ki ar Tvlis, aramed mis

Semadgenel nivTierebebad isev oTx elements (miwa,

wyali, haeri da cecxli) asaxelebs. ,,cisasa romelnime

oTxTa kavSirTagan ityvian Semzadebasa“18. es niSnavs,

rom ciur mnaTobebs sulxan-saba orbeliani iseve mate-

rialurad Tvlis, rogorc yvela sxva sagnebs.

sulxan-saba orbelianis Sexeduleba samyaros ele-

mentebis Sesaxeb imiTac gansxvavdeba tradiciuli (anti-

kuri filosofiidan momdinare) koncefciisagan, rom igi

laparakobs samyaros elementebis qmnadobaze, maT

RvTiur warmoSobaze. magaliTad, igi cecxlis Sesaxeb

wers: ,,cecxli ars erTi oTxTa kavSirTagani, subuqi da

uzeaRmavlesi sxvaTa, mwuelobiTi da ganmanaTlobiTi,

mxurvali da xmeli, pirvelisa dResa dabadebul Se-

moqmedisa mier”19. sulxan_saba orbeliani analogiu-

rad msjelobs sxva elementebzec.

amrigad, is dualizmi, romelic Zvel naturfilo-

sofiur TeoriebSi SeimCneoda materialursa da idea-

lurs Soris, sulxan-saba orbelianma moxsna. imis mtki-

ceba, rom materialuri samyaros Semadgeneli elemente-

bi RmerTma Seqmna, sxva araferia, garda religiuri

kreacionizmisa, vinaidan Tu am elementebs RvTaebrivi

warmomavloba aqvT, maSin maTgan Sedgenili samyaroc

RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis produqti iqneba.

sulxan-saba orbeliani fizikuri sxeulebis mTavar

niSnad ganfenilobas Tvlis. ganfenili, misi azriT,

aris is, rasac sami ganzomileba aqvs. ,,sxeulsa hqonan

sami ganfenani: sigrZed, sivrced da siRrmed, romel ars

sizrqe”20. am SemTxvevaSi ,,sivrce” ixmareba ara am sity-

vis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, aramed sivrcis erT-erTi gan-

zomilebis mniSvnelobiT. aqve igulisxmeba, rom rasac

116

es sami ganzomileba ara aqvs, is usxeuloa, ganufene-

lia. aq sulxan-saba orbeliani, dekartis msgavsad, TiT-

qos carieli sivrcis arsebobas uaryofs da sivrces

sxeulTan aigivebs. magram sinamdvileSi igi carieli

sivrcis koncefcias icavs, rac adgilis gagebis sa-

kiTxSi gamovlinda. ,,adgili _ wers igi _ es ars nak-

ÀeTi raime queynisagan, gina samyofi, gina dasadgomeli

da dasjdomeli daTqmuli visime”21. rogoc vxedavT,

sulxan-saba orbeliani sivrcisa da sxeulis igiveobaze

ar laparakobs da, maSasadame, carieli adgilis (sivr-

cis) arsebobas uSvebs.

sivrcis metafizikuri Teoria kidev ufro aSkarad

Cans maSin, rodesac sulxan-saba orbeliani cis Sesaxeb

msjelobs. igi Tvlis rom ca moicavs yovelgvar mate-

rialurs, Seqmnils, sasrul samyaros. ,,caÁ ars garSemc-

veli yovelTa dabadebulTa da SeqmnilTa nivTierTa”22.

am SemTxvevaSi ca gagebulia rogorc carieli adgili,

romelSic moTavsebulia mTeli materialuri samyaro.

amasTanave sulxan-saba orbeliani cdilobs erTma-

neTs daukavSiros materialuri da idealuri sinamdvi-

le. materialur samyaros ca moicavs, xolo ca sasufe-

velSi Sedis. ,,cani Secul arian sasufevlisagan, sada

ars sayofeli angelozTa da wmindaTa”23. amrigad, sul-

xan-saba orbeliani ,,xids” debs amqveyniursa da imqvey-

niur sinamdviles Soris.

amasTan dakavSirebiT sulxan-saba orbeliani CamoTv-

lis caTa rigs, romelsac ufro metad kosmologiuri

da Teologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre filosofiuri.

TiToeuli ca dakavSirebulia cTomilis (planetis)

arsebobasTan. Svidi cTomili Svid caSia, ,,romelSi

SvidTaA maT caTa Sina TviTeulni arian”.

sainteresoa sulxan-saba orbelianis Sexeduleba

aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis Sesaxeb. aucilebels

117

igi uwodebs imas, rac ,,TÂiT TÂisiT myofi ars”, e.i. rac

TavisTavad arsebobs. SemTxveviTi ki ,,ver SemZlebelia

TÂiT TÂisiT yofisaÁ, aramed sxuisa Soris mqonebeli

yofisa”24.

aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis zemoaRniSnuli

gageba aristoteledan momdinareobs, romelic sulxan-

saba orbelianis msoflmxedvelobaSi arapirdapiri

gziT Semovida. Tqma imisa, rom SemTxveviTs Tavisi arse-

bobis safuZveli sxvaSi aqvs, sxviT aris ganpirobebuli,

misi relatiurobis mtkicebas niSnavs. am Sexedulebis

pirvel wyarosac aristotele warmoadgens.

sulxan-saba orbelianis naturfilosofiuri ideebi

imis maCvenebelia, rom axali drois qarTul filoso-

fiur azrovnebaSi SesamCnevad gaZlierda interesi na-

turfilosofiuri problemisadmi. es garemoeba sru-

liad udavo xdeba anton pirvelis filosofiuri

msoflmxedvelobis analizis procesSi.

A

3. anton pirveli

anton pirvelis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi

naturfilosofiur ideebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWi-

ravs. antoni axali drois mijnaze dgas da did mniSv-

nelobas aniWebs bunebis codnas, mis Semecnebas. amis

Sesabamisad mis msoflmxedvelobaSi naturfilosofias

sapatio adgili aqvs mikuTvnebuli.

antonis naturfilosofiuri koncefcia ZiriTadad

volfs emyareba, Tumca mTel rig principul sakiTxebSi

mas daupirispirda. man volfis ,,Teoriuli fizikisa” da

sxva avtorebis safuZvelze Seadgina Txzuleba ,,Semok-

lebuli fisika Teoretikebri”. magram igi ar aris

volfis fizikis Targmani. antoni TviTon gveubneba, rom

,,gardamoviRe fisika ese sxuaTa avqsonTagan (avtorTa-

gan _ avt.) Semkreblmano“. volfisagan gansxvaveba, uwi-

118

nares yovlisa, msoflmxedvelobriv sakiTxebSi gamov-

linda. antoni TviTon gveubneba, rom ,,volfiosisgansa

sistemasa soflisasa mivrideo”, e.i. volfis warmod-

genebs samyarosa da misi agebulebis Sesaxeb ganverideo.

swored amitom antonis naturfilosofiuri Sexedule-

bani an saerTod ar atarebs spekulaciur xasiaTs da

an masSi spekulaciuri msjelobani mcire doziT aris

warmodgenili. arsebiTad, rom vTqvaT, antonis nature-

filosofia aris filosofiuri moZRvreba bunebaze anu

bunebis filosofiuri gaazreba.

antonis naturfilosofiuri ideebi ZiriTadad gad-

mocemulia mis TxzulebaSi ,,Semoklebuli fisika Teo-

retikebri”, romelsac mravalricxovani (246) SeniSvna da

komentari erTvis.

antoni imiT iwyebs, rom naturfilosofiis sagans

buneba warmoadgens, romelic agreTve fizikis Seswav-

lis obieqtia. amdenad igi fizikas (kerZod, Teoriul

,,fisikas”) da naturfilosofias erTmaneTTan aigivebs.

,,filosofia bunebiTi _ wers igi _ anu fisika aris

cnoba bunebiTTa nivTTa, ese igi yovlisa mis raÁRaca

arsebisagan da TÂsebisa sxeulTasa yofad SemZlebel

ars”25. es gansazRvreba, rogorc Cans, gavrcelebuli iyo

XVIII saukunis naturfilosofiaSi.

anton pirveli bunebismecnierebis (fizikis) da, Sesa-

bamisad, naturfilosofiur codnas didi mniSvnelobas

aniWebs. antoni gveubneba, rom erTxel saubrisas sityva

Camovarda fizikaze. erT-erTma mosaubrem Tqva: ,,fisika

gadaaqcevso kacsa WeSmaritebisagan cnobasa”, e.i. fizika

adamians WeSmaritebidan gadaacdenso. antoni amgvari

Sexedulebis winaaRmdegia da amtkicebs, rom ,,umecarni

fisikisani msgavs arian brmaTa mxolod nivTTa winamde-

bareTa xeliTa oden gamxiluÀlni da mgrZnobelni

SexebiTa oden nivTisani da ver sadme mcnobelni

119

SesaxedavaTni, xolo mecnierni fisikisani arian viTar

mxeduÀlni da ara SexebiTa oden mgrZnobelni nivTTani,

romelnica ara raimeTa mizezTa fisikosobiTasa gar-

daiqcevian WeSmaritebisagan cnobasa”26. rogorc vxedavT,

antoni Tvlis, rom fizikis codnis gareSe ar SeiZleba

vicnobdeT bunebas, mis kanonebs, kanonzomierebas; amis

gareSe vemsgavsebiT brmebs, romlebic martooden exe-

bian sagnebs, magram ver xedaven, Tu isini ras war-

moadgens.

fizikis im maRal Sefasebas, romelsac antoni

iZleva, bunebrivad unda mohyoloda empiriuli

Semecnebis meTodis win wamoweva. marTlac, antoni,

rarig ucnaurad ar unda Candes, winaaRmdegia bunebis

Sesaxeb spekulaciuri msjelobisa da cdasa (,,mcnobe-

lobas”) da eqsperiments bunebis Semecnebis ZiriTad

saSualebebad Tvlis. igi amtkicebs, rom araferi ar

SeiZleba WeSmaritad CavTvaloT bunebis Sesaxeb, rac,

,,mcnobelobisagan”, e.i. cdisagan ar momdinareobs.

magram aqedan sruliadac ar gamomdinareobs, rom

TiTqos antoni mtkiced dgas empiristuli Semecnebis

Teoriis poziciebze. es SeuZlebeli iyo Tundac imitom,

rom igi ase Tu ise mainc volfs emyareboda, volfi ki

_ laibnicis mowafe _ racionalistia. SegrZnebebSi

mocemuloba bunebis Semecnebis wyaroa, magram sakmarisi

ar aris. bunebis Semecneba SesaZlebelia racionaluri

gziT, romelic cdasa da eqsperimentebs emyareba. am-

rigad, antoni Semecnebis TeoriaSi (kerZod bunebis

SemecnebaSi) ZiriTadad swori gziT midis _ empiriu-

lisa da racionaluris erTianobis poziciebze dgas da

erT-erTi ukidurobisaken ar ixreba.

materialuri samyaros uarsebiTes niSans ganfenilo-

ba warmoadgens; sxeulebi ganfenilia imitom, rom

ganfenilia nivTiereba, romlisganac sxeulebi Sedgeba.

120

,,sxeulsa nivTisaTÂs, romlisganca warmosdgebis (e.i.

sxeuls, romelic materiisagan aris Sedgenili. avt.),

aqus ganfenilobaÁ”. es imiT mtkicdeba, rom SesaZle-

belia materialuri sxeulebis dayofa, danawileba

(,,ganwualeba”) ufro mcire nawilebad, rac SeuZlebeli

iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ki igi materialuri ar

iyos27.

amrigad, ganfeniloba, romelsac antoni materia-

luris ZiriTad niSnad Tvlis, Sedgenilobis, struqtu-

ris arsebobis maCvenebelia. yoveli ganfenili Sedgeni-

lia anu struqturuli mTelia. ,,ganfenilad iwodebis

ukuÀ meqoni urTierTsa SerwymulTa kerZoTa (nawilTa _

s.a.) romelTagan erTi garegan meorisa imyofebis”28.

aq antoni materialuri sxeulebis kidev erT axal

niSans asaxelebs, saxeldobr garemdebareobas anu Seu-

valobas, rac klasikur azrovnebaSi materialuri sxeu-

lebis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad iTvleboda. am koncef-

ciis mixedviT, sxeulebs sivrceSi garkveuli adgili

uWiravs (adgili gagebuli iyo metafizikurad, e.i.

iseTad, romelic materialuri sxeulebisagan damouki-

debelia) da, maSasadame, erT adgilze ori sxeuli ar

SeiZleba moTavsdes (,,erTi garegan meorisa, imyofebis”).

antoni Tvlis, rom materialuri sxeulebis umrav-

lesoba SegrZnebebSi gveZleva, magram aris iseTi mate-

rialuric, romelic zegrZnobadia da mxolod gonebiT

Seimecneba. aseTad igi Tvlis eTers, romelic, misi

azriT, yvela sxeuls gansWvalavs da cariel adgilebs

avsebs. sxeulebi oTxi stiqionisagan (cecxli, wyali,

miwa da haeri) Sedgeba; am stiqionebis Sedgeniloba

SegrZnebebisaTvis misawvdomia, magram sxeulebSi aris

,,nivTni sxuaobiTni”, e.i. sxvagvari materiac, romelic

,,ara aquÀs Sevrdom ars grZnobaTa “, e.i. SegrZnebebSi

ar gveZleva, aramed igi ,,mxolod oden gonebiTa”

121

Seimecneba. aseTia eTeri, romelic ,,mxolod

gonebiToden miiwvdomebis……da ara grZnobaTa”29.

garda eTerisa, antoni laparakobs umciresi mate-

rialuri nawilakebis zegrZnobadobis Sesaxeb. saxel-

dobr, igi iziarebs volfis Tvalsazriss sxeulebis Se-

madgeneli umciresi materialuri nawilakebis arsebobis

Sesaxeb. es nawilakebi uxilavia mikroskopiTac ki.

,,arian nivTni esoden wulilni, romelnica xiluad

SeuZlebelni arian”30. aseTi nawilakebis qveS antoni

albaT atomebs gulisxmobda, vinaidan im dros atomis-

turi Teoria popularuli iyo.

amrigad, antoni SegrZnebebSi mocemulobas ar Tvlis

materialuris universalur niSnad; sxeulTa Semadge-

neli umciresi materialuri nawilakebi mikroskopiTac

ki uxilavia, magram maTi arsebobis uaryofa SeuZle-

belia.

magram sabolood anton pirveli sxeulis Semadge-

nel pirvel elementebad Tvlis cnobil oTx striqons

_ miwas, wyals, cecxlsa da haers. antoni Tvlis, rom

yovelgvari materialuri zemoaRniSnuli oTxi elemen-

tisagan Sedgeba, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT Semecnebadia.

Tuki ,,pirvelni dasabamiTni nivTni (e.i. oTxi elementi -

avt.) ara sacnaur iyvnen”, e.i. Tu isini ar Seimecnebodes,

maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda saganTa da movlenaTa

meqanikuri mizezebis povna, xolo Tu bunebis meqanikuri

mizezebi ucnobia, maSin ucnobia TviTon bunebac. `Tu

sadme ara mecnav varT pirvel dasabamiTa nivTTa, ver

SemZlebelmca vyuneT povnaÁ mizezTa mixanikebrTa...

romelica miiRebis gareganisa saxisa... xolo odes ara

mecnav varT mizezTa mixanikebrTa... maSin saTanado ars

mizezTa mier kma yofaÁ fizikebrTa cnobasa mimarT

sxeulTasa”31. amrigad, anton pirveli zemoaRniSnuli

122

oTxi elementis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas bunebis

Semecnebis aucilebel pirobad Tvlis.

anton pirveli aRiarebs sxeulebSi sicarielis ar-

sebobas. misi azriT, sxeulebs sxvadasxva met-naklebo-

biT aqvT Rrmulebi (,,fori~ antonis terminologiiT),

rac ganapirobebs erTi da igive sxeulis sxvadasxva

simZimis arsebobas. ùkeTu yoveli sxeuli iyosmca nivT-

Ta, maSin iyosmca sadame sworsa Sina sididesa tyuÂsa

da matylisasa erTi simZime~32. es argumenti atomistur

filosofias, kerZod, lukreciuss ekuTvnis. antoni ar-

sebiTad iRebs mas, saxeldobr Tvlis, rom Tuki sxeu-

lebSi saerTod ar iyos sicariele, maSin erTi mocu-

lobis yvela sxeuls (magaliTad, tyviasa da matyls)

erTi da igive simZime eqneboda.

magram antoni aramarto ar iziarebs atomistur

filosofias, kerZod, lukreciusis Tvalsazriss sica-

rielis arsebobis Sesaxeb, aramed swored mis sawinaaRm-

dego poziciebze dgas. igi uaryofs absoluturad

carieli sivrcis arsebobas da sicarielis cnebas,

dekartis msgavsad, martooden relatiuri mniSvnelobiT

xmarobs.

antoni Tvlis, rom absoluturad carieli sivrcis

arsebobis aRiareba sruliadac ar aris saganTa dife-

renciaciis (simravlis) aRiarebis aucilebeli piroba.

piriqiT, Tuki arsebobdes carieli sivrce, maSin SeuZ-

lebeli iqneboda saganTa diferenciacia, `viTar igi

sxuaobs sxeuli sxeulisagan, eg saxed kerZoÁca kerZoÁ-

sagan, xolo Tu sadame carieli yovelTa zeda kerZoTa

ganfenil ars, maSasadame, ara sxuaobdnen kerZoni

urTierTs~33. es Tvalsazrisic dekartidan momdina-

reobs. man uaryo saganTa individuaciisaTvis carieli

sivrcis saWiroeba da daamtkica, rom sicarielis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba saganTa dife-

123

renciacia da individuacia. `sadac ars carieli ganfe-

nili – wers antoni dekartis kvaldakval – mun sxuaoba

kerZoTa arRara ars~34. amrigad, winaaRmdeg sivrcisa da

drois metafizikuri Teoriisa, romelic cariel sivr-

ces saganTa individuaciis aucilebel pirobad Tvlida,

anton pirveli kategoriulad amtkicebs, rom carieli

sivrce aramarto ar aris saganTa individuaciis auci-

lebeli piroba, aramed piriqiT, rom arsebobdes carie-

li sivrce, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda saganTa indivi-

duacia.

amrigad, antoni sivrcisa da drois relativistur

Teorias icavs; sxvagvarad arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo,

vinaidan igi aristotele-dekarti-laibnic-volfis xazze

dgas sivrcisa da drois gagebis sakiTxSi.

antoni erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs msoflio sivrce-

sa da konkretul sivrces. igi Tvlis, rom msoflio

sivrce aris mTeli samyaros sidide da ganfeniloba;

konkretuli sivrce ki materialur sxeulTa urTierT-

ganlagebis wesrigia. `sivrce soflisa – wers igi ara

Tu orTa Soris raimeTa sivrce ars, aramed farToeba

da sidide misi~35.

amasTan erTad antoni msoflio sivrcis usasru-

lobas amtkicebs. igi wers: `miuwTomel ars sivrce

soflisa amis, esreT viTarmed sazRuarTa misTa ara

Tu grZnobiTa oden, anu gamoxatÂTa TÂiT gulisx-

misyofsa misaca miwvTomad SeuZlebel ars~36. erTi

sityviT, antoni Tvlis, rom msoflio sivrce usasru-

loa; igi miuwvdomelia aramarto Cveni grZnobis orga-

noebisaTvis, aramed gonebisTvisac. adamianis Semecnebi-

saTvis miuwvdomloba sivrcis usasrulobis Sedegia.

sivrcesa da drosTan dakavSirebulia adgilis

cnebac, vinaidan jer kidev aristoteles adgili esmoda

rogorc konkretuli sivrce. aqedan cxadia, rogoricaa

124

sivrce saerTod, aseTive unda iyos adgilic (konk-

retuli sivrce). sivrcisa da drois relativisturi

gagebidan adgilis relativisturi gagebac gamomdina-

reobs. ,,spekalSi” antoni adgilis cnebis gansazRvrebi-

saTvis aristoteles mimarTavs. ,,aristoteli Tqva,

mdebareobaÁ (adgili – s.a.) arso debisa qoneba viTame

sxvisa mimarT”37, e.i. adgili aris sxva sxeulTa mimarT

mdebareoba. rogorc vxedavT, aq adgilis relativistu-

ri gageba gvaqvs.

sivrcisa da drois problemasTan dakavSirebulia

moZraobis sakiTxi. filosofiis istoria gvaswavlis,

rom moZraobis bunebas yovelTvis imis mixedviT xsnid-

nen, Tu rogor esmodaT sivrce da dro. amitom sivrcisa

da drois metafizikur Teorias yovelTvis Tan sdevda

moZraobis metafizikuri Teoriac da, piriqiT, visac

sivrce da dro relativisturad esmoda, igi moZraobis

aseTsave Teorias iziarebda. analogiur viTarebasTan

gvaqvs saqme anton pirvelis SemTxvevaSic. Znelia imis

Tqma, rom igi mtkiced dgas sivrcisa da drois rela-

tivisturi Teoriis poziciebze, magram ZiriTadad mainc

am Teorias iziarebs. moZraoba, misi azriT, aris adgi-

lis gadanacvleba (,,moZraoba aris cualeba adgilisa”),

magram vinaidan adgili, sivrcis msgavsad, relativis-

turad esmis, amitom moZraobac, rogorc adgilis gada-

nacvleba, sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvalebadobas niSnavs.

es ki moZraobis relativistur Teorias warmoadgens.

rogorc ukve iTqva, antoni uaryofs absoluturad

carieli sivrcis arsebobas da Tvlis, rom samyaroSi

arsebuli ,,carieli“ adgilebi, e. i. is adgilebi, sadac

ar aris samyaros Semadgeneli elementebi (cecxli,

wyali, miwa da haeri) savsea gansakuTrebuli materiiT,

romelsac eTeri ewodeba. eTeri ganmsWvalavs sxeulebs

Soris arsebul Rrmulebs, romelsac Cven cariels

125

vuwodebT. ,,sivrcesa Sina forTa _ wers igi _ ucxoÁ

raime ars nivTi, ara sakuTari sxeulisa mis romelsa

Sina ars sivrce igi”38. es niSnavs, rom sxeulis Rrmu-

lebs Soris moTavsebuli sivrce savsea eTeriT.

antoni gveubneba, rom eTeri da haeri sxvadasxvaa;

haeri samyaros erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementia da,

maSasadame, mis SigniT imyofeba; eTeri ki samyaros gars

akravs. ,,eTeri sxua ars haerisagan, romelica gare Sei-

cavs queyanasa”39. eTeri, antonis mixedviT, aris ,,nivTi

zecieri”, romelic haerze ufro faqizia da Txeli.

,,nivTi zecieri, ese igi eTeri uwuliles ars haerisa da

zemo ufrore uTxeles”40. amrigad, eTeri gagebulia

rogorc materialuri ram, Tumca igi nivTierebisagan

gansxvavdeba. msoflio sivrce savsea eTeriT.

eTeri antons esmis rogorc faqizi, Txeli, magram

uZravi ram, romelSic sxeulebi dacuravs. es SesaZlebe-

lia imitom, rom sxeulebs aqvT Rrmulebi, romlebSic

eTeri gadis, rogorc wyali sacerSi41. sxeulebs rom

Rrmuli ar hqondeT, maSin maT moZraobas eTeri daabr-

kolebda.

garda zemoaRniSnuli Tvisebebisa, antoni eTers

miakuTvnebs eleqtromagnituri talRebis gavrcelebis

funqciasac. kerZod, igi Tvlis, rom eTeri sinaTlis

sxivis gavrcelebis garemos warmoadgens. sinaTle

vrceldeba eTerSi. am SemTxvevaSi igi dekarts imowmebs.

es Tvalsazrisi, rogorc cnobilia, didxans batonobda

fizikaSi da sabolood uaryofil iqna eTeris uaryo-

fasTan erTad.

uaryofs ra carieli sivrcis arsebobas, anton pir-

veli aRiarebs moZraobis SesaZleblobas savse sivrce-

Si. am SemTxvevaSi igi aristoteles Tvalsazriss izia-

rebs, romelmac pirvelma daamtkica, rom carieli sivr-

ce ara marto ar aris moZraobis aucilebeli piroba,

126

aramed, piriqiT, carieli sivrcis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi

SeuZlebeli iqneboda moZraoba.

fizikuri moZraobis ZiriTad formad antoni meqani-

kur moZraobas Tvlida, rac dakavSirebulia sxeulebis

inertulobasTan. sxeulebi TavianTi bunebiT inertulia.

materiis inertulobis idea kargad cnobili iyo kla-

sikur filosofiaSi; mas iziarebdnen mTeli rigi filo-

sofosebisa antikurobidan axali drois CaTvliT.

anton pirveli bunebaSi arsebuli moZraobidan

daskvnas akeTebs msoflio centris arsebobis Sesaxeb.

dedamiwaze arsebuli moZravi sxeulebi, misi azriT,

dedamiwis centrisaken miiswrafvis. aseTia yovelgvari

moZraoba. es niSnavs, rom arsebobs msoflio centri.

,,centri ars saSvalo yovlisa raimes nivTisa da queyana

centri ars soflisa amis da queynisa amis centroÁ

saSualo misi ars, viTar igi mgrgual movlebulsa”42.

centri aqvs yvelafers _ dedamiwasac da samyarosac.

moZravi sxeulebis miswrafeba centrisken, rasac univer-

saluri xasiaTi aqvs, antonis azriT uZravi msoflio

centris arsebobas amtkicebs.

amasTanave sxeulebis miswrafebas centrisaken vol-

fi da antoni arsebiTad sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven.

volfis mixedviT, mas fizikuri mizezebi aqvs, antoni ki

volfs ar eTanxmeba da am fizikur movlenas Teolo-

giurad xsnis. es moZraoba, amtkicebs antoni, ,,yovlisa

SemZlebelisadmi nebisa” ariso, e.i. mas RmerTis neba

ganapirobebs43.

antons ar uWiravs bolomde Tanamimdevruli pozi-

cia samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb. igi xSir SemTxvevaSi

dedamiwas da, saerTod, samyaros mrgvlad (sferosebu-

lad) Tvlis, magram sxva SemTxvevaSi igi mas uaryofs.

magaliTad, antoni ar Targmnis volfis ,,Teoriuli

fizikis” $114-is im nawils, sadac laparakia dedamiwis

127

simrgvaleze, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom antoni am azrs

ar iziarebs. magram, meore mxriv, igi msjelobs msof-

lios simrgvaleze, cis simrgvaleze da sabolood am

sakiTxs Riad tovebs _ mis gadawyvetas mkiTxvels an-

dobs. igi wers: ,,daRaTu hazrisaebr aristotelisa

sferosebrsad dgas queyana. magram axalni ese mimzra-

xoben filosofosni, viTarmed igi raodenime aramebr

sferoÁsa ars, aramed meqon ars nakuჱTisamebr kuჱrcxi-

sa; da amaTgani, romelica umarTles ars hazri, igi

gansjasa zeda mkiTxuჱlTasa damokidebul ars”44.

miuxedavad amisa, antonis msoflmxedvelobaSi xSi-

rad antoni _ Teologi imarjvebs, ris Sedegad igi

uaryofs mecnierebis miRwevebs da mecnierebas Teolo-

giiT cvlis. es aSkarad gamovlinda mis damokidebu-

lebaSi kopernikis heliocentruli sistemisadmi. volfi

kopernikis sistemas iziarebs, antoni ki mas uaryofs da

TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac laparakia kopernikze da,

saerTod, heliocentrul sistemaze, antoni cvlis

teqsts da geocentrul sistemas ubrundeba, religiur

dogmatebs iSveliebs. magaliTad, rodesac igi gadmos-

cems (volfisagan gansxvavebiT) geocentrul sistemas,

ambobs, rom am Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeba koperniki

da misi Tanamoazreni, magram isini ,,WeSmaritebisa mi-

marT saRmrToisa werilisa, Zlevad ver SemZlebel

arian”. am werilSi ki weria, rom ,,uZraobisaTჳs queynisa

(dedamiwisa _ s.a.) da moZraobisaTჳs mzisa”45. aq miTiTe-

bulia saeklesio wignebi. antoni Tvlis, rom ,,saRrmToÁ

werili... savse ars yovlisa sibrZnisaTa”. amasTanave igi

xazs usvams imas, rom kopernikis sistema religiur

msoflmxedvelobas ewinaaRmdegeba da amitom igi ar

SeiZleba WeSmaritebad CaiTvalos. unda vivaraudoT,

rom ZiriTadad samyaros geocentruli da heliocent-

128

ruli sistemebis winaaRmdegoba hqonda mxedvelobaSi an-

ton pirvels, rodesac igi misi Txzulebis ,,Semoklebu-

li fisika Teoretikebris” winasityvaobaSive gaemijna

volfs (,,volfiosisgansa sistemasa soflisasa mivride”-

o). volfis msoflio sistema kopernikis heliocentru-

li sistema iyo, rac antonisaTvis miuRebelia.

amave poziciebidan antonisaTvis miuRebelia azri

sxva planetebze sicocxlis arsebobis Sesaxeb. amitom

antoni mTlianad cvlis volfis wignis $94-s da mis

nacvlad wers sruliad sawinaaRmdego azrs, kerZod,

uaryofs sicocxlis arsebobas sxva planetebze.

antoni akritikebs agreTve im moazrovneebs, romel-

Tac planetebi dedamiwis (,,queynis”) magvar ciur sxeu-

lebad warmoudgeniaT. ,,mesazreni queynad planitTagani

_ wers antoni _ Semiracxian me winaaRmdegobad

saRmrToTa werilTa, romelTa zeda brali ese mtkiced

daimtkicebisca. xolo udidesnic vhsTqua: TჳT sityÂsa

RmrTisa queyanisa zeda xorc Sesxmad mosvlჳsaca arian

mgmobar, garna avtori ese aqa ara daamtkicebs TÂT,

aramed sxvaTa mouTxrobs sityvaTa” _ ambobs antoni

baumaisteris ,,logikis” qarTuli Targmanis winasity-

vaobaSi. amrigad, aq antoni ambobs, rom im moazrovneebs

(,,mesazreni”), vinc planetebs miwad (,,queyanad”) miiCneven,

me qristianuli religiis (,,saRmrTo werilis”) mowina-

aRmdeged vTvli, romelTa danaSauli (,,brali”) mtkiced

dasturdeba. antoni uaryofs im azrs, rom dedamiwa

aris erT-erTi planeta (e.i. uaryofs dedamiwasa da sxva

planetebs Soris igiveobas) imis gamo, rom maSin deda-

miwas aRar eqneba privilegiuri mniSvneloba, rac reli-

gias ar eTanxmeba.

sicocxlis ZiriTad niSnad antoni Tvlis zrdas,

SegrZnebis unars, moZraobas, sunTqvas, sisxlis mimoqce-

129

vas da sxva. sicocxlis fundametur niSnad CaTvlilia

nivTierebaTa cvla.

adamianis doneze sicocxlis ZiriTad niSnad antoni

cnobierebas miiCnevs. cnobierebis elementebi cxoveleb-

Sic arsebobs, magram cnobiereba, rogorc aseTi, mxo-

lod adamianis sulis Tvisebaa. adamianis suli aris

gonieri, e.i. cnobierebiT dajildoebuli, gansxvavebiT

cxovelis sulisagan, romelsac cnobiereba ar gaaCnia.

amitom adamians samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli adgili

uWiravs. Tundac amitom, antonis azriT, igi ar SeiZ-

leba bunebis nawilad CaiTvalos.

anton pirvelis naturfilosofiuri ideebi Zveli da

axali epoqis mijnaze Camoyalibda da aSkarad atarebs

Tavis drois Sesafer ormag xasiaTs. antoni, erTi mxriv,

axlis, progresulis mqadagebelia da ver eteva Zveli,

sqolastikuri msoflmxedvelobis CarCoebSi, magram,

meore mxriv, mas uZneldeba axlis SeTviseba, Zveli

tradiciebi nebas ar aZlevs daeuflos axali epoqis

suliskveTebas. swored es ormagoba aSkarad aisaxa

anton pirvelis azrovnebaSi saerTod da, kerZod,

naturfilosofiur koncefciaSi.

130

meeqvse Tavi

eTikuri ideebi

1. erovnuli kulturis krizisi monRolTa bato-

nobis xanaSi

XIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi monRolTa da

sxvadasxva tomTa batonobis xanaSi qarTuli kultu-

ra daeca da daqveiTda. k. kekeliZe qarTuli litera-

turis (saerTod kulturis) am periods swored ase

axasiaTebs: `dacemis periodis literatura~1. amis

miuxedavad, am droisTvis kulturuli cxovreba

saqarTveloSi mTlad ar Camkvdara. `Zalian mcire

masStabebiT, magram am xanaSic SeigrZnoba moZraoba

da kulturuli majiscema~2. `kulturis majiscemis~

maCvenebelia am droisTvis CvenSi cnobili faqtebi

rogorc originaluri, ise naTargmni literaturis

saxiT. amgvar masalebSi Cans zneobrivi kulturis

done, Cans is, Tu qarTuli sazogadoeba romel

zneobriv faseulobebs aRiarebs da iwonebs da isic,

romels uaryofsa da iwunebs.

omebiTa da ekonomikuri siduxWiriT Sewuxebul

qveyanaSi zneobrivi cnobiereba, SeiZleba iTqvs,

èrToba~ vlindeba, erTi mxriv, sagmiro (amirandare-

janiani), romantikuli (leilmajnuniani) sazRapro

(rusudaniani) eposebSi, meore mxriv, TviTnebobis

TareSis pirobebSi, es cnobiereba eZebs misi

alagmvis saSualebebs. amgvar saSualebad mas miaCnia

Zvel filosofosTa Segonebani (`sibrZneni filoso-

fosTani~) da igav-arakebis meSveobiT sibrZnis gavr-

celeba. ase rom, TviTnebobis, rogorc qcevis prin-

cipis, batonobis pirobebSi Sua saukuneebis epoqis

131

saqarTveloSi adamians mxsnelad rCeboda ori ram: 1.

fizikuri Zala da 2. zneobrivi cnobiereba.

am epoqis qarTuli kulturis pirveli Zegli,

romelic eTikis mxridan seriozul yuradRebas imsa-

xurebs, aris JamTaaRmwerlis `monRolTa droindeli

matiane~. es nawarmoebi uaRresad sainteresoa ara

marto rogorc istoria saqarTveloSi monRolTa

batonobis Sesaxeb, aramed sainteresoa agreTve is-

toriis filosofiis, eTnografiisa da, rac mTavaria,

eTikis TvalsazrisiT. matianeSi Camoyalibebulia

sruliad garkveuli moraluri koncefcia; metic,

eTikuri, ufro zustad, religiur-eTikuri pozicii-

dan aris ganxiluli TiTqmis yvela movlena, da rac

mTavria, monRolTa mier saqarTvelos daqcevis

faqti.

matianes avtors esa Tu is zneobrivi movlena

ainteresebs ara cnebis, aramed misi mniSvnelobis

anu Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT. amitom avtori

Tavidanve yuradRebas amaxvilebs qveynis patronis _

mefis zneobriv Rirseba-naklovanebebze. laSa-gior-

gis, romelmac saxelovani dedis gardacvalebis Sem-

deg qveyana Caibara, hqonda rogorc mefis sakadrisi

Tvisebebi, aseve iseTic, romelic qveynis patrons ar

ekadreboda. `rameTu iyo ese laSa-giorgi mxnen,

axovani, Zlieri, laRi, ampartavani, Tavxedi, TviTbu-

neba. uxvi, saxiobis moyvare, Rvinis moyvare da gemoT

moyvare~3. xorcis siamovnebisTvis zrunvas Tavisi

uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs. amis Teoriul safuZvel-

sa da sabuTs matianes avtori winaswarmetyvelis

Semdeg sityvebSi xedavs: `Wama iakob, ganZRa, gansxva,

gansuqna da dauteva RmerTi Semoqmedi Tavisi da

ganudga RmerTsa macxovarsa Tvissa~. ,,agreTve _

ganagrZobs matianes avtori _ iqmna naTesavsaca amas

132

Sina qarTvelTasa, rameTu ganZRes da iSvebdes da

uwesobad midrkes siZvaTa Sina da mTvralobaTa

ugunurni kacni, mefis karsa zeda ara yofis Rirsni

da aw karsa zeda myofni... amisTvis aRmoxcendes mi-

zezni codvaTa simravliTa saqarTvelos mooxrebi-

sani~4.

saqarTvelosTvis Tavs datexili ubedurebis

mTavar mizezs JamTaaRmwereli uzneobaSi xedavs.

`rameTu dauteves mefeTa da mTavarTa samarTali,

mowyaleba, siyvaruli, siwrfoeba, simSvide, simarT-

le da amis wil moipoves ampartavneba, zakva, Suri,

xdoma, siZulvili, angareba, mimZlavreba, klvani,

parvani, siZvani, uwesobani,... rameTu yovelman asakman

berTa da WabukTaman, mciriTgan vidre didadme,

miaqcies siboroted... rameTu ganviwireniT RmerTisa

mier, romel daviviwyeT RmerTi da RmerTmanca

samarTlad dagviviwya~5.

matianes avtors Zalian uWirs imis aRiareba, rom

zneobrivi simdablis magaliTs iZleoda Tavad

saqarTvelos mefe rusudani. magram simarTle unda

iTqvas, radgan `JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis metyve-

leba ars da ara Tvalaxma visTvisme~6. rusudan

mefem saberZneTs gaagzavna Tavisi Zmiswuli daviTi,

saidumlo weriliT. mefem Tavis siZesa da qali-

Svils sTxova daviTis mokvla; roca mas es Txovna

ar Seusrules, maSin rusudanma siZes werili mis-

wera da qaliSvils cili daswama _ daviTis mokvla

imitom ar unda, rom maT erTmaneTTan sqesobrivi

kavSiri aqvTo. daviTis gadarCenaSi matianes avtori

xedavs RvTaebrivi samarTlianobis gamovlenas. saer-

Tod, rogorc religiurad moazrovne adamians See-

fereba, JamTaaRmwereli matianeSi motanil mraval

133

faqtsa da movlenas ganmartavs da afasebs RmerTze

da RvTaebriv samarTlianobaze miTiTebiT.

matianes avtori kargad xedavs ara marto qveynis

dacemasa da gaCanagebas, aramed im zneobriv winaaRm-

degobasac, rasac qarTveloba uwevda monRolTa ba-

tonobas. maRali zneoba vlindeba qarTvelTa gmiro-

bisa da Tavdadebis im faqtebSi, romelTa Sesaxebac

matiane mogviTxrobs. aseTia, magaliTad, demetre

mefis (Tavdadebulis) saqcieli, romelmac Tavi

dado saqarTvelos gadasarCenad. `ra sargebels ars

cxovreba Cemi _ mimarTa urdoSi wasvlis win mefem

Tavis xalxs, _ ukeTu CemTvis mravali xalxi mokv-

des da me tvirTmZime codviTa ganvide soflisa

amisgan! aw mnebavs, raTa warvide yaens winaSe da

iyos neba RmerTisa: ukeTu me momklan, vgoneb, rome

qveyana uvneblad darCes~7.

aseve zneobrivi gmirobisa da Tavdadebis maCvene-

belia cotne dadianis saqcieli. cotnes Tavgamode-

bam ixsna rogorc misi, ise danarCen qarTvel dide-

bulTa sicocxle8. qarTveli kacis Seupovrobasa da

gmirul xasiaTze laparakobs matianeSi motanili

qarTveli mefis sityvebi: àra ars wesi Cven qarT-

velTa, ukeTu vixiloT mteri Cven kerZo momavali,

Seubrmelad zurgi SevaqcioT, daRaTu iyos sikvdi-

li~9.

dacemis xanis kulturis Zeglebi, rogorc origi-

naluri, ise naTargmni, eTikis TvalsazrisiT, arsebi-

Tad iseTive suraTs gvaZlevs, rogorsac JamTaaRm-

werlis `matiane~. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba,

rom zneobrivis (eTikuris) kvleva ki ar gvaqvs am

xanis kulturis ZeglebSi (makari mesxis `petre

iberielis cxovreba~, ucnobi avtoris `luka ieru-

salimelis wameba~, `garigeba xelmwifis karisa~,

134

`Zeglis dadeba~ da sxv.), aramed zneobrivis moxmare-

ba, gamoyeneba.

giorgi V brwyinvalem mTiulebisTvis Seqmna saka-

nonmdeblo krebuli (kodeqsi), romelic cnobilia

`Zeglis dadebis~ saxeliT. kulturis am ZeglSi me-

tad sainteresoa erTi punqti, romelic valsa da

sargebels exeba. `valis saqme, wers didebuli mefe,

asre gavaCineT: sargebeli arc qarTvelTa sjulTa

Sigan Zevs wesad, rom aRiRon, da arca sxvaTa

sjulTAuweria; da sargebeli aris uweso~10: metis-

metad avi unda iyos kaci, rom sargebeli moiTxo-

voso. da Tu aseTi avi kaci gamoCndes aT TeTrze

ori TeTri mieceso11. es wesi saocari sicxadiT

gviCvenebs im xanis qarTveli kacis sameurneo gu-

lubryvilobasac da zneobriv siwmindesac.

2. eTikuri azri qarTuli kulturis aRorZinebis

periodSi. ganmanaTlebloba da eTika

sulxan-saba orbeliani (1658-1725). qarTuli kul-

turis aRorZinebis periodi iwyeba XI saukunis dam-

degidan da grZeldeba XVIII saukunis bolomde12. es

periodi gamoirCeva literaturuli Janrebis simdid-

riTa da mravalferovnebiT. sagmiro eposis gverdiT

viTardeba romantikuli, sazRapro, didaqtikur-mora-

luri da saistorio eposi. eTikis TvalsazrisiT

yvelaze sainteresoa didaqtikur-moraluri eposi,

romlis brwyinvale warmomadgenelia sulxan-saba

orbeliani.

sulxan-saba orbelianis kalams ekuTvnis rogorc

saero, ise sasuliero xasiaTis Txzulebani. saero

xasiaTis Txzulebebia: `wigni sibrZne-sicruisa~,

`leqsikoni qarTuli (I da II tomi)~, `mogzauroba

135

evropaSi~. sasuliero xasiaTis Sromebidan aRsaniS-

navia `swavlani da moZRurebani~.

moraluri problemebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze

mdidar masalas iZleva sulxan-sabas Txzuleba

`wigni sibrZne-sicruisa~. am wignis saTauris Sesaxeb

arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. mkvlevarTa erT

jgufs (k. kekeliZe, a. baramiZe da sxv.) miaCniaT, rom

ufro swori unda iyos saTauri `wigni sibrZnisa da

sicruisa~; mecnierTa meore jgufis (a. cagareli, a.

imedaSvili, ingliseli qarTvelologebi _ m. uord-

ropi, d. langi) TvalsazrisiT unda iyos `wigni

sibrZne-sicruisa~. Cvens mecnierebaSi damkvidrebu-

lia azri, rom sulxan-saba orbelianma sicruis

(arakis) gziT gadmosca sibrZne. aRniSnuli terminis

Sinaarsi i. WavWavaZem ase axsna: `ras hniSnavs es ori

sityva _ sibrZne-sicrue _ erTmaneTze gadabmuli...

saba-orbelianis sicrue zRaparia, arakia, igavia,

araki, zRapari amisTana saxea, kania azrisa, romelic

saWkuo da sazneo WeSmaritebas zedmiwevniT gvixa-

tavs xorcSesxmulad, Wkuas gvaswavlis, gvarigebs,

znes gviwurTvnis, avsa da kargs gvaniSnebs erTma-

neTSi da gasarCevad~13.

`sibrZne-sicruis~ azrobrivi Sinaarsis sakiTxs

calke Seexo akad. S. nucubiZe. S. nucubiZis mixed-

viT, kavSiri `da~ sibrZnesa da sicrues meqanikurad

aerTebs; kompoziti `sibrZne-sicruisa~ ki filoso-

fiurad ufro Rrma Sinaarsis matarebelia. S.

nucubiZis azriT, àq raRac ufro Rrma garemoeba

devs sabas naTqvamSi, romelic dapirispirebulTa

Sinagan kavSirs gamoxatavs... arc sibrZne arsebobs

sabasTvis damoukideblad da arc sicrue, aramed

Secnobili sicrue, rogorc amosavali, aris `sibrZ-

136

ne-sicruisa~ anu `sibrZne-sicrue~, es aris namdvili

azri sulxan-saba orbelianis arakebis wignisa~14.

ramdenadac sulxan-sabas wigni `sibrZne-sicruisa~

moraluri xasiaTis nawarmoebia, amdenad sainteresoa

am terminis eTikuri Sinaarsi. jerjerobiT es sakiT-

xi bolomde garkveuli ar aris15. sakiTxSi gasark-

vevad udavod mniSvnelovania sabaseuli ganmarteba

iseTi eTikuri cnebebisa, rogoricaa sibrZne, sicrue,

zneoba, sikeTe, boroteba da sxv.

sulxan-saba Tavis leqsikonSi sibrZnis aseT

ganmartebas iZleva: ,,sibrZne ars mSobeli Wkuisa da

gamsinjveli cnobaTa. sibrZne da siverage emsgavse-

bian: sibrZne keTil, xolo siverage _ ara”16. am

ganmartebis bolo nawili gansakuTrebiT sayuradRe-

boa. sabas mixedviT, sibrZne da siverage erTmaneTs

emsgavseba, magram raSi? erTi SexedviT, aq msgavse-

baze laparaki zedmetia. magram es msgavseba naTeli

gaxdeba, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT sabas leqsikonSi

mocemul siveragis ganmartebas. siveragis qveS sabas

esmis qcevis garkveuli wesi, xerxi an xerxianoba.

`veragoba ars mravali RonisZieba Rvawlsa Sina,

romelsa msoflioni xerxsa uwodeben~.17 veragoba

sibrZnesTan erTad aris qcevis garkveuli wesi an

principi da amiT isini erTmaneTs emsgavseba; magram

amave dros isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba kidevac:

sibrZnis mizani yovelTvis aris sikeTe, siveragisa

ki _ ara. swored ase, lakoniurad ambobs saba:

sibrZne _ keTil, siverage – ara. saba ar gveubneba,

rom siverage aris boroteba, an misi msgavsi sxva

ram. saba ambobs: `siverage ars xelovan yofa Rvawl-

sa Sina~18. xelovneba ki, sabas mixedviT niSnavs `ke-

Tilad moqmeds... moqmedi keTil samuSakoTa~19. sabas

piriT aq Taviseburad gvexmianeba antikuri eTika

137

(sokrate, platoni, aristotele). am SemTxvevaSi saba

gveubneba, rom sibrZnis mizani yovelTvis aris

sikeTe (sokrate). magram marjved, xerxianad moqceva

anu siverage yovelTvis araa sikeTe. siverage ar

aris sikeTis kategoriuli piroba.

sabas leqsikonis mixedviT, `sikeTe ars winabWe

da ezo keTilobisa~20. èse keTili ars nawili keTi-

lobisa, xolo keTiloba_tba rame ukido~21. sikeTes

upirispirdeba siborote an boroti. boroti aris

àvis moqmedi da avi... boroti ars ra keTili moak-

los kacman... boroti ars, ra igi ara genebos, igi

giyos kacman~22.

eTikis ZiriTadi cnebebidan da kategoriebidan,

romelTa ganmartebas an daxasiaTebas sulxan-saba

orbeliani iZleva, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa

zneobis kategoria. Zvel qarTulSi sityva `zneoba~

moixmareboda `cudi qcevis~ mniSvnelobiT23. rogorc

Cans, zneobis es gageba sabas aRar akmayofilebs.

Tavis leqsikonSi saba `znes~ ase ganmartavs:

`CveulebiT raica saqme sWirdes, keTili Tu boroti,

zne igi ars~24. qarTuli sityvis _ `zne~ _ etimolo-

gia mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sityvebTan `Cveu-

leba~, `xasiaTi~, `buneba~25. etimologiurad aseTive

viTareba gvaqvs `znes~ Sesatyvis berZnul sityvasTan

èTos~. Zalian Znelia berZnuli enis mxridan aq

raime gavlenaze laparaki. saba aq afiqsirebs qarTu-

li enis Taviseburebas da SesaZleblobas mocemul

sityvasTan dakavSirebiT.

eTikis ZiriTad cnebaTa Sinaarsi da Tavisebureba

TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili sulxan-saba orbe-

lianis mTavar nawarmoebSi _ `sibrZne sicruisa~. es

termini _ kompoziti sainteresod ganixila msofl-

138

mxedvelobrivi da gnoseologiuri TvalsazrisiT S.

nucubiZem. amis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iyo naTqvami.

ras warmoadgens gamoTqma `sibrZne sicruisa~

eTikuri TvalsazrisiT? gnoseologiuri mniSvnelo-

bis gverdiT am gamoTqmas gaaCnia agreTve Rirebu-

lebiTi mniSvneloba, rasac yvelaze mkafiod gamoTq-

vams iseTi aqsiologiuri cneba, rogoricaa `Rirebu-

lebiTi sinTezi~. es cneba pirvelad Tavis eTikaSi n.

hartmanma daaxasiaTa; Tumca Sinaarseulad is ukve

mocemulia aristoteles `nikomaqes eTika~-Si. aq

gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs aristoteles

mezotesis Teoria da uaryofiT RirebulebaTa anti-

nomika. aristoteles mixedviT, rogorc cnobilia,

zneobrivi Rirebuleba uaryofiT RirebulebaTa

`SuagulSia~; or uaryofiT Rirebulebas mudam

erTaderTi Rirebuleba Seesabameba. mocemuli sqemis

mixedviT aSkaraa, rom maT unda Seesabamebodes ori

Rirebuleba, Tanac pozitiurad dapirispirebuli. Tu

mezotes-Si dafarulia RirebulebiTi sinTezi, maSin

is ukve gulisxmobs RirebulebaTa antiTetikas: e.i.

masSi dafarulia ori Rirebuleba. saZiebeli saT-

noeba iqneba maTi RirebulebiTi sinTezi.

RirebulebiTi sinTezis TvalsazrisiT seriozul

yuradRebas imsaxurebs sulxan-saba orbelianis mier

Rrmad gaazrebuli zneobrivi cxovrebis principi

`sibrZne sicruisa~. rogorc zemoT iTqva S. nucu-

biZis mixedviT, sibrZne sicruisa arc mxolod sibrZ-

nis gamomTqmelia da arc mxolod sicruisa; igi

Tavisufalia calmxrivobebisagan; aqsiologiuri

TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli ki, igi RirebulebiT sin-

Tezs gamoxatavs. `sibrZne sicruisa~ RirebulebiTi

sinTezia, magram metad Taviseburi.

139

aristoteles eTikur moZRvrebaSi saTnoebaTa

Sesaxeb ori uaryofiTi Rirebulebaa mocemuli da

Semdeg dgindeba maT Soris saSualo (`mezotesi~),

romelic Tavisufali iqneba ukiduresobebisgan.

sulxan-saba orbelianis cnobili principi ki dapi-

rispirebulTa erTianobas gamoTqvams, aq saxezea

mocemuli dadebiTi Rirebulebac da uaryofiTic.

`sibrZne sicruisa~ iseTi RirebulebiTi sinTezia,

romelSic, upirveles yovlisa, sibrZne (Rirebuleba)

laparakobs, magram igi laparakobs ara ubralod

Tavisi Tavidan, aramed Tavis sapirispiro Rirebule-

basTan (sicruesTan) mimarTebaSi. sulxan-saba orbe-

lianis zneobriv principSi vismenT dapirispirebul

RirebulebaTa dialogs. am dialogSi Cans dadebiT

Rirebulebis upiratesoba uaryofiT Rirebulebaze.

sibrZne sicruisa Tavad aris sibrZne, oRond iseTi

sibrZne, romelic Tavis sapirispirosTan kamaTSi

`gamowrTobilia~. sibrZne-sicruisa dapirispirebul-

Ta imgvari erTianobaa, romelSic sibrZne yovel

axal situaciaSi RirebulebiT siaxles gvTavazobs.

amis mkafio ilustracias TviTon sulxan-sabas

arakebi warmoadgens.

sulxan-saba orbelianis yoveli araki gvTavazobs

RirebulebiT siaxles. es siaxle SeiZleba mocemuli

iyos guluxvobis (`mefe xorasanisa~, `xalifa da

arabi~ da sxv.), simdablis, sulgrZelobis (`Zala

erTobisa~, `samni Zmani~, `ZaRlebi da mgeli~), sa-

marTlianobis (ìndoT mefe da vazirni~), kacTmoy-

vareobis (`didvaWari da mefunduke~), stumarTmoyva-

reobis (`jizi gurgen~) da sxva RirebulebaTa saxiT.

sulxan-saba orbeliani iziarebs im Tvalsazriss,

romlis mixedviT, Tavisufleba aris zneobrivi

saqcielis arsebobis piroba. zneobrivi moqmedebis

140

ganmsazRvrelad saba, aristoteles msgavsad, gonebas

miiCnevs. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom sabas Semoqme-

debis eTikuri mxare ufro metad aristoteluria.

sabas moralur moZRvrebaSi seriozuli adgili

ukavia religiur elements. RvTis imeds, RvTis SiSs

da RvTis mowyalebas saba ganixilavs rogorc

adamianis saTno cxovrebis aucilebel xelSemwyob

faqtors. es ukanaskneli garemoeba gansakuTrebiT

TvalSi sacemia sabas qadagebaTa krebulSi `swav-

lani~.

sulxan-saba orbeliani Tavisi moralur-didaqti-

kuri moZRvrebiT gamofxizlebisa da aRorZinebisaken

mouwodebs zneobrivad da politikurad dacemul

Tavisi drois saqarTvelos.

3. naTargmni literatura da misi eTikuri mniSvne-

loba

XVII saukunis qarTuli kultura sakmaod mdida-

ria naTargmni literaturiT; sayuradReboa, rom am

literaturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs igav-

arakul Janrs. sxva saxis TargmanebSi TvalSisacemad

Warbobs moralur-didaqtikuri Tematika. es Tematika

SesaZleblobas iZleva gonebis Tvali gadavavloT

zneobriv faseulobaTa rogorc dinamikas, ise

statistikas anu maT adgils eTikur RirebulebaTa

Skalaze.

Txzuleba, romelic cnobilia `mefeTa salaro~-s

saxelwodebiT, ekuTvnis im nawarmoebTa jgufs, rom-

lebSic ganxilulia sakiTxebi mmarTvelTa daniSnu-

lebis, maTi ufleba-movaleobis, agreTve qveSevrdomTa

movla-patronobis idealis Sesaxeb. aq laparakia iseT

saTnoebebze, rogoricaa simarTle, siuxve, moTmineba,

Sendoba, wyaloba da sxva. magram, rogorc zemoT ukve

141

iTqva, aq zneobis arsis Zieba ki ara gvaqvs, aramed

ufro xSirad zneobriv RirebulebaTa naTelyofa, gaT-

valsaCinoeba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs umaRles

arsebaze an RvTaebriv principze, rogorc zneobis

erTaderT safuZvelsa da sazomze miTiTebasTan26.

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis vrceli moraluri kodeqsi

warmodgenilia msoflio literaturis iseT mar-

galitSi, rogoricaa `qilila da damana~. igav-arakebis

es krebuli qarTvelebs jer kidev XII saukuneSi

uTargmniaT, magram igi dakargula da misi xelmeore

Targmani ganxorcielda XVII saukuneSi. mkvlevarTa

aRiarebiT, `qilila da damana~ didi popularobiT sar-

geblobda saqarTveloSi. `qilila da damana~-s mTargm-

nelT Segnebuli unda hqonodaT zneobriv mankierebaTa

uaryofiTi roli feodaluri sazogadoebis stabiluro-

bisaTvis. dagmobilia iseTi zneobrivi mankierebani da

socialuri borotebani, rogoricaa: Suri, sixarbe,

angareba, Ralati, sizarmace, adamianis yidva-gayidva da

sxva. feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis aSkarad revolu-

ciuri da progresuli unda yofiliyo iseTi azrebis

propaganda, rogoricaa: `sidiadisa, morWmisa da patios-

nobis mizezi codna-mecniereba da marTebuli saqcieli

aris. ara Tu gvari, modgma da naTesaoba~. an kidev

`yovelTa kacTa patiosneba codnaa da ara saqoneli~27.

amave periods ekuTvnis cnobili ezopes igav-arakebis

qarTuli Targmani. sul uTargmniaT ormoci igav-araki;

jer moyvanilia igav-araki, Semdeg ki mosdevs axsna-

ganmarteba, romelic zneobrivi Segonebis farglebs ar

scildeba28.

analogiuria somxuridan Targmnili igav-arakTa

krebuli, romelsac `melis wigni~ ewodeba. es aris

somexi mqadageblis vardanis igav-arakTa krebuli; var-

dans ezopes igavebisTvis daumatebia zneobrivi xasiaTis

142

sakuTari ganmartebani; krebulSi gamaTraxebulia gaiZ-

vera mosamarTleebi, mtarvali mefeebi, yoyoCa gvari-

Svilebi, gakicxulia umecreba, sixarbe, angareba, ampar-

tavnoba da sxva. idealad miCneulia sazrianoba, maxvil-

goniereba, xerxianoba da sxva analogiuri Tvisebebi29.

moralur-didaqtikuri xasiaTis Tavisebur nawar-

moebs warmoadgens e.w. apofTegmebi, romlebic warmoad-

gens cnobil filosofosTa da gamoCenil pirTa senten-

cia-aforizmebisa da Tqmulebebis krebuls. qarTul

mwerlobaSi cnobilia ramdenime aseTi krebuli. esenia:

1. amiranasariani, 2. sibrZneni filosofosTani, 3.

swavlani axikar brZnisani. TiToeuli maTgani xasiaTiT

arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba zemoaRniSnul igav-arakTa

krebulisgan30. aqac mocemulia imgvari zneobrivi

Segonebani, romlebic urCeven kacs avi da kargi gaar-

Cios, keTili miiRos da borots ganeridos, sZlios si-

xarbesa da angarebas. iyos swavlis moyvare da sizar-

macis mteri. zneobrivi xasiaTis aforizmebiT gansakuT-

rebiT datvirTulia `sibrZneni filosofosTani.~ sokra-

tes, platonis, aristoteles, diogenis, aristofanes,

Zenonis, epikures da sxvaTa aforizmebSi warmodgenilia

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eTikuri Sefasebebi, sadac

dagmobilia zneobrivi mankierebani da win wamoweulia

swavlis, sibrZnis, mamacobis, erTgulebis zomierebis da

sxva saTnoebani31.

Targmani yovelTvis iyo da aris sxva erisa Tu

xalxis kulturasTan ziarebis marjve saSualeba. mag-

ram Targmani sxva mxrivac aris sayuradRebo. yoveli

Targmani (sulieri xasiaTis nawarmoebisa) sul cota

ori ZiriTadi aspeqtiT mainc aris saintereso. jer er-

Ti, ra aris Targmnili da, meorec, risTvis aris Targm-

nili, ra ainteresebda, magaliTad, qarTul sazogadoe-

bas mocemul TargmanebSi, ra mizniT Targmnida maT da

143

ras aniWebda gansakuTrebul yuradRebas _ sxva sityve-

biT – RirebulebiT upiratesobas. Targmnil literatu-

raSi am kiTxvebze pasuxi aSkarad gviCvenebs mowinave

qarTuli sazogadoebis zneobriv sijansaRes.

Targmnili literaturis ganxilva gviCvenebs, rom

yvelaze meti upiratesoba eZleva iseT zneobriv faseu-

lobebs, rogoricaa swavla, codna, sibrZne, ganaTleba.

es ki imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebaSi ufro metad da-

fasebulia an unda iyos dafasebuli wminda Teoriuli,

gonebrivi Sroma.

swavla-ganaTlebis upiratesi dafaseba mTels gansa-

xilvel periodSi saintereso kuTxiT warmoaCens qarTu-

li kulturis (da sinamdvilis) bevr, zneobrivi xasia-

Tis kiTxvasac.

4. arCili (1647-1713)

swavla-ganaTlebis, saerTod ganmanaTleblobis udi-

desi mniSvneloba aris naCvenebi arCil mefis Semoqme-

debaSi, gansakuTrebiT iseT poetur nawarmoebebSi,

rogoricaa `saqarTvelos zneobani~ da `leqsni asni

ormuxlni~. metad sainteresoa arCilis mier terminis

`zneoba~ _ xmareba. `zneobis~ cnebaSi arCili gulisx-

mobs ara marto xasiaTis dadebiT (da uaryofiT) Tvise-

bebs _ taqts, qcevis stilsa da maneras, aramed agreTve

calkeul xelobas (profesias), romelic misi drois

(XVII sauk.) saqarTveloSi yofila gavrcelebuli. ur-

TierTdaxmarebisa da zrunvis gverdiT arCili asaxe-

lebs zneobis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa mxiaruleba,

Sairoba, qeifoba (`saamovno Wama da sma~), moTmineba,

musikaluri garToba, mxedroba, cxenosnoba, motirloba,

Wadrakis TamaSi, enebisa da wignis codna, Sroma (`mu-

Saobac kargi znea~), mwerloba, mTargmneloba, puradoba,

144

mamacoba, `yoveli codna zneobaa~, sibrZne da sxva mra-

vali32.

amrigad, zneobis cneba arCilTan imdenad gafarToe-

bulia, rom igi socialuri moralis cnebis Sinaarssac

ki aRemateba, Tumca, meore mxriv, (sayuradReboa isic)

zneTa arCiliseul klasifikaciaSi gamoxatulia is

azri, rom nebismieri adamianis urTierTobebi met-nak-

lebad datvirTulia zneobrivi RirebulebebiT.

yvela zneobaze aRmatebulad arCils miaCnia sibrZne.

`sibrZnes ver sworavs verara, arc ise mosaxmaria,

misi nayofi bevria, Ziri aqvs ar gamxmaria,

sad waxvalT, Tan gamogyvebaT, sagzlaTac mgon

saxmaria~...

`sibrZne sjobs, Torem uTuod zneoba yvela kaia~33.

sibrZnis dauflebas kargi maswavlebeli sWirdeba,

magram Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aris, maSin arsebobs

sxva gzac, kerZod, saRmrTo wignTa Rrmad Seswavla. Ta-

vad arCili ambobs: `rac vici, saRmrTos wignTagan maqvs,

sxvaTa aravisgan gaviyo~34. arCili darwmunebulia, rom

`samRvTo saqmis umecari bevr avs saqmes waadgeba, eSmaks

veras ver Seutyobs, rac sacTomlad Seadgeba35~... sibrZ-

nes sWirdeba `RvTis SiSi SemsWvala~, uamisod adamians

eSmaki daimonebs; magram `RvTis SiSi~ sruliadac ar

niSnavs soflisgan gandgomas, rac mZafrad, mkveTr

ferebSia gadmocemuli mis winamorbedTan, mefe Teimurz

I-Tan (1589-1663) leqsSi `soflis samduravi~;

`sofels myofno, soflis saqme gasinjeT da gaigo-

neT,

es sofeli muxTalia, nu mihyvebiT SeigoneT36.~

Teimurazi gamosavals xedavs RvTis erTgulebasa

(,,samebiT erTsa vaqebdeT~) da asketur cxovrebaSi.

arCilis mixedviT ki, RvTis erTguleba, `RvTis SiSi~

145

sulac ar gamoricxavs sofelSi yofnas, ojaxisa da

naTesavebis yolas;

`nu geSiniaT, ar giSliT, sofeli nurvis gindao,

coli da Svili, mamuli, Zma, saxlikaci gin dao37...~

wuTisofeli arCilisTvis erTaderTi adgilia, sadac

sikeTis qmna SesaZlebelia: `sofeli ese msgavsia savaW-

ro Sesakrebelsa,

aq Tu ar viRvwviT, ver vpoebT sxva keTilT

mosakrebelsa38.~

amgvari jansaRi pozicia arCilis zneobrivi didaq-

tikis qvakuTxedia.

5. daviT guramiSvili (1705-1792)

didi qarTveli poetis daviT guramiSvilis Semoqme-

debaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, centraluri Tema aris zneob-

rivi didaqtika. arsebiTad ar darCenila am Temis arc

erTi met-naklebad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelsac igi

ar Sexebodes.

d. guramiSvili agrZelebs da amdidrebs ganmanaT-

lebluri eTikis im xazs, romlis uSualo warmomad-

genlebic iyvnen sulxan-saba orbeliani da arCili.

ganmanaTlebluri eTika CvenSic, iseve rogorc evropaSi,

qadagebs swavla-ganaTlebis aucileblobas da ZiriTa-

dad mxatvruli (evropaSi, agreTve, filosofiuri da

mecnieruli) saSualebebiT axdens mis naTelyofas

zneobrivi cxovrebis sasargeblod. d. guramiSvilis

mier gamoyenebuli mxatvruli saSualebebi uaRresad

metyveli da damajerebelia.

swavlis nayofi aris codna, xolo codna zneobrivi

cxovrebis erT-erTi principia. amitom `swavlaze urCi

da morcxvi TvaliT ar dasanaxia40.~ mozardis ga-

sawvrTnelad d. guramiSvili arc fizikur zemoqmede-

baze ambobs uars:

146

`nu genaRvlebis swavlaze yrmis wkeplis cemiT

kivili,

mal gamTeldebis uwamlod misi wylulebis

tkivili~41.

uswavlelad yofna ufro didi borotebaa, vidre

uwvrTneli ZaRlis yola.

`ZaRli uwvrTneli patronsa aseTs ras dauSavebsa,

rom Svili briyvi, ucebi, dedmamas ganaTavebsa?

ucodinrobiT aseTsa saqmeebsa iqs avebsa

gvarsa da naTesavebsa sircxviliT sWrides

Tavebsa~42.

swavla aris mZime Sroma. `swavlis Ziri mware aris~.

swavlis mZebneli am garemoebas unda Seeguos, Tu ar

surs rom mwared inanos. `Tavs sinanuli sjobia bo-

loJams dananebasa.~ brwyinvale poeturi formiT gad-

moscems d. guramiSvili codnis idealur bunebas: `swav-

la sikvdimde Senia, mudam SenTana myofeli, mas

gecilebis veravin ar aris gasayofeli...43~

evropaSi, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, seriozuli

kamaTis sagani iyo zneobrivi principis an, rogorc

kanti ityoda, `moraluri filosofiis~ aucileblobis

sakiTxi. Wkviani da wesieri adamianebi, rasakvirvelia,

arseboben; magram `moraluri filosofiis~ codnis

gareSe maT advilad SeiZleba `moraluri Secdoma~

dauSvan. kantis azriT, kategoriuli imperativisa da

misi codnis aucilebloba swored amiTaa ganpirobebu-

li. daviT guramiSvili poeturi saSualebebiT naTel-

yofs arsebiTad imave amocanas, romelsac kanti filo-

sofiur cnebebSi aTvalsaCinoebs.

àvi da kargi garCeviT, vxedav rom axlos miwyvia.

minda da swavlis simokliT cal-calke ver gamiyvia.

hygavs uxorTumo spilosa Wkviani kaci briyvia44.~

147

mxolod Wkua sruliad araa sakmarisi patiosani da

warmatebuli (bednieri) cxovrebisTvis. aucilebelia

codnis, sibrZnis floba. am viTarebas d. guramiSvili

iseTi damajereblobiT gadmoscems, rom mas Tamamad

SeiZleba `poeturi argumentacia~ vuwodoT:

`viT usaWurvlod mamaci omSigan gulad lomobdes,

gacofebuli gulbrazad vefxvi uklanWod omobdes,

ver aRasrulos sawadi, rac nebavs, misTvis

Ronobdes, _

egreT Wkviani uwvrTneli ver mixvdes, rasac

ndomobdes45.~

yvela arsebul faseulobaTa Soris, d. guramiSvilis

mixedviT, yvelaze umaRlesi aris codna, sibrZne.

`vsZebne da vera vhpoe ra mjobni am swavla-mcnebisa,

brZensa aqvs Tavis ufleba, sofelSi yofna nebisa~46.

brZenis garda, d. guramiSvili asaxelebs sxva

`sarCos Zirebsac.~ ostati, xucesi, vaWari, molaSqre,

mxvneli, glaxa, xelmwife, mwyemsi da mijnuri. yvela aq

dasaxelebuli `sarCos Zirebidan~ brZeni aris

erTaderTi, romlis yofnasac axasiaTebs Tavisufleba

(`yofna nebisa~)47.

codnis SeZenis (`wurTvnis~) saukeTeso periodi aris

yrmobis periodi. mozardi Tavidanve unda mieCvios `gu-

lis Tqmis~ SezRudvas anu dRevandeli terminiT, grZno-

bebis marTvas. d. guramiSvilisTvis mozardis aRzrda

aris masSi, upirveles yovlisa, qristianuli kulturis

aRzrda. es tendencia aSkaraa d. guramiSvilis mraval

leqsSi, gansakuTrebiT ki leqsSi `qacvia mwyemsi~. ami-

tom, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevrebi d. gura-

miSvilis SemoqmedebaSi erT-erT Zlier nakadad miiCnev-

en soflisadmi mdurvis qristianul motivebs, mistikur

xilvebs da sxva.

148

amis miuxedavad, wuTisofelTan adamianis damokide-

bulebis problema d. guramiSvilTan mainc wuTisoflis,

saeroO cxovrebis sasargeblod aris gadawyvetili.

àw me saero walkoti mgonia patiosani;

miyvars da mal mal msurian misTa yvavilTa ynosani

ganvSordi saRmrTos baRnarTa, vsTme mis bulbulTa

osani~48.

d. guramiSvilis zneobrivi didaqtikis damaxasiaTe-

beli principia marTlis mTqmeloba. am mxriv d. gura-

miSvili qarTuli kulturis tradiciebis erTguli

gamgrZelebelia (`qmna marTlisa samarTlisa xesa Seiqms

xmelsa nedlad~; an kidev `JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis

metyveleba ars~ da sxva). simarTlis principis dacva d.

guramiSvilisTvis sasicocxlo moTxovnaa:

`marTals vityvi, Seviqmnebi tyuilisa moambe rad?

veras vuqeb saZagelTa, uferulTa pir-saferad.

me, Tu ginda Tavi momWran, tani gaxdes gasaberad,

vinc ara hgavs kaxabersa, me ver vityvi kaxaberad49.~

eTikuri azris moZraoba qarTul kulturaSi d.

guramiSvilis Semdeg Tumca kidev igrZnoba, magram igi

mkafio zneobrivi principebiT an sinamdvilis masStabu-

ri SefasebiT aRar gamoixateba. qarTuli kultura Zi-

riTadad kmayofildeba individualuri poeturi gancde-

biT, filologiuri an istoriuli ZiebebiT. eTikuri

azris axali aRmavloba saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 60-

iani wlebidan iwyeba.

149

meSvide Tavi

esTetikuri ideebi

XIII-XVIII ss. didi droiTi manZilia qarTuli kultu-

ris istoriaSi mxatvruli da Teoriul-esTetikuri

azris ganviTarebis mxriv, amitom igi arc SeiZleba

erTgvarovani yofiliyo. aq aris `dacemac~ da àRorZi-

nebac~.

$1. esTetikuri azri rusTavelis Semdgom

periodSi (XIII-XVI ss.)

Cveni qveynis socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba

XIII-XVI ss.-is manZilze Zlier abrkolebda sazogadoe-

bis kulturul cxovrebas. monRolTa `wyalobiT~ gaCa-

nagda da gamoiketa swavla-ganaTlebisa da mwerlobis

kerebi. iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT, ìmdroindeli werilo-

biTi Zeglebidan cxadad Cans, rom wera-kiTxvis codnac

ukve sagrZnoblad daqveiTebuli da Cveni eris kul-

turuli done daweuli iyo. dadumda am dros mSvenieri

qarTuli mxatvruli mwerlobac da SemoqmedebiTs kera-

Si cecxli ukve Zalzed iyo daferflili~.1 Tu renesan-

sul aRmSeneblobas sulier-SemoqmedebiT sferoSi or

saukuneze meti moandoma qarTvelma xalxma, qarTulma

gonma saocari ZaliT gaibrwyina petriwis filosofiasa

da rusTavelis mxatvrul samyaroSi. XIII s-is 30-iani

wlebidan TandaTan iSriteba eris sulieri energia,

erovnuli mexsierebidan TandaTan qreba renesansuli pe-

riodis filosofiuri da mxatvrul-esTetikuri azrov-

nebis saukeTeso miRwevebis kvali.

150

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, monRolTa Semosevam da

damkvidrebam, erovnuli saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis

rRvevam, kulturul RirebulebaTa gaufasurebam qveyana-

Si didi sulieri krizisi gamoiwvia. eris fizikuri

arsebobis sabediswero Jams SemoqmedebiTi potenciali

TiTqos amoiwura, aRar grZeldeba filosofiuri da

esTetikuri azrovnebis brwyinvale tradiciebi, romle-

bic XI-XII ss-Si mwvervals aRwevda ioane petriwsa da

SoTa rusTavelTan. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv-

politikuri erTianobis daSlisa da socialur fenaTa

dapirispirebis fonze sazogadoebis feodalur-religi-

urma reaqciulma wreebma qarTuli renesansis Teoriu-

li da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis miRwevaTa

ganqiqeba, damaxinjeba, gadakeTeba wamoiwyes. akademikosi

S. nucubiZe miuTiTebs: ioane petriwi, rogorc rene-

sansis filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZveli,

xolo SoTa rusTaveli, rogorc qarTuli gonis Semoq-

medebiTi gabrwyineba _ `saero da saeklesio aristok-

ratiisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda~.2

esTetikuri srulyofilebis TvalsazrisiT am pe-

riodis xelovneba ver pasuxobs renesansuli esTetikis

moTxovnebs. monumenturoba adgils uTmobs wvril kom-

poziciebs, xazebis ritmi texili da moZravia, moklebu-

lia amaRlebulobas. aSkaraa profesiuli donis daqvei-

Teba xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. moWarbebuli ekleqtizmi xu-

roTmoZRvrul Zegls stilursa da mxatvrul mTliano-

bas ukargavs, CuqurTmebis natifi, cocxali gamomsaxve-

lobiTi buneba mSrali formebiTaa Secvlili. marTa-

lia, grigol xanZTelisa da misi mowafeebis mier fuZe-

Cayrilma samonastro mSeneblobam samcxeSi tempi da

masStaburoba dakarga, magram mainc Sendeba taZrebi:

zarzmis taZari da samreklo (XIV s.), aSenebuli sera-

pion zarzmelis mier, bieTis, Wules eklesiebi (XIV –

151

XV ss), safaris wm. sabas eklesia (XIII s-is 80-iani wle-

bi). aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi aRad-

genen dangreul taZrebs. aleqsandre I didis dros

aRadgines alaverdis taZris yeli, gumbaTi, moixata

interieri.

XIV s-is qarTuli monumenturi ferwera jer kidev

inarCunebs klasikuri bizantiuri skolis gavlenas,

Tumca igi ufro saero xasiaTisaa, vidre saeklesio.

Serbilebulia religiuri asketizmi, Tavisufali da

dinamikuria kompoziciebi, ganuzomelia swrafva sivrce-

Si ganlagebisken. ufro Tamami, Tavisufali rakursebiT

gamoisaxeba proporciuli, mwyobri figurebi da srul-

yofili xdeba arqiteqturuli peizaJi. igi realuri xu-

roTmoZRvruli formebiT gadmoicema. mTebi da xeebi

sul ufro emsgavseba namdvils. Zveli, religiuri xe-

lovnebis kompoziciuri sqemebis daZlevis procesi, si-

namdvilis movlenis asaxvis survili sul ufro Zlier-

deba ara marto im drois saqarTveloSi, aramed italia-

sa da bizantiaSic. sadac TandaTan fexs ikidebs rene-

sansuli suli.

XIV s-is qarTul mxatvrobaSic axali stilis

formirebis procesi rom dawyebulia, es kargad Cans

qarTveli damianes mier Sesrulebuli ubisis taZris

kedlis mxatvrobaSi. TviTon avtoris vinaoba gamJRav-

nebulia kompozicia `saidumlo serobis~ qvemoT moTav-

sebul warwerebSi, aseve satriumfo kamaraze: `saxeliTa

RvTiTaÁTa moixata monasteri ese xeliTa codvilisa

damianes gazrdilisa gerasimesiTa~. damianes ferwera

gabeduli maneriT, laRi, ostaturi, metyveli, msuye

monasmiT gamoirCeva, rac mis naxatebs ìmpresionistul~

iers aniWebs. am mxriv tipuria mociqulTa saxeebi `sai-

dumlo serobidan~. nakvTebi gadmoicema Tavisufali mo-

nasmiT, ferebi naTelia, figurebis moZraobac dinamiku-

152

ri, Tavisufalia, figurebidan zogi profilSia, zogic

zurgiT. sxeulis plastikis Tavisufali gamosaxva,

ferTa simsubuqe, saxis arasqematuri gamometyveleba

aSkarad renesansulia, igi didad gansxvavdeba im drois

bizantiuri xelwerisagan, rac damianes mxatvrobis

erovnul tradiciebze miuTiTebs da ara bizantiuri

ferweris gavlenaze. damianes mxatvroba XII s-is qar-

Tul renesansul monumentur ferwerasTan aris dakavSi-

rebuli. SedarebisaTvis `yinwvisis angelozi~ ikmarebda.

walenjixis wm. giorgis taZris moxatuloba mTlia-

nad bizantiur stilSia Sesrulebuli. manera natifi,

artistuli, akademiuria, koloriti civi, foni oqros-

feri. vamey dadianis mosasxami mewamuli ferisaa, rac

erTob damaxasiaTebelia bizantiuri freskisaTvis, poza

sqematuria. ubisis taZarSi damianes freskebi adamia-

nuri, miwieri silamaziT gamoirCeva. sainteresoa afsi-

dis konqi `vedrebis~ kompoziciiT. centrSi mSvid poza-

Si gamoxatulia `saydarsa~ zeda mdgomi qriste, marcx-

niv dgas RvTismSobeli angelozTa dasiTurT, marjvniv

– winamorbedi angelozebiTurT. qristes ferxTiT `sai-

dumlo serobaa~. ovaluri magidis centrSi zis qriste,

3/4-iT mobrunebuli Tavi odnav dauxria ioane mociqu-

lisaken, romlis mxarzec daudvia xeli. suraTi fsiqo-

logiuri siRrmiT gadmogvcems `saidumlo serobis~ gan-

wyobas. kompoziciis marjvena mxares iudas energiulad

gauwvdenia xeli magidis Suagulisaken. kompozicias ar-

qiteqturuli foni gasdevs. perspeqtivaSi gamosaxulia

grZeli kedeli koSkismagvari karibWeebiT. aqeT-iqiT

saocari siuJeturi siuxviT gamoirCeva TaRis moxatu-

loba. centrSi qriste-pantokratoria, romlis garSemo

mTeli bibliuri (saxarebis) Sinaarsia gadmocemuli

mxatvruli ikonografiiT: `xareba~, `Soba~, `mwyemsebTan

angelozebis gamocxadeba~, `yrmis ganbanva~, ìerusalim-

153

Si Sesvla~, `wm. giorgi diokletianesTan~ da sxv. msuye

ferTa siuxve da saocari Sexameba alag-alag impresio-

nistuli, naTeli ferebiT ivseba.

XV saukunidan monRolTa batonoba sparseT-Turqe-

Tis gaxSirebulma Semosevebma Secvales, riTac aranak-

lebi Znelbedobis Jami dadga qarTveli xalxis isto-

riaSi. XV-XVI ss-Si Zlierdeba sparsuli klasikuri

eposiT, kerZod, `Sah-nameTi~ daintereseba im Tvalsazri-

siT, rom poemis calkeuli epizodebis mixedviT iqmneba

qarTulad `naTargmanebi~ versiebi: `rostomiani~, `zaa-

qiani~, `wigni saam-falavnisa~ `barzu-name~, `gerSasf-

name~ da sxv. es versiebi imdenad damoukidebel saxes

atarebs rogorc ideur-Sinaarsobrivi, ise mxatvrul-

gamomsaxvelobiTi formebiT, rom maT damoukidebel,

originalur nimuSebadac ki Tvlian. aRmosavluri poe-

ziis feradovan-emociursa da inteleqtualur samyaros

qarTuli goni yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTad iRebda, erov-

nuli sulierebis quraSi gadaxarSavda xolme da amiT

amdidrebda sakuTar kulturas. akad. k. kekeliZis TqmiT,

ama Tu im eris TviTSegneba, misi `Tvisebrivi Tavisebu-

rebani da specifika~ mJRavndeboda ara marto origina-

lur, aramed naTargmn literaturaSic. èrovnuli Tavi-

sebureba iCens Tavs saTargmni masalis SerCevaSi:

iTargmneba is, rasac Txoulobs arsebiTi, yoveldRiuri

praqtikuli saWiroeba. iTargmneba ucxo masala, xolo

eZebs, Targmnis da iTvisebs erovnuli specifika da

Segneba~.3 am Tvalsazrisze dayrdnobiT rusTavelis

Semdeg `dacemisa~ Tu àRorZinebis~ periodebis qarTul-

sparsul kulturul urTierTobebSi ori sapirispiro

tendenciis – miReba-uaryofis – arseboba TviT qarTuli

kulturisa da qarTuli esTetikur-SemoqmedebiTi cno-

bierebis bunebiT unda aixsnas.

154

$2. esTetikuri azri XVII saukunis

saqarTveloSi

XVII saukunis qarTul mxatvrul-esTetikur azrovne-

baSi ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia vlindeba: er-

Ti mxriv, qarTul klasikur kulturasTan memkvidreo-

biTi kavSiris SenarCuneba, meore mxriv, sparsofiluri

tendenciebis gagrZeleba da ganmtkiceba. orive tenden-

cias dadebiTTan erTad uaryofiTi mxarec gaaCnda.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Semdegi: SoTa rusTavelis poeturi

samyaro yovelTvis iyo STagonebis wyaro qarTvel

mweralTaTvis, magram rusTavelisadmi gansakuTrebulma

`wambaZvelobam~ imdenad iCina Tavi, rom `vefxistyaos-

nis~ siuJetur-fabuluri detalebi, metaforuli siste-

ma, leqsTwyobis metruli xerxebi, frazeologia da

aforizmebic ki meordeboda zogierTi poetis Semoqme-

debaSi. amis erT-erTi mizezi, vfiqrobT, is gaxldaT,

rom qarTuli poeturi suli ukve veRar hguobda XV-XVI

ss-dan gadmosul aRmosavlur tendencias mxatvrul

azrovnebaSi da yovelnairad cdilobda misgan Tavis

daRwevas, Semobrunebas erovnuli Rirebulebebisken.

swored amitom damkvidrda qarTul literaturaTmcod-

neobaSi XVII-XVIII ss-is mxatvrul-literaturuli pro-

cesebis aRsaniSnavad termini àRorZineba~, romelic

kargad gamoxatavs erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCune-

bisaTvis brZolis suliskveTebas imdroindel qarTul

SemoqmedebiT sazogadoebaSi. cxadia, es ganwyobileba

qarTuli erovnuli sulis Zlierebaze miuTiTebda, rom

ara metismeti `wambaZveloba~ rusTavelis geniisadmi,

rac fsevdo-Rirebulebebis momravlebas uwyobda xels.

saukuneze meti dasWirda qarTul poetur sityvas,

gaerRvia mojadoebuli wre `cudi baZvisa.~ Zvel qar-

155

Tul mwerlobaSi mxolod daviT guramiSvilma SeZlo

poeturi azrovnebis Taviseburi stiliT, problemaTa

siaxliTa da frazis gamarTvis gansxvavebuli xelweriT

gaTavisuflebuliyo Tavisi winamorbedebisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli `rusTveliseuli wambaZvelobisagan.~ magram

daviT guramiSvili uecrad ar gamoCenila qarTuli

poeziis caze. mas niadagi Seumzada XVII s.-is orma

didma poetma bagrationTa samefo gvaridan – Teimuraz

I-lma (1589-1663) da arCil II-m (1677-1713)

1. Teimuraz I-is poeturi samyaro

Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebiTi axali etapi (e.w. àRor-

Zineba~) daiwyo qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi: gamoik-

veTa tendencia, romelic XVII-XVIII ss-is qarTuli esTe-

tikuri azris ganmsazRvreli aRmoCnda: mxatrul-Semoq-

medebiTi procesi warmarTuliyo rusTavelis poeturi

azrovnebis kvaldakval. es erovnul-kulturuli

memkvidreobisken Semobrunebis dasawyisi iyo da im

zneobriv-esTetikuri idealebis aRorZinebaze miuTiTeb-

da, romlis gareSe warmoudgeneli iqneboda sparsofi-

lur-mahmadianuri gavlenis daZleva, erovnuli sulis

gamoRviZeba.

Teimurazma saTave daudo am tendencias imiT, rom

mis poetur Semoqmedebas wiTel zolad gasdevda rus-

Tavelis poetur sidiadesTan gajibrebis idea. mefe-

poeti sakuTar SemoqmedebiT Zalas rusTavelis poeturi

samyaros simaRlidan afasebda. misTvis rusTaveli

leqsis metri iyo, mas baZavda saleqso zomiT, sityvaTa

wyobiT, leqsikiT. ìosebzilixanianis~ SesavalSi Teimu-

razi `brZens~ uwodebs rusTavels, romelmac `... TviT

mindobilman sibrZnisa, mere Tamaris xmobiTa...~ `SeTxzna

brolsa giSeri, Zowsa sadafi wyobiTa.~ TeimurazisTvis

156

rusTaveli èna ritoria,~ romelmac mSvenieri qarTu-

liT daamRera mijnurobis ambavi.~4

Teimuraz I-is poetur striqonTa qveteqstSi rus-

Tavelisadmi `RvTiuri Suri~ igrZnoba. giorgi merCule

swored am terminiT moixseniebda netari grigol xanZ-

Telis mowafeTa uzenaes survils, moZRvris mibaZviT

aegoT taZrebi da monastrebi qveynis sxvadasxva kuT-

xeSi. Teimurazic rusTavelTan gajibrebis survils

pirdapir acxadebs da ara SefarviT: `leqsi Cemi sjobs

gvarad da tkbilad sasmenlad yurisa, maSinac rusT-

vels aqeben, me iman gamagulisa.~5

mogvianebiT Teimurazis es sityvebi laitmotivad

aqcia arCil II bagrationma Tavis poemaSi `gabaaseba

Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa,~ sadac brwyinvaledaa ga-

moyenebuli paeqrobis forma ori sxvadasxva esTetikur-

msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsisa da sxvadasxva poeturi

Zalis SemoqmedTa Sesadareblad.

Teimurazis sulieri Zala da mxatvrul-Semoqmedebi-

Ti niWi sakuTari dedis _ qristianobisTvis uRvTod

wamebuli qeTevan dedoflis – gmiruli saxis SeqmnaSi

moCans. mefe-poeti Zlieri mxatvruli formebiT gad-

moscems qeTevan wamebulis sulier mdgomareobas, mis

mtkice xasiaTs sikvdilis win locvaSi. es aris gansa-

kuTrebuli sulieri energiiT damuxtuli, samSoblo-

saTvis Tavdadebuli dedis locva RvTisadmi, romelsac

sTxovs saswauli mouvlinos saqristianos da gaamarj-

vebinos mis Svils mterze. poemaSi qeTevanis locva ara

marto qarTuli poeturi sityvis unikaluri nimuSia,

aramed mTeli saqristiano poeziis Sedevri.

marTalia, Teimuraz I-is poezia saTaves iRebs

qarTuli klasikuri mxatvruli azrovnebis simaRleebi-

dan, magram amave dros igi mWidro SemoqmedebiT

kavSirSia sparsul klasikur poeziasTan. sparsuli enis

157

brwyinvale mcodne qarTveli mefe-poeti dedanSi eziara

firdousis, nizamis, saadis, omar xaiamis, jalaledin

rumis sityvis madls. aman ganapiroba misi aRfrTovaneba

sparsuli enis xatovanebiT. sparsuli poezia aZlevda

mas sulier sazrdos, amitomac gulwrfelad ambobda:

`sparsTa enisa sitkboman masurva musikobanio.~ yizil-

baSTa barbarosobam mis samSobloSi, ojaxis amowyvetam,

Sah-abasis dauZinebelma mtrobam ver gadafara Teimu-

razis udidesi mowiweba sparsuli poeziis winaSe, rac

mefe-poetis maRalzneobriobasa da did mxatvrul gemov-

nebaze miuTiTebs. mTeli cxovrebis manZilze sparseTis

winaaRmdeg mebrZol mefes mtris siZulvilma WeSmariti

kulturuli Rirebulebis SefasebaSi xeli ar SeuSala.

es maRali gemovnebisa da WeSmariti faseulobis Rrmad

ganmcdeli pirovnebis pozicia iyo.

2. arCil II-is msoflmxedvelobis

esTetikuri aspeqtebi

qarTuli filosofiuri da mxatvrul-esTetikuri az-

rovnebis istoriaSi arCili Semodis, rogorc evropuli

msoflaRqmis, evropuli orientaciis moazrovne.

arCil bagrationis ganmanaTlebluri moRvaweoba

mimarTuli iyo qarTul sinamdvileSi evropis doneze

mecnieruli da filosofiuri codnis gavrcelebisaken.

arCil mefem Tavisi praqtikuli da kulturul-sagan-

manaTleblo moRvaweoba am mizniT warmarTa: ruseTSi

daaarsa (Seqmna) qarTuli kulturis centri qarTvelTa

koloniis saxiT, romlis meSveobiT qarTuli sazoga-

doebrivi azri im drois ruseTisa da evropis mowinave

kulturas daukavSira, safuZveli Cauyara qarTul

stambas moskovSi da 1705 wels am stambaSi dabeWda

qarTuli wigni `daviTni,~ dasabeWdad moamzada bibliis

qarTuli teqsti da sxv. mis poetur memkvidreobaSi mTe-

158

li sibrZnea Cadebuli Sexedulebebis saxiT mxatvrul-

esTetikur Tu eTikur, filosofiur Tu sociologiur

problemebze.

arCil bagrationi pirveli ganmanaTlebelia, romel-

mac òrientaciis Ziebis xanaSi~ gonebis, sibrZnis, cod-

nis primatis problema daayena da qarTuli klasikuri

filosofiuri azris tradiciebze dayrdnobiT igi im

drois evropuli azrovnebis Sesabamisad gadawyvita:

`sibrZnes ver sworavs vera ra, arc ise mosaxmaria, misi

nayofi bevria, Ziri aqvs ar gamxmaria, sad waxvalT, Tan

gamogyvebaT, sagzlaTac mgon saxmaria, sxva dagrCeba da

is ara, gverT gaxlavs caT kamaria~.6

adamianisa da samyaros urTierTobaze, sikvdil-si-

cocxlis problemebze arCilis ganmanaTleblurma Sexe-

dulebebma ganapirobes misi filosofiuri naazrevis

mebrZoli, optimisturi xasiaTi (`gabaaseba kacisa da

soflisa,~ `leqsi asni ormuxlni~: `sofels vagineb,

magram miyvars da ver vexsnebia,~ an ètlTa brunvaTa

msgavsia am soflis lxini da Sveba, wamierT icis orive,

amaRleba da daSveba~).7

arCilis poeturi samyaro filosofiuri gansjis

samflobeloa adamianisa da wuTisoflis urTierTobis

maradiuli problemis gadasawyvetad. am problemas

exeba arCilis `gabaaseba kacisa da soflisa~, romelic

didaqtikur-moraluri lirikis Janrs ganekuTvneba da

gabaasebis stilSi daweril 33 sityva-pasuxs Seicavs.

kaci uCivis soflis simuxTles, warmavlobas, misgan mi-

yenebul simwares. sofeli amaSi TviT kacs adanaSau-

lebs, radgan igi RvTis mier ama soflis baton-patro-

nad iyo movlenili, magram gadavida RvTis mcnebas da

yovelive dakarga. kaci isev sofels adanaSaulebs: Sen

warmoSvi is xili, me rom Semacdinao da Senve miec

eSmaks, me rom Sevecdineo. soflis pasuxi aseTia: Sen

159

Secdi ara xilis WamiT, aramed imiT, rom RvTiT moce-

muli Tavisufali neba borotebisken warmarTe, araswo-

ri arCevani gaakeTe, roca sityva daiviwyeo. qristes

mosvlamac ver aRmofxvra Seni mankierebao, `Cemeuli

yoveli moklea da gaxrwnadi,~ magram Sen goneba gaqvs

da unda gaerkve: Rirs Tu ara Cemi monobao.

arCilis esTetikur koncefciaSi Tavs iyris Semdegi

sakiTxebi: ra aris xelovneba (e.i. arkvevs xelovnebis

raobas), ra unda asaxos xelovnebam (xelovnebis sagani),

rogor unda asaxos xelovnebam sinamdvile (mxatvruli

gamosaxvis wesi), riTi unda asaxos xelovnebam (asaxvis

saSualebebi) _ sakiTxebi xelovnebis klasifikaciis

formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTobis, mwerlis daniSnu-

lebis Sesaxeb.

sagulisxmoa, rom arCilis Teoriuli Sexedulebebi

brwyinvaled realizdeba mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.

am mxriv, araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar aris mis Teoriul

azrsa da mxatvrul praqtikas Soris. arCili, rogorc

Teoretikosi, Tanadrouli esTetikuri moTxovnilebebis

Sesabamisad aSuqebs xelovnebasTan dakavSirebul tra-

diciul problemebs. es TvalnaTliv Cans im SemTxveva-

Si, Tu mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT mis esTetikur Sexedu-

lebebs, rogorc konceptualur sistemas, romlis Rer-

Zia `marTlis Tqmis~ principi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Sem-

degi: `marTlis Tqmis~ principis wamoyeneba Tanamedrove

mxatvrul saazrovno sivrceSi gabatonebuli sparsofi-

luri tendenciis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. arCilis

damsaxureba swored isaa, rom man aRmosavlur ferTa

siWreliT Tvalabmuli qarTuli mwerlobis dineba, ro-

melic aRmosavluri siuJetebisa da mxatvruli saxeebis

gadmoqarTulebas gansakuTrebuli interesiT misdevda,

isev daabruna Tavis erovnul kalapotSi.

160

xelovnebis arsisa da daniSnulebis kvlevisas arCi-

li rusTavelis esTetikur koncefcias mihyveba, rac, Ta-

vis mxriv, aristoteles `poetikis~ gamoZaxils warmoad-

gens. aristotele `poetikis~ dasawyisSive xelovnebis

arsis dasadgenad 3 fundamentur kiTxvas ayenebs: ras

baZavs (asaxavs), riT baZavs (asaxavs) da rogor baZavs

(asaxavs) xelovneba, e.i. arkvevs xelovnebis sagnis, asax-

vis saSualebebisa da gamosaxvis wesis raobas. arCil

mefec am sam sakiTxs wamoswevs wina planze. igi rus-

Tavelis esTetikur koncefciaze dayrdnobiT aristote-

les xazs agrZelebs, roca xelovnebas sibrZnis wyarod,

e.i. SemecnebiTi Rirebulebis fenomenad miiCnevs. arCili

poemas `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~ `samgva-

movani~ RvTaebis xotbiT iwyebs da rusTavelis msgavsad

RmerTs – samyarosa da adamianis Semqnels – gamosTxovs

Sewevnas, madlobas moaxsenebs imis gamo, rom man

àrwmuna talanti~ da aswavla `SeTxzvna sulnelTa

yvavilTa, walkotqmna anu baReba.~

arCilis esTetikur naazrevSi poeziis, rogorc

`sibrZnis dargis,~ gageba, pirvel rigSi, mis ideur

siRrmes, Sinaarsobriv mxares ukavSirdeba. SemoqmedebiT

sisusted miiCnevs igi Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebaSi

sityvaTa siuxves, rac, misi azriT, ver faravs ideur

simwires: `Tumc uxvia Teimuraz, magram sibrZnes ki ar

gascems,~ - ambobs igi, _ rusTavelis poezia mxatvruli

eniT Tqmuli sibrZnea, igi namdvili poeziaa, maSin, ro-

ca Teimuraz I-is poezia àrafriTaa savse.~ aq arCili

mkacrad afasebs Teimurazs, magram, vfiqrobT, am ori

poetis Sedarebis fonze es Sefaseba obieqturia. sain-

teresoa igi sakiTxis dayenebis TvalsazrisiTac: arCi-

li mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebis ZiriTad krite-

riumad mis SemecnebiT Rirebulebas miiCnevs. `poezia

sibrZnis dargia,~ _ am debulebis dacviT igi Tamamad

161

agrZelebs renesansuli esTetikis xazs, qarTuli

poeziis metrad rusTavels asaxelebs: `vin ver mihyves

rusTvlis Tqmulsa, gadmobrZandes ase aqeT! meleqsoba

ar SeSvenis, daayeneT mosabaqeT!~8 arCilis azriT,

mxatvruli nawarmoebi `tkbilad morTuli~ ki ar unda

iyos, e.i. marto garegani, formiseuli mxariT ki ar un-

da brwyinavdes, aramed sibrZnes unda gamoxatavdes. Mxo-

lod am SemTxvevaSi moaxdens igi did esTetikur

zemoqmedebas.

xelovnebis mxatvrulobisa da esTetikuri Rirebu-

lebis Sefasebis kriteriumebis Ziebisas arCili marTe-

bulad Sinaarsisa da formis urTierTobis sakiTxis

gadawyvetas cdilobs da msjelobis gasaSlelad Sesa-

niSnav mxatvrul xerxs mimarTavs _ SoTa rusTavelisa

da Teimuraz pirvelis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaTa Sedare-

biT analizs axdens. arCilis esTetikur naazrevSi Si-

naarsisa da formis urTierTobis sakiTxis wamoWra

SemTxveviTi araa. igi uSualod ukavSirdeba im drois

qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi sapirispiro – aRmosav-

lur-dasavlur _ tendenciaTa brZolas. sparsuli poe-

ziiT gatacebam mxatvruli nawarmoebis garegani formis

komponentebisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia:

poeziaSi mTavari yuradReba eqceoda leqsTwyobis

formalur mxares: riTmas, taepobriv struqturas, sity-

vis mxatvrul-esTetikur Seferilobas, raSic aRmosav-

leTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli metaforebisa da Sedarebe-

bis siuxve, hiperbolizacia igulisxmeboda. nawarmoebis

ideur-Sinaarsobrivma mxarem ukana planze gadaiwia.

amgvari leqsTmTxzveloba garkveul safrTxes uqmnida

qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebas. igi TandaTan kargavda

cxovelmyofel kavSirebs erovnul fesvebTan. am safrT-

xes rom aSkarad grZnobda arCili, Cans `gabaasebaSi...~

ori klasikosis Semoqmedebis analiziT arCilma SeZlo

162

sakuTari esTetikuri kredo Camoeyalibebina aRniSnul

problemasTan dakavSirebiT. erTi SexedviT, igi TiTqos

neitralur poziciaze dgas da am ori didostatis

Sepaeqrebisas arc erTs ar aniWebs upiratesobas, magram

SigadaSig iseTi mkveTria misi azri, rom aSkaraa – igi

rusTavelis mxareze dgas. amitom acxadebs Tamamad: `vin

ver mihyves rusTvlis Tqmulsa, gadmobrZandes ase,

aqeT!~ arCili ostaturad aviTarebs paeqrobis process

ise, rom TviT Teimurazis pasuxebSi agrZnobinebs mkiTx-

vels rusTavelis genialobas: àw, Seni mqebi ufroa, bo-

los dros hyofen nanasa~. TviT rusTaveli, miuxedavad

mefisadmi krZalvisa da ridisa, moridebiT faqtze

miuTiTebs Teimurazs: `saqarTvelo savse aris, Cemi

wigni yvelgan gahquxs.~ es TviT arCilis azria, rome-

lic rusTavelis popularobis mizezs im `sibrZnis

tbaSi~ xedavs, rac SoTas geniam Seqmna. arCilis azriT,

rusTaveli erovnul fesvebze dgas, amitom igi `Ziria

leqsis Tqmisa,~ saqarTvelos poetebi cdiloben rusTa-

velze aaSenon TavianTi poeturi samyaro: `me var Ziri

leqsis Tqmisa, meleqseni Cemze Senobs,~ - acxadebs

rusTaveli.

arCili mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sinaarsisa da for-

mis urTierTobaSi zomierebis dacvas moiTxovs, arc

erTs ar aniWebs primats, ufro zustad, orive kompo-

nents aucileblad Tvlis nawarmoebis esTetikuri

srulyofisaTvis. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi arCili upirve-

lesad esTetikur Rirebulebas xedavs, rac gansazRv-

rulia ZiriTadad ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxriT, magram

sulac ar gamoricxavs mxatvrul formas. misi azriT,

mxatvruli nawarmoebi unda iyos `tkbilad gasagoni,

gana Tavsa visme dahkras.~ nawarmoebma esTetikuri ganc-

da unda gamoiwvios melodiurobiT, musikalobiT, leqs-

163

ma ise unda gaitacos mkiTxveli, rom `guli asre dauye-

nos, egonos, Tu Toki abas.~

arCili xelovnebis nawarmoebis esTetikur Rirebu-

lebas mxatvrul gamosaxvaTa formaSic eZebs da gansa-

kuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mxatvruli sityvis fe-

nomens. misi SexedulebiT, esTetikuri zemoqmedebis

TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis igebs is nawarmoebi, romel-

Sic mxatvruli sityvis savseoba moCans, sityvas metafo-

ruloba alamazebs: `mxatvrobas, monaxazobas arvin

Caagdebs avada.~9

gansakuTrebiT unda SevCerdeT saliteraturo enas-

Tan arCilis damokidebulebis sakiTxze, romelic arCi-

lis esTetikur koncefciaSi aRmosavlurobis daZlevis

erT-erT mTavar momentad warmogvidgeba.

arCili qarTul mwerlobaSi aRmosavlur-sparsulis

nacvlad evropuli literaturuli gemovnebis danergvas

uwyobs xels. arCili, cxadia, ar icnobda im drois

evropul mxatvrul-esTetikur Teoriebs literaturuli

stilis, enis siwmindis, esTetikuri gemovnebis sakiTxe-

bis Sesaxeb, magram is saerTo kanonzomiereba, rac Sei-

niSneba XVII-XVIII ss. evropis qveynebisa da saqarTvelos

kulturul cxovrebaSi am sakiTxebisadmi damokidebu-

lebaSi, iZleva imis saSualebas, davaskvnaT, rom arCi-

lis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, erovnuli interesebidan

gamomdinare, Tanxmieria zogadad evropul esTetikur

TvalTaxedvasTan. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba,

rom enis siwmindis sakiTxi yoveli erisaTvis mwvave

problemad iqceva. maSin, roca sxva qveynis politikuri

Tu kulturuli gavleniT Tvisebrivad icvleba mxatv-

rul-esTetikuri gemovneba, xdeba erovnuli tradiciebis

ugulebelyofa, saganTa da movlenaTa aRsaniSnavad ukve

damkvidrebuli sityvebis nacvlad Semodis barbarizme-

bi, Seuferebeli kalkebi, xdeba enis danagvianeba.

164

arCilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis qvakuTxeds erov-

nuli literaturis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli prin-

cipebis moTxovna warmoadgens. am kuTxiT igi iseTive

Teoretikosad da normis damdgenad moevlina qarTul

kulturas XVII_XVIII ss. mijnaze, rogorc n. bualo

safrangeTs. enis siwmindis, naTeli stilis moTxovniT,

`naWorTa~ nacvlad istoriuli sinamdvilis gamosaxvis

anu `marTlis Tqmis~ principis damkvidrebiT arCils

Tamamad SeiZleba igive adgili mivakuTnoT XVII-XVIII

ss. qarTul sinamdvileSi, rac evropuli klasicizmis

Teoretikosebs ukaviaT safrangeTis literaturaSi.

`marTlis Tqmis~ principi klasicizmis monapovari

rodia. renesansuli realizmis warmomadgenlebic (lope

de vega) mwerlis daniSnulebas `saukunis zneTa simarT-

lis aRweraSi~ xedavdnen, amasTan isini did mniSvnelo-

bas aniWebdnen fantazias. rac Seexeba arCils, mas poe-

ziisaTvis mniSvnelovnad martooden konkretul-isto-

riuli, sakuTari TvaliT danaxuli da gamogonili

faqtebi miaCnda. erovnulma Tematikam erovnuli enisken

Semoabruna qarTuli cnobiereba. arsebuli viTareba ki

marTlac sagangebo iyo im drois qarTul litera-

turaSi: sparsulma poeziam ara marto leqsTwyobis

formebi gaabatona, aramed leqsiviT gaaucxova qarTuli

samwerlo ena, aRmosavluri enobrivi ornamentikiT daam-

Zima igi. arCili sastikad ebrZvis am tendencias da ama-

yad aRniSnavs Tavis Rvawls: `sityva nagrexi ar miTq-

vams~-o. arCili araa winaaRmdegi ucxour enaTa codnisa,

piriqiT: `bevri sxvac unda icodes, srul ar ubnobdes

qarTulad,~ magram misTvis miuRebelia enaTa aRreva:

`magram cudia gareva qarTuls enaSi sxvas aviT.~ Tavisi

poeziis Rirsebad swored is miaCnia, rom `miTqvams

qarTuli eniTa, sxva ena ar urevia.~ am poziciidan akri-

tikebs igi Teimuraz I-s da TviT rusTavelsac, roca

165

qarTuli enis siwmindis daucvelobaSi sdebs brals

maT. arCilisaTvis miuRebelia Teimurazis narevi stili

- `marilad urTe sparsuli,~ - mimarTavs igi kaxT ba-

tons, arc rusTavels indobs: `rac enaa, yvela giTqvams,

somxuri da megrulica~ an `Razoda sTqvi, SemoiRe java-

xuri ena mZime.~10

arCils xelovneba esmis ara mxolod individualur

SemoqmedebiT procesad, romelsac kavSiri ar aqvs sxva

individebTan. xelovneba, arCilis gagebiT, esTetikuri

fenomenia, romlis arsi TanaSemoqmedebaa im gagebiT,

rom esTetikuri tkboba, siamovneba axlavs mxatvruli

nawarmoebis, rogorc esTetikuri sagnis, aRqmas, Tu

respodenti saTanadodaa Semzadebuli èsTetikuri si-

tuaciisaTvis.~ WeSmariti poeziiT mxolod WeSmariti

mkiTxveli datkbeba. esTetikuri zemoqmedeba maSin

xorcieldeba, Tu msmenel-aRmqmels saTanado poeturi

gumani, alRo gaaCnia. poezias iseTive SegrZneba da

musikaluri smena sWirdeba, rogorc musikas. amrigad,

poeziaze msjeloba, poeziiT tkboba mxolod poeziis

mcodnes SeuZlia. arCili esTetikuri Semecnebis Tavise-

burebazec miuTiTebs. misi azriT, esTetikuri Sefaseba

mxatvruli nawarmoebis did codnasa da gemovnebas

moiTxovs. ai, aseTi azri SeiZleba amovikiTxoT arCilis

striqonebSi: àra advil ars ritorTa da meleqseTa

garCeva ZalTa da leqsTa sitkboTa mis-mis adgilis

SerCeva, viT walkots Soris yvavilTa erTis sxvaTasa

aRrCeva va, Tu vercerTi iseno, suliT uynoselT dar-

Ceva.~11

arCilis `marTlis Tqmis~ principi uSualod pasu-

xobs kiTxvas: ra aris xelovnebis sagani, ra unda asa-

xos xelovnebam? arCilis principuli pozicia am sa-

kiTxTan dakavSirebiT aseTia: xelovnebam uwinaresad

sinamdvile, namdvili ambavi, namdvilad momxdari faqti

166

unda asaxos da ara mogonili, SeTxzuli, fantastikuri,

aseTi namdvili ambavi ki istoriuli realobaa. amdenad,

sinamdvilis realisturad asaxvis saWiroebam istori-

ul-erovnuli Tematikis damuSavebis aucileblobis wi-

naSe daayena arCili, rogorc Teoretikosi da rogorc

mwerali, Semoqmedi. udavoa, rom es Tematika arc misi

winamorbedis, Teimuraz I-isaTvis aris ucxo, magram

arCilis poeziaSi igi wamyvania. arCili TiTqmis uar-

yofs mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi fantaziis rols, SeTxz-

vas, rogorc SemoqmedebiT process. misi realizmi sinam-

dvilesTan siswores moiTxovs. rogorc zemoT aRvniS-

neT, arCilis es moTxovna Tanamedrove mxatvrul-esTe-

tikuri azris novacias warmoadgenda, radgan mimarTuli

iyo im dros gabatonebuli aRmosavlur-sparsuli ten-

denciis winaaRmdeg. arCili gadaWriT iTxovs qarTvel

mweralTagan yuradRebis miqcevas qarTuli sinamdvi-

lisaken. arCilis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi ara mxolod

istoriuli sinamdvile, aramed Tanamedroveobac gansa-

kuTrebul adgils iWers, radgan misi, rogorc mwerlis,

umTavresi amocanaa eris winaSe dasmuli saWirboroto

problemebis gadaWra.

arCilis literaturuli meTodi realisturia, igi

`Taviseburi realisturi mimarTulebis damcvelia.~12

marTalia, arCilis realizmisTvis ucxoa ganzogadeba

da tipizacia, magram akad. a. baramiZe savsebiT marTebu-

lad Tvlis, rom igi sulxan-saba orbeliansa da daviT

guramiSvilTan erTad kritikuli realizmis winamorbe-

dad gvevlineba qarTul literaturaSi. amis safuZvels

mkvlevars aZlevs is mamxilebeli toni, romelic ar-

Cils Tanamedroveobis naklovani mxareebis samxileb-

lad aqvs aRebuli. sinamdvilis asaxva miukerZoeblad,

tendenciurobis gareSe – aseTia arCilis moTxovna.

167

amrigad, arCilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis centra-

luri xazi - `marTlis Tqmis~ principi – gulisxmobs,

erTi mxriv, istoriuli faqtis, rogorc namdvilad ar-

sebulis aRwera-asaxvas, meore mxriv, arsebuli realo-

bis marTebulad, miukerZoeblad asaxvas. arCilis rea-

lizmi vlindeba istoriuli Temis, istoriuli persona-

Jebis SemotaniT qarTul mwerlobaSi. marTalia, misi

weris manera, Txroba, stili paTetikuria, aRmosavlur-

romantikuls Camohgavs, igi, rogorc Semoqmedi, Tavs ver

aRwevs rusTavelisa da Teimuraz I-is gavlenas, magram

mis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom igi axal droSi,

gansxvavebul mZime viTarebaSi TviTmyofadi, damoukide-

beli SemoqmedebiTi saxiT Semodis qarTul mwerlobaSi

da Tan axali tendenciebic moaqvs.

arCilis esTetikur naazrevSi sainteresodaa warmo-

adgenli xelovnebis, kerZod, literaturis JanrTa kla-

sifikaciis sakiTxi. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi misdevs

tradicias da sityvis xelovnebas or dargad hyofs,

saeklesio da saero literaturad: òri aris sityvis

codna: samRdelo da saerio, samRdelosa mcodinare sae-

rosa moerio.~ SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos am striqonebSi

JanrTa amgvari rigiToba: `samRdelo da saero,~ rac

imaze miuTiTebs, rom Rrmad ganaTlebuli arCili

brwyinvaled icnobs ra qarTuli mwerlobis istorias,

saeklesio mwerlobis mdidar tradiciebze dayrdnobiT

saero mwerlobis aRmocenebas literaturis ganviTare-

bis erTian istoriul procesad warmoidgens. amitomac

xazs usvams: Tu saeklesio mwerloba ici, saerosac gai-

gebo. Tavad arCili SesaniSnavad icnobs saeklesio

mwerlobas, mis Janrebs. igi pirdapir asaxelebs sagalo-

belTa saxeebs: `Wrel-sadagsa~ da `Wrels~: `mwignobroba

Wrel-sadagi, Wrel ZilispirTa gardaTqma, msmeneloba,

mTargmneloba, Rrmis sityvis advil gamoTqma.~13

168

aq saintereso faqtTan gvaqvs saqme: qarTul musikis-

mcodneobaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis

mixedviT termini `Wreli~ sagaloblis Tu garkveuli

ritmul-intonaciuri struqturis mqone musikaluri

muxlis mniSvnelobiT pirvelad gvxvdeba fitareTis

xelnawerSi (a 298), romelic XVIII s. miekuTvneba.14 ro-

gorc zemomotanili strofidan Cans, `Wrelis~ moxsenie-

ba erTi saukuniT adre unda gadavitanoT, radgan arCi-

li ukve XVII s-Si pirdapir asaxelebs sagalobelTa am

saxeebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom es SeuniSnavi ar darCenia iv.

javaxiSvils, romelic Tavis fundamentur naSromSi

`qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi~ aRniS-

navs: ùcnauria, rom sabas leqsikonSi `Wrel-sadagi~

arsad moepoveba da calkeuli `Wrelisa~ da `sadagis~

ganmartebaSic araa aRniSnuli da arc nagulisxmevi,

rom orive musikis terminebic iyo. arCil mefes ki

orive termini moepoveba.~15

arCilis mxatvruli memkvidreoba unikalur masalas

Seicavs qarTuli mwerlobis istoriis Sesaswavlad. am

TvalsazrisiT, XVII s. istoriul-bibliografiul wya-

roTa Soris erT-erT mniSvnelovans warmoadgens arCi-

lis poema `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTavelisa,~

kerZod, Tavi `ZvelTa da axalTa saqarTvelos meleqse-

TaTvis,~ romelSic arCili qarTuli literaturis erT-

erT pirvel kritikosad gvevlineba. arCilis poeturi

traqtatiT irkveva, raoden did interess iwvevda saero

mxatvruli poezia XVII s. saqarTvelos literaturul

wreebSi. arCils miznad dausaxavs kritikulad Sefasos

rogorc warsuli saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba (rus-

Taveli da CaxruxaZe), ise Znelbedobis Jamis poeti, misi

uSualo winamorbedi Teimuraz I, Semdeg ki mokle,

magram sxartad moqneuli sityviT Tanamedrove meleqse-

Ta literaturul portretebs xatavs. rogorc qarTul

169

literaturaTmcodneobaSia aRniSnuli, ès pirveli

kritikuli mimoxilvaa Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa~ (al.

baramiZe).

`gabaasebaSi~ arCili qarTuli mwerlobis mimoxil-

vas CaxruxaZis xotbiT iwyebs. arCili aRfrTovanebulia

CaxruxaZiseuli leqsTwyobiT, uwodebs poets `Sinaymas,~

`mdivans,~ `mona xevsurs,~ gulnatkenia imiT, rom saxels

gvimalavso. aRniSnavs, rom CaxruxaZem Tamaris mzeoba

sruliad ver hyo, radgan àdre uTxares samare.~

sayuradReboa isic, rom arCili CaxruxaZes rusTavelze

adrindel poetad miiCnevs. Teimurazi (poemis personaJi)

ase SeniSnavs rusTavels: `CaxruxaZem uwin ar Tqva, rad

iparav pirvel Tqmasa.~

arCili Semdeg strofs `rostomianis~ gamleqsavs

xosro TurmaniZes uZRvnis. TurmaniZes, misi azriT,

`cxraas samocdaTormeti~ leqsi dauweria. xosro Tur-

maniZe XVII s-is II naxevris poetia. arCili maRali war-

modgenis ar aris poetze: `didis saqmisa ucodni

sjerdeba saqmes momcrosa~ - wers igi. gansakuTrebuli

kritikis sagnad aqcevs arCili rusTavelis epigonebs.

maT ricxvs miakuTvnebs nanuCas, romelsac `... rusTvlis

naTqvamSi bevri ram Caurevia, sabralos ver Seuwyvia,

wminda ram aumRvrevia, ... rusTveli sibrZnis tba aris,

ara Tu ig morevia.~

`nanuCoba~ arCils yalbismqnelobis, mdare meleqseo-

bis aRmniSvnel ganzogadebul terminad aqvs aRebuli.

rusTavelis teqstis Seryvnas `siregvenes~ uwodebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom arCilis azri nanuCaze upirispirdeba

qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi jer kidev XVII s. da

Semdgom XIX s. arsebul azrs. nanuCa ciciSvili zaqaria

WiWinaZes moxseniebuli hyavs rogorc niWieri poeti,

`qarTuli mwignobari,~ romelsac mdidari biblioTeka

170

hqonia da rostom mefis karze maRali Tanamdebobac

ekava.

`gabaasebaSi~ moxseniebul poetTa Soris arCili

centralur adgils uTmobs Teimurazsa da rusTavels,

romelTa poeturi Semoqmedeba qarTuli poeziis mwver-

valad warmoudgenia: `qarTvelT eniTa meleqse ver

edarebis am orsa rusTvelsa ena ritorsa, mefes –

alvisa namorsa,~ wers igi da iqve asabuTebs Tavisi

azris siswores: brwyinvaled Semkuli sityvebiT, kalmis

erTi mosmiT moqnilad axasiaTebs Tavis kerpebs: `rusT-

veli moklis sityviTa mzesa viT aTinaTinebs, mefe

TeTrs cremlsa Rawvzeda ferad rad aTinaTinebs SoTa

zis sibrZnis etlzeda, Tavsa miT aTinaT-inebs, batoni

sCarxavs sityvasa, avs kargaTqmad aT-inaT-inebs.~

arCil mefis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis analizi

safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT:

1. arCili qarTul mwerlobaSi realizmis Teoreti-

kosad unda miviCnioT. man qarTul mwerlobaSi aRmosav-

luri poeziis gavleniT damkvidrebul `zRaparT Tqmas~

sastiki omi gamoucxada da mwerlobas amocanad `marT-

lis Tqma~ dausaxa. misi esTetikuri koncefcia isto-

riuli faqtis, namdvilad momxdaris gadmocemasTan er-

Tad Tanadroulobis satkivaris asaxvasac gulisxmobs,

amasTan grZnobadobaze anu `gulis guriaobaze~ maRla

gonebis Zalas ayenebs.

2. arCilis filosofiur-esTetikur naazrevSi ganma-

naTleblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebi

moiZieba. sibrZnis, codnis kultis aRiarebiT arCili

racionalizmis filosofiaze dafuZnebul esTetikur

Teorias qmnis da misi drois evropul moazrovneebs

usworebs mxars.

3. erovnuli Tematikisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-

bis miqceviT, mSobliuri enis siwmindisaTvis brZoliT

171

arCili erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs

xels da qarTul sinamdvileSi erovnul-gamaTavisufle-

beli moZraobis Teoriuli safuZvlis Semqmnelad gvev-

lineba. es SemTxveviTi ar iyo. misi mamis, vaxtang V,

`Sahnavazad~ wodebulis mier gatarebuli erovnuli

politikuri kursi saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-kultu-

rul cxovrebaSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebis-

ken iyo mimarTuli da am process, cxadia, garkveuli

Teoriuli safuZveli sWirdeboda.

4. arCili iyo poeti, romelic qarTvelT cnobie-

rebaSi mongol-sparsTa Semosevebis Sedegad dangreuli

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ideis aRorZinebas cdi-

lobda. Tavisi mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT, mwyobrad Camo-

yalibebuli esTetikuri koncefciiT, romlis ZiriTadi

principi qarTuli sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgenda,

arCili sulxan-saba orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvi-

lis Rirseul winamorbedad gvevlineba.

$3. esTetikuri azri XVIII saukunis

saqarTveloSi

XVIII saukune saqarTvelos istoriaSi politikuri

TvalsazrisiT kritikuli xanaa, magram raoden paradoq-

sadac ar JRerdes, kulturuli aRmavlobis niSniT mas

àRorZinebas~ uwodeben.

ivane javaxiSvili aRtacebuli werda XVIII s-Si

qarTuli inteleqtualuri Zalebis marTlacda aRor-

Zinebaze: `swored gasaocari xana iyo es xana! aseTi

dauRalavi da medgari muSaoba, romelsac erTi sazoga-

do mimarTuleba hqonda da farTo da Rrma niadagi

epyra, uflebas gvaZlevs qarTuli mwerlobis am xanas

172

enciklopediuri xana davarqvaT saxelad. TiTqmis yvela

amdroindeli moRvawis azri da goneba am fiqrisken iyo

mimarTuli, rom qarTveli xalxis SemoqmedebiTi niWi

mravali saukunis namuSevari da naWirnaxulevi Seekri-

baT, SeeswavlaT da CamomavlobisTvis damTavrebuli,

yovelmxrivi warmodgena da codna gadaeca. am diadi

saqmis moTave da sulisCamdgmeli giorgi XI da metadre

dauviwyari vaxtangi iyo~.16 rogorc vxedavT, iv. Javaxi-

Svili gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs vaxtang VI-is Rvawls,

riTac igi iseTi SemoqmedebiTi-aRmSeneblobiTi atmos-

feros Seqmnas axerxebs XVIII s-is I naxevris saqarTve-

loSi, romelic iSviaTia msgavs viTarebaSi.

1. vaxtang VI-is poeturi msoflaRqmis

esTetikuri aspeqti

vaxtang VI-is kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweo-

bis Tavisebureba iyo ara mxolod piradi mravalmxrivi

SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba, aramed im drois erovnuli

Zalebis inteleqtualuri da sulieri potencialis

mobilizeba erovnuli cnobierebis Camosayalibeblad.

swavlul mefes kargad esmoda, rom eris sasicocxlo

Zalebis aRdgena istoriuli memkvidreobisadmi intere-

sis gaZlierebiT unda daewyoT. am mizniT man samefo

karze Semoikriba Tavisi drois swavlulebi saeklesio

da saero wreebidan da maT winaSe saSuri da saSvi-

liSvilo amocana daayena: JamTa svlisgan waryvnili

saistorio qronikebi daemuSavebinaT, SeejerebinaT da

Rrmad mecnieruli Ziebis Sedegad saqarTvelos isto-

riis erTi mTliani da sarwmuno matiane SeeqmnaT. `swav-

lul kacTa~ komisias leonti mroveliseuli `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ redaqtirebasTan erTad damatebiT unda dae-

wera XIV-XVIII ss-is saqarTvelos istoria. am komisiis

muSaobas vaxtangTan erTad saTaveSi Rrmad ganswav-

173

luli beri egnataSvili edga. vaxtang mefis uSualo

xelmZRvanelobiT ar marto akademiur doneze damuSavda

Zveli `qarTlis cxovreba~, aramed Seiqmna axali `qarT-

lis cxovreba~ XIV-XVIII ss-isa. aRsaniSnavia, rom vax-

tangis saredaqcio muSaoba garkveuli mizandasaxulo-

biT mimdinareobda. igi gulisxmobda eris srulad

warmoCenas, movlenaTa analizis safuZvelze mizez-

Sedegobrivi aspeqtebis gamokveTiT erovnuli Rirsebis

grZnobis damkvidrebas qarTvel xalxSi.

vaxtang VI Tavis poetur memkvidreobaSi iseT Temebs

exeba, romlebic misi msoflmxedvelobrivi mizandasaxu-

lobisa da esTetikuri mrwamsis maRali moqalaqeobrivi

pasuxismgeblobiT gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva. misi

poeturi samyaro erTdroulad gamoxatavs rogorc av-

toris subieqtur gancdebs, aseve qveynis mZime mdgo-

mareobas. vaxtang VI_is poezias `melanqoliur lirikas~

uwodeben im sevdisa da wuxilis gamo, romelsac poeti

gamoxatavs mSobliuri qveynis bedukuRmarTobis gamo. k.

kekeliZis daxasiaTebiT, `vaxtangis lirika gamomxatve-

lia ara marto misi ukuRmarTi bedisa, romelic mas xan

sparseTSi gadaagdebda da xan ruseTSi, aramed misi

qveynisac~.17

mefe-poetis SemoqmedebiTi interesis sferoSi erTma-

neTis gverdiT Tavsdeba istoriebi, religiur-esTeti-

kuri da didaqtikuri motivebi, did yuradRebas aqcevs

leqsis garegnul, formalur mxares, magram amasTan

Rrma ideur-Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT gamoirCeva misi

saukeTeso leqsebi. sailustraciod movitanoT majamur

formaTa da ideuri gaazrebiT erT-erTi saukeTeso

leqsi `rani da movakani~, romelSic vaxtang VI yoveli

striqonis Sinagani JReradobiTa da formis daxvewilo-

biT iseT poetur ostatobas aRwevs, rom mkiTxvelis

warmosaxvaSi mTeli sigrZe-siganiT ixateba wuTisoflis

174

mRvrie talRebSi aTamaSebuli mefe-poetis xifaTiT

savse cxovreba. am leqss akad. al. baramiZe `gedis

simReras~ uwodebs. igi astraxanSi sikvdilis win daiwe-

ra: `rani da movakani, da, saxli da, kari, bani da, gaTav-

da yoveli werili, ani, bani da, gani da... viare yovli

qveyana, sigrZe da sivrce, gani, da. vera vpove ra mis

meti, davyare Zma da dani da... xorcsa mravali davakle,

suls mivec iqi, rjani, da, vai-vaÁ, msajes ubralod, ar

momces me ajani, da!~18

adamianis amqveyniuri daniSnulebis filosofiuri

azri aRmosavleT-dasavleTis kulturul saazrovno

sivrceSi renesansis droidan gansakuTrebiT dominan-

turi gaxda. es zogadsakacobrio idea wiTel zolad

gasdevs `vefxistyaosans~, `bneli wlebis~ Semdeg kvlav

gacocxlda aRorZinebis epoqaSi, kerZod, arCil II

bagrationis esTetikur naazrevSi. vaxtang VI-m gaagr-

Zela Tavisi winaprebis tradiciuli xazi, amasTan iseTi

mxatvrul-poeturi forma mouZebna am filosofiur

azrs, rom Semdgom man ara marto qarTvel romantiko-

sebTan, aramed ilia WavWavaZesTanac Zireuli cvlileba

ver ganicada. SedarebisTvis: baraTaSvili _ àrc kaci

varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos, iyos sofelSi

da soflisTvis ara izrunvos~. ilia _ `kacad maSin xar

saqebi, Tu es wesi wesad darge, yovel dResa Sens Tavs

hkiTxo, aba, dRes me vis ra varge!~. am SemTxvevaSi, ara-

marto ideuri naTesaoba da problemis erTgvar sibrt-

yeSi ganxilva gvaqvs, aramed mxatvruli warmosaxvis

fsiqogenuri erTianoba, Sinagani tonusiT, ritmiT,

melodikiT, sityvaTa xmarebiT.

simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatva mxatvruli azrov-

nebis damaxasiaTebelia misi arsebobis yvela safexurze,

mxolod gansxvavebuli intensivobiT. arc Zveli qarTu-

li mxatvruli esTetikuri azrovnebisTvis iyo ucxo

175

simbolur-alegoriuli `saxismetyveleba~, rogorc sam-

yarosa da mis calkeul saganTa Tu movlenaTa gaazre-

bis forma.

Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi simbolur-alegoriuli ga-

momxatvelobiT formaTa mTeli sistema iyo warmodge-

nili. simbolur-alegoriuli gziT gaiazreboda lite-

raturuli nawarmoebis Sinaarsi, saganTa da movlenaTa

mniSvnelobani, adamianTa urTierTobani, miwieri da

zeciuri samyaros erTianoba, TviT RmerTis cneba. Aami-

saTvis gamoiyeneboda igavuri alegorizmi, `SefarviT~

gamoxatva, adamiani – RvTaebis amqveyniuri simbolo,

satrfos simbolizireba (satrfo – qriste, satrfo –

samSoblo) da sxv. amgvari `totaluri simbolizmi~ az-

rovnebas esTetikuri damokidebulebisaken warmarTavda,

ramdenadac `simboluroba zeSTaarsis mSvenierebas

cxadyofda~.19

simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatvis formebisa da me-

Todebis Teoriul principebs qarTuli mxatvruli az-

rovneba egzegetikuri Txzulebebidan ecnoboda. davasa-

xelebT ramdenime maTgans: literaturuli nawarmoebis

simbolur gaazrebas Seicavda Zveli da axal aRTqmaTa

wignTa `Targmanebi~, kerZod, `qebaTa-qebaTaisa~, `fsal-

munTa~, ìgavTa~. adamianis sxeulisa da sulieri bune-

bis alegoriul gaazrebas ecnobodnen grigol noselis

naSromiT `sulis agebulebisaTvis~, nemesio emeselis

`bunebisTvis kacisa~, angelozTa simbolur warmodgenas

eZRvneba areopagitikis specialuri Tavi wignSi `zecaTa

mRvdelT-mTavrobisaTvis~ (Tavi ie). RvTaebis simbolur

gaazrebas vxvdebiT qarTuli neoplatonizmis cnobili

warmomadgenlebis efrem mcirisa da ioane petriwis

SromebSi.

amjerad, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ramdenime moment-

ze, romlebic aRorZinebis xanis qarTul literatu-

176

rul-esTetikur naazrevSi nawarmoebis iduri Sinaarsisa

da siyvarulis simbolur-alegoriuli gamomxatvelobis

sakiTxebs exeba. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan masalas

vaxtang VI-is SemoqmedebaSi vawydebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom

vaxtang VI iyo pirveli, vinc specialuri Teoriuli

traqtati uZRvna am sakiTxs. vgulisxmobT mefe-poetis

komentarebs, romlebic 1712 w. stamburi wesiT gamoce-

mul `vefxistyaosans~ daurTo saTauriT: `Targmani

pirvel wignisa mis `vefxistyaosnisa~.

vaxtang mefem Tavisi komentarebiT SeZlebisdagvarad

axsna poemis ideuri Sinaarsi, gaarkvia teqstis

bundovani adgilebi, gaaSuqa istoriul-literaturuli

sakiTxebi. amiT man Seqmna pirveli, Rrmad mecnieruli

monografia rusTavelis poemis Sesaxeb. mefe-mecnieri,

rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans, kargad icnobda poemis

komentarebs, redaqciebs, magram eWvi Sehqonda maT

WeSmaritebaSi da amitomac moiwadina poemis ideuri

arsi axleburad gaeazrebina. vaxtang VI samarTlianad

iTvleba rusTvelologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, fuZem-

deblad. poemis originalobis damtkicebisa da rusTave-

lis msoflmxedvelobis qristianul-sarwmunoebrivi

aRmsareblobis mixedviT axsnasTan erTad vaxtang VI-is

komentarebi esTetikuri analizis im meTodologiur

principebsac gadmogvcems, romlebic literaturuli

Zeglis esTetikur Rirebulebas warmoaCenda. am Tval-

sazrisiTac, vaxtang mefis `Targmani~ XVIII s-is qarTul

literaturul-Teoriuli da esTetikuri naazrevis

SesaniSnav nimuSad unda CaiTvalos.

mTavari, rac aRelvebda XVIII s-is qarTul sazoga-

doebas, es poemis originalobis sakiTxi iyo. vaxtangis

udidesi damsaxureba swored isaa, rom man pirvelma

mtkiced aRiara `vefxistyaosnis~ fabula-ambis qarTuli

warmomavloba: `sparsSid es ambavi arsad ar ipoveba,

177

ambavic TviTon gaakeTa da leqsadac~. vaxtangma es

avtoritetuli gancxadeba Rrma mecnieruli dakvirvebi-

sa da Ziebis Sedegad gaakeTa. igi kargad icnobda

sparsul literaturas, amasTan, SesaZlebloba hqonda

(10 weli qirmanSi gaatara) eZebna sparsuli dedani,

magram ver ipova. amitomac dabejiTebiT acxadebda, rom

poemis ambavi – fabula rusTavelis `mogonili zRapa-

ria~.

pirveli amocana – daemtkicebina poemis orginaloba

– vaxtang mefem brwyinvaled Seasrula, radgan isto-

riulma drom daadastura misi varaudi.

meore da yvelaze mTavari amocana, rac vaxtang

mefes awuxebda, es poemis ideuri Sinaarsis mimarT waye-

nebuli im braldebis moxsna iyo, rac klasikuri qar-

Tuli mwerlobis daqveiTebis droidan XVII-is CaTvliT

mosdevda rusTavelis poemas. saqme isaa, rom reaqciuli

Zalebi `vefxistyaosnis~ renesansul ideebs mwvaleblu-

rad acxadebdnen da poemas antiqristianul, sameZao wig-

nad Tvlidnen. gavixsenoT, timoTe gabaSvilisa da TviT

friad ganaTlebuli anton pirvelis gamonaTqvamebi

poemis Sesaxeb, rom rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~ ryvnis

adamianis suls, rom poeti niWieria, magram amaod

daSvra da `sawux ars ese~.20 vaxtang mefe poeturad

gamoxatavs àvad mCxrekelTagan~ poemis Seryvnis ambavs:

`rusTvelsa ena-Saqarsa uqnia risme mkobani, sitkbo,

sibrZne da igavni, col-qmarTa aSikobani, bevrad saCx-

reki, ver mixvden, mibaZes cudi xmobani, saRmTo werili

sacruod Tqves da dagvigdes gmobani~.

mefe-poeti Tvlis, rom nebismier mxatvrul nawar-

moebSi xelovanis sulieri da zneobrivi simaRleebia

realizebuli. amasTan zneobrioba Semoqmedis inteleq-

tualur SesaZleblobebs efuZneba. am azriT, igi darw-

munebulia, rom èseviTari mecnieri kaci (rusTavels

178

gulisxmobs – avt.) arca daSvreboda warsawymedad~, Tu

vinme poemaSi ver xedavs saRvTo azrs, es umecrebis

braliao: ùcodinrobiTa da soflis nivTTa SemsWval-

viTa ritorisa da brZeni mecnieris~ wigns sameZaod

ganmartaveno. vaxtang mefe irwmuneba, vaCveneb, rom poema

`sibrZnisa da keTilisa dargia~... `rusTavelis wigni

sul saswavlebeli aris~ - amdenad, askvnis vaxtang VI,

rusTaveli, didaqtikos-moralistad unda CaiTvalos da

ara eklesiisgan SesaCveneblad.

vaxtang VI-is Rrma rwmeniT, rusTaveli orTodoqsu-

li qristiani iyo. mefe-poetma poemis mimarT antiqris-

tianobis braldebis gasabaTileblad ori safuZveli

monaxa: `vefxistyaosnis~ aRiareba erTdoulad saero da

saRvTo nawarmoebad da simbolur-alegorizmis gziT

poemis gmirTa siyvarulis saRvTo mijnurobad gamocxa-

deba. `Targmanis~ mixedviT, vaxtangis Tvalsazrisi ase

SeiZleba SevajamoT: rusTavelis poema saerocaa da

saRvToc. saeroa Tavisi àmbiT~, azriT ki – saRvToa. sa-

ero xasiaTis `soflis zRapriT~ alegoriulad gadmogv-

ca maRalzneobrivi moZRvreba. poema RvTisadmi mijnuro-

bas eZRvneba da ara miwier siyvaruls. saero ambavi ki

poetma imitom aiRo, rom `naxa, saRmrTo wigns aravin

kiTxulobda, soflis zRapars ufro waikiTxavden~, e.i.

vaxtangis azriT, rusTavelma angariSi gauwia Tavisi

drois qarTveli mkiTxvelis literaturul-esTetikur

gemovnebasa da moTxovnilebas. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi

vaxtang mefe Tavisi drois literaturul moTxovnile-

bebs ufro gulisxmobs, vidre XII s-isa. saero wignze

rom meti moTxovnileba iyo XVII-XVIII ss-Si, vidre sasu-

lieroze, amas Teimuraz I da arCil II-c aRiarebdnen:

àrvis unda saxareba, arc wigni mociqulTa~ (Teimuraz

I).

179

rogorc aRvniSneT, vaxtangi rusTavelis poemis

ideur Sinaarss òrplanianad~ miiCnevs. Sua saukuneebis

dasavlur-aRmosavluri literatura kargad icnobs

òrplanian~ Txzulebas. aseTi ideuri struqturis iyo

dante aligieris, evropuli renesansis pirveli poetis,

`RvTaebrivi komedia~ da àxali cxovreba~, sparsi poe-

tis omar xaiamis sufisturi, religiur-mistikuri sim-

bolikiT datvirTuli robaiebi. cxadia, am avtorTa

nawarmoebebis òrplanianobas~ Tanamedrove mkiTxveli

aRiarebs da ara maTi Tanamedroveni, radgan genioss

mxolod istoria aRmoaCens da ara Tanamedroveoba.

yovelive zemoTqmuli kargadaa cnobili, amitom ar

gaWirdeba daskvnis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, rom didad

ganaTlebuli vaxtang mefe rusTavelis poemis redaqti-

rebisas Rrmad gaicnobda aRmosavlur-dasavluri reli-

giur-msoflmxedvelobrivi da kulturuli urTierTobe-

bis im wyaroebs, riTac gamdidrebulia qarTuli neop-

latonizmi da rusTavelis filosofiuri naazrevi. vax-

tang mefe Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT axlos idga da

savsebiT iziarebda qarTuli neoplatonizmis amosaval

princips – imqveyniuri da amqveyniuri Rirebulebebis

erTianobasa da mis pirvel sawyisad RvTaebriobis

gamocxadebas. amas misi poeturi memkvidreobac mowmobs.

amrigad, mefe-mkvlevars sruliad sarwmunod unda mieC-

nia `vefxistyaosnis~ òrplanianoba~ anu misi ideuri

Sinaarsis saero da saRvTo xasiaTi.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom marTebulia qarTvel mec-

nierTa azri21 imis Sesaxeb, rom vaxtang VI-is rusTvelu-

ri siyvarulis saRvTo mijnurobad gamocxadeba mxo-

lod poemis dacvis mizniT ar SeiZleba aixsnas; rom igi

ufro metad mefe-poetis msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsisa

da poeturi TvalTaxedvis Sedegi unda iyos. amas

mowmobs vaxtang VI-is satrfialo leqsebSi satrfos

180

saxisa da siyvarulis grZnobis iseTi simbolur-misti-

kuri gaazreba, romlis msgavsi manamde qarTulma li-

rikulma poeziam ar icis. vaxtang mefem erT-erTma pir-

velma Semoitana qarTul poeziaSi amqveyniur movlenaTa

metafizikuri gaazrebisaTvis iseTi simboloebi, romle-

bic saidumlos faraven, raTa àm dafarviT saCinoyos

da idumalyofiT gamoavlinos igi~. am TvalsazrisiT,

mdidar masalas iZleva vaxtang mefis samijnuro leqsTa

krebuli `satrfialoni~, romlis dasawyisSive poeti

mkiTxvelisagan gulisxmierebas da dakvirvebas iTxovs,

raTa gaerkves `Tu visdame trfialebs mefe~. am gafrT-

xilebaSi miniSnebaa imaze, rom trfobis sagani iduma-

lia da ar warmoadgens konkretul, realur arsebas.

oTxstriqonian, mokle leqsebSi TandaTan ikveTeba

RvTaebrivi satrfos irealuri saxe. poeti umReris ara

amqveyniur, adamianur, bunebriv siyvaruls, aramed RvTa-

ebrivs, mistikurs.

aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi simboluri saxe vaxtangis

satrfialo lirikaSi. esaa satrfo-samSoblo, romli-

sadmi trfoba poetis guls sevdiTa da mwuxarebiT

avsebs, radgan moRalate da qveynis gamyidvelTa xelSi

Cavardnili satrfo-samSoblo Sercxveneli da daCoqi-

lia, TviT poeti ki Sors aris da veras Svelis mijnurs

(Sdr. akaki wereTlis àRmarT-aRmarT~). poeti `farva-

nebr iwvis bulbulebr ekalT Sina~ magram satrfo

poetis mxurvale grZnobas ar pasuxobs. guldaTuTquli

poeti mwared moTqvams. `keklucT zeda xar xelmwife,

trfialiT cecxls udeb malamoT, madiT nasrolma

isarma, guli gamipo mal amiT~. es striqonebi rom rea-

lur qals – satrfos _ ar eZRvneba, Semdgomi stri-

qonebiT dasturdeba: iranSi tyved myofi mefe-poeti

mSvenieri qalis silamazes Soreuli qarTlis Tvalis-

momWrel bunebas ukavSirebs, igonebs didgorze nadiro-

181

bas, lilos tbaze weroobas, `ra sjobs maisSi tfilis-

sa. vardi varskvlaveb esxasa!~ – mwared amoikvnesebs

mefe-poeti. `satrfialonis~ leqsebi tanjviT savse

gabmuli moTqmaa damonebuli samSoblos bedze. satrfo-

samSoblos poeturi xatis SeqmniT vaxtang mefe qarTve-

li romantikosebisa da ak. wereTlis winaprad gvevli-

neba.

vaxtang VI qarTuli mxatvruli sityvis didi osta-

tia. originaluri mxatvruli formebiT, Rrmad gaazre-

buli saxeebiT, leqsis riTmuli tkbilxmovanebiT, me-

lodiurobiTa da mdidari leqsikiT SesamCnev gavlenas

axdens ara marto Tanamedrove, mis samefo karTan

daaxloebul poetebze, aramed Semdgom saukuneebSic. Tu

amas davumatebT mis RrmadSinaarsian kulturul moR-

vaweobas da bolos Teoriul-esTetikur ganazrebasac,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaxtangma kulturul-

SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis mTeli skola Seqmna XVIII s-

is I naxevris saqarTveloSi.

2. mamuka baraTaSvilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi

mamuka baraTaSvili (XVIII s.) vaxtang VI-is litera-

turuli skolis warmomadgenelia, romelic Tavis Se-

moqmedebaSi axali sazomebisa da sasimRero-saleqso

`xmebis~ SerCevisas wyarod xalxur Semoqmedebas iyeneb-

da, riTac gadaaxalisa qarTuli leqsis strofika,

ritmika da sariTmo sistema. niSandoblivia, rom m. bara-

TaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi Zala saleqso formis mxatv-

rul RirebulebaSi ufro vlindeba, vidre Sinaarsobriv

siaxleSi.

vaxtang VI-sTan erTad ruseTs gadaxvewili poeti

uimedo, sevdiani ganwyobilebiT gamoxatavs emigrantis

sulier mdgomareobas. masTan erTad gadaxvewil Tana-

memamuleTa umoqmedoba, rusTa samefo karis cru dapi-

182

rebebi poets TandaTan ukargavda samSobloSi dabrune-

bis imeds, amitomac ismis mis leqsebSi sawyalobeli

Civili: `SegewyalodesT yovelTa, mwiri mwirobdes

rebulad~ (`grCobledi~), an `viT ganvimarTlo, ucadman

ra icis CemTvis Wirebad? numca vis mogvvdes Cemebriv,

guli mkvnes _ aRmomtirebad~.22 `mwirobam sxvaTa Temisa

da uqmad gdebam~ poets `sawuTo ese muxTali, yovelTa

mteri~ daanaxa. `bevri hyavs Cemebr mduravio~, - ambobs

wuTisofelze da wyevlis `cru da Wrel sawuTos~

(`mokle Sewyobili~).

amrigad, `soflis samduravis~ Tema, romelic erT-

erTi ZiriTadia aRorZinebis xanis poetTa Semoqmede-

baSi, grZeldeba m. baraTaSvilTanac. aseve memkvid-

reobiT xazs agrZelebs igi satrfialo JanrSic, Tumca

vaxtang VI-is literaturuli skolis aRzrdili poeti

emijneba Tavis maswavlebels imiT, rom vaxtangiseuli

simbolur-mistikuri saxis nacvlad trfobis sagnad

realur, miwier arsebas irCevs da iseTi brwyinvale

epiTetebiT amkobs satrfos xorciel silamazes, rom

mkiTxvelis warmodgenaSi odnavadac ar iCrdileba qa-

lis sulieri sispetake da zneobrivi sifaqize. k. Kkeke-

liZis TqmiT, m. baraTaSvilma `qarTuli satrfialo

poezia zeciuri samyarodan amqveynad Camoiyvana da

daamkvidra~.23 swored am niSniT m. baraTaSvili XVIII s-

is II naxevris satrfialo lirikis brwyinvale warmo-

madgenlis besikis winamorbedad SeiZleba miviCnioT. miT

ufro, rom mamukas satrfialo leqsebis mxatvrul-ga-

momsaxvelobiTi ferebisa da riTmuli JReradobis gav-

lena besikis poetur enaze aSkarad SesamCevia. Ddavi-

mowmoT mamukas erT-erTi saukeTeso leqsi `vixile Seni

Sveneba~: `vixile Seni Sveneba – saxesa vetrfialebi...

sulo, alvad aRzrdili lerwami – wvlils tansa

vetrfialebi. Savni, mSvildurad moxrilni, - warbebsa

183

vetrfialebi... sulo, mWvretT gulsa damasobelsa –

wamwamTa vetrfialebi~.24

rogorc vxedavT, mamukas satrfialo leqsebi Tavi-

seburia swored mxatvruli gamosaxvis axali formiTa

da leqsis musikaluri JReradobiT.

m. baraTaSvils gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba qarTu-

li Teoriul-esTetikuri azris ganviTarebaSi miuZRvis.

man qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi pirvelma Seqmna norma-

tiuli poetikis saxelmZRvanelo – Teoriuli traqtati

saxelwodebiT `WaSniki~ anu `swavla leqsTa Tqmisa~. es

Txzuleba uSualod vaxtang VI-is davalebiT Sesrulda

moskovSi 1731 w. wigni Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

pirvel Teoriul gaazrebad qarTuli esTetikuri azris

istoriaSi, radgan misi ZiriTadi nawili xelovnebis,

kerZod, poeziis arsisa da daniSnulebis zogades-

Tetikur sakiTxebs arkvevs, meore nawilSi ki Tavmoyri-

lia qarTuli leqsTwyobis mxolod nimuSebi.

`WaSnikis~ avtori xelovnebis, kerZod, poeziis Sesa-

xeb saubars garkveuli mizniT iwyebs – gamokveTos

xelovnebis daniSnuleba, adamianisaTvis saWiroeba. misi

yvela Segoneba poeziis didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi

rolis xazgasmas emsaxureba.

m. baraTaSvili Tvlis, rom poezia seriozuli saqmea,

romelic adamians ukvdavebisTvis sWirdeba: `leqsi erTi

ram aris am soflis saqmeSi. amisaTvis am soflis saqmis

cda kacisTvis yovelive amazed aris – sikvdils ukan

moigonebdes~. rodis iqneba poetis saxeli ukvdavyo-

fili? mamukas azriT, mxolod maSin, Tu `sityvis

simarjviTa da codnis ZaliT, sulieris codniTa da

samxedro codniT~ Seqmnis Tavis nawarmoebs. mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi `mTqmeli moigoneba da msmeni iswavlis~.

mwerlobas aRmzrdelobiTi daniSnuleba aqvs, Tvlis

m. baraTaSvili, amitom sifrTxilea saWiro saTqmelis

184

SesarCevad. poetma mxolod `kargi~ unda Tqvas, radgan

Tu àvzeda Tqva, urigod Tqva, qebisa da mogonebis

nacvlad saZraxavi da sagmobeli iqneba~... `kacma avi

ambavi ar galeqsos... radgan avis mTqmeli~ poeti codvas

Cadis, msmenelis zneobas ryvnis, àvs aswavlis~. amri-

gad, m. baraTaSvilis mtkicebiT, mwerlobas adamianis

zneobrivi aRzrda evaleba. mamuka, rogorc normatikosi,

afrTxilebs mwignobrebs, rom ès swavla~ imitom

davwere, `leqsi urigo aravis mouvides~.25

`WaSnikis~ avtoris azriT, xelovnebis asaxvisa da

gamoxatvis sagani sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli da mniSv-

nelovani unda iyos, radgan xelovneba sazogadoebis

ideologiuri aRzrdis qmediTi iaraRia. igi rjulis,

mefisa da qveynis interesebs emsaxureba. amitom qarTu-

li poeziis sagani erovnuli Sinaarsisa unda iyos da

misi daniSnuleba – saqveyno-patriotuli. mamuka baraTa-

Svilis Tanaxmad, mwerlobam ideurad unda aRzardos

sazogadoeba, Seayvaros samSoblo, gauRvivos gmiruli

suli mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

misive azriT, poeturi sityvis wyaro cocxali,

xalxuri metyvelebaa, romelsac folklorSi xedavs.

mas umarTebulod miaCnia qarTul leqsSi rusTveluri

Sairisa da CaxruxaZiseuli metris batonoba da

cdilobs xalxuri sasimRero-saleqso `xmebi~

Semoitanos, amiT axali sicocxle misces qarTul

poetur xelovnebas. es kargad Cans mis leqsebSi:

Svidtaepiani, Teqvsmetmarcvlovani leqsi `mdenari~

xalxuri leqsis `patara qalo Tinaos~ kvalobazea

SeTxzuli: `Cem sayvareli vinao, miwyiv midgexar winao,

gonebiT, Semkra survilma, arodes momelxinao~.

dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom aRorZinebis periodis

qarTuli esTetikuri saazrovno sivrce arc ise mdida-

ria Teoriuli TxzulebebiT. miuxedavad amisa, am drois

185

poeturi azris arsenalidan esTetikur problematikaze

sistemuri saxis mecnierul SexedulebaTa magistralu-

ri xazis gamokveTa SesaZlebelia. mamuka baraTaSvilis

Rvawli ki am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebulia imiT, rom

man zogadesTetikuri problematika Teoriuli msjelo-

bis sagnad aqcia specialur traqtatSi da amiT Rir-

seuli adgili daimkvidra qarTuli esTetikuri azris

istoriaSi.

3. daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis

esTetikuri aspeqtebi

daviT guramiSvili qarTuli filosofiuri da

mxatvruli azrovnebis saukeTeso tradiciebis gamgrZe-

lebelia; igi amave dros aSkarad exmianeba Tavisi

drois (XVIII s.) evropul progresul saazrovno

kulturas. mis SemoqmedebaSi erTdrouladaa

gaerTianebuli ganmanaTleblobis racionalizmi da

danteseuli `humanuri misticizmi~, mkacri realizmi da

cxovrebiseuli movlenebis uaRresad zneobrivi,

qristianuli xedva.

daviT guramiSvilis Semoqmedeba ara marto XVIII s.

saqarTvelos cocxali matianea, aramed, agreTve, Cvens

Tanamedroveobas Sexmianebuli da amdenad sadReisod

aqtualuri filosofiur-zneobrivi traqtati, romelSic

eris zneobrivi saxis damxvewi da amamaRlebeli

kodeqsia Camoyalibebuli.

ilia WavWavaZem daviT guramiSvili qarTul mwerlo-

baSi èvropeizmis~ Semomtanad miiCnia. misi TqmiT, daviT

guramiSvilma qarTuli poezia gawminda `maRalferado-

vani enawylianobisagan~, `RvarWnilobisagan~, sazoga-

dod, mwignobrul-xelovnurobisa da pirobiTobisagan.26

magram iliam guramiSvilis èvropeizmi~ mxolod mxatv-

ruli formis daxvewaze rodi daiyvana: man am cnebaSi

186

farTo saazrovno sivrce igulisxma, romelic daviT

guramiSvilma Semoitana qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi

da romelSic sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli movlene-

bis aRmosavlurobisagan gansxvavebuli, gonis primatiT

aRbeWdili, humanisturi da mowinave, evropuli TvalTa-

xedviT gaSuqeba igulisxma.

daviT guramiSvilis mxatvrul memkvidreobaSi, rome-

lic `daviTianis~27 saxeliTaa cnobili, pirovnuli da

sazogado ise gauTiSvelad erwymis erTmaneTs, rom

msgavsi aramcTu qarTulma, aramed evropulma litera-

turamac iSviaTad icis. xolo misi ZiriTadi istoriu-

li xasiaTis poema `qarTlis Wiri~ dawerilia garkveu-

li istoriul-filosofiuri koncefciiT. misi Sexedu-

lebiT, qveynis saxelmwifoebriobis aSenebas duRabiviT

sWirdeba sazogadoebis zneobrivi siwminde, rac Tavis-

Tavad rodi miiRweva. daviT guramiSvili am umaRlesi

miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis or gzas irCevs: erTi –

sazogadoebis kulturuli ganviTarebis, swavla-ganaT-

lebis popularizaciis, rac erovnuli da pirovnuli

cnobierebis Camoyalibebis saSualebaa da, meore –

qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis, rac sazoga-

doebas umaRlesi zneobrivi Rirebulebebisaken warmar-

Tavs. daviT guramiSvilis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis Tavi-

seburebas misi msoflmxedvelobrivi kredo da `marT-

lis Tqmis~ esTetikuri koncefcia gansazRvravs; poeti

obieqturad da Rrmad aanalizebs Tavisi qveynis socia-

lur-politikursa da sazogadoebis zneobriv-sarwmu-

noebriv mdgomareobas da mis analizs arCil mefis mier

dakvalianebuli `marTlis Tqmis~ principebis erTgule-

biT iZleva. amisaTvis ki SesaniSnavi mxatvruli gamosax-

vis formisTvis miugnia: avtobiografiuli faqtebisa da

subieqturi msoflgancdis prizmaSi atarebs Tavisi

qveynis kulturul-istoriuli viTarebis suraTs. amito-

187

mac es suraTi SiSveli istoriuli faqtebiT rodia Sev-

sebuli, aramed pirdapiri, grZnobadi uSualobiT aqvs

gadmocemuli: `metad mwared guli mtkiva, maJrJolebs

da tanSi mzaravs~. poetma kargad icis, rom `mZraxvels

Zraxva ki Tavad mouxdebis, magram farva siavisa qveyanas

ar mouxdebis~ da am poziciidan mzis sinaTleze

gamoaqvs imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mTeli

siave. igi ar indobs eriskacsa Tu samRvdelo pirs,

mkacrad akritikebs TviT mefis – vaxtang VI-is –

ugergilo politikas, arc kuTxuri kinklaoba da

erTmaneTis mtroba, feodaluri usamarTloba, Tavadaz-

nauruli sazogadoebis zneobrivi dacemuloba gamohpar-

via mis kalams. poeti adamianTa modgmis udides codvad

miiCnevs Surs, mtrobas da qveynis ganadgurebis mizezad

swored amas asaxelebs: `borotisagan keTili SuriT ver

ganarCieso~. meoregan ki dananebiT askvnis: `rac mogax-

sene, mogvgvara Cven erTmaneTis brZolama, qarTli osma-

lom daipyro, kaxeTi lekTa molama~.

daviT guramiSvilis amgvar analizs axlac ar

daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba, radgan sazogadoebriv

ZalTa dapirispireba dResac saqarTvelos mdgomareo-

baze damRupvelad moqmedebs.

daviT guramiSvili sazogadoebrivi gardaqmnis

ganmanaTleblur gzas irCevs iseve, rogorc misi wina-

morbedebi – arCili da sulxan-saba. swavla-ganaTleba

miaCnia zneobis amaRlebis erT-erT mZlavr saSualebad,

radgan swavla-ganaTleba adamians profesias aZlevs,

sazogadoebis socialur struqturaSi adgils miuCens,

movaleobis grZnobas uviTarebs, erTi sityviT, moqala-

qed aqcevs. amitom mouwodebs TanamedroveT: ìsmine,

swavlis mZebnelo, moyev daviTis mcnebasa, jer mware

Wame, kvlav tkbili, Tu eZeb gemovnebasa~. zneobriobaa

gamocxadebuli mtkice safuZvlad iseTi maRali grZno-

188

bebisaTvis, rogoricaa qal-vaJis siyvaruli. daviT gura-

miSvili aidealebs qal-vaJis mtkice, ojaxur, meuRleob-

riv urTierTobas. misi azriT, zneobrivi siyvaruli

sulieri siaxlovisgan warmoiSoba da ara xorcieli

ndomisgan. TviT buneba ewinaaRmdegeba fizikur, xor-

ciel ltolvas, Tu mas suliereba ar amagrebs. amitom

pirvelive Jinmoreul ndomas qal-vaJs Soris `qacvia

mwyemsSi~ bunebis yvela arseba: sulieri Tu usulo,

SaSvi, Cxikvi, ekali, qacvi, xis mWreli kaci – win

aRudgeba da xels uSlis. `qacvia mwyemsis~ finali gu-

ramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis arsebiT niSans warmoa-

Cens. poeti sazogadoebis dabal socialur fenebSi

aRmoaCens im zneobriv simaRles, rac Tavadaznaurul

aristokratizms aklia. man am poemiT pastoraluri

nakadi Semoitana qarTul mwerlobaSi, brwyinvale fere-

biT daxata sofluri buneba, STamagoneblad umRera Ta-

vis xalxs – glexobas, agviwera misi bunebrivi mgrZno-

beloba, simpaTiurad dagvixata mdabio xalxis yofa,

Cvevebi da aCvena misi maRali zneobrivi suliereba.

`qacvia mwyemsi~ bukolikuri Janris nawarmoebia, ro-

melic ase gavrcelebuli iyo renesansisa da, gansakuT-

rebiT, axali drois evropul mxatvrul-literaturul

sferoSi. qarTul mwerlobaSi ki es axali sityvis Tqma

iyo, riTac daviT guramiSvilma saTave daudo demokra-

tiul nakads. daviT guramiSvilis `mxiaruli zafxuli~

sicocxlis himnia, laRi, bunebis aTasferebiT gajere-

buli da ubralo xalxuri leqsikiT mdidari. marTalia,

nawarmoebSi uxvadaa warmodgenili qristianul mora-

listikaze agebuli darigeba-sentenciebi da zogjer

rigoristuli xasiaTis mkacri SeniSvnebi, magram nawar-

moebSi mTlianad dominantobs xalxuri warmodgenebis

mZafri nakadi. nawarmoebis siuJetur RerZs qmnis xal-

xuri warmodgenebi bunebis gaRviZeba-ganaxlebaze, rasac

189

iseTive umwikvlo siyvaruli moaqvs axalgazrdebSi,

rogoric axladgaRviZebuli bunebaa.

Tavisi winamorbedebisgan gansxvavebiT, daviT gurami-

Svilma qarTuli mwerloba aristokratiuli salonebi-

dan (samefo karidan) gamoiyvana da xalxuri nakadi

daamkvidra, amasTan klasikur simaRleze. adamianisa da

bunebis Tanxmieri harmoniulobaa mocemuli `qacvia

mwyemsSi~. bunebis gamococxlebis fonzea gaSlili qal-

vaJis gamijnurebis ambavi. axalgazrda gogonebi mxiaru-

li JiviliT moedebian trial mindors da yvavilebs

krefen. erTi gogona yvavilebma tyeSi Seityues, sadac

mwyemss gadaeyara, jer SeSinda, mere vaJis TavSekavebam

gaaTamama da gaamxiarula. maTi gamijnureba qristianu-

li moralis mkacr CarCoebSi viTardeba. qali Rirsebis

damcvelia da miuxedavad axalgazrduli gznebisa,

fizikuri siaxlovisagan Tavs ikavebs da vaJsac mouwo-

debs, afrTxilebs, rom misTvis ubiwoba sicocxleze

metia: `sjobs guli mokvdes da daimarxos, urigo saqme

ar daiZraxos... gTxov, ar Semarcxvino da Semanaxvino

Tavi dromdisa~. bunebis Zalebi exmareba qal-vaJs cdu-

nebisagan Tavi Sors daiWiron. bolos maTi siyvaruli

mamisa da mRvdlis kurTxeviT mTavrdeba. mTeli am

scenis ganmavlobaSi guramiSvili ara erT moralur,

sentencias aviTarebs mamis SegonebiT. poeti gvamcnobs

Tavis moralur, filosofiursa da sarwmunoebriv Sexe-

dulebebs... mamis darigebas wiTel zolad gasdevs Te-

zisi: ojaxuri siwynare sasicocxlo energiis dacvaao.

al. gvaxaria miuTiTebs aRmosavlur (kavkasiur

garemoSi) mxatvrul literaturaSi msgavsi siuJetis

mqone novelis arsebobaze, romelic nizam ganjelis

`bahar-nameSia~ CarTuli. aqedan gamomdinare, al.

gvaxaria Tvlis, rom ufro bunebrivi iqneboda gurami-

Svilisa da nizam ganjelis poeturi nawarmoebebisaTvis

190

saerTo wyarod aRmosavluri xalxuri folkloruli

siuJetis daSveba. amdenad, SesaZloa aRmosavlur (kavka-

siur garemoSi) xalxur folklorSi arsebuli siuJeti

qal-vaJis gamijnurebis Sesaxeb safuZvlad daedo nizam

ganjelisa da daviT guramiSvilis poetur qmnilebebs.

`bahar-names~ ukanaskneli novela `walkotis mepatro-

ne vaJisa da meCange mxevali qalis asaki~ aseTi siuJeti-

saa: mSvenier Wabuks baRi hqonda qalaqgareT; erT dRes

miadga da daketili daxvda; baRidan Cangisa da qalebis

mxiruli xmebi ismoda. vai-vaglaxiT baRSi Sesul vaJs

guli Seuvardeba erT mxevalze da roca mijnurebi

ganapirebas apireben, oTxjer maT sasiyvarulo alerss

xels uSlis sxvadasxva bunebrivi mizezi – erTxel

fanCaturis saxuravi CamoeqcaT Tavze, meored katam

SeaSina Seyvarebulebi, mesame kvaxebis mTeli acma dae-

caT Tavze, meoTxed gamoqvabulSi meliebma da mgelma

SeaSines. bolos Wabuki mixvda, rom misi vnebis winaaRm-

deg mTeli buneba amxedrda, mixvda Tavis Secdomas da

gadawyvita wesisa da rigis mixedviT SeerTo ymawvili

qali. igive siuJeturi xazi gvaqvs daviT guramiSvilTan.

mwyemsisa da glexis gogos paemans xels uSlis xan

Cxikvi, xan SaSvi, xan qacvi, xan mezoblis kaci waadge-

baT Tavs da maTi paemanic jvrisweris gadawyvetilebiT

mTavrdeba. maSasadame, askvnis al. gvaxaria: `bahar –

names~ meSvide novela siuJeturad axlos dgas d. gura-

miSvilis `mxiaruli zafxulis~ siuJetur xazTan da es

SemTxveviT ar unda iyoso.28

daviT guramiSvili brwyinvaled icnobs biblias da

uSualo wyarod iyenebs mas. es Cans `qacvia mwemsidan~,

sadac leqsadaa gadmoRebuli bibliuri siuJetebi da

poeti perifrazis sizustiT amuSavebs bibiliis calke-

ul adgilebs. magram yuradsaRebia sxva ram, kerZod, is

faqti, rom daviT guramiSvili Tavis poetur saTqmels

191

bibliuri teqstis qveteqstebiT wakiTxvis im principiT

gamoxatavs, romelic jer kidev filon aleqsandrieli-

dan moyolebuli, gavrcelebuli iyo bibliis mTargm-

nelobiT praqtikaSi. swored qveteqstiT wakiTxvis am

princips sTavazobs daviT guramiSvili mkiTxvels, ro-

melsac pirdapir ucxadebs: `scan am leqsTa igavi,

Targmne Tu giyvardeo! qrTilis puris qerqSia Sig

TaTuxi Cavdeo! qerqi gafrcven, ganagde, SigniT guls ki

sWamdeo!~ an `rac sityva giTxar, oria~. amgvarad, daviT

guramiSvili Tavis gancdebsa da fiqrebs or planSi

warmogvisaxavs – erTi xiluli, realuri plani, meore –

dafaruli, uxilavi, romlis gancda Sinagani WvretiTaa

ganpirobebuli. orplanianoba materialursa da sulier

samyaros moicavs: `tans rac ginda uyavi, Tavs nu

Semiryeo~. orplanianoba daviTis mxatvrul saxeebs -

`mzeTa mzes~, `sikvdilisa sikvdiliT damTrgunvels~,

`cxovrebis wyaros~, `sxivs~ da sxv. eikonur xasiaTs

aZlevs xilulisa da miRmuris erTianobiT.

`daviTianSi~ orplanianoba ar unda gavigoT rogorc

ori, urTierTdapirispirebuli msoflxedvis gamoxatva.

piriqiT, `daviTianis~ saero – yofiT da sasuliero

leqsebSi erTiani msoflmxedvelobrivi gadmosaxedidan

gaerTianebulia ori samyaro – amqveyniuri da imqvey-

niuri, moxsnilia dualizmi, dapirispireba zecasa da

miwas Soris (es areopagituli moZRvrebis gavlenaze

migvaniSnebs – avt.); es aris qveynis av-kargze, samSob-

los bedze. adamianis arsze, sikvdil-sicocxlis erTia-

nobaze dafiqrebuli kacis gabmuli locva, galoba,

sityvieri zvaraki uzenaesis mimarT, qristiani kacis

gulmxurvale aRsareba mamazecieris winaSe da amave

dros locva qveynis Sewevnisa da xsnisaTvis.

amqveyniuri cxovrebiT tkbobis survili esoden

Zlier dauflebia daviT guramiSvilis poetur subieqts,

192

rom aSkarad iCrdileba mistikis aRqma mis leqsebSi.

daviT guramiSvilis mimarTeba ayvavebuli, amqveyniuri

mSvenierebisadmi pasiuri Wvreta rodia, romelsac

SeeZlo mistikur gancdebSi gadaeyvana suliT amaRlebu-

li poeti, aramed Zlieri sulis, miwieri mSvenierebiT

tkbobis mosurne, realuri gancdebis mqone poetis

xedvaa. msubuqi, haerovani sulierebiT zeaRtacebuli

poeti Tavis himnebSi RmerTs uerTdeba, mas erwymis,

rogorc uxorco, fSvinieri ram, `qacvia mwyemsSi~ ki

miwieri mSvenierebiT tkbobas eZleva. poetis sicocx-

lismoyvareoba maRali zneobrivi SegnebiTaa pirobade-

buli. swored es Segneba karnaxobs poets mouwodos

adamianebs amqveyniuri bednierebisaken, aqtiuri qmedebi-

saken. es renesansuli msoflmxedvelobrivi xazis gagr-

Zelebaa axal droSi. rusTavelis poetur samyarosTan

xelovnurad Cawyvetili xazis aRdgenas cdilobs daviT

guramiSvili Tavisi Rrma sulierebiTa da natifi

xorcielebiT. RmerTis warmodgena mzis sinaTlis saxiT

Sua saukuneebis mxatvrul-esTetikuri koncefciebis amo-

savali wertilia ara marto qarTul, aramed evropul

literaturaSic. sakmarisia davasaxeloT dante ali-

gieri, romlis mixedviTac mzis sinaTle is wyaroa, ro-

melic angelozebs cis usasrulo sivrceSi moZraobis

Zalas aniWebs. mzis naTlis esTetikuri principi

renesansidan didxans mihyveba mxatvrul azrovnebas

dasavleT-aRmosavleTSi XVIII s.-Sic. amis magaliTia

daviT guramiSvili aRmosavleTSi, goeTe – dasavleTSi.

goeTes azriT, mze qristes saxea: `mzec iseTive

gancxadebaa uzenaesisa da Tanac uZlieresi yvela im

gancxadebaTa Soris, romelic Cven, miwis SvilT, ger-

gebia. me Tayvans vcem masSi RvTaebris sinaTles, ro-

gorc umaRlesi zneobis princips~, - eubneba goeTe

ekermans. goeTe mzis saxiT gamoxatavs meufes `faustSi~.

193

`mze kvlav aaJRerebs Zvelebur hangze, Zmur sferoebSi

jadosnur Cangsa, misi Wvreba sZenT angelosT Zalas,

veravin Caswvdes Tumca mis siRrmes~.29

daviT guramiSvilTanac mze da qriste sinonimebia,

orive sicocxlisa da siTbos wyaros warmoadgens da

umaRlesi zneobrivi principebis gamomxatvelia. daviT

guramiSvilis religiur-mistikuri xasiaTis leqsebisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebelia zekacis gaadamianureba da miwie-

ris gaRmerTeba. es Cans mis lirikul leqsSi `zubovka~,

sadac poeti aRgviwers `Sav Tval-warba~, pirad `TeTrs~,

`xalians~ ukrainel qals. qalisadmi vnebiT anTebuli

vedreba RvTismosavur RaRadisSi gadadis da bolos

qristes warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. miwieri qalis saxis

qristes RvTaebriv saxesTan gaigiveba dantes `salxine-

belis~ me-10 simReras mogvagonebs. komentatorTa azriT,

dante uyoymanod aTanabrebs beatriCes TviT qristesTa-

nac ki, riTac, ubralod rom vTqvaT, aRmerTebs mas.

magram daviT guramiSvilis trfobis gamomxatveli sity-

vebi ufro Rrmad grZnobad-erotikul STabeWdilebas

tovebs, rac ganasxvavebs guramiSvils dantesagan. daviT

guramiSvilis sarwmunoebrivi samyaro araa mowyvetili

miwierebas, poeti adamianur tragedias xedavs `nawlav-

gaTanguli~ RvTismSoblis saxeSi, romelsac muxlebze

dausvenebia `daWrili, gverdapobili~, `sawyalad yelga-

dagdebuli~ qriste da `RawvTa sisxlis mdebare~ dasti-

ris mas. guramiSviliseuli RvTismSoblis datirebis

scena marTlac freskulia da aRqmis simZafriT aranak-

leb STambeWdavia, vidre miqelanjelos `pietas~ vizua-

luri saxe.

daviT guramiSvilma saTave daudo pirSi avis

mZraxvelis politikas: àvsa avi ar uwodo, kargs saxe-

lad ra davarqo?~ - kiTxulobs poeti da mkacri pir-

dapirobiT amxels yovelgvar uzneobas. qveynis Wiri

194

poets suls uxuTavs: `metad mwared guli mtkiva,

maJrJolebs da tanSi mzaravs~-o, es sityvebi mtrulad

ganwyobili kacis gesliani lanZRva ki ar aris, aramed

gulSematkivari Wirisuflis gafrTxilebaa da moyvasis

pirSi Zraxvis princips gamoxatavs, rasac Semdgom ilia

WavWavaZe brwyinvaled agrZelebs.

$4.besikis poeturi samyaro

XVIII saukunis socialur-politikurma `decentrali-

zaciam~, rac feodaluri daqucmacebulobisa da erTiani

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis ganuxorcieleblobis Sede-

gi iyo, Taviseburi daRi daasva Teoriul-esTetikuri da

mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis àrasistemur~ gan-

viTarebas; kerZod, igi aisaxa im urTierTgansxvavebul

tendenciebSi, romlebic mTeli saukunis manZilze

gamovlindeba qarTul mxatvrul-esTetikur azrovnebaSi.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs SemoqmedebiTi procesis istoriul-

realisturi TematikiT gamdidreba, xalxuri nakadis

Semotana tradiciul-xalxuri Tu qalaquri folklo-

ris aTvisebis gziT, stilur-Janrobrivi siaxleebi, da-

savleTisken kulturuli swrafvis miuxedavad, aRmosav-

luri poeturi formebiT gataceba. aRsaniSnavia, rom

CamoTvlili tendenciebi Tavs iyris XVIII saukunis II

naxevris qarTuli poeziis kidev erTi brwyinvale

warmomadgenlis _ besikis _ besarion gabaSvilis (1750-

1791) SemoqmedebaSi.

besikis poeturi samyaro mravalferovania rogorc

Tematurad, ise Janrobrivi moculobiT: samijnuro li-

rikuli leqsebi, poema, oda, elegia, satira, iambako,

zma, anbanTqeba. tradiciuli SefasebiT, besiki cnobi-

lia, rogorc mgznebare, vnebiani siyvarulis momRerali

195

mgosani. akad. k. kekeliZis TqmiT, `rusTavelis Semdeg

ise mZafrad, uSualod, Rrmad da STagonebulad aravis

gamouvlenia siyvarulis grZnoba, rogorc es moaxerxa

besikma~30. magram besikis sasiyvarulo gancdas Zlieri

tragikuli intonacia axlavs – moTqma-godeba, cremlTa

Rvra, sikvdilTan uTanasworo WidiliT gamowveuli

SiSi, bedis Civili da a.S., cxadi xdeba, rom poetis su-

lieri mdgomareoba, romelic mis poeziaSi gansvavebul

ganwyobilebaTa kontrastuli feradovnebiTaa gamoxa-

tuli, im socialur-politikuri da pirovnuli yofis

bunebrivi Sedegi iyo, romelSic poeti ymawvilobidanve

moeqca.

saqme isaa, rom erekle II-is samefo karze didad

dafasebuli, Rrmad ganswavluli, satirisa da iumoris

niWiT dajildoebuli, samusiko xelovnebis didostati

ubadlo poeti cilismwameblebma da moSurneebma iseT

politikur intrigebSi gaabes anton I-isa da besikis

mamis, zaqaria gabaSvilis, dapirispirebis gamo, rom Wa-

buki poeti samSoblodan gaaZeves. imereTis samefo kars

TavSefarebuli poeti solomon I-is davalebiT dip-

lomatiur misias asrulebs sparseTsa da ruseTSi da

bolos, 40 wlis asakSi samSoblodan Sors, rumineTSi,

amTavrebs sicocxles.

besikis poeziis musikaluroba, riTmis simdidre,

feradovneba, saleqso zomaTa mravalgvaroba qarTuli

klasikuri leqsis wiaRidan aris amozrdili, misi

samijnuro-satrfialo leqsebi davalebulia rusTave-

lis, CaxruxaZis, Teimuraz I-is memkvidreobisgan. satr-

fos saxis dasaxatavad poeti uxvad iyenebs qarTuli

klasikuri saleqso fondidan iseT metaforul aqse-

suarebs, rogoricaa `mileuli mTvare~, `brZolis veli~,

`nawnavebi-gvelebi~, `melnis tba~, `wamwamebi-isari~,

`daziduli mSvildi~ da a.S.

196

besikis samijnuro ganwyobileba Zlieri siyvarulis

uSualo gancdaa, romelic poetur fiqcias ki ar exeba,

aramed realur, cocxal arsebas. besiki daucxromeli,

aRgznebuli siyvaruliT umReris satrfos garegnul

moxdenilobas, satrfos tanis ritmul rxevas, Tval-

wamwamis elvarebas. am mxriv, besikis `tano-tatano~, ro-

gorc qalis silamazis didebuli himni, namdvili Se-

devria qarTul satrfialo lirikaSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom besikis satrfialo lirikaSi

`vard-bulbulianis~ tradiciuli Temac gvxvdeba, magram

avtori imdenad originalurad axerxebs am Temis gaS-

las, rom qarTuli poeturi ornamentebiT damSvenebuli

`vard-bulbulianis~ ciklis misi leqsebi sruliad

axali sityvaa qarTul poeziaSi (`sevdis baRs Sevel~,

`bulbuli modis mwuxarebiT~, `bulbulis Sursa~, `var-

do sasuro~, `stvens bulbuli~)31.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, besikis siyvarulis

gancdas Rrma sevda da kaeSani axlavs. es toni

gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia `yaribobaSi~ _ ucxoeTSi _

daweril leqsebSi. poeti uCivis beds – `va, Cemsa

bedsao~, Tavs `bedkruls~, `bedisgan iavarqmnils~ uwo-

debs, mgosans `hklavs da awylulebs sevdis Sxami~,

`Rawvebi cremliTa naRari aqvs~, amitom wyevlis muxTal

sofels: `soflisa brWalman, viT grigalman, Cemsa

bedasa uswora kilo~ an `var ucxo vinme yaribi, ama

muxTlisa soflisa maginebeli, mgmobeli~. poetis am-

gvari sulisSemZvreli amonakvnesi mxolod gacruebuli

satrfialo grZnobebiT ar unda iyos gamowveuli.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom besikis mwuxarebas ufro Rrma sa-

fuZveli aqvs da igi mSobeli qveynis satkivars ukavSir-

deba.

besiki mgznebare patrioti iyo – mSobliuri qveynis

usazRvrod moyvaruli. samSoblos moSorebuli poeti

197

gulistkiviliT igonebs tol-amxanagebs, mSobliur

adgilebs, sadac bavSvoba aqvs gatarebuli (`cremlTa

isarni~). igi xedavs Tavisi qveynis gasaWirs, ganicdis

samSoblos socialursa da politikur rRvevas, mzadaa

Tavi gauWylitos èniT mkvlel gvels~. tragizmis ganc-

da imdenad mZafria, rom poeti sikvdilsac ar uSindeba:

`besiki sikvdils ar vemalebi, Tavi maqvs misTvis

Senawonebi~ (`sevdis baRs Sevel~). sazogado da piradi

bedukuRmarTobis erTian tkivilad gacnobierebasa da

didi sulieri tragizmiT gamoxatvas besiki ìgavuri~

formebiT cdilobs, rac mas Teimuraz I-isa da daviT

guramiSvilis poeziasTan aaxloebs. besikis mamuliSvi-

lur grZnobas gamoxatavs misi damokidebuleba qveynis-

Tvis Tavdadebuli, saxelovani gmirebisadmi, rac gadmo-

cemulia istoriul Temaze Seqmnil sagmiro-saxotbo

poemebSi: àspinZisaTvis~ da `ruxis brZola~. am poemebSi

poetma saqarTvelos konkretul-istoriuli faqtebi asa-

xa, gamoCenil TanamedroveTa dauviwyari portretebi

Seqmna. am mxriv gansakuTrebulia samgloviaro odac

`samZimari~, romliTac poetma cxare cremliT daitira

erekle II-is sayvareli Svili, `morige laSqris~ orga-

nizatori, misi megobari da mfarveli leon batoniSvi-

li, romlis moulodneli sikvdili Tavzardamcemi

aRmoCnda mefisa da samSoblos bediT dainteresebuli

yvela qarTvelisaTvis.

aRsaniSnavia, rom besikma qarTul poeziaSi

daamkvidra saxumaro da satirul-iumoristuli Janri.

marTalia, besikis satira zog SemTxvevaSi piradi xasia-

Tisaa, (`mzeWabuk orbelians~), magram mis enamaxvilobasa

da satirul niWs ZiriTadad imdroindeli sazogadoeb-

rivi cxovreba asazrdoebda. samefo karTan daaxloebu-

li poeti kargad icnobda feodaluri aristokratiis

meSCanur bunebas, Sursa da gautanlobas pirad urTier-

198

TobebSi, intrigebs. amitom Tavis geslian, satirul

leqsebSi Tamamad dascinoda adamianTa mankier mxareebs.

mis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs

xalxur, sayofacxovrebo Temaze daweril satirul poe-

mas `rZal-dedamTiliani~, romelSic poeti uxvad iyenebs

qarTuli xalxuri yofis damaxasiaTebel masalebs,

Tumca ambavi samaryandSi gadaaqvs da rZal-dedamTilis

tradiciul mtrobasa da kinklaobas ucxo qveynis

movlenad Tvlis. besiki msubuqi, laRi toniT iwyebs

rZal-dedamTilis urTierTobis sasacilo mxareebis

aRweras. TandaTan poetis saxumaro toni mware satira-

Si gadadis: poeti gmobs ojaxis myudroebis damrRvevTa

sisastikes, flidobas, daundoblobas, somexi terteras

saxec saeklesio pirTa uzneobisa da simdablis

gansasaxiereblad aqvs CarTuli poemaSi. aRsaniSnavia,

rom `rZal-dedamTilianis~ xalxuri Tema qarTul mwer-

lobaSi pirvelad besikma Semoitana.

besikis poetur Semoqmedebas gansakuTrebul xibls

aniWebda e.w. muxambazur yaidaze dawerili leqsebi.

`misi baiaTebi da muxambazebi, romelTac is saucxood

amRerebda Tarze, garkveul wreSi piridan pirSi gada-

dioda da qalaqis baRebsa da quCebs ayruebda~32. (k.

kekeliZe). besikma, saiaTnovasTan erTad, qarTul

poeziasa da musikaSi daamkvidra e.w. muxambazuri kilo,

gaaZliera aSuRuri poeziis tradicia, romelic Rrmad

SeiWra qalaqur yofaSi da safuZvlad daedo XIX s-Si

ukve `Tbilisurad~ wodebul qalaqur folklors.

besikis poeturi xmis gavlena igrZnoba al. WavWavaZisa

da gr. orbelianis poeziaSi. besikis poeziis mkvlevari

da Tayvanismcemeli giorgi leoniZe besikis poeturi

`saxelis fuZed musikalur stiqias~ miiCnevda da sav-

sebiT samarTlianad, amaSi gulisxmobda besikis poeziis

saocar musikalur JReradobas, poeturi inerciis Tavi-

199

sebur ritmSi gamoxatulebas, frazis simsubuqesa da

elvarebas. besiks Tanamedroveni rusTvelsac ki ada-

rebdnen: `rusTvelisebr xmatkbilobiT ar aklebda arc

erT gvarso~. ioane batoniSvili Tavis `kalmasobaSi~

wers: `besarion gabaSvili iyo mecnierebasa Sina gamoc-

dili ucxo piitikos-moSaire, msgavsi rusTvelisa, ro-

melmac mravalni saamo Sairni daswera sparsTa xmaTa

zeda samRerali qarTulisa eniTa~33.

kompoziciuri daxvewilobiTa da mTlianobiT, meta-

foraTa simravliTa da nairferobiT, aliteraciaTa

siuxviT besikma gaamdidra qarTuli leqsis esTetikuri

buneba, riTac didi gavlena moaxdina aramarto e.w.

`gardamavali xanis~ (XVIII-XIX ss. mijna) poeziaze, ara-

med qarTvel romantikosTa Semoqmedebazec.

200

merve Tavi

sazogadoebriv-politukuri ideebi

XIII-XVIII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTveli eris

socialur-politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis, misi

istoriuli bedis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli iyo gamaer-

Tianebel da gamTiSvel ZalTa brZola, romelSic qarT-

velebs uwevdaT cxovreba. swored saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifoebriobisTvis am ukiduresad araxelsayreli da

uaryofiTi pirobebis gamo, yovelive, rac xels uwyobda

erTmmarTvelobis damkvidrebasa da saqarTvelos poli-

tikursa da ekonomikur mTlianobas, progresul movle-

nad unda CaiTvalos. yovelive is ki, rac xels uSlida

am mTlianobasa da erTmmarTvelobas, istoriulad cal-

saxad regresul Zalad unda iqnes miCneuli.

sagareo mZime pirobebi da gareSe mtruli Zalebis

Careva winaTac xSirad iwvevda erTgvar garTulebebs

Sinaur ZalTa brZolaSi. magram, XIII saukunidan moyo-

lebuli, saqarTvelosTvis sul ufro da ufro Zneli

Seiqna am ZalTa neitralizeba da bolos is saqarTve-

los istoriuli bedis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad faqtorad

gadaiqca.

TviT aRniSnuli brZolis arsebobis faqti, romelic

drois msvlelobis kvalobaze sul ufro da ufro

mZafrdeboda, saqarTveloSi ori urTierTgamomricxavi

politikuri Sexedulebis, politikuri azris arseboba-

ze metyvelebda. pirveli maTgani, saqarTvelos politi-

kur momavals erovnulsa da saxelmwifoebriv erTiano-

baSi xedavda; meore _ regresuli azri _ ki, arad da-

gidevdaT erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis

ideas da kuTxuri partikularizmiTa da viwro feo-

daluri interesebiT iyo nasazrdoebi.

201

politikur azrTa es siWrele pirdapir aisaxeboda

politikur bataliebsa da momxdur mterTan brZolebSi

Cabmuli qarTvelobis cnobierebaSi. kvlavac Zlieri iyo

gardasuli didebis dReTa sulieri gamocdilebis gav-

lena da uklebliv yvelas hqonda imis pretenzia, rom

samSoblos sakeTildReod iRvwoda da ibrZoda; oRon-

dac, am samSoblos yvela sakuTari sulis sarkmlidan

,,umzerda”. da Tu progresuli ZalebisTvis samSoblod

upiratesad yovelTvis erTiani da mTliani saqarTvelo

ganicdeboda, regresulTaTvis is, arc Tu iSviaTad,

mxolod sakuTari saerisTaoTi, saTavadoTi, sakuTari

mamuliT ifargleboda. yovelive es iwvevda ZalTa uki-

dures daqsasulobas, rac naTeli gaxada ukve pirvelma

brZolebma.

rogorc momxdur mterTan brZolebSi, aseve masTan

dazavebisas, mravali kuTxe xSirad irCevda gankerZoebis

gzas. rusudan dedoflis mTavarsardali avag mxargrZe-

li, mandaturTuxucesi SanSe, varam gageli da sxvani

sakuTar SexedulebaTa da interesTa mixedviT arkvevd-

nen Tavis damokidebulebas Semoseul monRolebTan. ase

dabneulad da areulad Sexvda saqarTvelo Semoseul

mters ukve XIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi da es maSin,

roca sul raRac ori-sami aTeuli wlis win is TiTqos

mtkiced iyo erTian Zalad Camoqnili. axalma politi-

kurma pirobebma cxadyo, rom es erTianoba sinamdvileSi

zedapiruli da moCvenebiTi iyo1.

gansxavavebul politikur ZalTa brZolas amwvavebda

da progresul ZalTa sazianod moqmedebda isic, rom

saqarTvelos mefe xSirad iZulebuli iyo mtris banakSi,

_ jer monRolTa yaenis urdoSi, Semdeg ki sxva mefeTa

(mag. iranis Sahis) karze _ gamocxadebuliyo, da Tanac,

sakmaod didi xniT. es saqarTvelos faqtobrivi ume-

fobis sakmaod xangrZlivi periodebi ama Tu im kuTxis

202

msxvil feodalebsa da mmarTvelebSi xSirad badebda

gankerZoebis tendenciebs, Zalauflebis gafarToebis

survils. ,,feodaluri aristokratia (unda vigulisxmoT

feodaluri aristokratiis garkveuli nawili _ avt.)

TandaTan gaSiSvlda Tavisi egoisturi antierovnuli

miswrafebebis SesrulebaSi.”2 yovelive es ki uaRresad

uaryofiTad moqmedebda erovnuli cnobierebis mTlia-

nobaze, xels uwyobda qarTveli eris wina saukeTeso

Taobebis mier udidesi ZalisxmeviT miRweuli qarTuli

erovnuli gonis erTianobisa da mTlianobis moSlasa

da rRvevas, calkeuli samTavroebisa da kuTxeebis

mixedviT mis daSlasa da danawevrebas; qarTvelTa didi

nawili sakuTari Tavis identificirebas upirvelesad

sakuTar kuTxesTan axdenda da ara mTel saqarTvelos-

Tan; es tendencia gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivi gaxda

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelosTvis, risi mravali

sabuTis moZiebac SeiZleba werilobiT ZeglebSi.3

momZlavrebuli feodaluri aristokratia, upirve-

les yovlisa, ibrZoda sakuTari politikuri da ekono-

mikuri Zalauflebis ganmtikiceba-gafarToebisTvis, ri-

si safuZvelic, nebismier feodalur sazogadoebaSi,

upirveles yovlisa, miwis sakuTrebaa. es garemoeba adek-

vaturad aisaxa kidec am periodis feodalTa moqme-

debebSi. ukve XIII saukunis miwuruls Zalze masobrivi

gaxda saeklesio miwebis CamorTmevisa da mitacebis faq-

tebi. yovelive es ki imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom TandaTan

sustdeboda eklesiis gavlena da qristianobis, rogorc

erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos ideologiuri safuZvlis

Zalmosileba. es moqmedebebi sruliad organulad jdeba

im saerTo suraTSi, romelic Cven qarTveli eris

cxovrebaSi sulierebis TandaTanobiT da ganuxrel

Sesustebad miviCnieT.

203

gansaxilveli periodis social-politikuri azris

Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra im socia-

lurma cvlilebebma, rac qarTul sinamdvileSi XIII sau-

kunidan moxda aznaurebisa da glexobis mdgomareobaSi.

kerZod, am droidan iwyeba aznaurTa didi nawilis

TandaTanobiTi gaRaribeba. meore mxriv ki, maT nacvld

da xSirad maT xarjzec win wamoiwia adamianTa axalma

jgufma, romelmac am oromtrialSi ara mxolod gadar-

Cena, aramed gamdidreba da aRzevebac moaxerxa. Ees Sina-

gani diferenciacia aznaurTa fenaSi momavalSi TavadTa

wodebis Seqmnas amzadebda. yovelive amis gamo, ,,Tava-

doba saqarTveloSi ar iyo aznaurTa ganviTarebis

kanonzomieri Sedegi, aramed gaubedurebisa da amdenad,

SemTxveviTi ambavi ufro iyo”4. CvenTan Tavadoba war-

moiSva ara saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis

safuZvelze, aramed, piriqiT, misi dacemis pirobebSi.

Tavadobis warmoSobis pirobaa ara erTiani da mZlavri,

ekonomikurad da politikurad damoukidebeli saqarTve-

losTvis gaweuli Zalisxmeva, aramed ufro im Zalebis

samsaxuri, romlebic saqarTvelos erovnul, politi-

kur, ekonomikur, kulturul interesebs upirispirdeba.

yovelive es ki, cxadia, Tavis uaryofiT daRs asvamda

am periodis socialursa da politikur Sexedulebebsa

da azrs.

XIII saukuneSi moxda Tavisufali glexobis Tanda-

TanobiTi mospoba; glexobisa, romelic gaWirvebis Jams

yovelTvis erTi adgilidan meoreze gadanacvlebiT Sve-

loda Tavs. Eamave dros qarTuli sazogadoebis am fe-

nisTvis ufro sasurveli (da xelsayrelic) iyo erTiani

da mTliani saqarTvelo. es ki, cxadia, maTSi saerTo

erovnul-patriotuli grZnobebis gaRvivebasa da Sesaba-

misi politikuri Sexedulebebis damkvidrebas uwyobda

xels.

204

XIII-XIV saukuneebidan ki glexTa Tavisuflad ga-

daadgilebis winaaRmdeg TandaTanobiT SemzRudvel zo-

mebs iReben. maT pirdapir ekrZalebaT erTi adgilidan

meoreze gadasvla. ,,damkvidrda glexTa mimagreba mi-

waze, an, ufro sworad, miwis patronze. nacvlad

winandeli glexobisa, Seiqmna yma glexoba. Ees procesi

Seexo glexebis im jgufsac, romelic winaT Tavisufal

glexobad iTvleboda. Mmale am ukanasknelTa ricxvma

sagrZnoblad iklo. glexobis mimagreba miwaze, maSasa-

dame, faqtobrivad iyo maTi mimagreba memamuleTa pirov-

nebaze.

ramdenadac feodalizmis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel

Taviseburebad pirovnebis pirovnebaze mimagreba iTv-

leboda, amdenad miwis mflobelobaze glexobis mimag-

rebis procesi warmoadgenda ekonomikur dasayrdens

saqarTvelos pirobebSi feodalizmis gamococxlebisa

da gaZlierebisTvis, ramac Tavisi Sedegi momdevno

saukuneebSi gamoiRo”5. es Sedegi, rac erTiani erovnuli

cnobierebis saboloo moSlasa da misiT nasazrdoebi

socialuri da politikuri Sexedulebebis daknineba-

damcrobaSi gamoixata, saTaves glexTa cnobierebis im

cvlilebebSic iRebda, rasac maTi socialur-ekonomi-

kuri Tu politikuri mdgomareobis Secvla iwvevda: yma-

glexTa mdgomareobis, maTi cxovrebiseuli probleme-

bisa da bedis gadawyvetasa da gansazRvraSi sul ufro

da ufro nakleb realur mniSvnelobas iZenda erTiani

da mTliani saqarTvelo, rogorc aseTi. samagierod, am

sibrtyeSi wina planze gamodioda kuTxuri Tu sxva ram

viwro interesebi, rac Taviseburad aisaxeboda kidec

maT socialur Tu politikur azrovnebasa da Sexedu-

lebebze.

yovelive es, cxadia, imas ar niSnavs, rom progre-

suli socialuri da politikuri Zalebi ubrZolvelad

205

Tmobdnen sarbiels. aRniSnuli procesi, xSirad Zalzed

sastiki da mZafri brZolebis saxiT mimdinareobda,

sadac, gamarjvebis saswori, arcTu iSviaTad, swored

progresuli Zalebis mxares ixreba. erT-erTi aseTi

movlena iyo XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi giorgi

brwyinvales mefobis periodSi ganviTarebuli procese-

bi, rodesac TvalsaCino Sedegebi iqna miRweuli sa-

qarTvelos mTlianobis aRdgenis TvalsazrisiT. am

movlenebma aCvena, rom qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas ki-

dev hqonda imis unari, rom xelsayreli sagareo

pirobebis SemTxvevaSi kvlavac warmatebiT gadaeWra mis

winaSe mdgari amocanebi. dasavleT da aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, samcxesTan mainc erTgvarad

mtkice damokidebulebis aRdgena qmnida iseT pirobebs,

rodesac saqarTvelom kvlav moipova Sinagani simtkice

da sagareo gavlena. ,,...erTmmarTvelobisa da feodalu-

ri gaTiSulobis winaaRmdeg brZola saqarTvelos so-

cial-politikuri istoriis am safexurze gamoixata

imaSi, rom erTmmarTvelobam ajoba iseT partikula-

ristebs, rogoric iyvnen kaxeT-hereTis da somxeTis

mflobel-mmarTvelebi, ramac erTmmarTveloba sagrZnob-

lad ganamtkica.”6

aseTi mdgomareoba iyo saqarTveloSi XIV saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi. amis Semdgom ki daiwyo Temurlengis

(1336-1405) Semosevebi. Aam, Tavisi xasiaTiT erT-erTma

yvelaze ufro masStaburma, xangrZlivma da damangre-

velma Semosevebma, saqarTvlo rogorc politikurad,

aseve ekonomikurad da kulturulad ise moSala da gaa-

nadgura, rom man XVI saukunemde fexze wamodgoma da

odnav mainc saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis SenarCuneba

veRarc SeZlo.

bunebrivia, rom aseTi mdgomareoba uaRresad xelsay-

reli iyo erTmmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Zale-

206

bisTvis, risi dasturicaa samcxeSi jayelebis sagvareu-

los da misi wamxedaobiT sxva antisaxelmwifoebrivi

Zalebis gaaqtiureba, rasac Sedegad mohyva saqarTvelos

erTmmarTvelobisa da saxelmwifos mTlianad moSla.

XV saukuneSi moxda kidev erTi mniSnvnelovani faq-

ti, romelmac arsebiTad gansazRvra Semdgomi saukunee-

bis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri azris

ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi da xasiaTi. es iyo osmalTa

konstantinepolSi damkvidreba da SemdgomSi otomanTa

Zlieri imperiis Seqmna.

osmalTa imperiis Seqmnisa da gaZlierebis yvelaze

didi uaryofiTi Sedegi saqarTvelosTvis imaSi gamoixa-

ta, rom is bunebrivi da istoriulad gakvaluli gza,

romliTac saqarTvelo ukavSirdeboda evropul samya-

ros, faqtobrivad, am imperiis mier gadaketili aRmoCn-

da. muslimur samyarosTan pirispir SerCenili, igi izo-

laciaSi moxvda da gawyda evropul kulturasTan is

kontaqtebi, romelTa safuZvelzec saqarTvelo sauku-

neTa manZilze kulturuli ganviTarebis mZlavr impul-

sebs iRebda. es ki ukiduresad uaryofiTad moqmedebda

qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri azris

ganviTarebis proceszec, radgan es ukanaskneli mxolod

kulturis erTian qsovilSia moazrebadi.

Zalzed didi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom

aRniSnuli faqtis Semdgom periodSi saqarTvelo, ori

Zlieri da agresiuli saxelmwifos, _ osmaleTsa da

sparseTs Soris myofi, mudmivi da Seunelebeli ormx-

rivi politikuri, ekonomikuri, ideologiuri, kulturu-

li da a.S. wnexis qveS moeqca. es saxelmwifoebi mudmi-

vad eqiSpebodnen erTmaneTs saerTod mTels kavkasiaSi,

kerZod, ki saqarTveloSi hegemoniis damyarebisa da

gabatonebisTvis. am qiSpobasa da davaSi orive es agre-

sori yovelTvis axerxebda saqarTvelos erTiani sxeu-

207

lidan Tavisi ,,wilis miRebas” da es wili, rogorc

wesi, erTisTvis aRmosavleT saqarTvelo iyo, meoris-

Tvis dasavleTi da samxreTi; da swored esec iyo erT-

erTi umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom saqarTvelos isto-

riis am umZimes periodSi sabolood damarcxda saqarT-

velos erTianobis aRdgenis idea da giorgi brwyinva-

les magaliTis ganmeoreba, saerTod SeuZlebeli gaxda.

aseTi mZime mdgomareoba, cxadia, gamTiSavi Sidareaq-

ciuli Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegic iyo. magram qarTuli

reaqciuli Zalebi arasdros ar yofilan ise Zlieri,

rom Tuki gamTiSavi Zalebi saqarTvelos gareT Zlier

dasayredensa da mxardamWers ver monaxavdnen, maTi

damarcxeba SeuZlebeli yofiliyo. amaze metyvelebs

Tundac is, rom progresul Zalebs, araTu arasdros

farxmali ar dauyriaT, aramed, dro da dro saqarTve-

los aRdgenisa da gaerTianebisTvis Zalisxmevas ar

iSurebdnen. am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-

nia giorgi saakaZis, vaxtang VI-isa da erekle II-is moR-

vaweoba. rac Seexeba imereTis mefe solomons, rogorc

marTebulad SeniSnavs S. nucubiZe, isic ,,imave xazs

agrZelebda imereTSi (igulisxmeba erekle II-is xazi. _

avt.), amdenad ereklesa da misi cda erTi movlenis

Semadgenel elementad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli”7.

damoukidebloba dakargul saqrTvelos mTliani an

nawilobrivi gaerTianebis es cdebi nasazrdoebi iyo

imis sruli SegnebiT, rom mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda

saqarTvelos xsna da gadarCena. magram samive es cda,

romelTagan TviToeuli Tavis TavSi mraval warmatebasa

da warumateblobas moicavda, sabolood, mainc marcxiT

damrTavda. marcxis mizezi ki kvlav da kvlav qveynis

Sida reaqciuli da gamTiSavi Zalebis moqmedebasTan

Sewyvilebuli gareSe Zlieri mtris veraguli politika

iyo.

208

saqarTvelos uZlieresi dartyma miayena Sah-abasis

(1571-1623) mier warmoebulma omebma. am omebma naTelyo,

rom dauZlurebul saqarTvelos arc Tavisuflebis

SenarCuneba SeeZlo da arc gaerTianeba. saWiro iyo

raRac axali, gadamwyveti nabijis ganxorcieleba; iseTi

nabijis, rac Zireul gardatexas Seitanda da Secvlida

saqarTvelos bed-iRbals. erTi aseTi nabiji SeiZleboda

yofiliyo Zlieri mtris Zalebis gamoyeneba saqarTve-

losave sasikeTod da sakeTildReod, mis gasaerTianeb-

lad da Tavs gasuli Tavadobis asalagmavad. pirovneba,

vinc moindoma misi umZimesi problemebis gadaWra, iyo

didi meomari da sazogado moRvawe, wvrili aznaurobis

wridan gamosuli giorgi saakaZe. magram saqarTvelos

gaerTianebisken mimarTuli saakaZiseuli gegmebi, rac

gareSe Zalebis gamoyenebis ideaze iyo damyarebuli,

erTnairad gaugebari da miuRebeli aRmoCnda rogorc

Tavadebis, aseve mefisTvisac. qarTveli moRvaweebisTvis

ufro maxlobeli da misaRebi iyo is suliskveTeba, rac

Semdgom, XIX saukuneSi poeziis enaze gamoxata vaJa-

fSavelam. kerZod, vaJas Tanaxmad, WeSmariti suliereba,

TviT yvelaze ufro didi ,,Wiris” dasaZlevadac ki

gamoricxavs ,,bilwTan” zavis Sekvrasa da mtris xeliTa

da daxmarebiT TanamoZmeTa sisxlis Rvras. asea Tu ise,

Cveni istoriis am etapze, mowinave qarTuli sazoga-

doebrivi da politikuri azri sruliad ,,moumzade-

beli” aRmoCnda saakaZis gzis gasaziareblad da misa-

Rebad da misi brZolac marcxiT damrTavda.

aseve marcxiT damTavrda vaxtang VI-is mcdelobac.

am uaRresad ganaTlebuli da qarTuli kulturis Tav-

dadebuli moamage mefis udidesma Zalisxmevamac ver

uSvela saqmes: verc mefis ganaTlebulobam, verc misma

Zalzed mniSvnelovanma sameurneo da sakanonmdeblo

saqmianobam, verc sagangebo ,,mcvelTa jarma” sabolood

209

sasikeTo Sedegi ver gamoiRo. araTu ver moxerxda Tav-

gasuli Tavadebis ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis aRkveTa,

aramed, piriqiT, igi ufro sagrZnobi da saSiSi gaxda.

sabolood nadgurdeboda qarTuli ekonomikisa da

meurneobis balavari _ qarTuli sofeli. Mmasobrivi

xasiaTi miiRo glexobis erTi adgilidan ayram da sxva

kuTxeebSi gadasaxlebam, magram saSveli arsad iyo.

gamTiSvel, reaqciul ZalebTan brZolaSi faqtobrivad

damarcxebuli vaxtang VI bolos iZulebuli gaxda

ruseTs gamgzavrebuliyo imis imediT, rom ruseTis same-

fo karis daxmarebiT SeZlebda saqarTveloSi dabru-

nebas da Tavisi miznebis aRsrulebas.

es imedi, rogorc Semdgom drom aCvena, usafuZvlo

aRmoCnda da vaxtang VI-is miznebsac aRsruleba ar

ewera. samagierod, am nabijma uaryofiTad imoqmeda

qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri azris

xasiaTze, mis Semdgom bedze: vaxtang VI-s

saqarTvelodan Tan gahyva mravalricxovani amala,

romelic TiTqmis mTlianad misi Tanamoazreebisgan, e.i.

saqarTvelos erTianobisa da qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis momxreebisgan Sedgeboda. raoden

keTilSobiluric ar unda yofiliyo vaxtang VI-is

miznebi, faqtobrivad ase gamovida: qarTveli eris

progresuli Zalis udidesi nawili, nebsiT Tu uneb-

lieT, Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, brZolas gaerida da

saqarTveloc mxolodRa arakeTilsaimedo Tavadebis

saTareSod darCa.

mesame da bolo mcdeloba saqrTvelom gaakeTa erek-

le II-is mefobis dros, roca erTgvarad Cvenda sasike-

Tod Secvlilma sagareo pirobebma gadarCenis garkveu-

li imedi dasaxa. qarTlisa da kaxeTis gaerTianeba erT-

gvar imeds iZleoda, rom qarTuli samefoebis gaerTia-

nebis procesi SemdgomSic gagrZeldeboda da, bolos da

210

bolos, SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gareSe Tu Sida mtruli

Zalebis aRkveTa da damarcxeba. magram am Zalebma,

romlebic manamde mainca da mainc didi erTobiT ar

gamoirCeodnen, ,,igrZnes ra erTmarTvelobis gaZliereba,

gaerTianebuli ZaliT mis winaaRmdeg Setevis samzadiss

Seudgnen, saqme TavadTa organizebul SeTqmulebamde

mivida erTmmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg.”8

qarTuli erTmmarTvelobisTvis brZolis istoriis

am epizodSi mefem sZlia SeTqmulebas. isini mxilebulni

da mkacrad, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan zedmeti sisas-

tikiTac ki dasajes. magram erekles es aqti, sxva

mniSvnelovan miRwevebTan (mag. gareSe mterTan brZo-

laSi mopovebul araerT brwyinvale gamarjvebasTan) er-

Tad Cveni istoriis iseTi epizodi iyo, romelic isto-

riis Carxs, cxadia, waRma ver Semoatrialebda. moZale-

buli mteri Zlieri iyo, qveyana ki sisxlisgan daclili

da xalxi welSi gatexili. Aanalogiuri mdgomareoba

sufevda dasavleT saqarTveloSic.

aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos samefo karis mier

ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sesvlis gadawyvetileba da

am gadawyvetilebis Sesruleba, romelic patriotuli

Zalebis mier TviT erekle II-is dros sxvadasxvagvarad

fasdeboda9, mainc SegviZlia saqarTvelos istoriis

mocemuli periodis tragikuli movlenebis ukanasknel

aqtad miviCnioT; rogorc Zalze zustad da erTgvarad

mxatvrul konteqtSi SeniSnavs S. nucubiZe, ,,isini,

(igulisxmebian erekle II da solomon pirveli _ avt.),

rogorc gmirebi, istoriis scenaze aRar iyvnen, roca

tragedia daskvnamde mivida da saqarTvelo ,,qarTul

guberniad” iqca”.10

ase savalalod dasrulda saqarTvelos eqvssaukuno-

vani brZola saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobisaTvis, ro-

melSic Tavisi gadamwyveti sityva Tqva orma ZiriTadma

211

faqtorma: saqarTvelos bedTan dakavSirebuli gamwvave-

buli msoflio politikuri procesebis pirobebSi gare-

Se mtrebis mravaljeradma Semosevam, da aseT viTareba-

Si TviTon Cvens sinamdvileSi warmoCenilma Sinaganma

winaaRmdegobebma.

aqve saWirod migvaCnia imis aRniSvnac, rom saqarT-

velos saxelmwifoebriobis sruli politikuri marcxi

gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom qarTuli politikuri azri

sruliad moumzadebeli aRmoCnda im axali situaciis-

Tvis, romelSic igi XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX

saukunis dasawyisSi aRmoCnda.

is garemoeba, rom qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

mxardamWer Zalebs politikuri mxardamWerisa da mfar-

velis ZiebaSi mzera jer kidev erekle II-mdec ruseTi-

saken hqondaT mipyrobili, ar yofila mxolod imiT

gamowveuli, rom ruseTi am dros msoflios erT-erTi

uZlieresi saxelmwifo iyo. Zliereba ar akldaT arc

iransa da arc TurqeTs. Tanac, rogorc erekles Semd-

gomma istoriulma movlenebma cxadyo, wminda politi-

kuri TvalsazrisiT am qveynebis mfarvelobis qveS yof-

na, ruseTis mfarvelobaze uaresi sruliadac ar yofi-

la. Mamis miuxedavad, mowinave qarTuli politikuri az-

risTvis am qveynebis proteqtoratobis qveS yofna

arasodes yofila misaRebi da miT umetes, sasurveli.

es upirvelesad gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom erov-

nuli erTianobisa da saxelmwifo mTlianobisTvis brZo-

la saqarTvelosTvis, cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad yo-

velTvis warmoadgenda sakuTari erovnuli TviTmyoba-

dobisa da kulturuli TavisTavadobisTvis brZolasac.

is msoflmxedvelobrivi sivrce, romelSic qarTuli

kultura saukuneTa manZilze viTardeboda, iyo qristia-

noba. swored amitom im epoqaSi, romelSic erebisa da

saxelmwifoebis urTierTagresias TiTqmis yovelTvis

212

Tan axlda msoflmxedvelobrivi da kulturuli agre-

siac, saqarTvelosTvis Zalzed araxelsayreli da miu-

Rebeli iyo aRniSnuli qveynebis mfarvelobaSi yofna,

radganac es momakvdinebel safrTxes uqmnida mis

msoflmxedvelobasa da kulturul TavisTavadobas. am

saxelmwifoebTan qarTvelTa xangrZlivi da uTanasworo

brZolis siRrmiseuli sazrisic swored es iyo: am

brZolaSi qarTuli kultera icavda sakuTar Tavs,

sakuTar TavisTavadobasa da unikalurobas. Dda rode-

sac sakuTari ZalebiT brZolis yvela SesaZlebloba

amoiwura da misi Semdgomi gagrZeleba ubralod SeuZ-

lebeli gaxda, sruliad bunebrivia, rom qarTulma

politikurma azrma mzera erTmorwmune ruseTisken

miapyro, radganac swored ruseTTan erTmorwmuneobaSi

xedavda igi Tavisi erovnuli da kulturuli TavisTava-

dobis SenarCunebis garantias; erTmorwmuneoba saxavda

imis imedsa da rwmenasac, rom qristianuli ruseTi

erTmorwmune saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi qristianuli

zneobrivi moZRvrebis principebsac daicavda da qoma-

gad, mfarvelad upirvelesad saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

foebriobas moevlineboda.

es imedi, ra Tqma unda, gulubryvilo iyo, rwmena ki

usafuZvlo. arc imis mtkiceba SeiZleba, rom mosalod-

nel safrTxes qarTuli politikuri azri saerTod ver

xedavda. magram mainc im realobisTvis, romelsac igi

rusuli saxelmwifoebrivi politikis saxiT waawyda, is

saerTod mzad ar iyo.

rogoric ar unda iyos moaruli, Tu damkvidrebuli

azri e.w. aRmosavleTis politikosebis (Sesabamisad po-

litikisac) mzakvrobis Sesaxeb, maTSi mainc sakmaod

didad fasobda da didi Rirebulebac hqonda iseT

movlenebs, rogoricaa adamianis (miT umetes, mefeTa)

piradi Rirseba, samarTlianoba, micemuli sityvisa da

213

ficis erTguleba, Rirseuli mowinaaRmdegis pativiscema

da a.S. isini Tavisebur daRsac asvamdnen am regionis

politikur cxovrebasa da qcevebs; im donemde, rom

principi: ,,mizani amarTlebs saSualebas” arasodes

yofila politikuri cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli

erTaderTi faqtori. saqarTvelos politikuri azri,

romelic maRali zneobrivi RirebulebebiT iyo

gajerebuli, rusuli imperiuli politikis saxiT

waawyda ukiduresad mzakvrul, zneobrivi

Rirebulebebisgan TiTqmis mTlianad daclil movlenas,

sadac dasaxul politikur mizans iyo daqvem-

debarebuli yvela da yvelaferi, TviT gvirgvinosanTa

piradi Rirsebisa da saTnoebis CaTvliT. aseT politi-

kasTan Rirseuli ,,paeqrobisTvis” ki, qarTuli politi-

kuri azri sruliad moumzadebeli iyo, rac, Tundac

imis danaxvis srul uunarobaSic gamoCnda, rom aspinZis

omis dros general totlebenis mzakvruli qmedeba

sruliadac ar iyo sakuTriv generlis piradi inicia-

tiva, aramed ruseTis saimperatoro karis miTiTebebi da

instruqciebi. aseT pirobebSi ki, saqarTvelos sruli

politikuri marcxi, ubralod, drois saqme iyo da es

dro, rogirc cnobilia, Zalian male dadga.

saerTod, XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos social-

politikuri viTarebis ideologiuri asaxva Zalzed

gaZnelebulia. am siZneles ganapirobebs is, rom am dros

Zalzed cota iwereboda, JamTa siaves ki ufro cota

gadaurCa.

mTeli am periodis qarTuli azrovnebis gasagebad

uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs im faqts, rom uki-

duresad araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad, mainc

yovelTvis ganagrZobda arsebobas is kultura, rome-

lic qarTveli xalxis erovnulma geniam XIII saukunemde

Seqmna. Tuki am saukuneebSi qarTuli erovnuli goni

214

mainc gadarCa, SeZlo SeenarCunebina erovnuli arsebo-

bisTvis aucilebeli social-politikuri, ideologiuri,

mxatvruli da a.S. azri, upirveles yovlisa, imis

wyalobiT, rom XIII saukunemde qarTvelma erma moaxerxa

Seeqmna TviTmyofadi da mZlavri kultura, _ is erTiani

sulieri sivrce, romelic, yovelTvis ganagrZobda

arsebobas da garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTavda

qarTvelTa azrovnebasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.

amitom bunebrivia, rom is ideologiuri viTareba,

romelic saqarTveloSi XIII saukunemde arsebobda,

grZeldeboda Semdgom saukuneebSic. erTmmarTvelobasa

da gankerZoebisken midrekil feodalebs Soris brZolam

am saukuneebSi garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada. amjerad

,,centridanuli” ZalebisTvis ufro xelsayreli dro

iyo damdgari. am pirobebSi erTmmarTvelobis ideolo-

gia maRal filosofiur argumentacias aRar emyareba _

saamiso dro aRar arsebobda. gamTiSvelTa winaaRmdeg

ufro praqtikuli da, SeiZleba iTqvas, moraluri argu-

mentacia iyo saWiro, raTa maT SegnebaSi gaeRviZebinaT

is azri, TuUraoden mavnebeli iyo qarTuli saxelmwi-

fosTvis angarebiani motivebiT nasazrdoebi feodaluri

gamTiSvelobis politikuri azri.

es iyo am periodis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da po-

litikuri azris moZraobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTu-

leba. mas Tavisi istoriografia unda SeemuSavebina ro-

gorc Tavs datexili ubedurebis mizezebis gamosarkve-

vad, ise sasurveli amaRlebis gzebis mosaniSnad. es

istoriografia SemuSavda XIV saukuneSi ,,JamTaaRmwere-

lis” saxeliT cnobili ucnobi avtoris mier. es traq-

tati qarTul istoriografiaSi ,,aswlovan matianedacaa”

cnobili.

es traqtati, Cvens yuradRebas, upirvelesad, imiT

ipyrobs, rom aq, mTel qarTul azrovnebaSi pirvelad

215

aris gaazrebuli dacemis mizezebi da aseve pirveladaa

istoriuli TvalTaxedva dafuZnebuli kargisa da

cudis, ufro sworad, sikeTisa da borotebis Tavisebur

gagebaze.

JamTaaRmwerelis naazrevSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs

imas, rom igi Tavs movlenaTa martooden aRmwerlad ar

grZnobs. misi erT-erTi umTavresi mizani imis garkvevaa,

saxeldobr, Tu ra mizezebiT xdeba istoriaSi esa Tu

is, an ufro zustad, aseTi Tu iseTi movlena. ,,JamTaaRm-

werlobis” avtors istoriografia ise esmis, rom masSi

Sedis ara mxolod movlenaTa, adamianTa da maT qmede-

baTa aRwera, aramed maTi Sefasebac da am Sefasebis

safuZvelze maTi mizezebis dadgena.

istoriis aRwera, anu JamTaaRmwerloba avtoris

rwmeniT, sikeTisa da borotebis, anu, rogorc igi

ambobs, ,,keTilisa” da ,,borotis” cnebaTa gansxvavebidan

unda amodiodes. amiT ,,aRmwerlobis” mizani farTovdeba

da igi adamianTa da maT moqmedebaTa iseT aRweras gu-

lisxmobs, romelic keTilsa da borot saqmeTa gansxva-

vebasac Seicavs. maSasadame, ,,aswlovani matianes” avto-

ris Tanaxmad, JamTaaRmwerloba unda arCevdes, erTi

mxriv, keTilqmedebas, xolo, meore mxriv, borotqmede-

bas. TviT es wigni ki erTgvarad ,,Suamdebare” unda iyos

borotsa da keTil saqmeTa Soris (,,...wigni ese Suamde-

bare ars keTilismoqmedTa da borotismoqmedTa...”11). Ees

niSnavs Semdegs: istoria unda iyos movlenebis obieqtu-

ri, miukerZoebeli aRwera. marTlacda, ,,Suamdebareoba”

SeuZlebelia sxva rames niSnavdes, Tu ara obieqturi da

miudgomeli gansjis moTxovnas. sxva SemTxvevaSi unda

vifiqroT, rom aq laparakia keTilsa da borots Soris

raRac saSualos monaxvis mcdelobaze. magram cxadia,

rom avtorisTvis, romelic istoriis moralur princi-

pebze damyarebas cdilobs, aseTi neitraluri, indife-

216

rentuli damokidebuleba adamianTa da maT saqmeTa

mimarT gamoricxulia.

aq mniSvneloba aqvs ara imdenad imas, Tu ramdenad

axerxebs TviT avtori istoriul qmedebaTa aRweraSi

daicvas mkacrad obieqturi pozicia, iyos adamianTa

ganzraxvaTa da saqmeTa miukerZoebili aRmweri, aramed

TviT imis gacnobierebis faqts, rom istoriul xdomi-

lebaTa aRmweri unda iyos obieqturi. avtori, romelic

istoriis dafuZnebas keTilsa da borot saqmeTa gansx-

vavebaze cdilobs miukerZoebeli da obieqturi ver iqne-

ba. JamTaaRmwerelic Tavisi qveynis Svili, misi Wiri-

sufali da patrioti adamiania da ramdenic ar unda

gvarwmunos, rom misi wigni ,,Suamdebare ars keTilis

moqmedTa da borotis moqmedTa”, mainc Znelia dajereba

rom ,,koxtas mTis” SeTqmulTa da, gansakuTrebiT, cotne

dadianis moqmedebisa da laSa giorgis moqmedebis (ro-

melTagan pirveli misTvis udavod ,,keTilis moqmedTa”,

xolo meore ,,borotis moqmedTa” rigs ganekuTvneba),

miseul aRweras ,,Suamdebareoba” SenarCunebuli hqondes.

amis miuxedavad, JamTaaRmwerlis Tvalsazrisi CvenT-

vis mainc Zalzed mniSvnelovania, radganac aq naTlad

mJRavndeba rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovne-

bis ideologiuri xasiaTi, ise misi socialuri da

politikuri Taviseburebebic. es azrovneba, rogorc

sruliad marTebulad SeniSnavs r. kiknaZe, ukve ,,Seiara-

Rebulia garkveuli TeoriiT istoriuli codnis darg-

Si”12, romlis Tanaxmadac istorias, anu JamTaaRmwer-

lobas pirvel rigSi WeSmaritebis samsaxuri evaleba.

TavisTavad namdvilad araa meorexarisxovani is, Tu

ramdenad axerxebs TviT JamTaaRmwereli am Teoriis

moTxovnebis ganuxrel dacvas. magram aq mainc pirvel-

xarisxovani mniSvneliba aqvs imis gacnobierebas, rom

,,Suamdebareoba”, anu obieqturoba aq gaazrebulia isto-

217

riuli codnis WeSmaritebis erT-erT aucilebel piro-

bad. Ees azrovneba cdilobs ,,Suamdebare”, anu obieqtu-

ri iyos da amiT Tavis Tavs WeSmaritebisa da sibrZnis

mniSvneloba mianiWos; es mcdeloba, rogorc iTqva,

yovelTvis warmatebuli ver aris. magram qarTuli

istoriografiuli azris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT

mas mainc udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc qarTuli

politikuri azris swrafvas _ daZlios subieqtivizmi

da relativizmi, iyos miukerZoebeli da obieqturi.

JamTaaRmwereli eZebs saqarTvelos politikuri

marcxis mizezebs da aseTebad, upirvelesad, samefo

karze da saerTodac, mTel qarTul sinamdvileSi uzneo

da WeSmarit qarTul Rirebulebebs dapirispirebuli

cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba miaCnia. ,,arRara iyo

Senebuleba, Tvinier cixeTa da simagreTa, _ wers igi, _

rameTu queyana saqarTvelosa mieca gasaryunelad amis

ZaliTa, rameTu dauteves mefeTa da mTavarTa samarTa-

li, mowyaleba, siyuaruli, siwrfoba, simSvide, simarT-

le da amis wil moapoes ampartavnoba, zakva, Suri,

kdomqa, siZulvili, angareba, mimZlavreba, klvani, par-

vani, siZvani, uwesobani... rameTu yovelman asakman, berTa

da WabukTaman, mciriTagan vidre didamde, miiqcies

siboroted”13; da kidev: “rameTu dauteves simarTle da

WeSmariteba, vinaTgan TviT mRvdelTa mier ixilveboda

arawmindeba, vinaTgan yoveli eri iqmodes sibilwesa,

viTar odesme Zeni beniamenisni”14.

avtoris es dakvirveba Zalzed mniSvnelovania, ro-

gorc genialuri mixvedra, rom nebismieri eri TviTonaa

sakuTari Tavisa da istoriis WeSmariti avtori, risi

upirvelesi safuZvelic sakuTari kulturis Rirebule-

bebis ganuxreli erTgulebaa; Sesabamisad qveynis Sina-

gani mTlianobis rRvevis saTave am Rirebulebebisgan

gaucxoebaa. swored kultura gansazRvravs nebismieri

218

eris cxovrebis wesis Taviseburebebs da misi Secvla,

swored kulturisgan gandgomas, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,

mis arsebiT Secvlas mainc gulisxmobs.

dabolos, istoriis aRwerasa da SefasebaSi igi

amodis keTilisa da borotis garkveuuli gagebidan da

cdilobs am kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvros kargi

da cudi, mTeli Cveni istoriuli bedi da misi avkar-

gianoba.

Semdgom saukuneebSi, qarTuli socialuri da poli-

tikuri azris xasiaTis gasarkvevad gansakuTrebul yu-

radRebas ipyrobs sami moazrovne da sazogado moRvawe:

sulxan-saba orbeliani, anton pirveli da gansakuT-

rebiT aleqsandre amilaxvari.

sulxan-saba orbelianis socialur-politikuri Sexe-

dulebani im periods ekuTvnis, roca is jer kidev

eriskaci iyo da misi azrovnebac jer kidev ar iyo

moqceuli sabero-samonazvno CarCoebSi. sulxan-sabas

cxovreba da moRvaweoba imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom is

politikur moRvaweobas eweoda da, cxadia, misi poli-

tikuri orientaciebi misi azrovnebisa da Sexedu-

lebebis uSualo gamoxatulebac iyo.

politikuri orientaciebis gansazRvris sakiTxi am

drois qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi

upirvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi saazrovno areali iyo.

ukve aleqsandre kaxTbatonidan moyolebuli, qarTvel

politikur moRvaweTa winaSe sul ufro da ufro

naTlad ikveTeboda imis azri da Segneba, rom saqarT-

velos Tavisi Sinagani ZalebiT aRar SeeZlo moZalebu-

li mtris mogerieba, Sina problemebis gadawyveta, msof-

lio istoriul procesSi sakuTari adgilis damkvid-

reba da rom saWiro iyo gareSe damxmere Zalis monaxva.

ama Tu im konkretuli politikuri problemis gadasawy-

vetad saqarTvelos xSirad gamouyenebia romelime me-

219

zobeli musulmani qveynis politikuri Tu samxedro

Zalebi. magram, zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo bolomde

saimedosa da myar mfarvelsa da mokavSires is am

sinamdvileSi ver ipovida. aseTi dasayrdeni da Zala mas

mxolod evropul-qristianul samyaroSi SeiZleboda

moenaxa. sulxan-saba orbelianis mTeli cxovrebac da

moRvaweobac imis naTeli magaliTia, rom aseT Zalad

qarTul politikur azrovnebas, pirvel rigSi, evropu-

li samyaro miaCnda da igi upirvelesad swored am

samyaroze iyo orientirebuli. TviTon ruseTic, qarTu-

li politikuri azrovnebis mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc

qristianuli samyaro da, amdenad, rogorc socialurad,

aseve politikurad da kulturulad dasavleTis, anu

evropis nawili. cxadia, rogorc adre, ise am periodSic

saqarTveloSi yovelTvis arsebobdnen iseTi politiku-

ri Zalebi, romlebic TavianTi politikuri miznebis

ganxorcielebis saukeTeso saSualebas aRmosavlur

orientaciaSi xedavdnen, magram saqarTvelos politi-

kuri azrovnebis mowinave nawili saqarTvelos politi-

kur momavals mainc, yovelTvis dasavleTs ukavSirebda.

dasavlur, qristianul samyaroze orientireba sru-

liadac ar niSnavda imas, rom saqarTvelos damouki-

deblobasa da saxelmwifoebriobas araviTari safrTxe

ar emuqreboda. adreul saukuneebSi bizantiasTan sa-

qarTvelos urTierTobis gamocdilebas Tu gaviTvalis-

winebT, qarTul politikur azrs ar SeiZleba es safrT-

xe gacnobierebuli ar hqonoda da, rogorc yvelaf-

ridan Cans, hqonda kidec. magram, gadamwyvet rols am

SemTxvevaSi asrulebda is, rom kulturuli Tvalsazri-

siT, qristianul samyarosTan, kerZod, ruseTTan

kavSiri, yvela sxva SesaZlo kavSirebs Soris, yvelaze

ufro misaRebad da sasurvelad gamoiyureboda.

220

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlam saqarTvelo mis erT-

erT guberniad aqcia da saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-

debloba daakargvina. amas daemata is rusifikatoruli

politika, rasac ruseTi mTeli imperiis masStabiT

atarebda da ramac am imperiaSi Semavali sxva mcire

erebis msgavsad, udidesi safrTxe Seuqmna qarTuli

kulturis da aqedan gamomdinare, TviT qarTveli eris

samomavlo arsebobis perspeqtivasac; es iyo kidev erTi

boroteba, rac saqarTvelos Tavisi bedis ruseTTan

dakavSirebam moutana.

ruseTis imperiis nawilad qcevam qarTveloba impe-

riuli Zalebis mier damonebul erad aqcia. monis xved-

ri ki, rogori rafinirebuli formiTac ar unda xor-

cieldebides es monoba, kulturis maRali Rirebulebe-

bisgan gandgoma, Sesabamisad, sulieri daknineba-damdab-

leba, SurSi, siZulvilSi da sxva borotebaSi CaZirvaa.

swored es iyo yvelaze ufro didi safrTxe, rac qarT-

vel ers ruseTis imperiaSi Sesvlam, an ukeT, ZaliT

Seyvanam Seuqmna; yovelive es asea, magram samarTlianoba

moiTxovs aRiniSnos Semdegi garemoebac:

aRniSnulma politikurma nabijma saqarTvelos sul

ramdenime aTwleulSi moutana Tavisi, manamde mTlianad

daqucmacebul-danawevrebuli ,,sxeulis” gamTlianeba da

gaerTianeba Tundac mxolod guberniis saxiT, magram

mainc gamTlianeba da gaerTianeba! meTvramete saukunis

dasasrulisTvis, gansakuTrebiT aRa-mahmad-xanis laSq-

robis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi Seqmnil ekonomikursa da

politikur situacias Tu gaviTvaviswinebT, unda vaRia-

roT: mxolod sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT saqarTvelo

amis gakeTebas Zalzed Soreul perspeqtivaSi Tu moa-

xerxebda. rusuli imperia, cxadia, saqarTvelos sasike-

Tod ar iRvwoda. is mxolod Tavis sazRvrebs afar-

221

Toebda, magram obieqturad is, rac xdeboda, saqarTve-

losTvisac momgebiani da sasikeTo iyo.

ruseTTan dakavSirebam saqarTvelos gza gauxsna ev-

ropisken, SesaZlebloba misca mis mowinave sazogadoeb-

rivsa da politikur azrTan ziarebisa, ramac axali

perspeqtivebi dasaxa da axali impulsebi SesZina TviT

qarTuli kulturis srulyofasa da ganviTarebas. yove-

live amis mZlavri niSnebi ki ukve meTvramete saukuneSi,

e.i. ruseTTan saqarTvelos saboloo mierTebamde gaCnda.

aman naTeli gamoxatuleba hpova am periodis qarTuli

kulturis ZeglebSic. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs anton pir-

velis moRvaweoba ruseTSi, aseve aleqsandre amilaxva-

ris traqtati ,,brZeni aRmosavleTisa”.

aleqsandre amilaxvari (1750-1802) da misi Txzuleba

,,brZeni aRmosavleTisa” udavod yvelaze ufro mniSvne-

lovania XVIII saukunis qarTuli socialuri da poli-

tikuri azris istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. swo-

red es ganapirobebs im did interess, rasac qarTveli

mkvlevrebi (e. TayaiSvili, l. asaTiani, g. qiqoZe, S. xi-

daSeli, g. akofaSvili, v. kiknaZe da sxvebi) imTaviTve

iCendnen da iCenen misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis mi-

marT.

al. amilaxvaris cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mkvle-

vari vaJa kiknaZe marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom ,,brZeni

aRmosavleTisa”-s gamomcemeli eqvTime TayaiSvili pir-

veli iyo ,,vinc aRniSna al. amilaxvaris traqtatis kav-

Siri evropul ganmanaTleblobasTan”15 da yuradReba

miaqcia imas, rom ,,am TxzulebaSi gatarebulia is

ganaTlebluri azrebi da ideebi, romlebic aRelvebdnen

da asuldgmulebdnen dasavleT evropas meTvramete sau-

kunis meore naxevarSi da romelnic ekuTvnodnen vol-

ters, monteskies, rusos, enciklopedistebs da fiziok-

ratebs... nametnavad emCneva aleqsandres (amilaxvaris)

222

Sromas zegavlena monteskies Txzulebisa ,,gulisxmiT

yofisaTvis sjulisa”16; v. kiknaZes Tanaxmad, es al.

amilaxvaris im azriTac dasturdeba, rom: ,,mefe,

rogorc eris uzenaesi nebis gamomxatveli, unda iyos

ganaTlebuli, brZeni monarqi. misi uflebebi usazRvro

ar unda iyos. e.i. aSkarad igrZnoba monarqiuli wyobis

gamijvna despotiisgan, rac klasikuri formiT mocemu-

li aqvs frang ganmanaTlebels S.l. monteskies”.17

e.…TayaiSvilis am mosazrebas mciredi koreqtivebiT

da sxvadasxva konteqstSi imeoreben TvalsaCino qarTve-

li mkvlevrebi: levan asaTiani, geronti qiqoZe, Salva

xidaSeli da sxvebi. S. xidaSeli, magaliTad, aleqsand-

re amilaxvaris Sexedulebebis did mniSvnelobas imaSi

xedavda, rom misma ,,traqtatma pirvelad gaxsna kari

dasavleTis mowinave azrovnebisTvis da amiT, rogorc

Cans, garkveuli gavlenac moaxdina qarTuli socialur-

politikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze”.18 aseTive mosaz-

rebebiTaa gansmWvaluli sxva mkvlevarTa didi umrav-

lesobis Sefasebebic.

al. amilaxvaris traqtatSi, mravali mniSvnelovani

Tvalsazrisidan upirveles yuradRebas imsaxurebs

evropaSi ganaTlebuli absolutizmis saxeliT cnobili

idea, romlis mixedviT, despotizmisa da TviTnebobis

Secvla unda moxdes kanonierebiTa da brZeni, qveSevr-

domebze zrunvis movaleobiT ganmsWvaluli mmarTvelo-

biT. ,,bednieria is eri, _ aRniSnavs igi traqtatis da-

sawyisSive, _ visac brZeni mefe hyavs da netaria is mefe,

romelsac morCili eri hyavs. isini erTmaneTs ganapi-

robeben da erTis gareSe, meoris bednierebac sruli

ver iqneba. ...sanatrelia mefe, romelic Tavis valdebu-

lebas grZnobs da samefo gvirgvinis simZimes Rirseu-

lad itvirTavs! ...romelmac icis, rom misi uflebebi ar

aris usazRvro; romelic Tanasworad sTvlis im

223

adamianebs, romelTac misces mas ufleba marTos isini;

romelsac Tavisi sicocxlec ki ar enaneba maTi mSvi-

dobisaTvis; ...romelic Tavisi cxovrebis yovel saaTsa

da wuTsac ki imaze fiqrSi atarebs, rogor airCios

swori gza misi (eris) keTildReobisaTvis.”19 ,,me mefeTa

uflebebs ar verCi, _ wers igi iqve, mefobis zemoaRniS-

nuli brZnuli wesebis xelaRebiT damrRvevTa ukidure-

sad uaryofiTi daxasiaTebis Semdeg, _ radgan maT

xarisxs igi (dideba) Seefereba. magram amas yovelives

vaRiareb, Tu isini arian, ara mZlavrebiT miTvisebuli,

aramed RirsebiT mopovebuli;”20 ,,me pativs vcem gvars

(igulisxmeba eris winamZRol mefeTa da didebulTa

gvarebi. _ avt.), vaRiareb damsaxurebas, magram Tayvans

vcem qvelmoqmedebas (,,keTilmoqmedebas”), rogorc raime

RvTaebas, romelic saWiroa yvela adamianisTvis, urom-

lisodac yvelafers azri ekargeba.”21

avtoris es azrebi, rac sruliad Seesabameba ganaT-

lebuli absolutizmis ideebs, saSualebas gvaZlevs

ufro sworad gavigoT rogorc amilaxvaris, aseve

mTeli am drois qarTuli politikuri Sexedulebebis

xasiaTi da Taviseburebebi. saxeldobr is, rom am pirov-

nebis Seurigebeli brZola erekle meoris winaaRmdeg

gamowveuli iyo ara mefis erTmmarTvelobisa da am

drois qarTuli saxelmwifos politikuri wyobis raime

principuli xasiaTis naklovanebebiT, aramed mxolod

da mxolod piradi mtrobiT, an Tundac erekles wina-

aRmdeg bolomde brZolis im ,,hanibalis ficiT”, rome-

lic man axalgazrdobaSi dado. saqarTvelos mravali

gasaWirisa da satkivaris mizezic mTeli misi istoriis

manZilze, xom swored es iyo: qarTveli politikuri

moRvaweni TavianT praqtikul saqmianobaSi Zalzed

xSirad yurs ar ugdebdnen da ar mihyvebodnen gonebis

xmas. Tumca qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri

224

cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli am erT-erTi ,,ukurnebe-

li da ZvelTa-Zveli” senis miCneva al. amilaxvaris Se-

xedulebebis erTgvari gaorebis mizezad garkveulwi-

lad afermkrTalebs am Sexedulebebis politikursa da

zogadkulturul Rirebulebas. amis miuxedavad, maT

mainc didi mniSvneliba unda mieniWos, rogorc

politikisa da zneobis umWidroes kavSirSi ganxilvisa

da eris politikuri cxovrebis moraluri principebis

Sesatyvisad warmarTvis mcdelobas.

did yuradRebas imsaxurebs traqtatSi ganviTarebu-

li bunebrivi uflebebis Teoria, romlis mTavari idea

isaa, rom qveynis kanonmdebloba unda emyarebodes

xalxis zne-Cveulebebs, maT specifikur fsiqikur wyobas,

rasac safuZvlad uZevs am qveynis klimaturi Tavise-

burebebi. ,,yoveli keTilgonieri msjulmdebeli, _ wers

igi, _ valdebulia jer sami piroba Seasrulos da mere

SeimuSaos Tavisi erisTvis sasargeblo kanoni. pirveli

_ es aris drois Sesabamisoba (,,mdgomareoba Jamisa”),

meore _ eris zne-CveulebaTa gaTvaliswineba (,,CveulebaÁ

erisa”); da mesame _ (kanonebis) bunebriv pirobebTan

SeTanxmeba (,,bunebiTi gahsinjulebaÁ”). am pirobebis

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SemuSavebuli samarTali, morCi-

lebis nacvlad, ers urCobamde da SfoTvamde miiyvans,

rac ar unda kargi Cvevebis eri iyos igi”.22

al.Aamilaxvaris am mosazrebebs didi mniSvneloba

aqvs imiTac, rom, rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs S.

xidaSeli, misma ,,mosazrebebma xalxis zne-Cveulebebis,

rogorc samoqalaqo kanomdeblobis erT-erTi safuZv-

lis Sesaxeb, male moipova didi mniSvneloba qarTuli

istoriuli viTarebis TvalsazrisiT da ramdenime aTeu-

li wlis Semdeg rTul da mwvave problemad dadga

qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris mowinave warmomadge-

nelTa winaSe. kerZod, solomon dodaSvilis 1832 wlis

225

SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis erT-erTi mTavari motivi

mdgomareobda ruseTis imperiis kanonmdeblobis Seu-

fardeblobaSi qarTveli xalxis zne-CveulebebTan da

xasiaTTan”.23 S. xidaSelis am mosazrebis marTebulobas

is garemoebac adasturebs, rom am SeTqmulebis erT-

erTi ideuri mokavSiris iagor WilaSvilis azrebic

srul SesabamisobaSia al. amilaxvaris aRniSnul Sexe-

dulebebTan.

dRevandeli gadasaxedidanac ki aqtualurad gamoi-

yureba da Sesabamis yuradRebasac imsaxurebs al. ami-

laxvaris damokidebuleba eklesiisadmi, rac traqtatSi

pirdapir da araorazrovnadaa gamoTqmuli da rac

srulad Seesabameba meTvramete saukunis evropuli gan-

manaTleblobis ideebs. ,,saeklesio wesebi, _ wers igi _

dasabamiTve keTili ganzraxviT iqna SemoRebuli, raTa

adamianTa boroteba SeezRuda da daemSvidebina. magram

zogierT Jams da Cvens droSic gamoCndebian xolme

xalxi, romlebic simSvidis nacvlad, SfoTs sTesen.

...qriste (Tavis moZRvrebas) aravis uqadagebda xmliTa

da makratliT, rasac axlandeli (moqadageni) xSirad

xmaroben. ...amitom vfiqrob, sworia... ar SevaviwrovoT

sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevrebi da neba davrToT Tavisi

rjulis Sesabamisad ilocon, radgan sxvis sulze

(batonobis) ufleba Cven ara gvaqvs mocemuli”.24 am kon-

teqstSi sayuradReboa al. amilaxvaris Semdegi msjelo-

bac, sadac isic naTlad Cans, rom is WeSmaritad keTil-

morwmune qristiania: ,,mxolod RmerTia usazRvro da

miuwvdomeli. ...amas imisTvis ar vityvi, rom mRvdel-

mTavrebs... pativi ar mivago. amas imitom vambob, rom

gavarCio isini (samRvdeloeba) am qveynis Cveulebrivi

xalxisagan (,,soflieri kacebisagan”) da imisTvisac, rom

(Tavis mxriv) isinic ar ereodnen im saqmeebSi, rac maT

ar SeeferebaT da (imisTvisac), raTa Cvenc SegveZlos

226

myarad _ keisars keisrisa da RmerTs RmerTisa miva-

goT”.25 al. amilaxvaris am, Tavisi droisTvis uaRresad

progresul azrebs, vfiqrobT, dResac ar daukargavs

Tavisi aqtualoba da uaRresad didi mniSvneloba. re-

ligiuri Semwynareblobisa da saxelmwifosgan reli-

giuri institutebis funqciuri gamijvnis sakiTxebma

bolo periodSi didi mniSvneloba SeiZines rogorc

CvenSi, aseve mTel msoflioSi.

aseTia, mokled, ,,brZeni aRmosavleTisas” avtoris is

ZiriTadi socialuri da politikuri Sexedulebebi,

romelTa gamoyofa aq Cven saWirod vcaniT. misi mTavari

mniSvneloba ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, isaa, rom misi

SemweobiT qarTuli sulierebis velSi pirvelad SemoiW-

ra mowinave evropuli azrovnebis nakadi. am azrovnebis

saukeTeso miRwevaTa Semdgomi SemoqmedebiTi, kulturu-

li aTviseba da am gziT qarTuli socialuri da poli-

tikuri azris, saerTodac, mTeli qarTuli kulturis

ganviTareba ukve Semdgomi drois amocana da saqme iyo.

227

mecxre Tavi

qarTuli filosofiuri azri XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul samecniero

literaturaSi

XIII-XVIII saukuneebis istoriuli Zeglebidan qarTu-

li filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis upirveles yu-

radRebas imsaxurebs tbeli abuserisZis (daaxl. 1190-

1240) Semoqmedeba, me 13-14 ss. ucnobi avtoris matiane _

,,JamTaaRmwereli” da vaxuSti batoniSvilis (1696-1756)

,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”.

$1. abuserisZe tbeli

abuserisZe tbelis Txzulebani sxva avtorTa Zeg-

lebTan erTad, Sesulia mis mierve 1233 wels Sedgenil

krebulSi, romelSic tbels ekuTvnis erTmaneTisgan

sruliad gansxvavebuli Janris sami nawarmoebi: himnog-

rafiuli krebuli1, astronomiuli kalendari saTauriT

_ ,,qronikoni sruli misTa sauwyebeliTa gangebiTa”2

(Semdeg ,,qronikoni”) da hagiografiul-istoriuli xasia-

Tis moTxroba ,,axali saswaulni wmidisa giorgisni”3.

sainteresoa TviT tbelis mier Sedgenili krebulis

xelnaweris istoria: 1233 wlidan me-15 saukunis

damdegamde xelnaweri xixanSia, me-15 saukunidan me-16

saukunis 40-iani wlebamde safaraSi, wmida sabas

lavraSi, me-16 saukunis 40-iani wlebidan me-17 saukunis

miwurulamde gelaTSia, 1699 wlidan me-18 saukunis Sua

wlebamde moskovSi (sulxan-saba orbelianis Zmis, _

nikoloz orbelian-Tbilelis cnobiT, igi arCil mefes

228

wauRia), me-18 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan mcxeTaSia,

xolo me-19 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi _ saeklesio

muzeumSi. amJamad xelnaweri k. kekeliZis saxelobis

xelnawerTa institutSi inaxeba A-85 nomriT4.

abuserisZe tbelis ,,qronikonis” arasruli teqsti

pirvelad gamoaqveyna mari brosem 1868 wels qarTulad,

Sesabamisi franguli TargmaniT; prozauli nawarmoebi _

Tedo Jordaniam 1897 wels, xolo sagaloblebi _ ramaz

xalvaSma 1992 wels5.

istorikosi levan musxeliSvili Tavis mier

gamocemul tbelis istoriul-dokumenturi nawarmoebis

Sesaval werilSi iziarebs iv. javaxiSvilis azrs imis

Taobaze, rom tbelis xsenebuli nawarmoebi istoriuli

xasiaTisaa, Seicavs bevr istoriul cnobas. misive

SeniSvniT, tbeli gamocdili da daxelovnebuli

mweralia, aqvs gegma, rac kargad Cans nawarmoebis

pirveli nawilidan; nawarmoebis mxatvruli stilis

lakoniuroba ki misi avtoris niWierebaze metyvelebs6.

abuserisZe tbelis Semoqmedebas araerTi gamokvleva

miuZRvna da mis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Sei-

tana istorikosma iuri sixaruliZem. man tbeli moix-

senia, rogorc ,,didi mwerali da moazrovne”. masve

ekuTvnis mosazreba tbelis ideebze, rogorc damarcxe-

bebiTa da ganadgurebiT SeSfoTebuli amayi ,,qarTuli

sulis Rrmad moazrebul programaze”, romelic sru-

liad gansxvavdeba ,,istoria da azmanis”, ,,vefxistyaos-

nisa” da laSa-giorgis mematianis ideebisgan da romel-

mac Tavisi wvlili Seitana Semdgom saqarTvelos kul-

turul-politikur cxovrebaSi7.

am kuTxiT sayuradReboa tbelis TxzulebaTa axali

sruli gamocemis is adgili, sadac saubaria xelTuqm-

neli xatis saqarTveloSi mosvenebasa da misi kultis

229

dawesebaze. axali gamocemis gamokvlevis avtorTa (n.

goguaZe, m. qavTaria, r. Cagunava) azriT, xelTuqmneli

xatis kultis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi liturgiul

praqtikaSi tbelis saxels ukavSirdeba8, rac, maTive

azriT, erovnuli gamTlianebis ideologiis dafuZnebis

mcdeloba iyo. kerZod, asurel mamaTagan erT-erTis _

anton martyofelis mier saqarTveloSi Camotanili

xelTuqmneli xatis Tixis asls tbelamde yuradRebas

aravin aqcevda. xvarazmelTa Semosevis Semdeg ,,saWiro

xdeba mesianisturi ideis gamococxleba”9, rac asaxu-

lia ioane anCelis, ioane SavTelis, nikoloz gulaberi-

Zis da sxvaTa galobebSi, magram maTgan mxolod tbeli

cdilobs xelTuqmneli xatis dResaswaulis damkvidre-

bas10.

avtorTa SeniSvniT, samwuxarod, tbelis ideas gan-

xorcieleba ar ewera da ZalaSi darCa anton martyofe-

lis dRis aRniSvna.

ramdenime sityva tbelis mxatvrul nawarmoebze, ro-

melic, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze metadaa Seswavlili. am

nawarmoebSi igrZnoba epoqis suli, rac qarTuli kul-

turis mZime mdgomareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod,

mxatvrul xerxebsa da mignebebTan erTad nawarmoebSi

gvxdeba fantastikuri, mistikuri da nawarmoebis qargas-

Tan Seusabamo ararealuri movlenebi. mTlianobaSi, un-

da iTqvas, rom nawarmoebi mxatvrul Rirebulebas

moklebuli ar aris.

tbelis TxzulebaTa axali gamocemis avtorTa az-

riT, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia k. kekeliZis dakvirveba,

tbeliseuladaa miCneuli krebulSi Sesuli sagalob-

lebi (,,galobani wmidisa iovane naTlismcemelisani, wmi-

disa iovane maxarebelisa da wmidisa iovane oqropiri-

sani erTbaSad mokrebulni...“). es galobani sayuradRe-

boa, rogorc himni, sagalobeli, mxatvruli nawarmoebi

230

da religiur-filosofiuri azrebis Semcveli. axali

gamocemis avtorTa sayuradRebo da sarwmuno SeniSvniT,

es ,,sagaloblebi tbeli abuserisZis.... Sinagani ganwyo-

bis, Rrmadmorwmune adamianis damokidebulebis gamJRav-

nebaa didi saeklesio mamebis moRvaweobisadmi”11.

tbelis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uka-

via mis astronomiul kalendars _ ,,qronikoni”...12. daviw-

yoT imiT, rom Sua saukuneebSi Tuki dRevandel azer-

baijanSi zogierTi trigonometriuli formula miiRes,

somxeTSi evklides geometria Targmnes, saqarTveloSi

Tbilisisa da goris koordinatebi daadgines. amave

dros xixanSi tbelma Seqmna astronomiuli kalendari,

romelic Sesulia mis mierve 1233 wels Sedgenilsa da

redaqtirebul krebulSi.

tbelamde saqarTveloSi arsebobda ori kalendari:

ioane zosimesi (907 w.), romelsac tbeli ar icnobda da

ioane SavTelisa (947 w.), romelsac tbeli aumjobesebs.

vaxuSti batoniSvili, mari brose da daviT cxakaia

tbelis astronomiul naSroms SecdomiT miawerdnen

ioane SavTels. k. kekeliZe sworad miuTiTebda, rom

,,1233 wels abuserisZe tbels dauweria erTi sayurad-

Rebo Sroma, romelsac ewoda ,,qronikoni sruli misTa

sauwyebelTa da gangebiTa” da romelic gamocemulia m.

broses mier. es aris vrceli traqtati, romelSic

ganmartebulia egreTwodebuli 532 wliani didi indiq-

tioni. traqtati mdidaria sxvadasxva ariTmetikuli,

astronomiuli da kalendaruli terminebiT. is aris

cda, agreTve, qarTulisa da berZnuli welTaRricxvis

da pasqalisturi sistemebis Sefardebis da SeTanxme-

bisa”!

bunebrivia kiTxva: riT gamoirCeva abuserisZe tbelis

astronomiuli traqtati? daviwyoT imiT, rom eklesia

samyaros dasabamad qristes Sobamde xuTi aTasze meti

231

wlis winaT varaudobda. zogierT qveyanaSi aseT drod

miCneuli iyo 5 500 weli, zogierTSi ki 5 492 an 5 508

weli. tbelis kalendarSi ki dasaxelebulia 5 604 weli.

es axali ricxvi SemTxveviTi ar aris da igi dakav-

Sirebulia axali wlis 25 martiT dawyebasTan.

qristianul samyaroSi aris azri, rom garkveuli

drois Semdeg dadgeba samyaros aRsasruli. es azri

ganmtkicebuli iyo saqarTveloSic. magram, berZnebisgan

gansxvavebiT, romelTa gamoangariSebiT qveynis gaCeni-

dan 7 000 weli sruldeboda 1492 wels, rac misi aRsas-

rulis welic unda yofiliyo, qarTvelebis gamoanga-

riSebiT samyaros aRsasruli 1396 wels unda damdga-

riyo. saerTod es aris mecnierul safuZvels moklebu-

li Tvalsazrisi, magram faqtia isic, rom es TariRi

pirvelad tbelis kalendarSi Cndeba, riTac igi

gansxvavdeba yvela Tavisi winamorbedisgan.

uZveles xanaSi drois gamoTvla xdeboda mzisa da

mTvaris moZraobis mixedviT da im drois kalendrebi

Sesabamisad agebuli iyo am ori ciuri sxeulis

moZraobis ciklze. tbelis traqtats safuZvlad uZevs

532 wliani cikli, romelic miRebulia mzisa da mTvaris

ciklTa Sesabamisad 28 da 19 ricxvebis namravliT da

igi iseTi sazRvaria, romlis Semdeg TveTa dReebi imave

TanamimdevrobiT dgeba, ra TanamimdevrobiTac iyo,

magaliTad mecamete moqcevis dasawyisi _ 781 wels. igive

ganmeorda 532 wlis Semdeg, 1313 wels da 1845 wels.

cnobilia, rom 5 534 wliani era SemoRebulia

qarTveli gamomTvlelebisgan. amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZ-

levs is garemoeba, rom igi mocemulia mxolod qarTul

kalendrebSi (907-974). es era qarTveli gamomTvlelebis

mier miRebulia iulius afrikelis 5 500 wliani eris

gadakeTebiT, im mizniT, rom miRebuli yofiliyo 28

wliani mzis cikli, romliTac axali weli daiwyeboda

232

1 marts. am Sesworebis mizani ki iyo gamoTvlebis ga-

martiveba. rac Seexeba tbels, misi kalendriT axali

weli iwyeba 25 marts, riTac gamoTvlebi ufro

gamartivda da, rac mTavaria, misi kalendari berZnul-

Tan iqna Sejerebuli. es faqtic tbelis astronomiuli

Sexedulebebis originalurobis damadasturebelia.

974 wlis qarTuli astronomiuli kalendris mixed-

viT, wlis dasawyisad miRebulia 1-eli marti. iqve

aRniSnulia, rom wlis dasawyisis (e.i. 1-eli marti)

Sesabamisi rigiTobis dasadgenad anu imis

gansazRvrisTvis, Tu romeli dRea kviris, saWiroa

ricxv 28-ze moqmedebebi. es wesi daazusta tbelma Tavis

traqtatSi. Tu gamoviyenebT ricxvTa Teoriis

elementebs, umcires dadebiT naSTebs 28-is moduliT,

Tanamedrove maTematikur cnebebs, maSin abuserisZe

tbelis traqtatSi mocemuli wesi SeiZleba

Camoyalibdes formulebis saxiT, romelTa mixedviTac

SeiZleba ganisazRvros nebismieri wlis nebismieri Tvis

nebismieri dRis rigiToba an mivuTiToT kviris

nebismieri dRe.

abuserisZe tbelma Tavis kalendarSi gaiTvaliswina

yvela misi winamorbedi kalendris nakli, miiRo

rogorc nakiani, ise misi momdevno martivi wlebis (ara

nakiani) formulebi, romelTa gamoTvlili dRis rigi-

Toba emTxveva Tanamedrove kalendriT gamoTvlili

dRis rigiTobas. amave kalendarSi tbeli miuTiTebs

qarTulsa da berZnul welTsaTvalavebs Soris gansx-

vavebaze, rasac traqtatSi didi adgili eTmoba.

ukve aRiniSna, rom tbelTan samyaros xangrZlivobis

maCveneblad 5406 weli aRebulia im motiviT, raTa

Seqmniliyo iseTi kalendari, rom axali weli 25 marts

dawyebuliyo. berZnuli kalendari ki mxolod imiT

gansxvavdeboda qarTulisgan, rom tbeliseuli wesiT

233

gamoTvlisas masSi axali wlis dasawyisad gamodis 24

marti.

abuserisZe tbelis traqtatSi mocemulia moZrav

saeklesio dResaswaulTa dawyebis TariRi, mTvaris

amosvla-Casvlis mza cxrilebi. traqtatSi ganxilulia,

agreTve, mTvaris zednadebi. gavixsenoT isic, rom

qristianul samyaroSi adre martis Tve miCneuli iyo

qveynis gaCenis drod da aRdgomac Cveulebriv 22 martsa

da 23 aprils Soris moZraobda. amis gaangariSebac iyo

tbelis welTaRricxvis ,,qronikonis” sistemis mTavari

mizani.

unda iTqvas isic, rom zogierTma mkvlevarma yurad-

Reba miaqcia tbelis astronomiuli kalendris pedago-

giur mniSvnelobas, rac pasuxs scems kiTxvas: ra gamo-

yeneba SeiZleba hqonda tbelis astronomiul kalen-

dars?

dasasrul, ramdenime sityva abuserisZe tbelis

memkvidreobis adgilze qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi.

tbelis Semoqmedeba Sua saukuneebis, kerZod, me-11-12

saukuneebis didi qarTuli kulturis erT-erTi bolo

gamoZaxilia; igi aris avtori hagiografiul-istoriul-

mxatvruli nawarmoebisa, romelSic gvxdeba fantasti-

kur-mistikuri momentebi; tbeli Tavisi astronomiuli

kalendriT epoqis mecnier-enciklopedistia; mas ekuTv-

nis, agreTve, sagaloblebi, romlebic yuradRebas

imsaxurebs religiuri filosofiis TvalsazrisiTac.

tbeli, amasTan, xelTuqmneli xatis kultis dawesebiT,

SemosevebiT daZabunebuli qveynis sulieri gaerTianeba-

gamTlianebis ideologadac gvevlineba.

234

$2. ,,aswlovani matiane” _ ,,JamTaaRmwereli”

me-13-14 saukuneebis ucnobi avtoris ,,aswlovani ma-

tiane” (,,JamTaaRmwereli”) istoriuli xasiaTis nawar-

moebia, romelSic ganxilulia saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

foebrivi, politikuri da kulturuli istoria daax-

loebiT asi wlis manZilze _ laSa-giorgis gamefebidan

giorgi V brwyinvales gamefebis pirveli wlebis CaTv-

liT.

mkvlevarTa azriT, ,,JamTaaRmwerelis” anonimi avto-

ri kargad icnobs berZnul, sparsulsa da, saerTod,

aRmosavlur wyaroebs. icis monRoluri ena da miu-

TiTebs, rom monRolTa erT-erT toms sakuTari 16 anba-

niani damwerloba hqonda, romelic advilad ikiTxeboda.

,,aswlovani matiane” erTdroulad istoriuli

Zeglicaa da mxatvruli nawarmoebic da, amasTan, igi

interess imsaxurebs filosofiis poziciidanac. amito-

mac mizanSewonilia Zeglis Sefasebis istoriidan, ro-

gorc istoriul-filologiuri, ise filosofiuri pozi-

ciis gamoyofa. am mizniT ganvixiloT ivane javaxiSvi-

lis, korneli kekeliZisa da Salva nucubiZis Tval-

sazrisebi.

1. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc istoriuli Zegli

(ivane javaxiSvili). ,,aswlovani matiane” anu, rogorc

mas iv. javaxiSvili uwodebs _ ,,JamTaaRmwereli” isto-

riuli Txzulebaa da igi avtors ganxiluli aqvs

naSromSi: _ ,,istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi

winaT da axla”, romelic pirvelad 1916 wels

gamoqveynda da Sesulia iv. javaxiSvilis TxzulebaTa

Tormettomeulis me-8 tomSi13.

235

iv. javaxiSvili ganxilvis sagnad ixdis TviT naS-

romis saTaurs da midis im daskvnamde, rom avtorisTvis

istoria ,,JamTaaRmwerlobaa” (Cveulebriv qarTulSi

saistorio nawarmoebi iwodeboda, rogorc ,,cxovrebaÁ”),

meistorie ki ,,JamTaaRmwereli”. ,,JamTaaRmwerloba”, iv.

javaxiSvilis azriT, berZnul ,,xronografias” udrida14.

iv. javaxiSvili gamoarCevs ucnobi avtoris mokrZa-

lebulobas, piruTvnelobasa da obieqturobas. igi

yuradRebas aqcevs im faqts, rom JamTaaRmwerlisTvis

,,erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi Tavmoyvareobis garda Cvens

avtors amasTanave sarwmunoebrivic metad grZnobiare

aqvs. mas rcxvenia, roca gviTxrobs, Tu rogor Seuracx-

hyves mahmadianebma qristianoba”15. aq avtors mxedvelo-

baSi aqvs JamTaaRmwerlis monaTxrobi, roca jala-

ledinma Tbilisi moaoxra, sionis eklesia daangrevina

da misi gumbaTi gamoiyena ,,zeda bilwisa sajdomisa

misisa aRSenebad”.

sayuradReboa isic, rom iv. javaxiSvili, JamTaaR-

mwerlis did ganaTlebulobasTan, swor da saR msje-

lobasTan erTad, gamoarCevs mis gulubryvilobasac:

,,Cveni JamTaaRmwereli sazogadod ganviTarebuli ada-

miani yofila, misi msjeloba Cveulebriv swore da

fxizelia. amasTanave, Tavisufali. gasaocaria mxolod,

rom zogjer igi, roca saswaulmoqmedebas exeba, bavSv-

saviT gulubryviloa xolme da yvelaferi sjera”16. aq

mxedvelobaSi aqvs JamTaaRmwerlis monaTxrobis is

adgili, sadac saubari exeba laSa-giorgis Svilis

daviTis gvelebian ormoSi Cagdebas. ormoSi ki mas erTi

gveli ukbens, danarCenebi ki gankurnaven.

saerTod gulubryviloba, iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,

XIII-XIV saukuneebis sxva qveynis istorikosTa Txzule-

bebSic sakmaod gvxdeba, ,,magram mainc Cveni JamTaaR-

mwerlis azrovnebisaTvis es bavSvuri gulubryviloba

236

da crumorwmuneoba metad damaxasiaTebelia: verc erTs

qarTul saistorio TxzulebaSi me-11-12 ss., rogoricaa,

magaliTad, ,,istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani”,

,,cxovrebaÁ mefeTmefisa daviTisi”, ,,matiane qarTlisaÁ”,

Tundac ,,c-Á giorgi mTawmindlisa” da ,,c-Á ioanesi da

efTÂmesi”, aseTs sasacilo da zRapruls ambebs ver

naxavT. saswaulmoqmedeba da sakvirvelebani iq an sru-

liad ar moipoveba (me-12 s. Txzulebani), an ara da Ti-

To-orolaa, amasTanave iseTi, romelTa axsna bunebrivad

advilad SeiZleba. Cveni JamTaaRmwerlis zemoaRniSnuli

gulubryviloba naTlad gviCvenebs, ramdenad daqveiTda

monRolebis batonebis dros qarTvelTa gonebrivi

cxovreba da azrovneba”17.

iv. javaxiSvili gansakuTrebul yuradrebas aqcevs im

faqts, rom JamTaaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, qarTveli mefis _

laSa-giorgis _ yovelgvar zRvars gadacilebulma gau-

maZRrobam (,,gemoTmoyvareobam”) da TviTnebobam (,,nebis-

mimdgomilebam”) saqarTvelos maRal saxelisuflo

wreebSi SeaRwia da gaxrwna igi. avtori imowmebs

JamTaaRmwerlis mier Tavisi azris gansamtkiceblad

moxmobil winaswarmetyvelis azrs: ,,viTarca winaswar-

metyvelica ityvis: ganZRa, ganisvena, iakob da ganudga

RmerTsa macxovarsa, egreTve iqmna naTesavsaca amas Sina

qarTvelisa, rameTu ganZRes da iSvebodes da uweseobad

midrkes siZvaTa mTvralobiTa”18.

saerTod JamTaaRmwerlisTvis damaxasaTebelia gange-

bis Zalisadmi didi mniSvnelobis miniWeba, rac mJRavn-

deba kidec qarTvelTaA xvedris miseuli axsnisas. ker-

Zod, misi azriT, gzidan gadacdomis gamo RmerTma

qarTvelebi dasaja monRolTa Semosevis saxiT. amasTan

dakavSirebiT iv. javaxiSvili akeTebs daskvnas: ,,amgva-

rad saqarTvelos samefo karis da eris gaxrwnileba

Cvens JamTamRwerels qveynis aoxrebis mizezad miaCnia,

237

xolo TviT ubedureba RvTaebis mier movlenil sas-

jelad”19.

iv. javaxiSvili JamTaaRmwerelTan yuradRebas miaq-

cevs saqarTvelos istoriis gaazrebis iseT momentebs,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, subieqturi da obieqturi faq-

torebi da maTi roli qveynis cxovrebaSi. es momenti

didad sayurdReboa javaxiSvilis poziciaSi da ami-

tomac mizanSewonilia misi SedarebiT vrclad damow-

meba: ,,sayuradRebo is aris mxolod, rom avtori qveynis

gaoxrebis mizezad saqarTvelos mmarTveli wreebis

udardelobasa, uwesoebas da eris zneobriv dacemas

aRiarebs, rom igi marto garegan pirobebs, mtrebis

Semosevas ar abralebs yvelafers da amiT ar iqarvebs

damafiqrebel sakiTxs, aramed umTavres mizezad qveynis

Sinaurs mdgomareobas, TviT qarTvelTa saxelmwifo da

sazogadoebriv gaTaxsirebul cxovrebas asaxelebs. es

aris CvenTvis sagulisxmiero da adamianma marTlac

unda sTqvas, rom am mxriv JamTaaaRwerelis azri

sruliad usafuZvlo ar aris”20.

JamaTaaRmwerlis damsaxurebad iv. javaxiSvils

miaCnia mis mier qarTul politikur cxovrebaSi im

azris Semotana, romlis Tanaxmadac, amqveynad

yvelaferi amao da warmavalia, romelic mas

gamoTqmuli aqvs jalaledinis mokvlasTan

dakavSirebiT. es bibliuri azri: ,,amaoeba amaoebaTa,

yovelilve amaoa” (,,eklesiaste”, I, $2), iv. javaxiSvilis

azriT, JamTaaRmwerelTan politikur Seferilobas

iRebs: ,,amqveynad, maSasadame, yovelive amaoa da

warmavali, daundobeli da cvalebadi, saukuno

mxolod saiqios cxovrebaao, amtkicebs JamTaaRmwereli.

amgvari azri eklesiaSi Cveulebrivi iyo, magram

politikur azrovnebaSi saqarTveloSi winaT arasdros

ar yofila miRebuli da pirvelad Cvens avtors aqvs

238

istoriaSi Setanili. magram Semdeg saukuneebSi es azri

politikur msjelobaSiac gabatonda, ase Zirianad

Seirya qarTveli eris politikuri rwmena”21.

iv. javaxiSvils JamTaaRwerlis poziciis erT-erT

upirveles Rirsebad miaCnia obieqturoba, rac naTlad

mJRavndeba mis mier jalaledinisa da monRolebis daxa-

siaTebisas: ,,qarTveliA JamTaaRwerelis Rirsebas misi

miudgomloba da puruTvneloba Seadgens. igi mag. Sa-

qarTvelos mtrebis Rirsebas, _ jalaledinisa, romel-

mac didi codva datriala Cvens qveyanaSi, da monRo-

lebisas, saqarTvelos ganmaoxrebelTa – sasiqadulo

Tvisebebs mainc ar malavs, piriqiT, yovelTvis didis

pativiscemiT ixseniebs maT. Tumca, amasTanave im

saSinel aoxrebasac, romelic monRolebis batonobas

mohyva, ar iviwyebs da saucxood asuraTebs.

sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos amtutebelis-

jalaledinis sikvdilis aRweris dros mas arc wyevla-

krulva, arc sxva ram gansvenebulisaTvis saZraxi sityva

wamoscdenia, aramed didis RirsebiT, TiTqos

sinanuliTac ki ambobs: ,,moikla kaci igi maRali da

saÃelovani Ãelmwife vina daudgromel ars mindoba

soflisa amis amaos”-o. amgvaradve gulwrfelad aqebs

Cveni istorikosi monRolebis maRal zneobriv

Tvisebebs: ,,tyuvili sityva yovladve ar iyo mas Sina,

ara Tvalaxvnani pirsa kacisasa, arca didsa, arca

mciresa da umetes sabWoTa Sina, rameTu keTilni wesni

epyres Cingis yaenisagan ganCenilni”-o22.

dasasruls ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. javaxiSvili

JamTaaRmwerels metad sando, me-13 saukunis saqarT-

velos istoriis erTaderT wyarod miiCnevs, romelSic

sxvasTan erTad ,,qveynis zneobrivi mdgomareobac” aris

mocemuli.

239

2. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc literaturuli Zeg-

li (korneli kekeliZe). k. kekeliZe Tavis werilSi mok-

led da amomwuravad gadmogvcems JamTaaRmwerelTan

dakavSirebul pasaJebs. werilis meore abzaci mematianis

aRweras eZRvneba da JamTaaRmwerelze cocxal warmod-

genas gviqmnis: ,,is mcodne kaci Cans, icnobs monRolur

enasa da sarwmunoebas, monRolur saistorio mwerlo-

bas, qronikonsa da zepirsityvierebas. icnobs is spar-

selebsac, maT istorikos juveins (me-13 s.), maT enasa da

zneobriv siduxWires. zedmiwevniT icis man berZnuli

ena, istoria da mwerloba, saistorio Tu mxatvruli.

ase magaliTad, mis naSromSi dasaxelebulia istori-

kosi ioseb flabiusi, mosimaxos ebraeli, astiangi, kvi-

rosi, xrizmosi apolonis dedoflisa, priamosi, aRamem-

noni da misi coli elene, romlis gamoc atyda troa-

delTa 28 wliani omi, antipatros da kasandros, aleq-

sandre makedoneli, midasi da anTipatos. aqve dasaxe-

lebulia Zvel berZenTa ,,Tormetni zodiakni anu etl-

ni”, agreTve qristianTa pasqalisturi ,,aTcxrametuli,

cameturi, zednadebi da zedequseuli”.

zedmetia laparaki imaze, rom JamTaaRmwerelma

kargad icis Tavisi mSobliuri warsuli, awmyo, zne-

Cveuleba da mwerloba, gansakuTrebiT saistorio. mis

SromaSi gamoyenebulia daviT aRmaSeneblis istoria,

gamouyenebia mas, agreTve, rogorc TviTon uCvenebs,

,,vinme beriRmelis” Sroma, wigni mefeTa ,,baRuSiTsa da

naTesaviTa misTa” da viRac ,,yovelTa aRwerilisa”

cnoba. Tavisi azrebis gasaviTareblad da saWiro cnobe-

bis mosapoveblad avtori ara marto wignebs mimarTavs,

aramed gadmocemebs, naTqvamsa da gagonilisa... rogorc

moazrovne, is gamomxatvelia monRolTa drois sulieri

ganwyobilebisa Cven sazogadoebaSi. monRolebis Semose-

vam Zirian-fesvianad Searyia mdgomareoba da keTil-

240

dReoba Tamaris monarqiisa, aman dabada sazogadeobaSi

sasowarkveTileba”23.

k. kekeliZe ,,JamTaaRmwerlis” erT-erT damaxasiaTe-

bel Tvisebad gamoarCevs pesimizms, rac qveynis umZimesi

mdgomareobiT iyo gamowveuli.

meore damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, romelic monRolTa

Semosevis mizezebis Ziebisas iCens Tavs, rogorc k. keke-

liZe SeniSnavs, JamTaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, eris moralur

daqveiTebaSi mdgomareobs.

k. kekeliZis azriT, JamTaaRmwereli did patrio-

tul grZnobas amJRavnebs, rac mas qarTvelTa avTvise-

bebs aviwyebinebs. igi qarTvelTa saqebrad monRolebis

azrebs imowmebs qarTvelebze24.

k. kekeliZe imowmebs dimitri mefis mimarTvas krebi-

sadmi, roca igi urdoSi gamgzavrebis gadawyvetilebas

iRebs da dasZens: ,,msoflio istoriaSi iSviaTad vipo-

viT mamulisa da moZmisaTvis Tavdadebis aseT magali-

Tebs”25.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa k. kekeliZis mier JamTa-

aRmwerelTan moTxrobili daujerebeli ambebis Sefa-

seba. kerZod, is faqtebi (qristes gamocxadeba Cingiz

xanisadmi, laSa-giorgis Zis daviTis Cagdeba gvelebian

ormoSi da misi gadarCena, sparselis mier CaRata

noinis mkvlelobis aRiareba da sxva.), romlebic sxva

avtorebTan miCneulia, rogorc JamTa aRmwerilobis

gulubryvilobad, matianis winaaRmdegobriv adgilebad,

an amis religiur poziciidan gamarTlebis mcdelobad

da sxv. k. kekeliZis azriT ki, es aris literaturuli

xerxi, rac damajerebel mosazrebad gamoiyureba.

k. kekeliZe sagangebod Cerdeba JamTaaRmwerelze, ro-

gorc mweralze da mravali adgili mohyavs teqstidan

amis dasadastureblad. sanimuSod damowmebulia JamTa-

241

aRmwerlis mier daviT narinis, daviT ulusa da mefe

dimitris portretebis aRwera26.

istoriuli Zeglisadmi literaturuli midgomis

nimuSia k. kekeliZis statiis finali. Txzuleba,

rogorc romelime mxatruli nawarmoebi, TiTqmis

TavSive aRizianebs mkiTxvelis cnobismoyvareobas

Semdegi sityvebiT: ,,qveyanasa mzisa aRmosavleTisa

krZoÁsa, romelsa ewodebis Cin-maCini, gamoCndes kacni

vinme sakrvelni, adgilsa yarayurumad wodebulsa, ucxo

saxiTa, wesiTa Sesaxedavadca”. is warmogvidgens grZel

jaWvs politikur-samxedro yofa-cxovrebiT epizodebi-

sas, romelnic moxerxebulad cvlian erTimeores, raTa

moTxrobis erTferovnebiT ar daiRalos mkiTxvelis yu-

radReba. ena Txzulebisa aris sada, ubralo, dinji, ad-

vilad gasagebi, romelic gveubneba, rom monRolTa ba-

tonobis xanaSi, literaturuli Zeglebis fizikur ga-

nadgurebasTan erTad, ar ganadgurebula da ar mospobi-

la literaturuli gemovneba”27.

3. ,,aswlovani matiane”-s filosofiuri interpreta-

cia (Salva nucubiZe). Salva nucubiZe ,,aswlovan matia-

nes” filosofiuri kuTxiT miudga da masSi oTxi mTava-

ri filosofiuri debuleba gamoyo:

a. JamTaaRmwerloba _ ucnobi avtorisTvis istoriis

Sefasebisas WeSmaritebis dadgenaa. ,,es azri istoriis

Sesaxeb, SeniSnavs S. nucubiZe, friad sagulisxmoa, rad-

gan igi istorias uaRresad filosofiur disciplinad

acxadebs”28.

b. Tuki istoriis (,,JamTaaRmwerilobis”) mTavari az-

ri filosofiuria (WeSmaritebis Zieba), maSin istoriasa

da sibrZnismetyvelebas Soris pirdapiri kavSiria.

g. JamTaaRmwereli cdilobs, gaarkvios istoriaSi

momxdari ama Tu im movlenis mizezi, rac imas niSnavs,

242

rom masTan dgeba Sefasebis momenti. es ki istoriis mi-

marT filosofiur midgomas gulisxmobs.

d. JamTaaRmwerelis mixedviT, roca istoria iwereba,

am dros unda moxdes erTmaneTisgan sikeTisa da boro-

tebis gansxvaveba. aqac istoriuli movlenebis Sefase-

biT momentTan gvaqvs saqme, rac filosofiuri poziciiT

aris ganpirobebuli.

S. nucubiZe JamTaaRmwerelTan zogierT moments kri-

tikulad afasebs, kerZod, roca saubaria sikeTesa da

borotebaze. S. nucubiZis azriT, JamTaaRmwereli ver

iCens saTanado obieqturobas, roca igi gansjis sagnad

ixdis cotne dadianisa da laSa giorgis qcevebs. sama-

gierod, SedarebiT obieqturobiT xasiaTdeba JamTaaR-

mwerlis mxridan me-13 saukunis saqarTvelos tragediis

Sefaseba, roca laSa-giorgis uzneoba, misgan gamomdina-

re SedegebiT, katastrofuli aRmoCnda qarTveli eris-

Tvis. unda iTqvas, rom es adgili S. nucubiZesTan er-

Tgvari bundovanebiT gamoirCeva29.

S. nucubiZe JamTaaRmwerlis e.w. ,,Suamdebare pozici-

is” obieqturobis Sefasebisas koniunqturas uwevs anga-

riSs da umarTebulo daskvnas akeTebs: ,,klasobrivi is-

toria aqac ar Ralatobs Tavis logikas da ,,WeSmarite-

bis metyveleba”, romelic avtorisaTvis, TiTqos, mTava-

ria, garkveuli klasobrivi, jgufuri WeSmaritebaa. ar-

sebiTad, JamTaaRmwerlis ideologia reaqciuli ideo-

logiaa, saero Zalauflebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, erT-

mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli da igi principu-

lad arafriT gansxvavdeba i. sabanisZis ideologiidan,

romlis daZlevas qarTulma sazogadoebrivma azrovne-

bam sam saukuneze meti moandoma. qarTveloba mtkiced

rom mdgariyo qristianobisa da eklesiis niadagze (ga-

vixsenoT sabaniZis ,,kedeli” qristianuli WeSmaritebi-

sa), ubedureba ar moxdebodao”30.

243

Znelia daeTanxmo S. nucubiZes, rogorc ioane saba-

nis Zis, ise JamTaaRmwerlis msoflmxedvelobis amgvar

SefasebaSi, miT umetes, roca teqsti amis safuZvels

namdvilad ar iZleva. aseve safuZvels moklebulia av-

toris saboloo daskvna JamTaaaRmwerlis tradiciasa

da adgilze Semdgomi drois qarTul sinamdvileSi: ,,am-

denad, igi (JamTaaRmwereli avt.) warmoadgens me-11-me-12

saukuneebSi mebrZol ideologiaTa reaqciuli banakis

gagrZelebas, romelsac me-14 saukunisa da momdevno

droSi feodalizmis kvlav moZalebis pirobebSi ufro

xelsayreli pirobebi daudgaT”31.

S. nucubiZe JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebas istorioso-

fiad miiCnevs. unda aRiniSnos, rom S. nucubiZem arsebi-

Tad sworad gaigo ,,aswlovani matiane”-s filosofiuri

aspeqtebi, gaigo igi, rogorc istoriis filosofiuri

gaazrebis pirveli cda qarTul sinamdvileSi.

4. ,,aswlovani matianes” filosofiuri analizi. ,,asw-

lovani matiane” upirvelesad istoriuli Zeglia, magram,

rogorc es sxvadasxva gamokvlevebiT dadasturda, igi

yuradRebas imsaxurebs mxatruli da filosofiuri

TvalsazrisiTac.

marTebulad aRniSnavs k. kekeliZe, rom JamTaaRmwre-

lis Txzuleba STambeWdavad iwyeba da mxatvruli

TvalsazrisiT igi maSinve izidavs mkiTxvelis yurad-

Rebas. nawarmoebi laSa-giorgis gamefebiT iwyeba, rac

Tamaris sikvdilis Semdeg moxda. maSin laSa-giorgi 18

wlis iyo, Tumca manamde Tamarma 13 wlis momavali mefe

Tanamefed gamoacxada. nawarmoebSi gvxdeba JamTaaRmwer-

lis aseTi azriani SeniSvna: miicvala Tamar mefe da

,,dauteva mefoba Zesa TÂssa, xolo naTesavsa qarTvelTa-

sa _ cema, mwuxareba, vaeba da glova, rameTu cocxalni-

244

ca Casrul iyvnen jojoxeTis mkÂdrni samefosa misi asa-

ni da egreTca jer iyo”32.

Zneli dasanaxi ar aris, rom JamTaaRmwereli Txzu-

lebis dasawyisSive kravs kvanZs da mkiTxvels winaswar

ganawyobs imisTvis, raTa icodes Tu rogori mefe moev-

lina saqarTvelos laSa-giorgis saxiT. Amis Semdeg ki

JamTaaRmwereli iZleva laSa-giorgis daxasiaTebas,

riTac ganamtkicebs Tavis uaryofiT azrs axalgazrda

mefeze: ,,taniT Zlieri, mxned moisari, nadimobiTa da Si-

na moswrafe, laRi da TÂTbuneba”33. aqve avtori ganmar-

tavs, Tu ratom iyo mefe aseTi bunebis – ,,amisTÂs gan-

laRebuli”. mefis aseTi laRobis mizezi, JamTaaRmwer-

lis Tanaxmad, iyo is, rom dedam, mefe Tamarma, romel-

sac mudam igi karg konteqsSi ixseniebs, laSa giorgis

dautova dawynarebuli qveyana, damorCilebuli mowinaa-

aRmegeebi da moxarkeni. igi CamoTvlis samefoebs, sam-

Tavroebsa da qalaqebs, romelTa mesveurnic ZRveniTa

da xarkiT modiodnen da amis gamo mudam mxiaruleba

iyo mefe laSa-giorgis karze.

matianeSi moTxrobilia, rom Tavdapirvelad laSa-gi-

orgis moxarkeebma xarki Seuwyvites (mizezs mematiane

ar asaxelebs). mefem jari Sekriba, sastikad daamarcxa

gandgomilebi, Secdoma apatia da didZali nadavliT

dabrunda TbilisSi. TbilisSi dabrunebulma mefem ux-

vad gasca yvelaferi, radganac, JamTaaRmwerlis aRniSv-

niT, igi iyo mlocveli, ara moSurne da a.S. magram Sem-

deg mefe borotebisken gadaixara (Tu ra iyo amis mize-

zi, aq amis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami): ,,aramed ukanas-

knel midrka siboroted TanamiyoliTa uwesoTa kacTaTa.

viTarca solomonisaTÂs weril ars, romelTa SeacTu-

nes dedaTa, egreTve ese uweso kacTa, viTarca quemeore

sityuaman sacnaur-yos. viTar ganisuenebda nadimobiTa

da msmurTa Tana, midrka siborotemdi, viTar werili

245

ars israelTaTÂs: ,,dasxda eri igi Wamad da smad, da

aRdges simRerad”34.

laSa-giorgis mier swori gzidan gadaxveva grZelde-

boda, rac, bunebrivia, SeumCneveli da reagirebis gareSe

ar darCeboda. es, erTi mxriv, imdroindeli saqarTve-

los maRali eSelonebis zneobriv samyarosa da, meore

mxriv, qveyanaSi garkveuli demokratiuli principebis

arsebobaze miuTiTebs. es upirvelesad iqidan Cans, rom

mefis aseTi qcevebiT Sewuxebuli didebulebi, ivane

aTabagi da varam gageli, mefes ganudgnen. gandgomis mi-

zezi JamTaaRmwerelTan asea Camoyalibebuli: ,,ara Tavs

videbT Sensa mefes yofasa, ukeTu ara ganayenon borot-

Ta kacTa siaxlesa da avsa wess, romelsa iqm”35.

erTi piroba mefem moinania codvebi, magram bolomde

ver daicva aRTqma da kaxeTSi, kerZod, veliscixeSi ixi-

la Tu ara erTi ,,qmnulkeTili” qali, Seiyvara da co-

ladac moiyvana, romlisgan SeeZina vaJi daviTi.

mefe laSa-giorgi, erTi mxriv, iyo mxne, axovani, Zli-

eri da laRi, meore mxriv, igi iyo ampartavani, Tavxedi

da TviTneba. Tu ra ubedureba SeiZleba moutanos qveya-

nas amisTana mefem, amis dasamtkiceblad JamTaaRmwereli

wmida mamaTa azrs imowmebs, romelTa Tanaxmadac yovel-

gvari vnebis sami mizezi arsebobs: msunagoba, simdidri-

sadmi miswrafeba da pativmoyvareoba. JamTaaRmwere-

lTan yvelaferi es asea warmodgenili: ,,samni arian mi-

zezni vnebaTani, romelTagan iSvebian yovelni borotni:

gemoTmoyuarebani, vercxlisyuareba da didebisyuare-

ba”36.

swored am sami mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli siZva,

mruSoba, risxva da ampartavnoba. is rom Wama-smasa da

gancxromas sikeTe ar moaqvs, amis dasturad JamTaaRmwe-

reli imowmebs winaswarmetyvelis sityvebs: ,,Wama iakob,

246

ganZRa, gansxua, gansuqna, da dauteva RmerTi Semoqmedi

TÂsi, da ganudga RmerTsa macxovarsa TÂssa”37.

laSa-giorgis aseTma uzneo qcevebma mas CamoaSora

Rirseuli adamianebi, maT Soris kaTalikosi, didebule-

bi ivane aTabagis CaTvliT, ramac sabolood qveynis saq-

me ukuRma waiyvana: ,,amisaTÂs aRmocendes mizezni codva-

Ta simravliTa saqarTvelosa mooÃrebisani”38.

mefisgan didebulebis gandgomis mizezebis CamoTv-

lis Semdeg JamTaaRmwereli saubars agrZelebs monRo-

lebze. monRolTa daxasiaTebisas ki igi gvevlineba

mxatruli sityvis namdvil ostatad. aq, am mokle monak-

veTze, igi didi ostatobiT aRwers monRolTaA istori-

as, zne-Cveulebebsa da Rirsebebs;

,,queyanasa mzisasa aRmosavleTiT kerZo, romelsa

ewodebis Cin-maCini, gamoCndes kacni vinme sakÂrelni ad-

gilsa, yarayorumad wodebulsa, ucxo saxiTa, wesiTa da

Sesaxedavadca, rameTu arca ZuelTa wignTaA sada ipoe-

bis ambavi maTi, rameTu arian ucxoena, ucxosaxe, ucxoc-

xovreba. purisa gemo ara icodian, ÃorciTa da pirutyu-

Ta rZiTa cxovnebodes. xolo iyvnes taniTa srul, gua-

miTa axovan, Zlier ferxiTa, Suenier, spetak ÃorciTa,

TualiTa mcireWurit da greman, ganzidul da saCino,

TaviTa did, TmiTa Savi da ÃSir, Sublbrtyeli, cxÂri-

Ta mdabal esoden, romel Rawuni umaRles iyvnian

cxÂrTa, da mciredni oden nestuni Cndian cxÂriTa, bage-

ni mcire, kbilni Sewyobilni da spetak, yovlad uwue-

rul. eseviTari aqunda umsgavso saxe. da nu vis gikÂrs,

rome aRmatebuli rame Sueniereba aqunda amaT mamaTa da

dedaTa. mas Tana moego simÃne, moisarni iyvnes rCeulni,

magriTa mSÂldiTa ucdomrad msrolelni, romelTa

nakravsa veraman saWurvelman umagris. ufros cxensa ze-

da iyvnen mÃne, rameTu aRzrda maTi cxensa zeda ityvis,

saWurvelisa arasa mqonebelni, mSÂldisa isrisa kide”39.

247

pirvelad JamTaaRmwereli monRolebs aRwers gareg-

nulad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs maT fizikur Tvisebebze

(simamace, momxibvleloba, fizikuri siZliere, meomruli

gawvrTnileba da sxva.), Semdeg ki iwyebs monRolTa Si-

nagan, sulier daxasiaTebas, rac aseve sayuradReboa ro-

gorc sakuTriv momxdurTa xasiaTisa da zne-Cveulebis,

ise sakuTriv JamTaaRmwerlis msoflmxedvelobis gasa-

gebad.

JamTaaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, monRolebi ,,ese iyvnes kac-

ni gansakuTrebulni, rameTu ixilni ra, sulel sagone-

bel iyvnian, xolo yoveli sibrZne ipoeboda da maT

Soris yoveli goniereba moego, mciremetyveleba. da

tyuvili sityva yovlad ara iyo maT Soris, rameTu ke-

Tilni wesni epyres, Cingiz yaenisan gaCenilni, romelTa

TÂTeulad warmoTquma grZel ars”40.

JamTaaRmwereli uyuradRebod ar tovebs monRolTa

rwmenis, religiuri mrwamsisa da damwerlobis sakiTxeb-

sac. amasTan, avtori monRolTa calkeuli tomebis re-

ligiur mrwamsa da damwerlobis sakiTxebsac exeba:

,,amaT aqunda sjulad erTi RmerTisa ukvdavisa Tayvanis-

cema. piri mzisa aRmosavleTiT qnian da samisa Coqisa

qna da samjer Tayuanis-cema da Suas TiTisa cersa zeda

nebsa dadeba da datkacuneba, da meti arara.

xolo uiRurni kerpismsaxurni iyunes, romelTa qu-

jisad uxmobdes. xolo moipoes werilica ama mcirediTa

asoTa, rameTu aTequmetiTa asoTa dasweren wignsa, ro-

mel advil saswavloca ars da advil gulisÃmissayo-

fica”41.

Semdeg JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs monRolT ka-

lendarze, akeTebs paralels berZnul kalendarTan, Ca-

moTvlis weliwadis Tveebis monRolur saxelebs. iqve

SeniSnavs, rom monRolebi Wamdnen katisa da ZaRlis

xorcs. kidev erTxel ubrundeba uiRirTa kerpTayvanis-

248

mcemlobas da, agreTve, monRolTa erT-erTi tomis mxri-

dan erTi RmerTis aRiarebas, romelTa RmerTsac Tengri

hqvia.

damowmebuli adgilebi ,,aswlovani matiane”-dan ki-

dev erTxel adasturebs sxvadasxva mklevaris mosazre-

bas imis Taobaze, rom misi avtori miudgomlobiT, obi-

eqturobiT gamoirCeva. Tumca, garkveul eWvs badebs misi

ase gadametebuli obieqturoba, miT umetes, roca sauba-

ri exeba Cveni qveynis amaoxrebelTa, JamTaaRmwerlis

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,momspovel” monRolebs. Cvens

eWvs aZlierebs monRolTa erT-erTi tomis – yiaTa war-

momadgenlis _ monRolTa Tavdapirveli laSqrobebis

organizatoris, saxelganTqmuli Cingiz xanis (,,Temur-

Ci” – JamTaaRwerilTan) daxasiaTeba matianeSi, romlis

avtoric, bunebrivia, iyo JamTaaRmwereli: ,,amaTTa naTe-

savTA yiaTTa guarisaTa gamoCnda kaci erTi, saxeli Te-

murCi, romel ars Cingiz yaeni; haerovan Suenieri, tani-

Ta axovani, TmiTa momwiTuro, Zlieri, mÃne, SemarTebu-

li, moisari Ãelovani, Rrmad gamgone, ganmzraxavi

sÂani”42.

aseve damafiqrebelia JamTaaRmwerlis mxridan sa-

qarTvelos, gansakuTrebiT ki, Tbilisis sastikad amaox-

reblis _ jalaledinis erTob dadebiTi daxasiaTeba:

,,can ese, sultaman jalaladinman, romeli iyo kaci

mÃne, qveli, SemarTi, uSiSi viTar uÃorco, ZaliTa saCi-

no, wyobiTa Sida ucxo”43.

JamTaaRmwereli, rogorc es mklevrebs araerTgzis

aRuniSnavT da sakuTriv teqstidanac kargad Cans, qar-

TvelTa daqcevis erT-erT mTavar mizezad miiCnevs subi-

eqtur moments – sakuTriv qarTvel didebulTa Suria-

nobas, TviTnebobas da a.S. am mxriv sayuradReboa ivane

aTabagis saqcielis aRwera kritikul Jams, jalaledi-

nis winaaRmdegA brZolisas. am dros ivane aTabagma Sal-

249

va da ivane axalcixelebis Suris gamo sakuTar xalxs

uRalata, ramac qarTvelTa marcxi da qveynis aoxreba

ganapiroba: ,,viTar daeaxlnes winamebrZoli da sultani,

aq dapyra ferÃi ivane aTabagman, ityÂan SuriTa yo

axalcixelTa Salva ivanesiTa. Äi Suri, yovelTa bo-

rotTA dasabami da ZÂrad momwydeuli naTesavisa kacTa-

sa da yovelTa naTesaviTAmwyvleli viTar uriaTa

RmrTis mkleloba arwmuna, da kualad amaTsa uborote-

si ugbili da ulmobeli da saqarTvelos sruliadi

mospolva, viTar quemore sityuaman cxad-yos, aTabagsa

ivanes arwmuna, romel Jamsa wyobisa da Jamsa omisasa

ukundgada arRara vidoda mbrZoliTA kerZ”44.

jalaledinis mier Tbilisis aoxrebas didi mwer-

luri ostatobiT aRwers JamTaaRmwereli. misi monaTx-

robis kulminaciaa jalaledinis mier sionis eklesiis

gumbaTis dangreva da misi wabilwvis mizniT gamoyene-

ba: ,,iwyo rRuevad eklesiaT, vidre safuZveladme aRfxu-

ra, romlisTÂs ikadra da Ãel-yo sionisa gumabadsa Se-

musvrad da zeda bilwisa sajdomisa misisa aRSenebad,

romel-igi ÃidiTa maRliTa da grZliTA ganÃida asRv-

lad”45.

amis garda, jalaledins, sionis mkvidri xati – ieso

qristesa da RvTisSoblis saxelobisa, erTgvar sajala-

To kunZad gamouyenebia, xidis dasawyisSi daudevs da

vinc qristes rjulze uars ar ityoda, mas am xatze

kveTdnen Tavs. bevrs rjuli dautovebia, magram bevrs

Tavi gauwiravs rjulisTvis, rasac ase gvamcnobs JamTa-

aRmwereli: ,,xolo mravali simravle mamaTa da dedaTa

ipovna axovnad, romelTa miiRes gÂrgÂni wamebisa, rom-

lisa aRracxva SeuZlebel ars simravlisaTÂs, rameTu

hvgoneb, viTarmed aT bevr aRwia ricxÂ moklulTa”46.

rogorc jalaledinis uRirsi qcevis, ise qarTvelTa

qristes rjulisTvis Tavganwirvis aRwerisas JamTaaR-

250

mwereli mxatruli sityvis ostatad, siuJetis gamZafe-

rebisa da mkiTxvelis mxridan interesis aRmZvrel

mTxrobelad gvevlineba. amasTan, TvalSi sacemia JamTa-

aRmwerlis araTanamimdevruloba, rac am SemTxvevaSi

dasturdeba misi mxridan jalaledinis erTob dadebiTi

Sefasebisas, erTi mxriv, da, meore mxriv, aseve, mis mier

moTxrobili jalaledinis saSineli saqmeebis ubralo

SedarebiTac. am Sedarebis Semdeg Znelia, daeTanxmo Jam-

TaaRmwerels jalaledinis qvelobasa da sxva dadebiTi

epiTetebiT moxsenebaze.

JamTaaRmwereli qarTvelTa mZime yofaSi Cavardnas,

rogorc ukve iTqva, abralebs mefe laSa-giorgis, dide-

bulebis (mag. ivane aTabagis) uRirs qcevebs. am mxriv igi

mefe rusudans indobs, romelic ,,xolo iyo rusudan

xilviTa Suenieri, viTa deda misi (Tamari – avt.), mdaba-

li, uxÂ, pativismcemeli, patiosan kacTa moyuare. man mo-

iwyo yoveli sabrZanebeli da mefoba mSÂdobiT, da

aRivso yoveli samefo rusudanisa yovliTa keTili-

Ta”47. Tumca iqve SeniSnavs, rom rusudanic Tavisi Zmis

(mefe laSa-giorgis) gzaze dadioda da amitomac aim-

xedra didebulni. aqac saxezea JamTaaRmwerlis araTana-

mimdevruloba.

JamTaaRmwereli saintereso logikur jaWvs xedavs

mtrisgan mooxrebul saqarTveloSi adamianTa zneobriv

dacemasa, rasac Tan axlda da rac gamoixateboda Sesa-

bamisi uRirsi qcevebiTa da niSan-TvisebebiT (,,ampartav-

noba”, ,,Suri”, ,,siZva”, ,,qurdoba”...), da RvTis risxvas So-

ris: ,,amis ZaliTa misca igini RmerTma warwymendad bo-

rotad, rameTu ganviwireT RmerTisa mier, romel davi-

viwyeT RmerTi da RmerTmanca samarTlad dagÂviwya. da

mohoxrda qveyana saqarTvelosi lixT aqaT...”48.

Tu ra didi ubedureba mohyveba qveynisTvis eris

swori gzidan gadaxvevas, am azrs JamTaaRmwereli ebra-

251

eli xalxis mimarT esaia winaswarmetyvelis mier ga-

moTqmuli msgavsi azris damowmebiT ganamtkicebs: ,,vaÁ

naTesavsa codvilsa, era savsesa codviT, Tesli boro-

ti, Zeni usjuloni. dauteveT ufali da ganarisxeT wmi-

daÁ isralisa..” (esaia winaswarmetyveli, I, $4-9).

JamTaaRmwereli agrZelebs Txrobas saqarTvelos

ubedurebaze da amis umTavres mizezad isev da isev su-

bieqturi faqtori anu qarTvelTa swori gzidan gadax-

veva miaCnia; amasTan, aq ukve Cveni daqcevis mizezad gvev-

lineba ara romelime mefis uzneo saqcieli an romeli-

me didebulis orguloba da Surianoba, aramed saerTod

erisa da berisa, didis Tu pataras gadagvareba: ,,..mZÂnva-

reni gansacdelni aRiZvrodes saqarTvelos sazRvarTa

ukeTurobisaTÂs mkÂdrTa qarTvelisaTa, rameTu yoveli

asaki berTa da yrmaT, mefe da mTavarTa, didTa da mci-

reTa, midrka siboroteTa”. JamTaaRmwereli aqve aRniS-

navs, rom TviT RvTismsaxurnic ki scodavdnen, sibilwes

Cadiodnen da aqedan gamomdinare Sedegic logikuri iyo

da aqac Tavis azrs amagrebs esaia winaswarmetyveliT.

eWvi JamTaaRmwerlis obieqturobaze, razedac ukve

aRiniSna, Zlierdeba im adgilebis gacnobiT, sadac mon-

RolTa eniT qarTvelebi arian Seqebuli, xolo sparse-

lebi augad moxseniebuli. kerZod, monRolTa axal yaen-

Tan – mangusTan misulma misma xalxma auwya, rom daip-

yres sparseTi, saberZneTi da saqarTvelo, rom: ,,qarT-

velni sruliad movides, mefe da erTobilni mTavari,

romel aqus sjuli keTili, da tyuilsa evltian, mwam-

vleli arca Tu saxel idebis maT Soris”, sparselebs

ki monRolebi, JamTaaRmwerlis mixedviT, ase axasiaTe-

ben: ,,arian sparsni, cru moRalate da ficis arSemnax-

vel, da mravalni ipovebian mwamlvelni da mamaTmval,

urcxÂnod”50.

252

aqve JamTaaRmwerlis mier damowmebuli mangu yaenis

azri qarTvelebze im poziciis gagrZelebaa, roca igi

monRolebis piriT aqebs qarTvelebs. Aai ras ambobs man-

gu yaeni qarTvelebsa da sparselebze: ,,viTnagan qarT-

velni wyobaTa Sina keTilad gixilvan da tyuili ara

ars maT Soris da mindoba ician, Tquen Tan ipyeriT

mterTa Tquenda brZolad, xolo sparsni moswyÂdeniT,

da mis queyanisa Tavadni waravlineT yaenTa winaSe”51.

mokled, JamTaaRmwereli monRolTa piriT aqebs qar-

Tvelebsa da aZagebs sparselebs, rac misi mxridan mon-

RolTa mimarT garkveuli simpaTiebis gamJRavnebac unda

iyos. Tumca iv. javaxiSvili aq ufro istorikosis miu-

kerZoeblobasa da obieqturobas xedavs.

aq ki mivadeqiT ,,aswlovani matianis” swored im ad-

gils, sadac JamTaaRmwereli istoriis daniSnulebas

gansazRvravs. istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis, JamTaaR-

mwerlobis mTavar miznad miiCnevs WeSmaritebis Ziebas:

,,garna vinaTgan wigni es Suamdebare ars keTilis moq-

medTa da borotismoqmedTa; Sendobil iyvnen sityuani

Cemni, rameTu JamTaaRmweriloba WeSmaritebismetyveleba

ars da ara Tualaxma visime”52.

aRniSnulis fonze JamTaaRmwereli gmobs rusudan

mefis qcevas, romelmac Tavisi Svilis bednierebis gu-

lisTvis sakuTari ZmisSvilis gawirva moindoma. Mematia-

ne imowmebs solomon brZenis sityvebs, romlis Tanax-

mad, guliswyromam samarTlianobis grZnoba ar unda

dagvakargvinos (,,guliswyromaman kacisman simarTle

RmrTisa ar yvis”).

yuradReba unda mieqces JamTaaRmwerlis dadebiT da-

mokidebulebas monRolTa mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi mxedve-

lobaSi gvaqvs koxtasTavis SeTqmuleba, romelic gamJav-

nda da cotne dadianis raindul qcevas TviT monRole-

bic aRufrTovanebia. ai, rogor aris gadmocemuli Jam-

253

TaaRmwerelTan monRolTaAmier cotne dadianis raindu-

li qcevis Sefaseba: ,,vinaTgan naTesavni qarTvelTani

esoden keTil arian, da ara gancruvdebian, romel afxa-

zeTiT movida kaci, raTa dadvas suli TÂsi moyure-

TaTÂs, da ara gancruvnes, esreT ganwira Tavi TÂsi si-

kudid, ara ars sicruve maT Sina, da amis ZaliTa ubra-

lo vpovebT da ganutoveT yovelni. rques cotnes: ,,gan-

dgomileba vgoneT Tquen, qarTvelTa, da aw, vinaTgan

hyav saTnoeba keTili, yovelTa qarTvelTa Sen mogani-

WebT, Senda mindobil varT”. da ganuSvnes yovelni ese

warCinebulni”53.

es pasaJi ,,aswlovani matianedan” mravalmxriv imsaxu-

rebs yuradRebas. kerZod, ra aris monRolTa mxridan es

qmedeba _ didi keTilSobiloba Tu diplomatiuri

svla? rac Seexeba JamTaaRmwerlis pozicias, aqac sa-

kiTxavia ufro obieqturobaa misi mxridan Tu garkveu-

li simpaTiebis gamJRavneba monRolTa misamarTiT?

JamTaaRmwerlis obieqturobaze eWvi Cndeba maSinac,

roca igi exeba saqarTvelos samefo karze aRzevebul

ucxo tomis Svils, politikur moRvawes sadun mankaber-

delis pirovnebas. maSin, roca istoria mankaberdels

medroveed miiCnevs, JamTaaRwerilis Tanaxmad, saduni

,,..rameTu iyo kaci da gonieri da enakeTili, sityvaTa

marjue yaens winaSe metyuelebad”54.

es amonaweri didi eWvis safuZvels ar iZleva, magram

momdevno pasaJidan aSkaraa JamTaaRmwerlis simpaTiebi

sadun mankaberdelisadmi. kerZod, roca igive matianidan

cxadia, rom saduni monRolTa aRzevebulia (,,esreT

yovliTurT ganSuenebel iyo, garna esreT ÃelTa sadu-

nisaTa iyo, rameTu friad ganadida saduni yaenman”). Jam-

TaaRwereli wers: ,,da saduni keTilad ganagebda saqar-

TvelosaTa, rameTu dReTa misTa ar iqneboda TaTarTa-

254

gan Zali da usamarTlo, arc didiTa noinTagan, arca

elCTagan, da esreT aRSenda saqarTvelo”55.

JamTaaRmwerlis mxridan miT ufro gasakviria sadu-

nis qeba, radganac, misive aRniSvniT, saduni uwesod iq-

ceoda, sami coli moiyvana, ris gamoc mas Semowyra ka-

Tolikosi nikolozi da SeaCvena igi56.

,,aswlovani matiane” yuradRebas imsaxurebs im mxri-

vac, rom masSi saubaria erTgvar genetikur-memkvidreo-

biT tradiciaze, samwuxarod, qveynis RalatTan dakavSi-

rebiT. amis magaliTia kaxaber raWis erisTavi, romel-

sac Turme arc yaeni swyalobda da, miT umetes, arc

qarTvelTa mefe dimitri. mefe dimitrim erTxel Seiwya-

la kaxaber erisTavi, Secdoma apatia da mamulic misca,

magram garkveuli drois Semdeg, swored memkvidreobiTi

orgulobis gamo, daiwyo mama-papur gzaze siaruli da

mefesac uRalata, radganac ,,guarisagan moaqunda orgu-

loba”57.

sainteresoa, rom kaxaber erisTavi baRvaSTa naTesavi

iyo da swored esa aqvs mxedvelobaSi JamTaaRmwerels,

roca aRniSnavs, rom gvariT mosdgamda orguloba da

Ralatio. es Cans iqidan, roca mematiane mogviTxrobs,

rom mefem sastikad dasaja kaxaber erisTavi _ erTi

Tvali amoTxara da erTi xeli da fexi mokveTa da am

yofaSi gardaicvala kidec ,,da moispo yoveli naTesavi

misi, baRuaSTa kaxaberis ZeTa, ara daSTa da aRiÃoca

naTesavi misi da saÃsenebeli maTi”58.

rogorc aRiniSna, k. kekeliZe gansakuTrebiT xazs

usvamda JamTaaRmwerlis mwerlur unarebs. es azri ara-

erTgzis dasturdeba ,,aswlovan matianeSi”, iqneba es da-

viT ulus da daviT narinis, sargis Tu beqa jayelebis

daxasiaTebisas. TiTqosda Tavis trafaretul daxasiaTe-

bisas yoveli personaJisTvis mas moepoveba calkeuli

da gamorCeuli Strixi59.

255

STambeWdavia JamTaaRmwerlis mier beqa jayelis gar-

dacvalebis ambavis Txroba, sadac ramdenime winadadebi-

Taa gadmocemuli beqas pirovneba, misi, rogorc eriska-

cis, Rvawli: ,,da amas wels miicvala mTavari samcxisa

beqa, kaci warmatebuli yovelsa Sina, sikeTeaRmatebuli

saRmrTo-sakacobrio saqmeTa da umetes samarTlis moq-

medebiTa, eklesiaTa da monasterTa mSeneblobiTa, sof-

lisa keTilad morwmuneobiTa, glaxakTa uzomoTa mice-

miTa”62.

rodesac saubaria JamTaaRmwerlis mwerlur unareb-

ze, TvalSi sacemia erTi tendencia: roca igi Tavis per-

sonaJs, gansakuTrebiT ki, romelime mefes axasiaTebs,

pirvelad mis qebas aRavlens. Semdeg ki misi monaTxro-

bidan cxadi xdeba, rom mefeSi sxeulebrivma, xorcielma

ltolvebma imZlavra da siborotisken gadaixara, rac

misi da, sabolood, qveynis tragediis mizezi xdeba. ase

iyo laSa-giorgisa da mefe rusudanis SemTxvevaSi da

ase moxda mefe dimitri meoris mefobis dros. igi Tav-

dapirvelad Rirseulad iqceoda, magram roca cota

asakSi Sevida, warmarTTa wesi gadmoiRo, moiyvana sami

coli da uzneobis WaobSi CaeSva, razedac mas Semowyra

nikoloz kaTolikosi da miatova kidec igi61.

aq JamTaaRmwereli garkveul literaturul xerxs

mimarTavs: tragizmis simZafre rom aCvenos, jer dadebi-

Tad amkobs Tavis personaJs, romlis fonze ufro mZaf-

rad aRiqmeba gmiris cdomilebis xasiaTi. dimitri meo-

ris SemTxvevaSi viTareba ufro rTulia, radganac mefis

Tavdapirvel keTilgonivrulobas Semdeg uzneobaSi ga-

davardnas mosdevs mefis gansakuTrebuli amaRleba: gmi-

roba samSoblosTvis Tavis dadeba.

rogorc cnobilia, dimitri meoris mefobis dros

monRolTa karze SeTqmuleba moxda, romelic gamJRavn-

da. saqarTvelos mefe damarcxebul SeTqmulTa banakSi

256

aRmoCnda, ramac gansazRvra misi Semdgomi bedic. noin

arRunma mefe dimitri meore TavisTan gamoiZaxa da eW-

vic ar iyo, rom mas mkacri sasjeli eloda. swored aq

iCina Tavi mefe dimitris Sinaganma raindulma bunebam.

mefem Sekriba darbazi da amcno saqmis viTareba. darba-

zisa da kaTolikosis Txovnis miuxedavad, ar wasuliyo

mefe urdoSi, dimitri meoris gadawyvetileba mtkicea _

wavides urdoSi. am gadawyvetilebas ki safuZvlad edo

samSoblos gadarCenisTvis zrunva. mefis gadawyvetile-

bis miRebaSi ki naTlad Cans sazogados pirovnulze

maRla dayeneba, amqveyniuris warmavlobis Rrma Segneba

da maradiuli Rirebulebebisadmi angariSis gaweva. dar-

bazis winaSe warmoTqmuli mefis sityva ki erTgvari

zneobrivi Segonebaa: ,,aw ganrisxebul ars yaeni, da yo-

veli mTavari misi mouwyuedian, da aw me miwods winaSe

missa. vgoneb borotis-yofisa, Tu ara warvide urdosa

da warvide mTiuleTs, simagreTa Sina, da davicva Tavi

Cemi. da, aha, yoveli samefo Cemi winaSe maTsa Zes. ixi-

leT, ravdeni suli qristiane sikudilsa miecemis da

tyue iqnebis, da eklesiani Seiginebian da mooÃrdebian,

xatni da juarni daimusvrian. da ukeTu warvide yaens

winaSe, dasturobiT uwyi, momklavs da aw sibrZniTa

TqueniTa ganageT saqme ese. me esreT vgoneb: mraval-

mRelvare ars sawuTo ese, daudgromel da warmaval,

dReni Cuenni sizmrebr da aCrdilebr warvlen, da une-

bel da mswrafl Tanaguac warsdga soflis amisgan. aw

mnebavs, raTa warvide yaens winaSe, da iyos neba RmrTi-

sa. ukeTu me momklan, vgoneb, rome queyana uvneblad

darCes”62.

mefis Sesavali sityvis Semdeg kaTalikosma, episko-

posma, mTavrebma mefes winaaRmdegoba gauwies da mouwo-

des gadawyvetilebis Secvlisken _ ,,da ara saWiro ars

257

ganwirva Tavisa Senisa Sengan”, radganac amiT qveyana

mooxrdeba da mosaxleobac mimoibnevao.

mefis gadawyvetileba mtkice da sabolooa: ,,Tqven

erTgulebisa da siyvarulisa CemisaTÂT, garna mewyalis

ubralo eri, viTarca cxovrni klvad uRono arian da

arasada aqun nugeSinis-cema. me davsdeb sulsa Cemsa eri-

saTÂs Cemisa da ara daviSli urdosa wasvlasa”63.

dimitri meoris zneobrivi simtkicis kulminaciaa ya-

enis karze myof mefesTan misi vazirebis misvla da Ra-

miT gaqcevis SeTavazeba, radganac misi fasi da nacvali

sxva aravin iyo. am mimarTebiT mefis saboloo sityva

marTlac STambeWdavia da mamulisTvis Tavis dadebis

nimuSia: ,,ismineT Cemi. pirvelve uwyode sikudili Cemi

da davdev Tavi Cemi da suli Cemi erisaTÂs Cemisa, xolo

aq Tu warvide, ubralod eri moisras. ra sargebel ars,

ukeTu yoveli sofeli SeviZino da suli warviwymido”64.

mefe dimitris es saboloo sityva mniSvnelovania

zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT da amdenad sainteresoa filo-

sofiis poziciidanac. saerTod ki, mefis gadawyvetileba

da Tavis gawirva umaRlesi zneobrivi gmiroba iyo. er-

mac didad daafasa mefe dimitris es Tavganwirva da,

rogorc iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, erTaderT Tavis me-

fes Tavdadebulis saxeli mianiWa, rac istoriamac dau-

dastura.

dasasrul, yuradRebas mivaqcevT erT moments ,,as-

wlovani matianeSi”, rac, vfiqrobT, saintereso unda

iyos qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis. mxed-

velobaSi gvaqvs eklesiis msaxurTagan sxvisi, safiqre-

belia, gamorCeuli eriskacis, codvis aReba, rac arse-

bobda Sua saukuneebi saqarTveloSi. es tradicia vlin-

deba mefe dimitris mier urdoSi yaenTan wasvlis mtki-

ce gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg. swored maSin abram

kaTalikosma kidev erTxel sTxova mefes, Seecvala ga-

258

dawyvetileba da Tu amas ar izamda, maSin TviTon da

episkoposebi Tavze iRebdnen mis codvebs, radganac, sa-

xarebis Tanaxmad, ,,ufros amissa siyvaruli ara ars, ra-

Ta dadvas kacman suli TÂsi moyusisaTÂs”65.*

r. kiknaZe aRniSnavs, rom JamTaaRmwereli morwmune

iyo da is, rac Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan zRaprad da

daujereblad gveCveneba, misTvis es sarwmuno iyo. avto-

ris am azrs yvelaze metad adasturebs matianis is ad-

gili, roca JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs mefe demetres

Tavis mokveTis Semdeg epizodze: ,,xolo gamoCnda masve

Jamsa pativi RmrTisa mier cxebulsa missa, rameTu mze-

man Saravandedi TÂsi uCino-yo sruliad da iqmna sibne-

le didi da yovelni warmarTni gankÂdes. iyo Jami meaTe

da mwuxramde Seimosa bneli, viTar igi yovlisa sofli-

sa cxovrebisa vnebasa meufisasa, egreTve amis netarisa

da saqarTvelosaTÂs wamebulisa mefisasa, raTa sacnaur

iqmnes, rameTu patiosan arian cxebulni RmrTisani”66.

JamTaaRmwerlis ,,aswlovani matiane” umniSvnelovane-

si qarTuli istoriul-literaturuli Zeglia, romel-

Sic qarTuli filosofiuri azris sayuradRebo ideebi-

caa gadmocemuli:

1. filosofiuri kuTxiT, JamTaaRmwerelTan sayurad-

Reboa qveynis politikursa da socialur cxovrebaSi

subieqturi da obieqturi (sakuTriv, qarTvelebisa da

gareSe Zalebis _ Semoseuli mtrebis) faqtorebis gaTva-

liswineba da win wamoweva.

* sxvaTa codvebis aRebis sakiTxs Seexo i. javaxiSvili naSromSi

,,adamiani Zvel qarTul mwerlobasa da cxovrebaSi”, sadac sani-

muSod ganixila Tornike erisTavis codvebis aReba eklesiis

msaxurTa mxridan, roca is _ beri, barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad midioda (ix. qarTuli filosofiuri azris

istoria. Tb., 1996, I t. gv. 383-385).

259

2. qveynad wesrigis damyarebasa da qveynis xsnis saq-

meSi umaRles xelisufalTa zneobrivi siwmindisadmi ga-

damwyveti mniSvnelobis miniWeba.

3. qveynis mooxreba, rogorc misi mosaxleobis mora-

luri gaxrwnilobis gamo RvTis sasjeli (religiuri

Tvalsazrisi, rasac garkveuli filosofiuri datvirT-

vac aqvs).

4. JamTaaRmwerloba (istoria), rogorc WeSmaritebis

Zieba _ sikeTesa da borotebas Soris miudgomeli pozi-

ciis dakaveba.

5. kritikul midgomas saWiroebs sakuTriv JamTaaR-

mwerlis erTgvari gadametebuli obieqturoba Cingiz ya-

enis, jalaledinis, monRolTa noinebis, saerTod, mon-

Rolebisa da sadun mankaberdelis daxasiaTebisas.

$3. vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696-1757)

vaxuSti batoniSvili aris gamoCenili qarTveli

swavluli, mravalmxriv ganaTlebuli moazrovne da

moRvawe, avtori ,,ubadlo Sromisa” (simon yauxCiSvili),

romlis dazustebuli saTauri aseTia: ,,aRwera samefosa

saqarTvelosa” da moicavs qarTveli xalxis istorias

dasabamidan XVIII saukunis Sua wlebamde. vaxuSti bato-

niSvilis es naSromi upirvelesad istoriuli xasiaTis

nawarmoebia, magram masSi gvxdeba, agreTve gansaxilveli

epoqis qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis sa-

yuradRebo masalebi. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-

lovania misive patara winasityvaoba, romelic mosdevs

mimarTvas.

mimarTvaSi vaxuSti batoniSvili saubrobs droze,

romelic warmavalia da amitomac saWiroa misi mizanSe-

260

wonilad gamoyeneba. raxan dro warmavalia, amitomac ar

gvmarTebs warmaval movlenebze gamodevneba (simdidris

dagroveba, sxva qveynebis dapyroba, dros tareba da

a.S)67

rac Seexeba codnis dauflebisken miswrafebas, aq

cota sxvanairad dgas saqme. vaxuSti batoniSvilis aR-

niSvniT, marTalia, codnis flobac warmavalia, magram

ara iseTi, rogoric axla aRniSnuli warmavali movle-

nebi. samagaliTod, swavla, codnis daufleba abrZenebs

adamians, warmodgenas uqmnis RmerTze da misdami SiSs

STaunergavs, borots gaadevninebs da moyvass Seayva-

rebs, mters daamdablebinebs, Tavisianebs ki aRamaRlebs

da gaakadnierebs68.

vaxuSti batoniSvili mimarTvaSi did mniSvnelobas

aniWebs wminda werilebs, romlebic maradiulia da ara-

sodes moispoba (,,aramed hgies ukunisamde”) da Cven gone-

bas mimarTavs maRla RvTisken, ,,da ukeTu esreT, da ra-

odenme saRvTo werilni da wmidaTa werilni, romelni

mogvfenen madlsa zecisasa da mogvmadleben soflisa

keTilobasa da Semdgomad aRgvitacebs winaSe qristes

RvTisa Cvenisa”69.

vaxuSti batoniSvili maRali azrisaa filosofosTa

naSromebze, romelTa SeswavliT sibrZnes, xelovnebasa

da metyvelebas daveuflebodiT da romlebic RvTisken

migvapyroben70. avtori am mokle mimarTvaSi Tavisi azre-

bis gansamtkiceblad xSirad mimarTavs da imowmebs sok-

rates, ,,plini stoiks”, cicerons da ioane damaskels. am

moazrovneebs angariSi unda gavuwioT matianeTa Sefase-

bisas: ,,aramed Cuen visminoT damaskelis Tqmuli da

plini stoikis sityua, vinaÁTgan ara gansagdebel ars

gareSenica wignni da viTarisa ujeresaganca movigebT

sargebelsa, ravdeniT umjobes ars romelnica warmov-

261

sTqviT maTni kiTxvani da raoden sasargeblo da Sesaw-

ynarebel ars wigni matianeTa”71.

,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”-s winasityvaoba ki

sayuradReboa religiis filosofiis TvalsazrisiT. aq

saubaria RmerTis mier samyaros Seqmnaze, samoTxeSi

adamisa da evas moTavsebaze, maTTvis mcnebis micemaze,

evasa da adamis cdunebasa da maTi samoTxidan gamoZeve-

baze da bolos kaenis codvaze72. ,,winasityvaobis” pata-

ra qveTavi _ ,,zneTaTvis” ki yuradRebas imsaxurebs eTi-

kuri TvalsazrisiT73. amave poziciidan, aseve, sayurad-

Reboa vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier aleqsandre makedone-

lis laSqrobis Sefaseba, laSqrobisa, romelmac, avto-

ris aRniSvniT, wertili dausva mavne warmarTul Cvevebs

(mag. adamianis xorcis Wama)74. aq, eWvgareSea, rom vaxuS-

ti batoniSvili zogadsakacobrio problemebiT aris

dainteresebuli.

vaxuSti batoniSvilis ,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelo-

sa”, mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi da winasityvaoba, cxads

xdis, rom misi avtori safuZvlianad icnobs Zveli dro-

is filosofosTa msoflmxedvelobebs da saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi marjved iyenebs maT sakuTari Tvalsazri-

sis gansamtkiceblad. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia isic, rom

vaxuSti batoniSvilma Targmna vilhelm stratemanis

naSromi da masze leqsikonSi iZleva filosofiuri ter-

minebis mokle da zust gansazRvrebebs, razedac sauba-

ri iyo winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi.

dasasrul ki unda aRiniSnos, rom vaxuSti batoni-

Svilis Rvawlze qarTuli filosofiuri azris Tval-

sazrisiT aRniSnavdnen iv. javaxiSvili, S. nucubiZe, s.

yauxCiSvili, g. kalandariSvili.

262

meaTe Tavi

socialuri sakiTxebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi

qarTul mwerlobaSi aRZrulsa da ganviTarebul

mraval problemaTa Soris erT-erTi arsebiTia socia-

luri problema, romelic yovelTvis Tan sdevs mraval-

saukunovan qarTul mwerlobas. es gamowveulia imiT,

rom Cveni rTuli istoriuli problemis gamo socialu-

ri problema mWidrod iyo gadajaWvuli Cvensave erov-

nulsa da sarwmuneobriv eTikur problemebTan1. Zvel

qarTul mwerlobaSi gamovlenili socialuri proble-

mebi Cvens mweralTa mier gacnobierebuli iyo ara mar-

to rogorc mxolod ekonomikuri da politikuri faq-

torebiT impulsirebuli socialuri mdgomareoba da

urTierTobebi, aramed, amasTanave, rogorc erovnuli da

sarwmuneobriv-zneobrivi sawyisebi.

erovnuli-saxelmwifoebrivi, socialur-politikuri

sakiTxebis gaanalizebasa da gadawyvetaSi qarTveli

mwerlebis erT-erTi niSandoblivi mxarea is, rom isini

aRniSnuli problemebis gansjisas amosaval principad

iazrebdnen ara uSualod socialur-politikur faqto-

rebs. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, erovnuli konsolida-

cisa da, saerTod, yoveli warmatebis impulsis mimcemad

zneobrioba iyo gaazrebuli, Tvlidnen, rom uzneobaa

socialur-ekonomikuri da erovnul-politikuri kraxis

ganmapirobebeli. amitomaa, rom arCili, sulxan-saba, da-

viT guramiSvili swored im aspeqtSi iazrebdnen imdro-

indeli Cveni tragikuli mdgomareobis arss.

Tavis erT-erT saaRdgomo epistoleSi saqarTve-

los kaTalikos patriarqma, uwmidesma da unetaresma

ilia II droulad Segvaxsena, rom Tu gvsurs sayovel-

263

Tao bedniereba, sxvisi cxovrebiT unda cxovrobde. amo-

savali unda iyos ara Seni, aramed sxvisi, sazogadeobis

bednierebis moTxovnileba, rac SemdegSi ganapirobebsa

da uzrunvelyofs Sens bednierebasac2. centridanuli

memkvidreobiTi tendenciebi Slian sazogadeobas, xolo

centriskenuli Zalebi uzrunvelyofen bednierebas, mis

simyares, rac bunebrivad da umtkivneulod ganapirobebs

individis bednierebasac.

es didi WeSmariteba Tavidanve gaazrebuli hqondaT

Cvens mwerlebs da am aspeqtSi ayalibebdnen TavianT

principebsa da koncefciebs. es msoflxedvelobiTi po-

zicia gansakuTrebulad relifiurad da gamokveTilad

CamoZerwa daviT guramiSvilma, romlis Sesaxeb qvemoT

iqneba saubari.

XVII-XVIII saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi wamoWril

problemaTa Soris erT-erTi arsebiTia sarwmuneobriv-

zneobrivi problema3. cxovrebiseul da azrovnebiT mov-

lenebs gansazRvravs da warmarTavs sarwmuneobriv-zne-

obrivi faqtori. yofiereba ki ar gansazRvravs azrovne-

bas, aramed zneobrioba warmarTavs rogorc azrovnebas,

ise politikur-saxelmwifoebriv struqturebs. zneobri-

oba suliereba da arsebiTi sawyisia, romelic ganapiro-

bebs yovelives da swored am sawyisis gankargvis an da-

cemis Sedegad amotivtivdeba mankierebisa da siduxWi-

ris yvela aspeqtebi; socialu-politikuri arsis gan-

msazRvreli sarwmuneobriv-zneobrivi principi guramiS-

vilis koncefciis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. Qqristianu-

li moralidan dacileba iwvevs pirovnebis daSlas, Se-

sabamisad, qveynis katastrofamde miyvanas. jer kidev Te-

imurazi da arCili SeniSnavdnen, rom sazogadoeba iseT

sulier kriziss ganicdis, isea Sinaganad gamofituli,

rom masSi rwmenisa da zneobriobis sawyisebis sruli

atrofia SeiniSneba. arCilis TqmiT, arca ,,wigni moci-

264

qulTa”. anda ,,dalpes bevri saRmTo wigni miwaSidan

modebulT”. es maSindeli religiuri indiferentizmi

Cven unda avxsnaT ara aTeisturi ganwyobilebiT, ara

msoflmxedvelobiTi ZiebiT, aramed imiT, rom Sinaganma

sulierma gamofitvam gamoiwvia nihilisturi damokide-

buleba ideologiuri sakiTxebisadmi da Seirya zneob-

rivi tradiciebi, rwmenis simtkice, ris gamoc atrofi-

rebulia sulieri faseuloba da swored aseTma suli-

erma krizisma ganapiroba rogorc erovnul-saxelmwifo-

ebrivi, ise ekonomikur-socialuri kataklizmebi. es su-

lieri degradacia yvelaze maxvilad SeigrZnes da gani-

cades mocemuli epoqis Tavkacebma, upirveles yovlisa,

sityvis iseTma didostatebma da swavlulebma, rogore-

bic iyvnen arCil mefe, sulxan-saba orbeliani, daviT

guramiSvili, anton pirveli, vaxuSti da ioane batoniS-

vilebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, amaT naazrevs gamWolad gas-

devs maT mier wamoWrili da ganviTarebuli epoqis ar-

sebiTi problema – zneobrioba. principidan dacileba

ki iwvevs rogorc erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv, ise yofiT

socialur mankierebas; amitomaa, rom mocemuli epoqis

mwerlobaSi sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba socialur sa-

kiTxebs. Tumca isic cnobilia, rom Zvelma mwerlobam

ar icis socialuri ideologia, araa sistemis saxiT Ca-

moyalibebuli socialuri koncefcia, magram calkeul

mweralTa naazrevSi Cans maTi aqtiuri interesi socia-

luri problemebisadmi da am problemaTa metad dama-

fiqrebeli da angariSgasawevi analizi.

erT-erTi pirvelTagani, romelmac sakmaod farTod

warmoaCina Tavisi drois socialuri problemis sxvada-

sxva aspeqtebi, iyo arCil mefe. mis SemoqmedebaSi, sxva

sakiTxebTan erTad, socialuri problematikis gamov-

lena imanac ganapiroba, rom arCilma im droisTvis axa-

li, ,,marTlis Tqmis” SemoqmedebiTi principi wamoayena,

265

rac gulisxmobda sinamdvilis Seswavlasa da gaanali-

zebas. igi pirvelia, romelic ganmanaTlebluri realiz-

mis damamkvidrebeli xdeba.

ganmanaTlebluri realizmis Sesaxeb msjelobisas

mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes ara marto litera-

turuli, aramed filosofiuri aspeqtebic; literatura-

Si realizmis moTxovnilebac iman ganapiroba, rom ada-

mianis winaSe mZafrad dadga samyaros Secnobis sakiTxi,

amitomac gansakuTrebiT wamoiWra mecnierebis, gonebis

primatis problema. literaturasa da xelovnebas erT-

gvarad daupirispirda mecniereba, romelic swavlobs

samyaros, misi arsebobis pirobebs.

mecnierebis primatis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mkveT-

rad gamovlinda volfisa da laibnicis koncefciaSi.

udidesi empirikosi loki samyaros realur mecnierul

Semecnebas ayenebs pirvel planze da sakmaod skeptiku-

rad uyurebs sityvieri xelovnebis Semamecnebel SesaZ-

leblobebs. XVII saukunidan realizmi yalibdeba farTo

filosofiur cnebad; is miznad isaxavs samyaros, bune-

bis Secnobasa da aTvisebas. azrovnebis sistemaSi am

globalur zrdas mWidrod ukavSirdeba literaturuli

pozicia – asaxul iqnes realuri sinamdvile, cxovreba.

ase rom, XVII saukunis literaturaSi wamoWrili

,,marTlis Tqmis” principi aris msoflaRqmis, samyaros

Secnobisa da misi ganmanaTleburi realizmis gaazrebis

Sedegi. es axali literaturuli Tvalsazrisi aris epo-

qis ZiriTadi tendenciis erT-erTi arsebiTi gamoxatu-

leba. swored am epoqaSi pirvelad arCil bagrationma

mogvca ,,marTlis Tqmis” formulireba da, rogorc akad.

al. baramiZe SeniSnavs: ,,arCili Taviseburi realisturi

mimarTulebis damcvelia” da amitomac bunebrivia mis

SemoqmedebaSi sxva aspeqtebTan erTad Zalumad iWreba

socialuri problematika. arCili erT-erTi pirvelTaga-

266

nia, romelmac wamoayena epoqaluri lozungi: ,,glex Za-

lis moaSoreTa!” man SesaniSnavad icoda, rom imdroin-

del saqarTveloSi swored glexoba warmoadgenda mTa-

var sameurneo da samxedro potencials, glexoba qmnida

qveynis ekonomikur safuZvels da mterTa Semosevis sapi-

rispiro realur Zalas da amitom gamafrTxileblad

moZRvravs qveynis gamgebeli: ,,Tu amoswydes glexkaci,

saqarTvelo daZabundes.”

qarTveli kaci jer kidev uxsovari droidan Tavisi

saocrad didi da mravalferovani sameurneo kulturiT

sisxl-xorciealad iyo dakavSirebuli mSobliur miwas-

Tan. qarTveli glexis miwasTan mimarTebam ganapiroba

ara marto Cveni ekonomikuri gaZliereba, aramed, amasTa-

nave, Cveni xasiaTi, Cveni Sromis unari da fizikuri

siZliere. es Tavidanve SeniSnes Cvenma mwerlebma da ami-

tomac TavianT SemoqmedebaSi sagangebod amaxvileben yu-

radRebas qarTveli glexis fenomenze, radganac swored

qarTveli glexia Cveni fizikuri Zlierebisa da sulie-

ri amaRlebis safuZvelTa safuZveli.

arCili erT-erTi pirvelTagania, romelsac glexi

Semohyavs mwerlobaSi da saocari momxiblelobiT war-

mosaxavs mis koloritul saxels. gansakuTrebiT mim-

zidvelad aqvs arCils daxatuli qarTuli yofis sura-

Tebi, qarTvelTa tradiciuli zne-Cveulebebi. uSualod

aqvs naCvenebi qarTveli kacis stumarTmoyvare xasiaTi,

misi gulkeTili, guluxvi buneba. sparseTidan momaval

Teimuraz mefes Tavisi saxlis win gzad daudgeba qar-

Tveli glexi da mokrZalebiT da TavmdablobiT Txovs

mefes, rom moisvenos mis saxlSi: ,,CamoxdebiT, aras dah-

klav, Tavsas vficav Senis mzisas”. Tavisi gulwrfeli

survili pativiscemisa rom kadnierebaSi ar CamoarTvas,

sakmaod Zlier arguments mimarTavs: Rarib glexTan me-

fes miT ufro miesvleba, radgan ,,TviT qriste RmerTma

267

puri keTrovanis saxlSi gatexao”. mefe: ,,uwyi isurebda

qriste simon keTrovanisas” da xelgaSlili glexi

evedreba: ,,Tavi, saxli, saqoneli, yvela Tqvens win mo-

viZRone”. gansakuTrebiT koloritulia qarTveli xal-

xis gulalali Txovna ,,erTi Rvino damilieT”. mefec

Tanxmdeba, radganac ,,vsTqvi, Tu raRa gaewyoba asre gu-

liT mopatiJeso” da gaucia gankarguleba: ,,mo, vewvivneT

mxiarulsa, nuras uzamT sipatiJeso”. gaxarebuli glexi

guluxvad umaspinZldeba stumars, gaSlis SesaniSnav

sufras da warudgens uZvirfases ganZs: cxra memkvidres

(,,moiyvana cxra ymawvili akvnebiTa Sig Cakruli”) da Se-

avedrebs, raTa gamoiyenos mefem qveynis samsaxurSi:

,,vici, aras ar SeiZRvni ZRvenni giZRvna Tumca sru-

li,

Senis Wiris Cven sanacvlod suli gqondes amosuli”.

stumar-maspinZlobis es epizodi organuladaa CarTu-

li mTlian TxrobaSi da naTel wamodgenas iZleva Cveni

yofis erT-erTi mxareze, agreTve, Cveni socialuri ur-

TierTobis erT mimzidvel aspeqtze.

Sromasa da brZolaSi gamowrTobili, sikeTiTa da

patiosnebiT Saravandmosili qarTveli glexkaci ar-

Cils qveynis burjTaburjad aqvs gaazrebuli da amito-

mac ara marto adiadebs mis saxes, aramed, amave dros,

misi moqalaqeobrivi da uflebrivi dacvis principebsac

ayalibebs. glexi kacis ase amaRlebuli aRqma, mas, vi-

Tarc gamgebelsa da did feodals, xels ar uSlis dis-

tanciur damokidebulebaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi.

glexis bunebis yovelgvari momxibvlelobis Secnobis

miuxedavad igi, viTarca didi aristokrati, klasobrivi

pozicidan gamomdinare mkacr socialur principebs aya-

libebs, romelsac glexTagan dacva aucilebel samar-

Tlebrivsa da zneobriv moTxovnilebad miaCnia.

268

arCili mkacrad moiTxovs feodalisa da, miT ufro,

mefisadmi mokrZalebulsa da daqvemdebarebul damoki-

debulebas. ymis mizanTmizani unda iyos ,,batons vaamo!”

,,batoni Tu jdis mowyenis uTqmelad dasulebuli”, es

ukve damafiqrebeli unda iyos. ,,odes batoni brZanebdes

sityvasa rasme qarTulsa”. batonisgan yuradReba qveSev-

rdomma didi wyalobad unda gaiazros: ,,Tu rame baton-

ma giboZos, oris xeliT CamoarTvi, agrev Sengan misar-

Tmevi oriTave mas miarTvi”. arCili yvela aspeqtSi

icavs batonisadmi daqvevemdebarebis mkacr moTxovnile-

bas, rac vlindeba ara marto socialuri principebis

damkvidrebaSi, aramed eTikis yvela niuansis gaTvalis-

winebaSi: ,,batonis darbazis kari rad ginda rom maRa-

li iyos, TavmoxriT unda Sevides”, magram aseT mokrZa-

lebis Jamsac pirovnuli Rirsebebis Secnobis unari

ar unda dakargos, kerZod, ,,arc lajSi Tavi gaiyos”.

TviT didi rusTvelis erT-erT Rirsebad is miaCnia, rom

mefe TeimurazTan Sepaeqrebis dros mokrZalebasa da

rids amJRavnebs qveynis gamgeblis mimarT: ,,naxeT, rus-

Tveli mefesa ra tkbilad gasityvebode, esaTnoeba, ek-

rZalvis, mas unda es etyobodes”.

gamgeblisadmi mokrZalebuli da daqvemdebarebuli

damokidebuleba arCils miaCnia sazogadoebrivi cxovre-

bis normad, socialur urTierTobaTa bunebrivsa da au-

cilebel gamovlenad. amitomac poeziis metri rusTveli

ramdenadac ukompromisoa mefe Teimurazis mimarT Se-

moqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis dadastureba-

Si, imdenad TavmodrekiT Sehyurebs qveynis gamgebelsa

da iotisodenadac ar arRvevs distanciis grZnobas:

,,arc mefe Segedareba” da arc om-saxeliTa, arc Zalai,

gulad sificxiT, rome gkra xelis xeliTa”. eTikur as-

peqtSi gamovlenili didaqtikuri toni marto keTilgan-

wyobilebisa da socialuri harmoniis moTxovnileba ki

269

araa, aramed amas uSualod ejaWveba mkacri socialuri

imperativi, romlis ZaliT did mkrexelobad iazreba me-

fisa da feodalis nebisadmi dauqvemdebarebuloba, xo-

lo winaaRmdegoba da dapirispireba umkacres moTxovni-

lebadaa qceuli: ,,ar gaeZlebis monas urCsa da Seupo-

varsa, umadlos Tvisis uflisas, mis mier bevris mSo-

varsa”, RvTiT kurTxeuli mefis uflebebi uzenaesi da

Seuvalia da amitom warmoudgeneli pretenziuloba am

uflebebisadmi dauqvemdebarea. pretenziis moTxovnile-

ba: ,,monisagan viTegebis mefobisa ndoba yolad” da iqve

mravalismetyvelad afrTxilebs meamboxe vasals: ,,ros

gonebam es gizraxos, scan eSmakis xan amyolad”. amito-

mac udides codvad miiTvlis batonze xelyofis moT-

xovnilebas: ,,bolo ar gauTavdebis batonis sisxlSi

mjdomelsa”.

socialur urTierTobaTa aseTi mkacri reglamenti-

rebis miuxedavad, im epoqisTvis niSandoblivi aSlilo-

bis Sedegad, rogorc Cans, feodaluri institutis

struqtura sakmaod Seryeuli iyo da, arCilis dakvirve-

biT, avbedoba iqamdec ki midioda, rom ,,Zvel Tavads Ra-

RaniZesa qveS Wilofs daafeninebso”. da es arcTu iSvia-

Ti SemTxveva yofila, ris gamoc socialuri katakliz-

mebiT SeSfoTebuli arCili Civis: ,,mteri ras uzams im-

densa, rom yrma patronize miiRebs”-o. mas sazogadoeb-

rivi ganviTarebis ubedurebad miaCnia istoriuli pro-

cesis saxiscvla da tradiciuli socialuri urTierTo-

bis rRveva: ,,amaRlebulni damdabldnen, amaRldnen dam-

dablebulni”, ris Sedegadac ,,uaznoni gangvilaRdes,

umecarni pativs icnes."

arCilisTvis jer kidev gaucnobierebulia epoqis

axali sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis socialuri da ekono-

mikur-politikuri safuZvlebi da amitom yovelive soci-

aluri konfliqtis SesaZleblobis gamovlenas arCili

270

iazrebs, rogorc zneobrivi principebis Ralatsa da su-

bieqtur, SemTxveviT, araistoriul kanonzomierebas, ris

Sedegadac es socialuri impulsebi TviT qveSevrdomTa

ubedurebas iwvevs. ,,batons gaxdis uymod da ymas oxrad

dasvams upatronos” da es ukanaskneli uzneobiT stimu-

lirebuli risxvad evlineba batons: ,,Tu yma batons mo-

ereva ajas aRar gamoparToms”. aseTi arabunebrivi, ara-

kanonzomieri situacia, arCilis azriT, zneobrivi nor-

mebis xelovnuri da uxeSi daarRvevaa, risi aRdgenisa

da marTlwesrigis damkvidrebisTvis aucilebelia uk-

mpromiso simkacre: ,,uReli da apeuri kargad mosdreks

maRal qedsa, agrev monas gvemsa gvrisa, urCsa saTqmiT,

qna-ybedsa”. aq ki didi humanisti da ganmanaTleblobis

damamkvidrebeli arCili gvevlineba mkacr, konservatul

gamgeblad. es Sinagani winaaRmdegobaa: erTis mxriv tra-

diciuli feodaluri principebis Seuryevlobis dacva

da, meore mxriv, axali humanisturi ideebis damkvidreba

arCilis azrovnebis erT-erTi niSandoblivi mxarea da

gamWolad vlindeba mis SemoqmedebaSi.

arCili amCnevs, rom saukuneobrivad Camoyalibebul

feodalur myar struqturaSi iWreba axali aspeqtebi,

Tumca Canasaxovnad da epizodurad, magram mainc Cndeba

ara marto dapirispirebis, aramed konfliqtis saSiSro-

ebis SesaZleblobebi. arCilisTvis mecnierulad gaucno-

bierebelia da amitomac saocari gulubryvilobiT Ci-

vis: ,,ymad patronze gaemarjos, ar gvesmia es Zvelad”.

amitom Zvel urTierTobaTa dacvaSi igi xedavs socia-

luri harmoniis mimzidvelobas: ,,siCqares sjobs siwyna-

re, usmensa gagonebuli, patronis ymisgan urCobas, uke-

Tes damonebuli”.

arCili, Tavisi socialuri viTarebidan gamomdinare,

warmoudgenlad miiCnevs am poziciis ryevas, ris gamoc

mimzidveli gulubryvilobiT aRmoxdeba: ,,mdidari Tu

271

vin davardes, glaxakacTagan ufro brali”. arCilis na-

azrevSi ikveTeba erTgvarad gaorebuli pozicia: praqti-

kulad humanisti ganmanaTlebeli, romelic aqcentire-

bas akeTebs adamianis pirovnul Rirsebaze da mTeli ar-

sebiT icavs am RirsebaTa Secnobisa da damkvidrebis

moTxovnilebas.

bunebrivia, sistemis socialuri struqtura mas ur-

yev daucvel movlenad miaCnia. amitomac gulwrfeli

uSualobiT moZRvravs: ,,patronisa erTguleba ymisaTvis

did wamal ars”. batonymuri urTierTobaSi igi socia-

lur harmonias xedavs da amdenad es urTierToba savse-

biT bunebrivsa da saxarbielo mdgomareobad miaCnia,

ris gamoc, misi azriT, yovlad warmoudgenelia da

RvTaebrivi principebis uaryofaa am urTierTobaTa

rRveva da miT ufro momakvdinebel codvad iazreba ba-

tonisadmi pretenziis gamovlena: ,,monisagan viT egebis

mefobis ndoba yovlad?” mefe am qveynis uzenaesi gamge-

belia, misadmi daqvemdebareba, misi nebis damkvidreba

savsebiT bunebrivi da maradiuli sikeTis gamovlenaa.

,,mefe uxams SiSi yovels kacTa, ufrosi RvTisa cxovli-

sa, miT rom is aris meufe maRal-mdablisa yovlisa”. da

am poziciis gamovlenaSi igi xedavs aramarto istori-

ul realobasa da aucileblobas, aramed, amasTanave,

upirvelesad, RvTaebrivi nebis damkvidrebas: ,,Tu me ar

mijer, ismine sityva mis pavle- savlisa”.

mefisadmi daumorCileblobas arCili ara marto zne-

obriv mankierebad miiCnevs, aramed mas iazrebs, rogorc

epoqis samarTlebrivi principebis uxeS darRvevad. ,,ver-

vin vikadrebT gaqcevas, vin mefe SevepovebiT”. mefisadmi

daumorCilebloba gardauvali ubedurebis momaswavebe-

lia. mefis ganusazRvreli uflebebi misi ganusazRvre-

li SesaZleblobiTaa ganpirobebuli. imdroindeli so-

cialuri azrovnebis sistema mefes icnobierebs aramar-

272

to, rogorc samxedro da politikur winamZRols, ara-

med, amasTanave, rogorc RvTaebis mier xeldasmul did

Semoqmeds, romelsac pirovnebis daxvewisa da eris su-

lieri moZRvrebis misia akisria. igi eris majiscemis

gamgebi da mkurnalia: ,,mefe xams msgavsi mkurnalis

brZnisa mas xelovanisa” da erisadmi zrunvis, adamianis

gankurnebis mefiseuli unari saocari masStaburobiT

aqvs gaazrebuli arCils. ,,Tu moZRvari codvis mkurnal

ars, aqimi xorcTa senisa”, batoni, mefe ki yovlis mom-

cveli da SemZlebelia: ,,brZens mefes orTav wamloba Za-

luZs da kargac Svenisa”.

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare aSkaraa, rom arCilis

socialuri Sexedulebebi Tavisi socialuri mdgomareo-

bis sruli anareklia, rac, upirvelesad, vlindeba gam-

geblis, mefis nebis uzenaesobisa da yovlisSemZleobis

aRiarebaSi da am faqtSi igi xedavs maradiul moqalaqe-

obriv samarTlianobas. arCilis es pozicia, Tu SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, erTgvarad Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, romelic

tradiciis inerciiTaa ganpirobebuli. ubrwyinvalesi sa-

mefo dinaastiis, daxvewili aristokratiuli garemos

Rirseuli warmomadgeneli Tavisi genetikuri kodiT im-

pulsirebuli socialuri msoflgagebis zemoT aRniSnu-

li pozicia, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, erTgvarad Teori-

uli xasiaTisaa. arCili, rogorc garkveuli, myari so-

cialuri sistemis warmomadgeneli, am sistemis principe-

bis gamomxatvelia zogadad, elitarulad, magram, ro-

gorc moazrovne da epoqis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gan-

mWvreti, igi realisturad aRiqvams istoriul viTarebas

da misTvis niSandoblivi analitikuri da ukompromiso

gansjis unariT ayalibebs im racionalur principebs,

romelic Semdeg safuZvlad edeba mis ganmanaTlebel

koncefcias.

273

cxovrebis stilis Secvlam, movlenaTa ganviTarebis

dinamikam da tempma Searyia stabiluroba, simyare da

yvelaferSi igrZnoba tradiciuli gagebis daSla, axali

tendenciebi; aRar arsebobs maradiuli da ganyenebuli,

sayovelTao cnebebi, sidideebi da amitomac gonebamaxvi-

lurad SeniSnavs qarTveli mefe – moazrovne: ,,ar mefo-

ba, ar glexoba, ar simdidre, glaxakoba”, eseni ukve iq-

cnen SefardebiT da meryev cnebebad; yovelive maTganma

dakarga saukuneobrivi stabiluroba da gageba. mefoba

da glexoba, simdidre da siRaribe, eseni amqveyniuri

cxovrebis gamoxatveli, pirobiTi cnebebia, romelnic

savsebiT qreba maradiulobis winaSe, saiqio, WeSmariti

cxovrebis sferoSi: ,,erT dRes sworad Seirya sul ama-

Ti mosaxloba”.

cxovrebis dinamikam, socialuri da politikuri sta-

bilurobis ryevam da cvalebadobam, adamianSi eWvi gamo-

iwvia da wamoWra ,,soflisadmi” undoblobisa da ukmayo-

filebis grZnoba. am droisTvis adamianis siduxWiris

mizezs eZeben ara socialur-ekonomikur an saxelmwifo-

ebriv struqturebsa da faqtorebSi, aramed ganyenebul,

jer kidev Seucnobel movlenebSi. Camoyalibda ,,sof-

lis” muxanaTobisa da gautanlobis abstraqtuli gageba.

,,sofeli”* iqna gaazrebuli raRac stabilur myar cne-

bad, romelsac Tavis Sinagani, sakuTari mamoZravebeli

kanonebi gaaCnia da es kanonebi muxanaTurad iqvemdeba-

rebs adamians. amitom arCili adamianTa cxovrebiseuli

satkivars eZebs ara socialur-politikur movlenebSi,

aramed ,,soflis” daudgromlobasa da daundoblobaSi.

,,hoi, ubadruko sofelo, arasodes marTlis ar mTqme-

lo”. TiTqos da sofeli raRac TavisTavadi ZalebiT

anawilebsa da ganagebs adamianTa SesaZleblobebsa da

* ,,sofelSi” igulisxmeba amqveyniuri sinamdvile.

274

mdgomareobas: ,,zogi mieca didebani aseTs, rom ver Se-

ityvian, ar imadlis, arvis miscems, vin uboZa ar ityvi-

an”. socialuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebul cxovrebise-

ul sirTuleebs arCili bediswerisa da soflis gautan-

lobiT xsnis. ,,zogs amdens miscem, sofelo, ricxvs ar

Seagnebineb, zogi siymiliT momymari gyavs, nacuncals

moaZebnineb”. igi Rrmad da farTod wvdeba sinamdvilise-

ul movlenebs, warmogviCens adamianTa mdgomareobis

sxvadasxva aspeqtebs, magram ver axerxebs mizez-Sedegob-

rivi kavSirebis Ziebasa da analizs, ris gamoc miseuli

suraTebi ufro empiriuli xasiaTisaa.

arCili amCnevs da erTgvarad TiTqos kidec ganic-

dis, rom bevri sruliad daumsaxureblad, mzamzareu-

lad, yovelgvari Sromis gareSe aRwevs materialur uz-

runvelyofas. fufunebaSi imyofebian ise, rom ar ician

da ar kiTxuloben, Tu ra ganapirobebs maT fufunebas.

meore ukiduresobas warmoadgenen Raribebi, romlebic

dReniadag jafasa da gaWirvebaSi arian: ,,vin Raribobs,

ar iRirsebs mosvenebiT Tavs debasa”. arCili mis mier

Camoyalibebuli ,,marTlis Tqmis” pozicidaan sakmaod

dakvirvebulad da realisturad asaxavs sinamdviles,

magram miseuli analizi calmxrivi da zedapirulia. igi

adamianTa avbedobaze pasuxismgeblobas mTlianad sof-

lis fatalur Zalas miawers da ver swvdeba socialur-

ekonomikur faqtorebs. aseve calmxrivad iazrebs adami-

anis bunebas, romlis qmedebis socialur-zneobrvi Zie-

bis safuZvlebis warmoCenis nacvlad, ganyenebulad, zo-

gad xazebSi warmogvidgens; avbedoba Tu warmateba ada-

mianis xasiaTis gamovlenad miaCnia, magram ar wvdeba ar-

sebiT problemas _ Tu ra ganapirobebs am xasiaTs. igi

pirvelsawyiss ki ar eZebs, aramed zogadad warmoaCens

adamianis bunebas: ,,vin uZRveboda Seitkbos, mas nivTi

275

ara eyos ra; srul taxtad qondes qveyana, arc is arTu

eyos ra”.

adamianis xasiaTis ukmarobis arCiseuli miniSnebis

klasikur ganviTarebas vxedavT Nn. baraTaSvilis stri-

qonebSi; ,,vin aris igi, vis Tvisi guli erTxel aRevsos,

da rac mieRos erTxel natvriT is ikmaros”. arCilis

gagebiT, yovelive warmavalia; sinamdvilis mkacri da

saocari logika amsxvrevs adamianis aRmafrenas, iluzi-

ad aqcevs did miswrafebebs; TviT yovlisSemZle mefenic

araraobad iqcevian cxovrebis sastik dinebaSi. sinamdvi-

lis aseTi kuTxiT danaxva arCils aaxloebs romanti-

kosTa msoflmxedvelobasTan. xazgasmulia isic, rom si-

namdviliseuli rTuli suraTebis warmoCenisas maTi

ganviTarebis mizezebs arCili socialur-politikur

sferoSi ki ar eZebs, aramed yoveli problema mas reli-

giur aspeqtSi aqvs gacnobierebuli. Rrmadmorwmune poe-

tis TvalsazrisiT, amqveyniuri bedniereba moCvenebiTia,

ararealuria, WeSmariti da maradiuli bedniereba saiqi-

osaa. adamianisaTvis RmerTma Seqmna samoTxe da iq hpo-

vebs is Svebas. Tu adamiani ixelmZRvanelebs rwmenis

principebiT, maSin samoTxis kari misTvis Riaa. ,,samoTxe

dasma edemsa kacTa eniTa uTqmeli, mun gafufuna Svebi-

Ta, ar iyo urviT sulmTqmeli”. ase rom, sabolood so-

cialuri Tu bedisweris problema arCilTan rwmenisad-

mi daqvemdebarebuladaa warmoCenili. esaa misi koncef-

ciuri pozicia, Tumca, amave dros mis SemoqmedebaSi

sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba bedisweris arsis gagebasa

da warmoCenas.

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ,,soflis”, bedisweris

erTgvarad warmmarTveli funqcia gansakuTrebul xved-

riT wonas iZens XVII-XVIII saukunis adamianis soflga-

gebaSi da, bunebrivia, arCili am faqtsac iazrebs. mar-

Talia, ,,soflis” muxanaTobisa da gautanlobis tenden-

276

cia TiTqos Zlieri da gardauvali faqtoria, magram ar-

Cili ver egueba adamianis pasiursa da soflisadmi

inertiul daqvemdebarebas da cdilobs pirovnebaSi aR-

Zras qmedebis impulsi, iniciativisa da individualuri

damokidebulebis moTxovnileba. amave, dros igi xazgas-

miT warmoaCns ,,soflis” mimzidvelsa da gamosayenebel

mxareebs: cxovrebis ritmis aCqarebam, socialur-poli-

tikurma meryeobam adamianSi gaaZliera daeWvebisa da

undoblobis grZnoba. cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT igi

kidev ufro darwmunda yovelives droebiTobasa da war-

mavlobaSi, kidev ufro miendo ,,amaoebaTa amaoebis” sib-

rZnes. am gancdas sasowarkveTilebamde mihyavs pirovne-

ba, radgan gaicnobiera, rom ,,cxovreba Cveni kvalsa

hgavs zRvazeda naviT mavalsa, gina sizmarsa amaos, wuT-

erT, Zil-moklisasa, RrubliT-qarT mimokveTebuls, an-

dazas dasavlisasa, zRaparsa daujerebels, memucled

gamoTqmisasa”. mZime socialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi

adamians TiTqmis aRar rCeba SesaZlebloba amaRlebuli,

zneobrivi da sulieri moTxovnilebisadmi swrafvisTvis

da igi inTqmeba yoveldRiur praqticizmSi. es kompromi-

si mwared aqvs mas gaazrebuli da garkveul sulier

qenjnasac ganicdis, ris gamoc erTgvari mobodiSebiT

aRiarebs: ,,ra vqna, sofelo, Svilebi myavs moyvars meb-

ralebisa, minda daugdo mravali salaro-saunjebisa”. am

rTul socialur Tu fsiqologiur situacias arCili

kargad icnobierebs da realurad wyvets adamianis wina-

Se wamoWril problemebs. igi sruli gagebiT ekideba

adamianis gulwrfel moTxovnilebas: ,,sofels vagineb,

magram miyvars da ver vexsnebia”. es bunebrivi da jansa-

Ri damokidebuleba sinamdvilasdmi arCilSi srul Ta-

nagrZnobas iwvevs da aqedan gamomdinare brZnulad moZ-

Rvravs Tanamoqalaqeebs: ,,radgan Cvenia sofeli, maS gvi-

xams kargad xmareba: nivTi yoveli mis-mis dros kacTa-

277

gan moixmareba”. amitomac savsebiT gasagebia adamianis

cxovrebisadmi, soflisadmi mimarTva: ,,sofelo, kidec

gizraxav, arc gagveZleba uSenod, aras vargivarT Sen

ar gyve, viT saxlis kari uSenod”.

sinamdvilesTan jansaRi, TiTqosda utilitaruli

damokidebuleba sruliad ar arRvevs zneobriv normebs.

igi cxovrebiseuli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaa da

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ucilo winapiroba. socia-

lur problemaTa gaanalizebisas arCilisTvis ucxoa

ganyenebuli, asketuri idealebi. igi realurad da jan-

saRad uyurebs adamianis am cxovrebasTan damokidebu-

lebis sakiTxs da bunebrivia ar gamoricxavs misi praq-

tikuli interesebis, moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas.

igi gamiznulad gvmoZRvravs: ,,nu geSiniaT, ar giSliT,

sofel nurvis gindao, coli da Svili, mamuli, Zma, sax-

likaci gindao”. rogorc vxedavT, es n. baraTaSvilis

sibrZnis winaTqmaa: ,,magram radganac kacni gqvian Svil-

ni soflisa, unda kidevac mivdioT mas, gvesmas mSobli-

sa” da es didi mSobeli iyo arCili, romelic ori sau-

kuniT adre mouwodebda TanamoqalaqeT qmedebisa da

cxovrebaSi aqtiuri sawyisebis damkvidrebisaken. am di-

di amocanis saxelovan gzaze erT-erTi aucilebelia

Sromis kulturis gacnobiereba da damkvidreba. amitom

xazgasmiT Segvaxsenebs: ,,muSaobac kargi zneao” da Ca-

moTvlis Sromis TiTqmis yvela saxes, yvela formas da

amiT xazs usvams, rom ar arsebobs didi da patara saq-

me, arsebobs didi da patara damokidebuleba saqmisadmi.

garjis yvela saxeoba (miwis muSa, mxedroba, xelosnoba,

meurneoba vaWroba, ganswavluloba) adamianis Rirsebis

damamkvidrebelia da am Rirsebis xarisxi ganpirobebu-

lia daostatebis srulyofiT da ara Sromis saxeobe-

biT. Sromaa adamianis sulieri ganwmendisa da arsebo-

bis ganmapirobebeli faqtori. ,,SromiT unda vimuSako,

278

ToreriT davrCe, maSa risgan?” sagangebod yuradsaRebia

is faqti, rom arCilis socialur koncefciaSi Sroma ki

ar aris gaazrebuli, rogorc TviTmiznuri netareba,

aramed igi gacnobierebulia, rogorc erT-erTi saSua-

leba da gza sulieri srulyofisaTvis da am pozicias

saocrad exmareba adolf harnakis Segoneba, rom Sroma

es aris mxolod sasargeblo klapani, romelic Cven

gvWirdeba damRupvel borotebaTa winaaRmdeg. arada igi

savsebiT ar warmoadgens absolutur sikeTes da mas ver

mivakuTnebT Cven idealebso. am poziciaSic kvlav Tavs

iCens arCilis koncefciis arsi, rom zneobriobaa war-

mmarTveli yoveli sikeTisa, es iqneba yofiTi, socialu-

ri Tu erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi.

arCilis SemoqmedebaSi socialur sakiTxTa gaanali-

zebisas yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqtic, rom igi XVII s.

mweralTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagania, romelmac

qalTa uflebisa da mdgomareobis sakiTxi wamoWra4. igi

dabejiTebiT amtkicebs, rom TiTqos bibliuri siuJeti-

dan gamomdinare evam acduna adami da aqedan iRebdes

sawyiss qalis Rirsebisadmi skeptikuri damokidebuleba.

qalSi ki ar unda eZios mamakacma Tavisi mankierebisa da

cdomilebis mizezi, aramed qalic iseTive srulyofili

socialuri fenomenia, rogorc mamakaci da am or sqesTa

urTierTobaSi vlindeba zneobrivi da socialuri har-

monia: ,,dedakacs raRad mizezob, me getyvi, migca amada,

ise Semwed Shenda, Sen mazeed gagaTavada”. Tumca mama-

kacs socialurad garkveuli ufloebamosileba gaaCnia

qalis mimarT, magram igi, upirvelesad, mamakacis Rirse-

uli Tanamdgomeli da TanamoRvawea. ase rom, arCili

mkrTalad, sawyisi formiT, magram mainc ayenebs qalis

uflebisa da Rirsebis sakiTxs, rac mniSvnelovani siax-

le iyo im rTul istoriul viTarebaSi. magram am prog-

resul sofelWvretas garkveuli stimuli misca imanac,

279

rom igi aRzrdili iyo qarTul tradiciebze da rus-

Tveluri koncefcia misi azrovnebis sayrdeni da war-

mmarTveli gaxda.

marTalia, arCili ar aris iseTi poeturi gaqanebis,

rogoric daviT guramiSvili iyo, arc frazis Camokve-

Tis sulxan-saba orbelianis didostatobas aCvenebs,

magram igi aris farTo masStabis moazrovne da misma

koncefciebma warmmarTveli roli iTamaSa XVII-XVIII sa-

ukuneebis mwerlobaSi5.

feodaluri institutis didma warmomadgenelma, am

institutis socialur urTierTobaTa mtkice damcvel-

ma, arCilma TviTve wamoayena am urTierTobaTa ganm-

sazRvreli axali principebi. Man TviTve SeZlo daerR-

via tradiciuli, klasobrivi calmxrivoba da socia-

lur urTierTobaTa ierarqiaSi wamoWra adamianis pira-

di Rirsebis problema. individi gaicnobiera ara marto,

rogorc socialuri fenomeni, aramed, rogorc damouki-

debeli inteleqtualuri arseba, romelic sakuTari zne-

obrivi da gonebrivi monacemebiT damoukideblobasa da

Seuvalobas imsaxurebs. adamiani unda mkvidrdebodes

ara marto socialuri, ierarqiuli safexurebis gamov-

leniT, aramed Tavisi pirovnuli, subieqturi monaceme-

biT da pirovnebis Rirsebis am didi principebidan ga-

momdinare, igi TviT mefes upirispirebs brZensa da gan-

swavlul instituts.

,,sjobs mona brZeni ugunurs mefesa moxucebulsa”. es

gancxadeba socialuri amboxis tolfasovani siaxle

iyo. igi, rogorc ganmanaTlebluri msoflmxedvelobis

mqone novatori, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi sibrZnis apologi-

as amkvidrebs. pirovnebis qmedebis arsebiT ganmsazRv-

rel kriteriumad arCili sibrZnes iazrebs, romlis

usazRvro SesaZleblobebis gacnobiereba SeuZleblad

miaCnia. ,,razomca didad brZen iyo, nu ucnob sibrZne-

280

srulebas”. arCilTan sibrZniseuli analizia erTaderTi

saorientacio kriteriumi: ,,risxva brZnisa sjobs cru-

Tasa alerssa, sitkboebasa”. mxolod inteleqtualuri

ZiebiTa da TviTanaliziT SeiZleba sakuTari Tavis Sec-

noba da movlenebSi marTebuli orientireba: ,,didi sib-

rZnea kacisa cnobaNTavisa Tvisisa”. TviTSemecneba RvTa-

ebis Secnobis winapirobaa. ganwmendisa da daxvewis

gziT TviTanalizi, sakuTari Tavis Secnoba Teozisis

perspeqtivas saxavs. netari avgustine sagangebod aRniS-

navda, rom adamiani saidumloebaa Tavis TavisTvisaco,

ris gamoc basili didi STaagonebda morwmuneT: ,,uZne-

les ars yovelsave cnoba Tavis Tvisisa”. am urTulesi

TviTanalizis procesSi gansakuTrebiT didia sibrZnis

faqtori, razedac arCili sagangebod amaxvilebs yurad-

Rebas. sibrZnis primatis damkvidrebiT arCili pirovne-

bis individualuri Tvisebebis, misi Rirsebebis aRiare-

bas usvams xazs. misi koncefciT adamiani unda ganTavi-

sufldes socialuri Tu sxva faqtorTa zegavlenisgan

da individualur arsebad qceulma unda warmoaCinos

Tavisi Tvisebebi. damoukidebeli, ganTavisuflebuli pi-

rovnebis inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi SesaZleblobe-

bi gacilebiT meti da naTeli perspeqtivis Semqmnelia

sazogadoebisTvis, vidre socialuri uflebebiT boZebu-

li uflebebi. qveynisa da saerTod, saqmis gamgeblis er-

TaderTi uflebamosileba mxolod srulyofil, moaz-

rovne mTlian pirovnebas gaaCnia da aravis sxvas. TviT

mefeTa statusic ki fermkrTaldeba individualuri

RirsebiT aRsavse ,,ugvaro” individis winaSe: ,,mefis

gvirgvini ver brZen yofs, bunebiT Tu ara hqondesa,

Zirgavardnili sarwyuli wyliT saves vis moqondesa?!”

es mravlismetyveli da didi siaxlis Semcveli ganma-

naTlebluri poziciaa. masSi Caqsovilia ara marto mem-

kvidreobiT miRebul socialur struqturaSi daeWvebis

281

SesaZlebloba, aramed pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da Se-

mecnebis idea. es sulac ar aris SemTxveviT wamocdeni-

li ganwyobiT nakarnaxevi fraza. es aris movlenebis

Rrma analiziTA ganpirobebuli arCilis Tanamimdevru-

li pozicia da axlebluri msoflmWvretiT nakarnaxevi

moTxovnileba. am msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciTaa gan-

msWvaluli mTeli misi Semoqmeedeba, romlis ZaliT

brZen, zneobriv da iniciativian pirovnebas ,,ugvaroba”

ar unda eqces dabrkolebad: ,,kaci unda an gvarad da an

swavlani gaizardos, Tu sibrZneSic gaiwvrTnebis, ugva-

nomac gaivargos!”.

arCilis mier wamoWrili pirovnebis ,,axsnis” prob-

lema epoqis moTxovnilebad iqca, rac saocari siRrmi-

Taa da masStaburobiT ganaviTares misma memkvidreebma;

sulxan-saba orbelianma, daviT guramiSvilma da vaxtang

VI.

Tu arCili pirovnebis Tavisuflebis problemas

principul asppeqtSi ayenebs da erTgvari TavSekavebiTa

da rCevis stilSi metyvelebs, imave ideas principuli

da kategoriuli toniT amkvidrebs sulxan-saba orbeli-

ani. igi uceremoniod acxadebs: ,,mravalni mwyemsni umjo-

besni arian ugvanoTa mefeTao“. es ganmanaTlebluri Te-

zisi imdroindel azrovnebiT sistemaSi amboxis tolZa-

lovani da didi gabeduli siaxle iyo. es fraza ara-

marto farTo masStabis humanisturi poziciebis gamov-

lenaa, aramed, amave dros, igi damuxtulia feodaluri

institutis Sematortmanebeli socialuri programiT.

es pozicia miT ufro mniSvnelovania, rom samecnie-

ro azrovnebis sistemaSi TiTqmis ugulebelyofili iyo

adamianis pirovnuli sawyisi. adamiani ZiriTadad iyo

gacnobierebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis ierarqiis na-

wilad. rogorc akad. dimitri lixaCovi aRniSnavs _

adamianis pirovnuli faseuloba mkrTalad iazreboda6.

282

gasaocari da erTgvarad moulodneli is aris, rom im

droisaTvis CvenSi TiTqos ar arsebobda is politikuri

da socialuri winapiroba, romelic ase reliefurad ik-

veTeboda misi Tanamedrive epoqis axal politikur-so-

cialuri struqturebis tendenciaSi da ase erTgvarad

ayenebda pirovnebis Tavisuflebis problemas. socialu-

ri institutidan gamosuli uzenaes gamgebels, mefes

upirispirebs ganswavlul da moazrovne subieqts mTeli

Tavisi pirovnuli, individualuri RirsebebiT.

sulxan-saba misTvis Cveuli simtkiciTa da kategori-

ulobiT mimarTavs uzenaes gamgebels: ,,Tumca ymani Wku-

aT myofni gyvanan, igi amefe da Sen maT daemoneo”. esaa

Rrma politikosis brZnuli, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

warmmarTveli Tezisi, romelSic politikur-socialuri

kategoriebis aramarto axleburi gaazrebaa, aramed ga-

mokveTilia pirovnebis individualur RirsebaTa Secno-

bisa da damkvidrebis Sinagani moTxovnileba. imdroin-

del, garkveul socialur atmosferoSi sulxan-sabaseu-

li es pozicia erTgvari mkrexelobac ki iyo Tavis gar-

Semo arsebul atmosferos mimarT. magram amave dros, es

iyo didi moazrovnisa da demokratiisTvis mebrZoli,

amaRlebuli zneobriv-politikuri pozicia, romelic

damuxtuli iyo kacobriobis ganviTarebis humanistur-

ganmanaTlebluri tendenciiT.

zemoT Camoyalibebul sulxan-sabaseul naazrevSi

Cans misi ara marto intuiciisa da azrovnebis Zala, ara

marto civilizaciis ganviTarebis wamyvani tendenciis

SemCnevisa da gamokveTis unari, aramed, amasTan, pirovne-

bis xsnis ideisadmi misi subieqturi damokidebuleba,

individualur RirsebaTa SemCnevisa da dafasebis misi

Sinagani rwmena da moTxovnileba.

aseTi didi epoqaluri siaxlis Semqmneli sulxan-

saba arc meore ukiduresobaSi vardeba; igi ki ar arCevs

283

socialur struqterebs, saukeTeso warmomadgenlebs,

aramed TviT feodalur aristokratiaSi xedavs uamrav

Rirsebas Tuki misi warmomadgeneli pirovnulad daxve-

wili, ganswavluli da moazrovne subieqtia. mas indivi-

dualuri, subieqturi Rirseba gacnobierebuli aqvs ara

mxolod socialur garemosTan gadajaWvulad, aramed

individis Sinagani Rirsebebia misi orientiri. amitom

Tu erT SemTxvevaSi uswavlelsa da ugunur mefes igi

upirispirebs dabali socialuri mdgomareobis ganswav-

lulsa da moazrovne pirovnebas, sxva SemTxvevaSi misT-

vis ideali da sruli harmoniulobaa, rodesac TviT me-

fea ganswavluli da brZeni. antikur moazrovneTa es po-

zicia sulxan-sabasTvis maqsimalurad optimaluria da

amitomac mravlismetyvelad gvmoZRvravs: ,,mefeni saWu-

risTa da sxvaTac saqmes scnoben da mefeTa saqmes ver-

vin scnoben... rom maTi sajdomi maRalia, dablidan ar

inaxebao”.

ganswavluli da humanuri monarqiis ideis damamkvid-

rebeli sulxan-saba da, saerTod, qarTveli ganmanaT-

leblebis Sexedulebebi savsebiT Tanmxvedria evropeli

ganmanaTleblebisa. kerZod, rogorc cnobilia, volteri

xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom gonivruli reformebis gata-

reba SeuZlia mxolod xelmwifes, romelic ganmsWvalu-

lia filosofiuri ideebiT. adamianTa yvelaze didi

bednierebao, – werda igi, _ rodesac mefe filosofosi-

ao. keTili mefe aris saukeTeso saCuqari, romelic ki

SeiZleba zecam misces miwas. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom

,,ganmanaTlebeli monarqis”, ,,ganmanaTlebeli absolu-

tizmis” idea CvenSi gamoixata ara mxolod moZRvrebis,

Teoriis, ideebis ganviTarebiT, CamoyalibebiTa da dam-

kvidrebiT, aramed TviT faqtis arsebobiT. TviT Cveni

monarqebi: arCili, vaxtang VI, Tavisi koncefciebis mas-

StabiTa da moRvaweobis formiT ,,ganaTlebuli monar-

284

qis” ideis gamoxatuleba iyvnen. sagangebo Teoriuli

ideebisa da traqtatebis ar arsebobis miuxedavad, Cven-

Si realurad, istoriulad iyo ganmanaTleblobis es

ucilo komponenti. amasTan, qristianuli koncefciidan

gamomdinare, sulxan-saba gvaxsenebs zogadsa da maradi-

ul WeSmaritebas, kerZod, jumberi STambeWdavad STaago-

nebs mamas: ,,ra gind didebuli da mZlavri mefe iyo,

scan ese. miwa xar da miwad miiqcevio”.

didi meigave sulxan-saba, amave dros, aris didi epi-

kosic, romlis enciklopediuri, mravalsaxovani ganSto-

ebis mqone ,,sibrZne sicruisa”, upirveles yovlisa, war-

moadgens ara mxolod xelovnur krebuls, aramed am na-

warmoebis siuJeturi qarga, gansxvavebiT sxva CarCoian

arakTa krebulisagan, qmnis erT mTlian didi epikur

qmnilebas, romlis mopaeqre personaJTa CamoZerwili in-

dividualuri saxeebi damatyvevebel STabeWdilebas ax-

dens mkiTxvelze. sedraqis, leonis, jumberisa da ruqas

polemika saocari masStaburobiT moicavs TiTqmis yve-

la sasicocxlo problemas da, rac mTavaria, swored

dapirispirebul msjelobaTa xerxis gamoyenebiT sul-

xan-saba mTeli sisruliTa da mravalferovnebiT warmo-

saxavs sinamdviles da iSviaTi masStaburobiT aanali-

zebs epoqisTvis mtkivneul aqtualur problemebs. am

problemaTa ganWvretisa da analizisTvis igi arakebis

saxiT iyenebs cxovrebiseul konkretul situacieebsa

da faqtebs. rarig didostaturi ar unda iyos TiToeu-

li araki, masSi Caqsovili ideuri SinaarsiTa da Txro-

bis iSviaTi saxeobriobiTa da mimzidvelobiT, Cven ar

unda dagvaviwydes, rom yoveli araki aris personaJis

koncefciis gamomxatveli sailustracio, konkretuli

faqti da am faqtTa erTianobasa da ganzogadebaSi war-

moCenilia sinamdvile mTeli Tavisi nairsaxeobiTa da

simwvaviT, romelic vlindeba eTikuri, erovnuli, poli-

285

tikuri da yofiTi socialuri sakiTxebis warmosaxvasa

da gaanalizebaSi. swored es sakiTxebi mas erTgvarad

ganzogadebulad aqvs gaSuqebuli personaJTa dialogis

saSualebiT. Tu arakebis mixedviT aris daxatuli sinam-

dviliseuli esa Tu is aspeqti da boloSi sulxan-saba-

seuli Cveuli sibrZniTaa gamokveTili esa Tu is Sego-

neba, yovelive amisgan gansxvavebiT Camoyalibebulia ara

marto zogadi eTikuri da politikuri principebi, ara-

med amaT Suqze warmoCenilia marTvisa Tu socialur

urTierTobaTa garkveuli aspeqtebi. am mxriv saprogra-

mo xasiaTisaa leonis mier mefis institutis struqtu-

risa da TviT gamgeblis moRvaweobis ganmsazRvreli da

warmmarTveli debulebebi, romelSic aforistuli Sem-

WidrovebiTaa gamokveTili epoqis politikur-eTikur-so-

cialuri principebi.

,,mefeTagan samni uyvaran RmerTsa: simSvide, simdable

da sulgrZeloba, mefeTagan sam daimadlebs ufali: sa-

marTalsa, uqrTamosa, mowyalebasa da didsa siyvarulsa

yovelTasa.

mefeTagan samns inatrian qveyanani. zavTsa marTebul-

sa, simarTles uzakvelsa da siuxves mouklebelsa.

mefeTagan samns iyeneben didebulni: sitkboebasa we-

siersa, nadisa amaosa da WirSi lxinsa da lxinSi lxin-

sa.

mefeTagan sams ndoben mxedarni: cxensa malsa, saWur-

velsa magarsa da danaxvasa namsaxurisasa.

mefeTagan sams iRvwian glaxakni: karsa Rias, Txovisa

boZebasa da sixaruliT warvlenasa. mefeTagan sams iT-

xoven monani, savse tablasa, jamagirTa moukleblo-basa

da male SeubezRlobasa.

mefeTagan sams indomeben vazirni: yuris mopyrobasa,

sityvis gagonebasa da rCevis dajerebasa.

286

mefeTagan sams inebeben moCivarni: saCivris smenasa,

auCqareblobasa da daufereblobasa. mefeTagan samns

inatreben vaWarni: TvalTa da dalTa cnobasa, Rirebu-

lebis micemasa da ufasurad vaWrobasa.

mefeTagan sams evedrebian mogzaurni: mekobreTagan

morCenasa, zveris wesad aRebasa, fundukTA uSuRarTa

dgomasa.

mefeTagan sams ixvewebian Semsmenelni: mobezRarisa

wayenebasa, urisxvelad brZanebasa da marTlebas Tvisi-

sasa.

mefeTagan sams iTxoven patimarni: Secodebisa, Sendo-

basa, risxvisa wyalobad Secvlas da xilvas pirisasa

misasa.”

am SegonebaTa SejamebiT sulxan-saba ayalibebs sa-

zogadoebis znesrulobas, romelic ganapirobebs qveynis

siZlieres:

,,ese ars wesi mefeTa, ese ars saboZvari TemTa, ese

ars godoli sparsT, ese ars zRude qalaqTa”.

mefis _ gamgeblis _ sibrZne, humanuroba, principu-

loba da SorsmWvreteloba verafriT ver gaswvdeba im

did saqmeebs, romelic mis win iyris Tavs, Tu mas aseve

didi zneobisa da profesionaluri srulyofis Tanamd-

gomlebi, aRmsruleblebi ar hyavs mrCevelTa da vazir-

Ta saxiT. amitom mefis saxeSi gaerTianebuli marTvis

principebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad sulxan–saba gamok-

veTs mmarTvelis TanamdgomTa, profesionalTa anu va-

zirTa institutis amocanasa da daniSnulebas:

,,vazirni erTmaneTs moyvarulni xams

vaziroba siqiSpiTa da kacis mtrobiT ar karga iqne-

ba.

vaziri batonis erTgulia, mteri unda daimoyvros,

Tavisi

287

augic apatios, guli gaierTon da daemtkicos mefoba

patronisa maTisa.

vaziri xvaSiadis Semnaxveli xams. Tumca erTmaneTSi

SuRli moxda, xvaSiadi gaumJRavndebis da maTgan erTma-

neTis mterobiT gaicema, sityvasa da bralobas dauwye-

ben: man Tqva, ara vaziri patronisa da qveynisa samjobi-

naros mdomi unda iyos. ra mefe erTs wyalobas uzams,

meore misi qiSpi gaorguldebis.

vaziri RvTis mavedrebeli da Wkuisa da sibrZnis

mCxrekels xams da ra kacma Tavisi mteri dainaxos, gu-

li auduRdes da Wkua mcneba daefantos.

vazirT sityva unda Seamowmon da romeli amjobinon,

igi daaskvnan. mterni xom aris RoniT sityvas ar Seamow-

meben da, Tu Seamowmeben, kidec damoyvrdebian!

vazirTa mefisa da qveynisa dayenebac SeuZliaT da

waxdenadaca”.

aq, rasakvirvelia, mxolod mefe da vaziri ar igu-

lisxmeba, am erTgvar eTikursa da socialur-politikur

traqtats ufro Sors gamiznuli mizandasaxuleba gaaC-

nia. aq saerTod ivaraudeba yvela drois gamgebeli –

lideri da Tanamdgomeli mrCveveli. swored amaSia

sulxan-sabas damoZRvrebis maradiulobis arsi.

sulxan-saba orbelians socialuri problema uaRre-

sad farTo speqtriT aqvs ganxiluli da gaanalizebu-

li. igi arakebSi socialuri aspeqtebis gamomxatveli

yofiTi suraTebis asaxviT an socialur urTierTobaTa

CamoyalibebiTa da ganWvretiT ar kmayofildeba, aramed

am sakiTxs igi iazrebs sinamdvilesTan damokidebule-

bis problemis wamoWriTa da am problemis qristianuli

eTikis principebiT gacnobierebaSi. sinamdvilesTan da-

mokidebulebis, cxovrebis arsisa da adamianis masTan

urTierTobis sakiTxs igi gansakuTrebul adgils uT-

mobs Tavis qadagebebSi, romelSic qristianuli eTikis

288

principebis dacviT ganviTarebulia adamianis mier sam-

yaros Secnobisa da masTan urTierTobis yvela aspeqti

da, bunebrivia, yovelive es socialur prizmaSi tydeba;

qristianuli moZRvrebis zerele, aramecnieruli codnis

Sedegad aTeistTa Soris damkvidrda mosazreba, TiTqos

qristianoba moqalaqes mouwodebdes cxovrebidan gan-

dgomisken da STaagonebdes amqveyniuri sikeTisagan xe-

lis aRebas. es aris moZRvrebis uvicobiTa da mizandasa-

xuli tendenciebiT ganviTarebuli mosazreba. qristia-

nuli moZRvrebis arsSi Caxeduli pirovnebisTvis sakiT-

xis ase dasma sruli alogikurobaa.

qristianuli moZRvreba sruliadac ar krZalavs, rom

adamianma izrunos amqveyniuri cxovrebaSi sikeTis, dov-

laTis Seqmnasa da misiT sargeblobaze. piriqiT, bibli-

uri wignebi gvmoZRraven, raTa moqalaqem SeiZinois dov-

laTi da moawesrigos amqveyniuri cxovreba. daviTi erT

fsalmunSi Semdegnairad locavs morwmunes:

,,Zlieri iyos qveyanasa zeda naTesavi mis da Tesli

wrfeliTa ikurTxos.

dideba da simdidre saxlisa missa da simarTle mis

egos ukunisamde”6.

rogorc Zveli, ise axali aRTqmis wignebSi sagange-

bodaa moyolili istoriulo pirTa Sesaxeb, romelTac

Tundac gaaCndeT didi materialuri dovlaTi, magram,

amave dros, RvTisTvis sasurvel saqmeebs akeTebdnen. mo-

ciqulTa werilebSi araerTgzisaa xazgasmuli, rom yo-

veli simdidre TviT RvTaebis nebiTaa boZebuli da mas

gonivruli gamoyeneba unda:

,,mdidarTa maT amas sofelsa amcen, raiTa ara moR-

loodian, arca eseviden simdidresa mas uCinosa, aramed

RmerTsa cxovelsa, romelsac momcis Cven yovelive

mdidrad saSueleblad”.

289

qristianuli moZRvrebis arsSi Rrmad Caxeduli

sulxan-saba Tavisi qadagebebiT moqalaqeTa Soris am-

kvidrebs rwmenas, rom sinamdvilesTan damokidebulebis

problema erT-erTi umTavresi problemaa da is gulisx-

mobs ara cxovrebidan gandgomas, socialuri interese-

bis ugulebelyofas, aramed zomierebasa da maRali zne-

obrivi principebis dacviT xorcze zrunva iseve auci-

lebelia, rogorc sulze zrunva, rom amqveyniuri sasi-

cocxlo interesebi, pirovnebis socialur mxareze

zrunva erT-erTi arsebiTi da upirvelesi movaleobaa.

sulxan-saba detalurad Cerdeba amqveyniur, socialur

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis aucileblobaze, mate-

rialuri interesebis saarsebo saWiroebaze. mas TiTqmis

punqtebi aqvs Camoyalibebuli, Tu ramdenad saWiroa

adamianTa moTxovnilebebze zrunva, romelSic zneobri-

vi normebis dacviT formebSi unda iyos gamovlenili.

aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sulxan-sabas msjeloba

mravalmxriv sayuradRebo da mniSvnelovania. ,,ara vet-

yvi ara smasa gvmoZRvravs igi _ ara Wamasa, anu SimSili-

Ta moymobasa, aramed getyvio lxinsa ara _ bralovansa,

Wamasa unayrovnisa da sasa dauTrobelsa.

nu hgonebT, Tu getyode ara-Cacmasa, arc daxurvasa,

ara keTilTa Semosvasa, gina SiSvloebiTa vlasa upati-

urad.

ara getyvi TvalTa da margalitTa uqonlobasa, arc-

Ta da vercxlTa gandgdebasa, aramed raTa icna saqmeni

da ara daamoneT cxovelni Tvalni mkvdarsa mas, suli-

erni-usulosa mas.

da igi iyos saxmarad Tqvenad da Tqven ara msaxur

maTda da moegoT, rameTu TvalTa da margalitTa magaT

mravalni patroni gardaucvlies, da mravalgzis sxvisa

da sxvisa misrul ars, da arca Tqven Tana dadgromad

ars da nebavs Tqvenica gardacvaleba.

290

ara getyi naTesavTa TqvenTa megobarTa moZulebasa

maTsa ara siyvarulisa gesmiTa, aravis dagimale sofli-

sa amis siyvaruli, xedavTa, aravin gangyene sawuToisa

amis didebisagan”.

sinamdvilesTan, cxovrebasTan damokidebulebis am

princips icavs da aviTarebsa sulxan-sabas didi mem-

kvidre daviT guramiSvili:

,,RmerTman qveynad rad mohfina, yvela CvenTvis gana-

Cina,

Tvalmargalit, oqro, vercxli, spilenZi Tu qva da

rkina;

Wiac CvenTvis amuSaka, WiWnauri aparkina”.

es sasicocxlo kanonzomiereba ganpirobeulia Rmer-

Tis nebiT da amitomac adamianebi valdebulni varT:

,,RmerTs vaqebdeT, RmerTs vamkobdeT, RmerTs dide-

bas SevasxmideT,

da RmerTs mivscemdeT madlobas, purs vWamdeT Tu

wyalsa vsvamdeT”.

rogorc vxedavT, qristianuli moralidan gamomdina-

re, sulxan-saba aviTarebs koncefcias, romlis mixed-

viT, adamianma aramcTu ar unda aiRos cxovrebiseuli

materialuri moTxovnilebebisgan xeli, aramed, piriqiT,

isini aucilebelia arsebobisTvis da maTze zrunvaa sa-

Wiro, mxolod ise, rogorc TviTon metad moxdenilad

ambobs: ,,igi (Tvalmargaliti da moxmarebis sxva sagnebi:

samosi, bina, kveba...) iyos saxmarad Tqvenda da Tqven ara

msaxur maTda”. es aforistuli Tqma mravlismetyvelia.

aq xazgasmulia adamianTa jansaRi damokidebuleba sag-

nebisa da movlenebisadmi. sagani aucilebeli saWiroebi-

saTvis gamosayenebeli saSualebaa da ara TviTmizani,

sagnebisadmi daqvemdebareba da damorCileba adamianuri

Rirsebis dakargvis gamovlenaa. yofiT-socialur faq-

291

torTa gaTvaliswineba zneobrivi principebis dacviT

unda xdebodes.

,,getyvi Cacmasa ucodvelad,

daxurvasa ara valiTa,

mokazmasa ara _ natacebiTa,

Semosvasa ara qvrivTa da obolTa naZarcviT”.

qristianuli moraliT gamsWvaluli ganmanaTleblu-

ri ideebi iyo didi siaxle, romelic damkvidrda da

ganviTarda Cven mwerlobaSi da romelmac, amasTan, bu-

nebrivia, gamoxatuleba hpova socialur problemaTa ga-

azreba-gadawyvetaSi. arCilis mier safuZvelCayrili da

sulxan-sabas mier ganviTarebuli es didi siaxle qar-

Tuli azrovnebiT sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli simaRles

aRwevs daviT guramiSvilTan.

XVIII saukunis qarTvel mweralTa azrovnebis erT-

erTi Tavisebureba imaSic gamovlinda, rom qristianul

Rrmadmorwmuneobas organulad Seezarda mowinave evro-

puli ideebi. am did ZvrebSi qarTvel mweralTa erT-er-

Ti mniSvnelovani siaxlis gamoxatuleba aris is, rom

maTi azrovnebis stili saocari harmoniulobiT iTav-

sebs ganmanaTleblursa da qristianul koncefciebs,

rac, rasakvirvelia, ganapiroba istoriulma atmosfe-

rom, romelSic maT uxdebodaT moRvaweoba da Camoyali-

beba. es harmonia gansazRvra iman, rom XVIII saukunis

qarTveli mwerlebi ise, rogorc misi Tanamedrove laib-

nici, herderi da volfi, TviT qristianobaSi xedavdnen

humanisturi msoflgagebisa da ganmanaTleblobis wina-

pirobas.

arCili, sulxan-saba da daviT guramiSvili sazoga-

doebis eTikuri normisa da socialuri xsnis damkvidre-

bis saTaves qristianul moralSi xedavdnen, xolo da-

viT guramiSvilisa da vaxtang VI-s mistiur ltolvaSi

Caqsovilia uzenaesisadmi ziarebis sidiadis gancda. am

292

moZRvrebaSi marto inteleqtualur sazrdosa da zneob-

riv TviTdaxvewas ki ara, aramed, amave dros, erovnuli

xsnisa da pirovnuli srulyofis gardauval gzebs xe-

davdnen. ganmanaTlebluri koncefciidan gamomdinare,

qonebis kulti, individis Rirsebis aRiareba da dafase-

ba socialuri problemis erT-erTi arsebiTi siaxle

iyo da es epoqaluri siaxle eyrdnoboda tradiciuli

qristianuli zneobis msoflaRqmas.

,,daviTიani” _ es aris erTi mTliani Txzuleba,

RvTisadmi swrafvisa da monaniebis gamomxatveli gabmu-

li locva, romelSic Caqsovilia realur-istoriuli

suraTebisa da moZRvrebis Semcveli pasaJebi.

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,qarTlis Wiris”

cikli aris sinamdviliseuli realistori suraTebis

Rrma da srulyofili asaxva, romelic TavisTavadi Ri-

rebulebis Semcvelia da igi erTi ZiriTadi ideis _ gan-

wmendisa da codvebis daZlevis gziT xsnis konkretu-

li gamovlenaa. Cveni istoriuli sinamdvilis asaxviT

poetma kidev ufro gaamaxvila yuradReba eris sulier

dakninebaze da am ukanasknelisgan Tavis daRwevis gzebi

dagvisaxa. Tanamoqalaqeebze da, saerTod, mkiTxvelze

zemoqmedebis es xerxi metad exmianeba danteseul Semoq-

medebiT princips, romelic gonebamaxvilurad aqvs Se-

niSnuli anri ovets. misi dakvirvebiT, dante, vidre

adamianebs aswavlides monaniebasa da warmarTavdes maT

xsnis gziT, upirvelesad, STaagonebs siZulvils codve-

bisadmi da am mizniT unda daanaxos codvebis saSinele-

ba, maTi gamosaxuleba. dantem siRrmiseulad warmouCina

adamianebs maTi codvebi, mTeli sisruliT asaxa es

codvebi da gamovida monakveTi _ ,,jojoxeTi”. aseve, gu-

ramiSvilmac locvis Jams, upirvelesad, qarTvel kacs

293

daanaxa misi uzneoba da codvileba da gamokveTa _

,,qarTlis Wiri”.

d. guramiSvilis koncefciiT, misi mSobliuri qveyni-

sa da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc qveynis RviZli Svilis,

avbedoba gamowveulia codvebiTa da rwmenisadmi araTa-

namimdevruli damokidebulebiT.

qveynis ganadgurebis pirs misvla rom codvis bra-

lia da TviTmxilebiTa da monaniebiT SeiZleba hpovos

kacma gza xsnisa – esaa erT-erTi ZiriTadi motivi ,,da-

viTianisa” da amitom am Temas permanentulad vxdebiT

mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze: ,,qarTvelT madls codvam

dasZlia, ra amwonelma awona.” araa SemTxveviTi, rom

Cveni qveynis avbedobis amsaxveli suraTebi swored am

TavSi (,,qarTlis Wiri”) aris warmoCenili. swored aqaa

daxatuli didi codvis Sedegad Seqmnili socialuri

peripetiebiT savse mZime istoriuli sinamdvile. es ki-

dev erTxel gvarwmunebs, rom yovelive ubedureba rwme-

nis WeSmariti gzidan gadaxvevis, codvaSi Cavardnili

cdomilebis gardauvali xvedria.

marTebulad SeniSnavda akad. k. kekeliZe: poets unda,

gviCvenos, rom mizezi am ,,Wirisa”, romelsac qarTli ga-

nicdida, iyo imis Sedegi, rom qarTvelebi ,,Cacvivdnen

codvis morevTa, gza ver scnes madlTa fonisa”. maT da-

iviwyes qristes sjuli da RvTaebis cneba.

epoqis mtkivneuli problemis guramiSviliseuli ana-

lizi socialur-saxelmwifoebrivi siduxWiris safuZv-

lebis Ziebiskenaa mimarTuli. mZime socialuri da eko-

nomikuri viTareba mas iSviaTi sisruliTaa da yovelive

niuansebs mignebiT aqvs warmoCenili. urTierTmtrobis-

gan Seiqmna: ,,avazakoba, qurdoba gzaze dasxdoma gziri-

sa, tyveoba, mokvla, taceba, qvrivTa, obolTa, mwirisa”.

saerTod ,,qarTlis Wiri” didi epikuri tiloa, romel-

Sic aisaxa Cveni imdroindeli sinamdvile, romelTa So-

294

ris socialuri aspeqtebi gansakuTrebuli simZafriTaa

gamokveTili, magram am rTuli peripetiebis warmoCena-

sa da maT Sesaxeb saubris nacvlad amjerad ufro mniS-

vnelovani migvaCnia is sarwmuneobrivi, guramiSviliseu-

li eTikuri koncefcia, romelTa safuZvelTa safuZveli

da ganmapirobebeli faqtoria yoveli xedviTad gamoxa-

tuli movlenisa. kerZod, guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelo-

bis amsaxveli pozicia swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv Tu socialur-ekonomikur

sirTuleebs ganapirobebs ara realuri politikur-zne-

obrivi faqtorebi. ufro zustad, swored rwmenis Seb-

Ralva da uzneobaa upirvelesi mizezi yvela yofiTi Tu

saxelmwifoebriv-erovnuli sirTuleebisa da dacemisa.

Sinaganad gamofituli, sulierad gaxrwnilni da

znedacemulni ,,Cacvicdnen codvis morvesa, gza ver

scnes madlTaAfonisa, uaryves mcneba uflisa, ismines

Tqma eSmakisa“. swored aseTma znedacemulobam, sulier-

ma gakotrebam warmoqmna epoqis ganmsazRvreli avbedoba:

,,maT RmerTs scodes, RmerTma maT – pasuxi uyo codvisa,

ca risxviT Sua gaipis, qveyana SeiZrodis”. sulierma ga-

kotrebam, uzneobam uzenaesis damsaxurebuli risxva ga-

moiwvia: ,,man brZenTa brZenma ra ese scna, brZana aReba

xelisa, miugo: ,,rjulis gamyrneli axalisa da Zvelisa,

Tqvenca ixileT amier mospovla safuZvelisa”.

,,daviTiani”, masSi asaxul da aRZrul mraval prob-

lemaTa Soris amave dros yofis, socialuri mdgomareo-

bis warmomCeni didi tiloa, romelSic guramiSvilis-

Tvis niSandoblivi siRrmiseuli analiziT daxatuli da

gaanalizebulia imdroindeli socialuri cxovrebis as-

peqtebi; poeti sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas Tana-

medroveTa mZime materialur mdgomareobaze: ,,movida di-

di Zviroba, dro waxda siefisa,”. unda ,,venaxis Rvino

daZvirda qarTls daemtera ra Wiri”. avbedobam meurne-

295

oba moSala, ekonomika iavarhyo, ramac siZvire da sidux-

Wire gamoiwvia. sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faq-

tic, rom daviT guramiSvils socialuri da erovnuli

problema erT mTlianobaSi aqvs gaazrebuli, socialu-

ris simyare erovnuli siZlieris ganmapirobebelia. aqe-

dan gamomdinare, batonisgan ymaze zrunva erovnuli

welmagrobis winapirobiTaa ganpirobebuli: ,,amisTana

baton vaqeb, mana erTi yma ganaxuTos, ar Tu xuTi aRarc

erTi qmnas”. Cveni cxovrebis yoveli socialuri aspeqti

didostaturi xelovnebiTa da damajereblobiT aqvs

warmosaxuli; poemaSi ,,qacvia mwyemsi” guramiSvili sa-

gangebod anviTarebs erT-erTi arsebiTi socialuri

problemas – ojaxis arssa da mis simtkices. ojaxi, ro-

gorc sazogadoebis erT-erT arsebiTi ujredi da eris

welmagrobis faqtori, guramiSvilis sagangebo fiqrisa

da msjelobis sferoa da amitomac mocemul poemaSi am

problemis zneobriv sawyisebs Cauyara man safuZveli.

daviT guramiSvili warmogvisaxavs Cvens istoriul

sinamdviles da gamokveTs pirovnul faseulobas mTeli

Tavisi uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxareebiT. adamianis fa-

seuloba vlindeba Tavisi piradi iniciativiT, Tavisi

arsebiTi individualuri TvisebebiT. pirovnuli Rirse-

bis gacnobiereba xdeba istoriul movlenebSi xalxis

mniSvnelobis aqcentirebiT da amitomacaa mis Semoqmede-

baSi individis gamokveTasTan erTad warmoCenili xal-

xis ganwyoba da roli sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. yu-

radRebas imsaxurebs is faqtic, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi

xalxis xma, misi arseboba vlindeba ara marto maTi

cxovrebis warmoCenaSi, aramed, amasTan, xalxur hangebsa

da simRerebSi, metyvelebis stilis demokratizaciaSi

da amitomaa, rom misi patriotizmi ritorikuli da

fsevdopaTetikuri ki ar aris, aramed igi uaRresad li-

rikuli da mZafri gancdiTia.

296

amasTan, aqve sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom daviT

guramiSvilis koncefciis masStaburobac swored imaSi

gamovlinda, rom igi socialuri sakiTxebis konkretul

analizs ki ar iZleva, aramed qristianuli eTikis priz-

maSi ganzogadebulad ayalibebs pirovnebis Tavisufle-

bis socialuri harmoniis zogad principebs:

,,batonis upatiuri ymas ar SerCeba arosa,

arc RmerTi batons SearCens ymaze saudiarosa”

es araa ukonfliqtobis trivialuri gancxadeba, ara-

med masSi Caqsovilia socialuri harmoniis idea, rome-

lic impulsirebulia RvTaebis zneobrivi principebis

gaazrebiT.

marTalia, guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi asaxulia Cve-

ni socialuri yofis esa Tu is konkretuli faqti, ga-

movlenilia socialuri mankierebis calkeuli mxare,

magram am empiriul aspeqtebs miRma daviT guramiSvili

siRrmiseulad iazrebs movlenaTa ganviTarebis ZiriTad

tendenciebs. aqedan gamomdinare, principul, ganzogado-

ebul masStabSi igi ayalibebs Tavisi azrovnebis Ziri-

Tad postulatebs da originalurad amkvidrebs socia-

lur problematikas, rac, rogorc aRvniSneT, upirveles

yovlisa, vlindeba mankierebis mxilebis gziT zneobrivi

harmoniulobis damkvidrebaSi.

aRorZinebis epoqis socialuri problematika mTeli

siRrmiTa da nairsaxeobiT gamovlinda arCilis, sulxan-

saba-orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi.

es problema imdenad mravlismomcvel aspeqtebs moicav-

da, rom mas met-naklebad gverdi ver auares am epoqis

sxva mwerlebma. marTalia, maT SemoqmedebaSi aRniSnuli

problema iseTi sisruliT ver warmoCinda, rogoradac

amas vxedavT zemo dasaxelebuli sityvis sami didosta-

tis qmnilebebSi, magram socialuri sakiTxis esa Tu is

aspeqti SeumCnevlad ar darCeniaT arc sxva mwerlebs.

297

socialur sakiTxebs aSuqebdnen da aanalizebdnen ora-

toruli xelovnebis SesaniSnavi warmomadgenlebi am-

brosi nekreseli, iona xelaSvili, anton cagarel-Wyon-

dideli. es ukanaskneli saocari simZafriTa da Seupov-

robiT ibrZvis epoqis usaSinlesi senis - tyveTa gayid-

vis winaaRmdeg. suliTa da gonebiT gayidulebma Taname-

mamuleebiT vaWrobas mihyves xeli. saqarTvelo iyidebo-

da da icleboda aSoltili gogonebisa da Cauqi Wabuke-

bisgan. yovelive es yoveldRiur, Cveulebriv saqmed iq-

ca, rac aSkarad TvalSisacemi iyo yvela ucxoelisTvis

da isini gaognebuli werdnen amis Sesaxeb. don juzepe

julime milanelis mowmobiT, ,,marto odiSSi yovel

wels gayidulTa ricxvi aranakleb oriaTass aRwevs –

rogorc wesi, mudam saukeTesoebs arCevdnen gasayidad“7.

erT-erTi aznauri utifrad eubneba imave juzepe mila-

nels:…,,xsenebuli vaJi Turqebis erT faSas mivyidoT,

radganac mTel Cems mxareSi ver movnaTle ukeTesi kox-

ta vaJio”8. cnobili osmalo swavluli, geografi, mog-

zauri, evlia Celebi qarTveli tyveebiT vaWrobas, maT

nivTze gadacvlas an gasaCuqrebas imdenad sayovelTao

movlenad miiCnevs, TiTqos es sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

norma yofiliyos. is ar aRwers mcire aziisa da Crdi-

loeT afrikis arc erT bazars, sadac qarTveli tyvee-

bis gasayidi adgili ar yofiliyo gamoyofili. bazarSi

Sesulma mahmadianma moqalaqem Tavidanve icoda, Tu sad

iyideboda xili, sad saqoneli an marcvleuli. aseve

mudmivad gankuTvnili adgili hqondaT qarTveli tyvee-

bisTvis da es adgili arasodes ar iyo carieli. is ga-

nuwyvetliv ivseboda saqarTvelodan motacebuli qal-

vaJiT. ar iyo mahmadianis ojaxi, sadac msaxurad saqar-

Tvelodan gatacebuli qal-vaJebi ar trialebdnen, ar

iyo haramxana, sadac qarTveli gogonebi ar yofiliyvnen

Seyrilni, ar iyo samxedro nawili, sadac saukeTeso

298

mebrZolebad samSoblosgan mowyvetili da gamahmadiane-

buli qarTveli vaJkacebi ar yofiliyvnen. ase umowya-

lod icleboda Cveni qveyana da ivseboda mahmadianuri

samyaro. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc erT

oms, arc erT Semosevas imdenad ar Seumcirebia qarTu-

li mosaxleoba, rogorc es tyveTa gayidvam moaxdina.

igive evlia Celebi, rodesac laparakobs xanebis, fa-

Sebisa da gavleniani pirebisgan saCuqrebis gacemaze,

sxva nivTTa Soris qarTvel axalgazrdobasac ise asaxe-

lebs, TiTqos isic rigiTi saqoneli iyos: ,,eSrafxanisa-

gan sparsuli siasamuris (qurqebi), qarTveli (biWi),

farSevangi da aqlemebi gviwyaloba”9. erevnis xanma ki

,,Cveni batoni faSasaTvis gadmogvca erTi siasamuri qur-

qi, aTi wyvili gilani mSvildi, eqvsi qarTveli biWi,

aTi wyvili Tevzis kbili, sami cali surnelovani Sama-

na”10.

gatacebisa da vaWrobis garda, qarTvel mefe-mTav-

rebs oficialur begarad awva sulTnisaTvis qarTveli

qaliSvilebisa da Wabukebis gagzavna. imereTis mefe yo-

velwliurad xarkis saxiT 80 ymawvils gzavnida osma-

leTSi., xolo gurieli axalcixis faSas 40 qal-vaJs ug-

zavnida. ,,qarTveli glexisaTvis didi socialuri ube-

dureba iyo ,,tyves yidva”, romelic gansakuTrebiT

XVI_XVII ss. gavrcelda. dasavleT saqarTveloSi man ka-

tastrofuli xasiaTi miiRo. osmaleTi xels uwyobda da

aqezebda saqarTveloSi ,,tyves syidvis” gavrcelebas.

mravali nivTi, romlis SeZena feodalebs surdaT da

romelic Turq vaWrebs mohqondaT gemebiT Savi zRvis

sanapiroebze, mxolod tyveebze icvleboda. osmaleTi

sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda qarTvel xelisufalTa

mier tyveTa syidvis winaaRmdeg warmoebul brZolas”. am

didi ubedurebis gamo godeben qarTveli mwerlebi.

299

socialuri usaxoba imdenad damaxinjebul formebSi

vlindeboda, rom igi TviT RvTismsaxurebaSic ki iCenda

Tavs. naTlisRebis uwmindesi rituali sayovelTao er-

Tobisa da siyvarulis gamomxatvelia. igi yvelas er-

Tuflebians xdis, xolo yofiT cxovrebaSi gazulqe-

bulni imdenad Tavxeddebodnen, rom aqac gamorCeuloba-

sa da upiratesobas iCemebdnen. es SeumCneveli ar darCe-

nia ambrosi nekresels. igi gaocebiTa da risxviT wers:

,,ese unda vTqvaT, rom embazisa mis wyali ara iyos ro-

melTame xelovnebiT Semzadebuli, anu RviniTa anu var-

dis wyliTa anu risxviT romelTame sunelebiTa. moqme-

debulni didebulTa SvilebisaTvis” ZlierTa ama sof-

lisaTa aseTi gamorCeulobis pretenziuloba uzneoba-

caa da urwmunoebac da amitom kategoriulad mimarTavs

mrevls: ,,ese viTar nu iyofin”. naTlisRebis zneobrivi

mxare aris moraluri simbolo Tavmdablobisa da amis

STambeWdavi faqtia is, rom TviT uzenaesma naTeli mii-

Ro Tavis mowafe ioanesagan, xolo Seni mediduroba xom

sruli uzneobaa.

socialuri avbedobis gamovlenis uamrav formaTa

Soris erT-erTi SemaSfoTebeli sixarbe da gaumaZRro-

baa, ris gamoc anton cagarel-Wyondideli Sewuxebuli

ambobs: Wamaman sneulhyo buneba Cvenio”.

epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zneobrivi daknineba qvey-

nis aSlilobis safuZvels qmnis da amitomac arCilis

Tanamedrove ioseb Tbileli gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs:

,,am qveynisa SigniT reva zogs ocnebad eCveneba”, xolo

imave epoqis mematianis TqmiT: ,,rac ubedureba dagvmar-

Tia, yovelive TviT qarTvelisagan modiso”. yovelive

amis mizezTa mizezi ki eris sulieri gamofitvaa, uzne-

obis damkvidrebaa, amitomac epoqaluri senis saocari

siRrmiseuli analiziT ambobs qarTveli mwerali iona

xelaSvili: ,,yovelnive vnebani Jamierni gamoxataven sa-

300

zogado erisa da suliersa unayofobaso”. ,,zogierT

SemTxvevaSi ki socialuri siduxWiriT ganawameb mSro-

mels eklesiurobac Sesustebia da RvTismsaxurebis

dros, nacvlad eklesiaSi yofnisa, tyisken mieSureba,

raTa ojaxis saWiroeba daikmayofilos, ris gamoc amb-

rosi nekreseli mimarTavs yoveldRiurobaSi Caflul

glexs: ,,da Tu uqmsa da kviris dRes gaideb mxarze

culsa da iaraRsa da tyisaken miirbi”, xolo es ukanas-

kneli uceremoniod pasuxobs: ,,ra vqna saxlis iaraRi xe

ram gamosadegad meWireba. visa scalia axla wirvisaTvi-

so”. aseTi TiTqosda umniSvnelo yofiTi detalebi ki

ar darCeniaT Cvens mwerlebs SeumCneveli.

mterTa gamudmebuli SemosevebiT, ,,tyveTasyidvis” da

mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT gamowveuli socialu-

ri mwvave problemebis mogvarebis erT-erTi gza iyo sa-

marTlebrivi struqturebis Seqmna da amoqmedeba. Amito-

mac vaxtang VI-m Camoayaliba iuridiuli kodeqsi. man

Rrmad gaiazra ucilo WeSmariteba, rom kanonierebisa

da zneobriobis poziciidan aucilebelia administraci-

uli simkacre da amitomac dabejiTebiT gvmoZRvravs:

,,qveynis mmarTveli avis damSleli xamso”. man miznad

daisaxa gaetarebina sagangebo sakanonmdeblo RonisZie-

bebi. qveynis stabilizaciis mogvareba samarTlebrivi

safuZvlis SeqmniT iyo SesaZlebeli, magram imis gamo,

rom saxelmwifoebrivi struqtura iyo moSlili, kanone-

bis dasamkvidrebeli realuri Zala ar arsebobda. ami-

tom vaxtangiseuli kanonmdebloba im droisTvis fiqci-

ad iqca da igi darCa rogorc SesaniSnavi iuridiuli

dokumenti, romelmac ver SesZlo sazogadoebis war-

marTva.

am iuridiul kodeqsSi gamovlenili socialuri

problematika organulad erwymis aRniSnuli epoqis mwe-

ralTa TxzulebebSi aRZrulsa da gaanalizebul

301

rTulsa da mravalsaxovan socialur problemebs, rome-

lic gamoixata istoriuli sinamdvilis warmoCenaSi:

dawyebuli yofiTi suraTebis daxatviTa da damTavrebu-

li rTuli saazrovno sistemiT da yovelive es erTad

gacnobierebuli, saSualebas gvaZlevs warmovidginoT,

Tu raoden masStaburad da maxvilad aisaxa im dros

Cvens mwerlobaSi socialuri problematika.

302

meTerTmete Tavi

filosofiuri ideebi daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi

daviT guramiSvili (1705-1792) XVII-XVIII saukuneebis

e.w. aRorZinebis xanis qarTuli mwerlobis gamorCeuli

poeti da moazrovnea. es Sefaseba sruliadac ara aris

gadaWarbebuli. misi poeturi azrovnebis filosofiuri

siRrme, problemaTa mravalferovneba, msoflmxedvelob-

rivi Sexedulebebis aqtualoba, misi leqsis sada stili

da gasagebi ena amis naTeli dadasturebaa.

daviT guramiSvilis genialuri poeturi msoflmxed-

velobis safuZvelia im religiuri, filosofiuri da pe-

dagogiuri problemebis originaluri xedva, rac mis

mdidar SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. es problematika, ZiriTa-

dad, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli azrovnebidan iRebs dasa-

bams da „pirvelad rusTavelis Semdeg“ Tavs iyris gura-

miSvilis SemoqmedebaSi1.

daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobaSi cxadad

Cans fsevdo-dionise areopagelis filosofiur-Teolo-

giuri moZRvrebis kvali. garda amisa, mis filosofiur

poeziaze gavlena iqonia antikuri xanis berZenma moaz-

rovneebma (mag., Talesi, epikure), romelTa Sexedulebe-

bi, savaraudod, vaxtang VI-is poeziis zegavleniT Semo-

dis mis SemoqmedebaSi. vaxtang VI-is „sibrZne malaRo-

bels“, romelSic Tavmoyrilia platonis, aristoteles,

epikures, Zenonis, anaqsagoras da sxva filosofosTa

Sexedulebebi, „STamagonebeli“ gavlena mouxdenia gura-

miSvilis msoflmxedvelobaze2. rogorc Cans, samefo ka-

ris kulturulma garemocvam ganapiroba daviTis inte-

resi antikuri filosofiisadmi.

303

daviT guramiSvilis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelo-

bis garkveva, misi mxatvrul-esTetikuri samyaros naT-

lad warmoCena, uwinares yovlisa, im filosofiur-saRv-

Tismetyvelo tradiciis dadgenasac gulisxmobs, romel-

sac am didi qarTveli Semoqmedis mdidari poeturi mem-

kvidreoba efuZneba.

daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis Zirebi

Rrmad midis Zvel qarTul literaturaSi, bibliur-

folklorul da religiur-filosofiur azrovnebaSi3.

daviT guramiSvilis poetur samyaroze gansakuTrebuli

gavlena Sua saukuneebis religiur-filosofiurma az-

rovnebam moaxdina. ufro metic, igi xSirad filosofo-

sis rolSic ki gvevlineba. guramiSvilis poeziaSi, ma-

Ral mxatvrulobasTan erTad, Rrma filosofiuri gan-

sja igrZnoba. igi filosofiurad moazrovne poeti iyo.

albaT, swored amitom moixseniebs `daviTianis~ pirveli

mkvlevari mari brose daviT guramiSvils ara mxolod

poetad, aramed istorikosad da filosofosad: `Cven da-

viT guramiSvils ganvixilavT, upirveles yovlisa, ro-

gorc istorikoss, Semdeg poetsa da filosofoss~4.

filosofiisa da poeziis dialogi azrovnebis isto-

riisTvis ucxo ar aris5. filosofiuri ideebi da filo-

sofiuri msoflmxedveloba poeziaSi yovelTvis poetu-

ri azrovnebis specifikis CarCoSi Tavsdeba da im mimar-

TulebiT viTardeba, rasac konkretul SemTxvevaSi ama

Tu im poetis azrovnebis Tavisebureba moiTxovs. am Sem-

TxvevaSi, GdaviT guramiSvilis poeturi azrovneba da-

kavSirebulia rogorc klasikur xanaSi aTvisebul anti-

kur filosofiasTan, aseve qristianulsa da Sua sauku-

neebis Teologiur-filosofiur problematikasTan.

daviT guramiSvili dainteresebuli iyo epikures

(341-270 Cv.w.a) SexedulebebiT da cdilobda misi eTikuri

moZRvrebis interpretacias. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli

304

filosofiuri tradicia epikurelTa moZRvrebas ùRv-

To~ filosofiad miiCnevda. amitom bunebrivad Cndeba

kiTxva, Tu ram ganapiroba guramiSvilis interesi epiku-

res mimarT. epikures moZRvreba originalurad aisaxa

„daviTianSi“ da erTgvari didaqtikuri Teoriis saxe mi-

iRo. cnobilia, rom epikures filosofiis mizani iyo

Semecneba, romelic aTavisuflebs adamians uvicobisgan

da cru rwmenebisgan; eTikaSi ki igi gonivrul siamovne-

bas asabuTebda, romlis gareSec adamianis bedniereba

SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

epikures moZRvreba azrovnebis istoriaSi, zogadad,

hedonizmisa da uxeS xorciel vnebaTa Relvis sinonimad

iqca. es mosazreba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Sua saukunee-

bis qarTul filosofiaSic gvxvdeba. ioane petriwi ak-

ritikebda ùgangebo~ da `RmrTisadmi umsaxurebel~ epi-

kurelebs6. mas prokle diadoxosis damsaxurebad isic

miaCnda, rom man myari sabuTebiT uaryo epikurelTa uR-

vTo moZRvreba. Tumca aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom

petriwi Tavis `ganmartebaÁ~-Si arsad ar akritikebs Tvi-

Ton epikures, mis auTentur moZRvrebas gonivruli bed-

nierebis Sesaxeb!

Salva nucubiZis azriT, petriwis mier epikurelTa

winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli fraza, garkveulwilad, „siyal-

bis“ STabeWdilebas axdens; igi petriwis galaSqrebas

epikurelTa winaaRmdeg miiCnevs araarsebiT, SemTxveviT

momentad qarTveli filosofosis azrovnebaSi, àseTive

siyalbis STabeWdilebas axdens epikurelTa winaaRmdeg

nasroli fraza, imave bolosityvaobaSi moTavsebuli. es

adgili xotbas warmoadgens prokles moRvaweobis mi-

marT. avtori aq cota ar iyos poetur ganwyobasaa mice-

muli da TavSeukaveblad aRazevebs Tavis filosofoss.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, teqstis am adgilas sazeimo ganwyo-

305

bis garda araviTari filosofiuri azrTa svla an ar-

gumentaciis raime niSani ara Cans.~

sainteresoa, rom qristiani poeti daviT guramiSvi-

li imowmebs antikuri epoqis ùRmrTo filosofoss~ da,

garkveulwilad, iziarebs mis Sexedulebebs da sxvasac

urCevs ise moiqces da icxovros, rogorc antikuri xa-

nis es didi ganmanaTlebeli qadagebda.

saqmec isaa, rom epikure sinamdvileSi ar gaxldaT

xorciel vnebaTa tkbobis didi qadagi. misi moZRvrebis

amgvari Sefaseba mcdari iqneboda! epikure e.w. ùaryofi-

Ti~ hedonizmis mimdevari iyo; misi azriT, bedniereba

siamovnebisadmi ltolvaSi ki ar aris, aramed tanjvisa

da usiamovnebis Tavidan aridebaSi. yoveli siamovneba ki

ar aris bednierebis safuZveli, aramed mxolod iseTi,

romelic gonivruladaa gamarTlebuli. umaRlesi bedni-

ereba ki sibrZniT miiRweva, radgan mxolod brZens SeuZ-

lia sulieri simSvidis (àtaraqsiis~) miRweva (`brZensa

aqvs Tavis ufleba sofelSi yofna nebisa; / brZeni sa-

dac ars darCebis, saunje Tan eqnebisa.~7).

rogorc Cans, daviT guramiSvils kargad hqonda gac-

nobierebuli epikures moZRvrebis es ganmanaTlebluri

aspeqti. SesaZloa, igi epikuresa da epikureizms Soris

gansxvavebasac ki xedavda. anu bednierebis Teoriis Sem-

qmnel did berZen filosofoss misi radikali mimdevre-

bisagan ganasxvavebda kidec?! asea Tu ise, guramiSvili

imowmebs epikures, rogorc gonebis apologets da am-

bobs, rom adamians mxolod gonebis meSveobiT SeuZlia

vnebaTa moTokva. Semecnebis namdvil suraTs mxolod

goneba iZleva. grZnoba, ndoma da survili moCvenebiTia:

,,ndoba bnels naTlad aCvenebs, danabrmobs naTlad

mxedvelsa;

ndoba mxrdals gahxdis mamacad, Sebedavs Znels

306

sabedvelsa; [. . . ]

`filasofosi epikur gvauwyebs, amas gvpirdeba:

agebulobiT myofeli arodes gaRaribdeba.

Tu kaci ndomas mihyvebis, midReSi ar gamdidrdeba~8

ndomas ayolil sazogadoebaSi daisadgurebs angare-

ba, adamianis Rirsebis upativcemloba, aseTi sazogadoe-

ba Sercxvenili da warwymedilia. ndomis gzas sazoga-

doeba zneobrivi normebis darRvevamde da Rirebuleba-

Ta gadafasebamde mihyavs. saboloo jamSi, amgvar sazo-

gadoebaSi adamianic ikargeba:

àxla vsTqva Cemi saTqmeli, rac maqvndes Wkuva,

gageba:

ugvanaT didTa mZebnelTa patarac daekargeba;

sul rom ara vsTqva arara, is ufro ar evargeba.

mec mreven meranT jogSigan, Tu SevsZel

gajagjageba.~9

ndomas damorCilebuli adamianisa da sazogadoebis

gadarCenas daviT guramiSvili swavla-ganaTlebasa da

zneobriv aRzrdaSi xedavs. XVIII saukunis evropel gan-

manaTlebelTa msgavsad, guramiSvilis azriTac, sazoga-

doebrivi progresis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala aris

ganaTleba (`vsZebne da vera vhpove ra mjobni am swavla-

mcnebisa~10).

`daviTianSi~ sibrZne da codna umaRles zneobriv

Rirebulebadaa gamocxadebuli. guramiSvilis brZenis

ideali aseTi saxisaa:

àw brZeni unda sofelSi egreT, viT wminda beria.

cxovrobdes, erT aswavlides, gaxados mecnieria;

brZenman ar unda ikadros urigo rac ram feria,

brZenis urigod qceviTa baZiT waxdebis eria.~11

sibrZne cxovrebiseuli sikeTis safuZvelia, cxovre-

bis wyaroa mSvenierebasTan erTad (`qacvia mwyemsSi~

mSveniereba umaRlesi esTetikuri Rirebulebaa), romlis

307

Sedegadac guramiSvilTan yalibdeba RirebulebaTa Sem-

degi sistema: sibrZne/WeSmariteba, sikeTe/mSveniereba.

rogorc vxedavT, sikeTe, mSveniereba, sibrZne da WeSma-

riteba umaRles Rirebulebebadaa miCneuli, rac filo-

sofiis istoriaSi, uwinares yovlisa, platonis, xolo

Semdgom ki neoplatonur da areopagitul tradicias

ukavSirdeba.

daviT guramiSvilis didaqtikis safuZvelia codnis

(gonebrivi srulyofis) gziT zneobrivi ganwmenda. am de-

bulebis dasasabuTeblad igi kvlav antikur moazrovnes

epikures moixmobs. giorgi natroSvils mohyavs XVIII sa-

ukunis ukraineli poetis, grigol skovorodas sityvebi

epikures Sesaxeb da miuTiTebs guramiSvilisa da zemo-

aRniSnuli poetis SesaZlo ideur erTianobazec, radgan

igi cxovrobda poltavis imave midamoebSi, sadac gura-

miSvili imyofeboda (SesaZloa, isini kidevac icnobdnen

erTmaneTs). am or did poets Soris Cans garkveuli si-

axlove, ideuri naTesaoba. kerZod, isini daaxloebiT

erTnair konteqstSi moixsenieben epikures: `misi sityvis

Zala adamianebma ver igemes, yvela saukunesa da yvela

xalxSi daamcires epikure siamovnebis qadagebisaTvis da

TviTon is miiCnies Rorebis mwyemsad. magram roca si-

cocxle guliTadi sixarulisganaa, xolo sixaruli si-

amovnebisagan, maSin razea damyarebuli siamovneba, rome-

lic guls atkbobs? amas gvixsnis RvTaebrivi platoni:

WeSmariteba yvelaze tkbiliao. Cven ki SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom mxolod WeSmaritebaSi cocxlobs namdvili

siamovneba da mxolod is erTi acocxlebs guls, ganmge-

bels Cveni sxeulisas. ar Semcdara brZeni, romelmac

codnasa da uvicobas Soris igive sazRvari dasdo, rac

sikvdilsa da sicocxles Soris. Cans, rom sicocxle

Cveni Rvivis maSin, roca Cveni azri Seiyvarebs WeSmari-

tebas, gahyveba mis bilikebs, Cahxedavs mas TvalebSi da

308

zeimobs, mxiarulebs am waruvali naTeliT~12. Tuki am

sityvebs daviT guramiSvilis leqss SevadarebT, maSin

am or moazrovnes Soris msgavsebas naTlad davinaxavT.

magaliTad, guramiSvili ambobs: `Tqmula sibrZnesTan

sigiJe, viTa cocxalTan mkvdaria.~13

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces guramiSvi-

lis didaqtikur Teorias, romelic man „swavla moswav-

leTa”-Si Camoayaliba. upriania, es teqsti hermenevtikul

TeoriaTa (magaliTad, m. haidegeri) WrilSi ganvixi-

loT14.

`swavla moswavleTa~-s mizani imTaviTve gansazRvru-

lia: ìsmine, swavlis mZebnelo!...~ am fraziT ukve moxa-

zulia is saazrovno konturebi, romlis Sedegadac `da-

viTianis~ sibrZne, damoZRvra saTanadod iqneba mosmeni-

li da gagebuli. moswavlem winaswar unda miiRos in-

formacia, romelic daexmareba mas moemzados swavlis

procesisaTvis, codnis miRebisaTvis; guramiSvilis miza-

nia, moswavle daarwmunos ganaTlebis upiratesobaSi da

ganawyos swavlebisadmi, romelsac SeuZlia adamianis

yofiereba saimedo safuZvelze daafuZnosa da misi

cxovreba Zireulad Secvalos. `swavla moswavleTa~ eq-

sistencialuri xasiaTis Setyobinebaa, raTa moswavlem

miiRos da SeinarCunos Riaoba da mzaoba imis mimarT,

rac `daviTianis~ momdevno nawilSi unda iqnes moxsene-

buli15.

winaswari informacia swavlebis arsis Sesaxeb moiT-

xovs swavlebis procesis srulyofil gaazrebas; is,

upirveles yovlisa, emsaxureba sakuTari umecrebis, ùw-

vrTnelobis~ gaazrebas da swavlis gziT cxovrebis

miznis garkvevas. miznobrivis eqsistencialuri Semecne-

ba smenas emyareba16. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored amgvarad

iwyebs guramiSvili Tavis „Cagonebas yrmaTaTvis“:

„ismine, swavlis mZebnelo! moyev daviTis mcnebasa,

309

jer mware Wame, kvlav tkbili, Tu eZeb gemovnebasa;

Tavs sinanuli sjobia boloJam dananebasa, _

Wirs myofi, lxinSi Sesuli, Svebad miiTvli

vnebasa“17.

am Semecnebas ZaluZs dasawyisisaTvis „eqsistencias

Tavisi Tavi usignalos“, anu jer gagonil, xolo Semdeg

ki miRweul iqnes; maSasadame, moswavle swavlis proces-

Si iRebs informacias, romelic daexmareba mas moemza-

dos swavlebis misaRebad. man unda dainaxos misi (swav-

lis, ganaTlebis) upiratesoba da ganewyos swavlis pro-

cesisadmi, rasac SeuZlia mTeli misi yofierebis, moma-

vali cxovrebis Zireulad Secvla; am gziT is iRebs ki-

dec e.w. „eqsistencialur informacias“18. es aris winas-

wari informacia swavlis ZiriTadi arsisa da mosalod-

neli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. swavlis procesis srulyofili

gaazreba Tavdapirvelad am arsis winaswar gacxadebas

gulisxmobs. am process, upirveles yovlisa, win us-

wrebs sakuTari umecrebis, „uwvrTnelobis“ gaazreba,

Semdegi etapi ki swavlis gziT cxovrebis samomavlo

miznebis gaazreba unda iyos.

pirveli, rasac guramiSvili gvamcnobs, es aris swo-

red swavlebisa da aRzrdis wvrTnasTan gaigiveba, rom-

lis mizani srulyofili adamianis Camoyalibebaa. es ki

imdenad aris SesaZlebeli, ramdenadac adamiani RvTis

mier dadgenil samyaros wesrigs da, amdenad, RvTis mi-

er momadlebul adamianis arss Seesabameba – esaa ganaT-

lebis meSveobiT wvrTna, zneobriobis miRweva da am

gziT RmerTTan mimsgavseba.

`RmerTman qveynad rac mohfina, yvela CvenTvis

ganaCina;

Cvenca gvmarTebs RmerTs dauTmoT, swavlad gvemiT

rac gvatkina~19.

310

ganswavlulma adamianma unda icodes, Tu raa adamia-

nis arsi, maSasadame, adamianoba. guramiSvilis metad sa-

gulisxmo azriT, adamianoba adamianad yofnis gaazre-

baa; es ki adamianuri yofierebis sazrisis gacnobiereba-

sa da yofierebis arsebuli saxeebis wvdomas gulis-

xmobs. adamianoba abstraqtuli cneba ar aris, igi kon-

kretuli saxiT gamovlindeba. swavlebis procesSi yove-

li moswavle Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare moqmedebs; man

unda airCios Tavisi momavali, cxovrebiseuli gza. maSa-

sadame, adamianisaTvis arsebiTi unda iyos sakuTari

cxovrebis wesis Camoyalibeba.

`ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao:

vin aris, sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao?~20

`brZeni sityviTa darCebis, ostati Tavis xeliTa,

xucesi wirviT, vaWari Sors wasvliT-mosvliT

ZneliTa,

molaSqre sisxlis qceviTa, mxvneli ofliTa

cxeliTa,

glaxa karis-kar TxovniTa, – Sena gwads aw

romeliTa?~21

eqsistencialur informacias mimarTeba aqvs misi mim-

Rebi subieqtis yofierebasTan. is exeba misi adresatis

mTel cxovrebas, mas SeuZlia „cecxli moukidos“ eqsis-

tencs, gardaqmnisa da moqmedebisaken ubiZgos mas. is da-

sawyisia mZime eqsistencialuri gamocdisa yvelasTvis,

vinc am wesiT informirdeba. magram amgvari miznisken,

finalisken mimavali, gza yovelTvis Znel da mZime ga-

mocdas warmoadgens imaTTvis, vinc am informacias Re-

bulobs, _ „swavlis Ziri mware aris, kenweroSi gat-

kbildebis“.

311

ganswavlul adamians aSkarad aqvs upiratesoba _ igi

arasodes dakargavs mopovebul adamianobas, igi yovel-

Tvis ipovis Tavis adgils samyaroSi:

`brZeni sadac ars, darCebis, saunje Tan eqnebisa:

brZeni purTaTvis CemsaviT muxlT arvis moeqnebisa!~22

swavlis procesSi xdeba adamianis TandaTanobiTi

srulyofa, romlis Sedegadac adamiani dasvenebulia:

ègreT moswavle swavlasa ra srulyofs, ganisvenebsa~.

aqve daviT guramiSvili saubrobs gamocdilebis mniSvne-

lobaze adamianisaTvis. ùcodinroba avia, maqvs misi ga-

mocdiloba~; maSasadame, adamiani gamocdilebidan Seic-

nobs adamianad yofnis arss. mas didi mniSvneloba eni-

Weba SemdgomSi zneobrivi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas,

konkretul situaciaSi swori moqmedebisaTvis.

`hermenevtikuli gamocdileba~ pirovnuli da zneob-

rivi fenomenia. aq kidev erTi momentia gasaTvaliswine-

beli! Tu adamiani moaxerxebs Tavisi arsis wvdomas, mas

verafers daaklebs bediswera (`brZenT bedi ar moswon-

dao~), radgan `bedi aris qceva wuTisa, viT dRisa naob-

bindoba~. adamiani, Tavisi Sinagani bunebidan gamomdina-

re, moqmedebis, anu gaazrebuli moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi

bedis (`qveynad mosiarule bedis~) xelSi ver moxvdeba.

`swavla moswavleTas~ filosofiur-hermenevtikuli

analizi cxadyofs, rom daviT guramiSvilis ganmanaT-

lebluri ideebi kvlavindeburad Tanamedrove da aqtua-

luria! mxolod da mxolod ganaTleba SeiZleba iyos

adamianis òntologiuri usafrTxoebis~ garanti, cxov-

rebiseuli orientaciisa da jansaRi Rirebulebebis Ca-

moyalibebis winapiroba.

daviT guramiSvilis Semoqmedebis siRrmiseuli gage-

ba da urTulesi problematikis Seswavla religiur-mis-

tikuri23 motivis analizsac moiTxovs. Sua saukuneebis,

mogvianebiT ki, aRorZinebis xanis qarTuli mwerlobis-

312

Tvis ucxo ar iyo religiur-filosofiuri (asketuri,

didaqtikuri, amqveyniurisa da imqveyniuris mimarTebis

da a.S.) motivebi.

k. kekeliZis azriT, religiur-filosofiuri motive-

bi, ZiriTadad, gansazRvravda aRorZinebis xanis poezias

(Teimurazi, arCili, vaxtang VI, daviT guramiSvili). gu-

ramiSvilTan mistikuri motivi RvTisadmi siyvaruliT,

anu `trfialiT~ da `saRvTo mijnurobiT~ gamoixata. aR-

saniSnavia, rom am motivis erT-erT wyarod sufizmi mi-

iCneva. am gziT ganxorcielda `sinTezi sparsuli lite-

raturuli tradiciebisa da qarTuli sinamdvilisa [...]

mizani am poeziisa aris RvTaebasTan mistikuri garTia-

neba, romlis miRwevas is lamobda Rvino-siyvarulisa

da asketizmis religiuri gziT~24. zemoaRniSnul poeteb-

Tan ìsmis sufisturi poeziis notebi~.

Tumca, `qarTul poezias aklia yvelaze mTavari,

rac sufizmis arss Seadgens, rogorc misi warmoSobis

xanaSi (VIII-IX ss.), ise XVII-XVIII saukuneSi: es aris Tav-

daviwyebis, TviTmospobis, sakuTar meobaze xelis aRebis

idea, yvela aqedan gamomdinare SedegebiT~25. sufizmis

(VIII s.) Tanaxmad, RmerTi aris namdvili arsi, myofi,

romlisganac gamomdinareobs mTeli samyaro; samyaro da

adamiani aris RmerTis emanaciis Sedegi. Amqveyniuri

cxovreba aris tanjva, romelic RvTaebisagan daSore-

biT aris gamowveuli. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis um-

Tavresi daniSnuleba da misi cxovrebis mizani unda

iyos RmerTSi, pirvelmizezSi ukudaubruneba, gaerTiane-

ba.

sufistur mistikaSi RvTisadmi trfobis erT-erT sa-

fexurad qalisadmi trfoba miiCneva. qalisadmi trfoba

iwvevs Tavdaviwyebas, xSirad sakuTar me-ze xelis aRe-

bas, e.i. is trfobisa da Tavdaviwyebis gansakuTrebul

saxed aris aRiarebuli. xSirad sufistur leqsSi `SeuZ-

313

lebelia garCeva, raRaa misi namdvili Tema _ RmerTi

Tu qali~26. aseT gaurkvevlobas qristianul mistikaSi

ar vxvdebiT. pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom

RmerTis trfoba ar niSnavs qalisadmi trfobas.

sufisturi mistikisagan gansxvavdeba areopagituli

(qristianuli) mistika, romlis mizani ar aris mxolod

RvTaebis wvdoma da masSi dakargva-gaerTianeba. Misti-

kur eqstazSi RmerTis wvdoma ar gulisxmobs adamianis

mier meobisa da individualobis dakargvas.

qristianul mistikaSi, magaliTad, areopagitikaSi,

RvTisadmi trfobis gamosaxatavad gvxvdeba èrosi~

(berZn. sityvaa da niSnavs siyvaruls), magram ara misi

Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT. Zvel qarTulSi is Targm-

nes, rogorc „trfialebaÁ“ (efrem mcire). filosofiis

istoriaSi es termini `filosofosobis metaforad~ iq-

ca. erosi, rogorc absolutisadmi nostalgiis motivi,

misken swrafva, Sualeduria RmerTsa da samyaros So-

ris. areopagitikaSi is yovelives moZraobaSi momyvani,

RmerTidan momdinare da masSive ukudamabrunebeli èq-

statikuri siyvarulia~. `viTarca Zalsa Tanad mZrvelsa

da aRmyvanebelsa missa mimarT keTilisa da saxierebi-

sa~27. RvTaebrivi trfialeba, amave dros, warmoadgens

erTgvar safuZvels wrebrunvisa, rac vlindeba sikeTi-

dan (RmerTidan) arsebebis gamomdinareobasa da masSive

ukudabrunebaSi; is RmerTis mier aris miniWebuli arse-

bebisadmi; radgan am moZraobis dasawyisi da dasasruli

Tavad RmerTSia, amdenad, es procesi, fsevdo-dionise

areopagelis azriT, maradiulia28. RvTisadmi trfiali

safuZvlad daedo poeziaSi mijnurobis `saRvTo Tqmas~

(ase magaliTad `vefxistyaosanSi~, mamuka baraTaSvil-

Tan, arCilTan). e.i. realuri siyvarulis ukan RvTisadmi

siyvaruli igulisxmeba da mijnurobis amgvari gaazreba

daviT guramiSvilis poeziaSic gvxvdeba.

314

vin aris mijnuri `daviTianSi~? `swavla moswavleTa~-

Si vkiTxulobT:

`zogi xom ZoRan gaCvene Svidiod sarCos Ziroba;

merve – xelmwife darCebis, visac aqvs qveynis

mWiroba.

mecxrea – arCenT mwyemsoba, uqniaT menaxiroba,

meaTe – mijnurT survili, trfiali Senamziroba.~29

xelmwifes win uswrebs mwyemsi, menaxire anu sulie-

ri mama, romelsac didi pasuxismgebloba eniWeba: `mwyem-

soba unda sifrTxiliT, aqvndes mciredi Zilia: mudam

mxned samwysos uvlides, dRe yinuli Tu Tbilia~. mwyem-

sze, sulier mamaze win dgas mistikosi, `RvTis mijnu-

ri~, romelic RmerTis wvdomisaken miiltvis. rogorc

vxedavT, daviT guramiSvilTan garkveuli ierarqiaa –

mefe, mwyemsi da mijnuri. aqedan gamomdinare, guramiSvi-

lis poeziaSi mistikur motivebze msjeloba usafuZvlo

ar aris.

daviT guramiSvilis mistikur-religiur Tu alego-

riul motivebze msjelobisas yuradRebis miRma ar unda

dagvrCes misi leqsi `zubovka~. masSi, iseve, rogorc gu-

ramiSvilis mTel SemoqmedebaSi poeturi gancdebi gao-

rebulia. trfoba amqveyniuri arsebisadmi gadazrdilia

iracionalur, anu RvTisadmi trfobaSi. aq sakmaod ori-

ginalur msoflmxedvelobasTan gvaqvs saqme. es aris re-

ligiuri gancdis logika da ara realuri siyvarulis

logika. aqve SevniSnavT, rom TvalSi sacemia sufizmis

gavlenac, kerZod, `Sav Tval-warbas, pirad TeTrsa as-

xda Savi xali, misgan eSxad dacamlewa, Semimusra Tva-

li~. `Savi xali~ alegoriuli mniSvnelobis tradiciu-

li poeturi saxea anu metaforaa, romelic, literatu-

rul tradiciasTan erTad, agreTve mistikuri azris

Semcvelic aris. mistikur interpretaciaSi xali miuTi-

Tebs amqveyniur movlenaTa simravlis pirvelwyaroze _

315

RvTaebrivze, romelic CvenTvis dafarulia, miuwvdome-

lia, anu `Savia~.

tradiciulad, mistikis wyarod platonuri filoso-

fia, kerZod ki, antikuri neoplatonizmisa (mag., ploti-

ni) da qristianuli filosofiis (magaliTad fsevdo-di-

onise areopageli) mistikuri Sexedulebebi miiCneva. gu-

ramiSvilis mistikis wyarod SeiZleba qarTuli filo-

sofiur-mistikuri tradiciebi miviCnioT, upirveles yov-

lisa ki, areopagituli misticizmi.

`daviTianSi~ areopagitikis gavlenebi ikveTeba Rmer-

Tis filosofiur-poeturi daxasiaTebisas, kerZod, Rmer-

Tisa da mzis analogiebis, RmerTis Semecnebis, `saRvTo

nislis~, `sacnauri mzis~ gamoxatvisas. guramiSvilis

msoflmxdevelobaze fsevdo-dionise areopagelis gav-

lena vrclad aris gamokvleuli g. natroSvilis, al.

baramiZis, r. siraZis. r. TvaraZis da sxvaTa naSromebSi.

`daviTianSi~ `sacnauri~ ori mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba.

erTi mihyveba Sesabamisi epoqis qarTuli enis salitera-

turo normebs, xolo meore mniSvneloba ki _ Zvel qar-

Tul filosofiur tradicias30.

pirveli mniSvnelobiT, sacnauri niSnavs Seucnobe-

lis anu ùcnauris~ sapirispiros (`Wirs sacnauris mzi-

saca swored gamarTva Tvalisa, aram-Tu ucnaurisa cno-

ba gzisa da kvalisa~31). sacnauri mze aris xiluli mze,

romelsac Tvals ver gavumarTavT, miT ufro ver miv-

wvdebiT ùcnaurs~ anu Seucnobels.

meore mniSvnelobiT, `sacnauri~ niSnavs uxilavs,

grZnobadi organoebisaTvis miuwvdomels, romlis Sec-

noba mxolod gonebiT xdeba. `Sen gevedrebi, ciskaro sa-

idumlosa dRisao, naTelo Saravandedo sacnaurisa mzi-

sao...~ `sacnauri mze~ am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos

RmerTi, romelic warmodgenilia inteligibelur mzed

316

da ara xilul anu materialur mzed, rac qristianuli

msoflmxedvelobisaTvis miRebuli iyo.

Zveli qarTuli filosofiuri tradiciis mixedviT

`sacnauri~ niSnavs goniTs, romelic upirispirdeba

grZnobads, materialurs da ara ucnaurs, rogorc gura-

miSvilis epoqaSi. am cnebas meore mniSvnelobiT moix-

mars efrem mcire àreopagitikis~ TargmanSi; SesaZloa,

mas misdevs guramiSvilic. es cneba gvxvdeba ioane da-

maskelis `gardamocemis~ arsen iyalToeliseul Tar-

gmanSic, magram igi moixsenieba ara rogorc `sacnauri~,

aramed `gonieri~, rogorc grZnobadis sapirispiro. ase-

vea ioane petriwTan da daviT aRmaSenebelTan. amdenad,

aq daviT guramiSvilis wyaro SesaZloa fsevdo-dioni-

ses moZRvrebacaa; erTi ram ki calsaxad SeiZleba iT-

qvas, rom misi kvali `daviTianSi~ naTelia.

daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi TvalSi sacemia

qristianul TeologiaSi damkvidrebuli RmerTis atri-

butebi. kerZod, ,,naTeli waruvali“, ,,ucnauri“, ,,uTqme-

li (Seucnobeli)“, ,,ufali uflebaTa“, ,,myofi“ da a.S.

mniSvnelovania isic, rom masTan realuri amqveyniuri

samyaro dakavSirebulia RvTaebriv samyarosTan.

`mzev, mzisa mamzevebelo, me Sensas veras vzaroba,

miuwTomelo naTelo, sad pirad mTvarob, sad mzoba,

Senis ver xilvis sevdiTa sulsa rasTvisa

maZroba?~32

es striqonebi xazs usvams RmerTis Semecnebis Tavi-

seburebas: RmerTis Semecneba SeuZlebelia. iqve poeti

azustebs Tavis azrs: `sawuTros mzis trfialoba mis-

Tan ar ganixseneba~33; e.i. xiluli mzis RvTaebasTan Se-

darebac ar SeiZleba da arc aris mosaxsenebeli. aq Cans

areopagituli moZRvrebis kvali, gansakuTrebiT, Rmer-

Tis apofatikuri daxasiaTebisas. erTi mxriv, amgvarad

gagebuli mze RvTaebaa, xolo, meore mxriv, `Ze-mze~ (`Zi-

317

sa mogiTxran mzeoba~) aris qristianuli RmerTi, ro-

melsac mimarTavs poeti; simbolika, romelsac iyenebs

guramiSvili, Zalian hgavs RvTaebis mimarT uaryofiT

TeologiaSi damkvidrebul atributebs: miuwvdomelo na-

Telo, uberebelo, ukvdao, myofo, Seuryeo, dausabamo34

(`mamaxar dausabamo, ara gaqvs dasasrulia~)35 da a.S.

RmerTi areopagitikaSi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, am da-

xasiaTebebze maRla dgas da misi gamoxatvisaTvis yve-

laze Sesaferisi `brZeni dumilis~ cnebaa. aseve Seucno-

belia mze (RvTaeba) daviT guramiSvilisaTvis:

`mzev, sacnoblad Sensa mWvretsa

Tavbrus asxam, Seaq retsa.

gimarTavs ver marTla Tvalsa,

ver scnobs Sens gzasa da kvalsa!~36

yvelaze mWevrmetyveli adamianic dumils amjobinebs:

`Sen saqebrad ritorica ars, viT Tevzi, uxmo, utyvi...~

adamiani `saRvTo nislSi~ iZireba da RmerTTan erTi-

andeba. `saRvTo nislis~ miRma arsebuli RmerTi Tvals

gvWris, `Tavbrusa da rets~ gvasxams, magram `daviTian-

Si~ araferia naTqvami eqstazze, romelic fsevdo-dioni-

se areopagelis mistikuri filosofiis saboloo miza-

nia. is gulisxmobs yovelive adamianurze amaRlebas,

ganwmendas, locvas, miwier-adamianuris daTmobas ara

mxolod sityviT, aramed cxovrebiT. yovelive amis mi-

saRwevi gzac Tavad fsevdo-dionises mier aris dasaxu-

li. daviT guramiSvils ki, rogorc poets, mamuliSvils,

Tavis qveyanasa da sawuTroze Seyvarebul adamians, ena-

neba `sawuTros~ daTmoba. igi adamianurs, cxovrebise-

uls ver Tmobs.

daviT guramiSvilis mistikur msoflmxedvelobaze

saubrisas mniSvnelovania `vedreba RvTis-mSoblisa da-

viTisagan, odes im zeiT Tqmuls lod-gamokveTils

kldes Saefara avis dris mizeziT~39. mTa qristianul

318

simbolikaSi `RvTismSobels~ niSnavs, misgan gamoRebuli

lodi ki `qristes~. poeti Tavis tanjvas qristes vnebas-

Tan adarebs, poeti qristes adgilze aTevs Rames. ase

rom, daviT guramiSvilis bolo periodis leqsebSi poe-

turi gamogoneba da Rrma religiur-filosofiuri

msoflmxedveloba erTad iyris Tavs.

amdenad, daviT guramiSvili Tavis „daviTianSi~ gan-

viTarebuli Rrma religiur-filosofiuri da didaqti-

kuri ideebiT, fiqrisa da ganazrebisaTvis saintereso

masalas gvawvdis. masSi Tavs iyris filosofiuri, ganma-

naTlebluri, religiuri, socialur-eTikuri probleme-

bi, rac misi poeturi msoflmxedvelobis filosofiuri

siRrmeze miuTiTebs. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli filoso-

fiuri azris gavlena yvelaze mkafiod da naTlad da-

viT guramiSvilis poetur SemoqmedebaSic igrZnoba. gar-

da amisa, qarTvelma poetma Tavisi epoqis sulier gan-

wyobebs, gancdebsa da tkivils saocrad adekvaturi fi-

losofiur-literaturuli forma SesZina. qarTuli li-

teraturul-filosofiuri tradiciiTa da Tavisi sam-

Soblos usazRvro siyvaruliT gamsWvaluli guramiSvi-

lis poeturi Semoqmedeba, am genialur qarTvel poets

did moazrovneTa gverdiT miuCens Rirseul adgils.

319

meTormete Tavi

filosofiuri urTierTobebi (XVIII s. da XIX s.-is dasawyisi)

XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan, erTi mxriv, intensi-

urad iswavleba da muSavdeba umdidresi qarTuli fi-

losofiuri memkvidreoba, warsuli epoqebis Semoqmede-

biTi da mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis Sedegebi, xolo,

meore mxriv, warmoebs somxuri, rusuli da dasavleT

evropuli filosofiuri literaturis Targmna da aTvi-

seba. k. kekeliZe samarTlianad SeniSnavda, rom ,,litera-

turuli procesis mTliani suraTis gasaTvaliswineb-

lad sasurveli da saWiroa aRnusxva mainc, Tu amomwu-

ravad ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ufro srulad, naTargmni

Zeglebisac”1.

cnobilia, rom qarTul mwerlobaSi Targmani (,,Targ-

manebaÁ”) niSnavda ara mxolod Targmans, am sityvis pir-

dapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed, agreTve axsnas, interpret-

tacias, komentarebs.

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis gagebisTvis,

filosofiur TxzulebaTa Targmanebis gverdiT, didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba Targmnil mxatvrul literaturas,

romelSic xSirad CarTulia filosofiuri ideebi. uZve-

lesi droidan qarTvelebs mWidro kavSirebi hqondaT me-

zobel xalxebTan da gansxvavebuli qveynis kulturebi

xSirad urTierTgavlenas ganicdida.

saqarTvelos geografiulma mdebareobam didad Seuw-

yo xeli imas, rom uZvelesi droidan mas axlo urTier-

Toba hqonoda rogorc aRmosavleTis (irani, arabeTi, eg-

vipte), ise dasavleTis (bizantia) qveynebTan. magram cxa-

dia, qveynebs Soris urTierTobani martooden geografi-

uli siaxloviT ar SeiZleba aixsnas. n. mari werda, rom

320

,,wyarosTan geografiuli siaxlove ar SeiZleba gadam-

wyvet faqtorad CaiTvalos literaturul ZeglTa ses-

xebis saqmeSi. sirielebi da somxebi, iranelebTan ufro

axlos idgnen, vidre qarTvelebi, magram iranul lite-

raturas, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina saqarTve-

loze, somxeTsa da siriaSi kvali ar dauCnevia”2. qarTu-

li filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaze gavlena mouxde-

nia agreTve sivrceSi daSorebul qveynebsac, safran-

geTs, germanias da sxv.

naSromSi ganxilvis sagania filosofiuri urTier-

Tobebi XVIII s.-sa da XIX s.-is dasawyisSi. am periodSi

filosofiuri literaturis Targmna sami mimarTulebiT

mimdinareobda: 1. somxuri enidan 2. rusuli enidan da 3.

ruseTis gziT Semosuli ucxouri filosofiuri lite-

raturidan.

$1. somxuri enidan Targmnili

filosofiuri literatura

qarTul-somxuri sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saTa-

ves iRebs saukuneTa siRrmeSi. kulturuli urTierToba-

ni ki fiqsirebulia ufro gviani droidan, kerZod, V sa-

ukunidan. am droidan daiwyo somxuri enidan qarTulad

Targmna da, piriqiT, qarTulidan somxur enaze. ,,somxur

mwerlebTan kavSiri da urTierToba imaSi gamoixatebo-

da, rom qarTvelebi maTTvis saWiro da saintereso wig-

nebs zogierTi SemTxvevaSi somxuridan Targnidnen... som-

xebTan kulturuli literaturuli kavSiri calmxrivi

rodi iyo. somxebic ise Targmnidnen qarTulidan, ro-

gorc qarTvelebi somxuridan”3 _ werda k. kekeliZe.

321

1248 w. simeon pRinZahanqelma qarTuli enidan som-

xurze Targmna petriwis mier Targmnili prokle diado-

xosis ,,Teologiis elementebi” da masze darTuli pet-

riwis komentarebi. manve qarTulidan somxur enaze Tar-

gmna damaskelis wigni ,,codnis wyaro”. 1736-1738 wlebSi

qarTvelma mecnierma zurab SanSovanma rogorc zemoT

aRvniSneT, vaxuSti batoniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT som-

xuridan qarTul enaze Targmna ,,xuTni xmani porfiri-

sa”, aristoteles ,,aTni xmani” da ,,peri hermenea” uZle-

velis komentarebiT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, safuZ-

vels moklebulia somexi mkvlevris p. muradianis azri

imis Taobaze, rom ,,qarTul-somxuri urTierToba filo-

sofiis dargSi iwyeba anton pirvelisa da misi Teolo-

giur-filosofiuri skolis Semoqmedebidan”4. rogorc

vnaxeT, somxur-qarTuli filosofiuri urTierToba ga-

cilebiT adre daiwyo.

anton pirveli saTaveSi edga somxuri enidan filo-

sofiuri naSromebis qarTul enaze Targmnis saqmes. igi

didad afasebda somxebis rols am saqmeSi, magram, ro-

gorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, amasTan igi ibrZoda qarTu-

li kulturis istoriis gayalbebis winaaRmdeg. rac See-

xeba somxuri enis codnis sakiTxs, amaze antoni wers:

,,rameTu me qarTulisa enisa kide sxva ara uwyodi ena,

garna mxolod wigni somxeTa uwyodi da igica friad

mcired da mokled”. agreTve ,,Semeweoda me filipe xuce-

si somexTa guarisani, TargmanebiTa somexTa werilTa-

Ta”. rogorc Cans, antons somxuri ena scodnia, magram

ara imdenad, rom rTuli filosofiuri Txzulebani da-

moukideblad, martos eTargmna.

p. muradianma Catarebuli samuSaos safuZvelze Sead-

gina sia, romelSic CamoTvlilia somxuridan qarTulze

da, piriqiT, Targmnili literatura. detaluri analizi

aCvenebs, rom es sia mcdaria da masSi uamravi ararsebu-

322

li literatura aris CarTuli, magaliTad, aristote-

les ,,dialeqtika”. amis garda, am siaSi gaTvaliswinebu-

li araa is, rom V saukunidan qarTul-somxur urTier-

Tobas hqonda ormxrivi xasiaTi. ar dasturdeba erTi da

igive Txzulebis ramdenjerme Targmanis faqti (mag. si-

meon juRaecis ,,dialeqtika”).

somxuri enidan Sesrulebulia Targmanebi, romelic

ekuTvnis zurab SanSovans. es Targmanebi man mefe vax-

tang VI-is dakveTiT da vaxuSti batoniSvilis monawile-

obiT Seasrula. zurab SanSovanma Targmna ,,xuTni xmani

porfirisa” (1736), aristoteles Txzulebani ,,aTni queT-

qmulebani” da ,,peri hermenea” daviT uZlevelis komenta-

rebiT. anton pirvelisa da misi skolis mier XVIII sau-

kuneSi somxuri enidan qarTul enaze Targmnil filo-

sofiur TxzulebaTa Soris gamoirCeva somexi filoso-

fosis simeon juRaecis ,,dialeqtika”, romelic somxur

enaze cnobilia ,,logikis” saxeliT. juRaeci XVII sau-

kunis somxuri filosofiuri azris im mimarTulebis

warmoamdgenelia, romelic miznad isaxavda antikuri

filosofiis aTvisebas. juRaecis wigni swored antiku-

ri filosofiis, kerZod, aristoteles logikur Sexedu-

lebaTa gacnoba-Seswavlas warmoadgens.

juRaecis am TxzulebiT saukuneebis manZilze sar-

geblobdnen somxur filosofiur skolebSi. igi orjer

daibeWda somxur enaze (1728 da 1794 wlebSi). misi pirve-

li gamocema ganxorcielda konstantinepolSi.

juRaecis ,,dialeqtikis” qarTul enaze Targmnas qar-

Tvel swavlulTa erTi nawili uaryofiTad Sexvda. an-

ton pirveli ,,RvTismetyvelebis” Sesaval nawilSi wers,

rom qarTul enaze uTargmniaT juRaecis meore Txzule-

bac (pirvelSi nagulisxmevia prokles teqsti juRaecis

komentarebiT, xolo meoreSi, rogorc misi sityvebidan

Cans, ,,dialeqtika”).

323

am wignis gadaWarbebuli Sefasebisadmi antonis uar-

yofiTi damokidebulebis motivi aseTia: aristoteles

logikuri moZRvreba xom damaskelis wignSi iyo gadmo-

cemuli, xolo es wigni orjer iTargmna qarTul enaze

efTÂime mTawmidelisa da efrem mcires mier. ratom aqe-

ben ase am wigns? gana juRaecma Tavis wignSi igive cod-

na ar gadmosca, rac manamde iyo cnobili saqarTvelo-

Si?

ganvixiloT somxuridan qarTul enaze Targmnili

filosofiuri Sromebi, romelTac metnaklebi gavlena

hqondaT qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaze.

1. daviT uZleveli. ,,sazRvarTa wigni”. daviT uZle-

veli (anhaRTi) mexuTe-meeqvse saukunis gamoCenili some-

xi filosofosia. swavlobda aleqsandriis neoplato-

nur skolaSi, iyo olimpiadore umcrosis moswavle, Sem-

deg amave skolis maswavlebeli. uZlevelis saxeli man

aTenSi gamarTul filosofiur disputebSi araerTgzis

gamarjvebiT daimsaxura.

saberZneTSi swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg somxeTSi

dabrunebula da aqtiuri moRvaweoba dauwyo elinistu-

ri filosofiis gavrcelebisTvis. magram male, daviTi

iZulebuli gamxdara wasuliyo saqarTveloSi, sadac

gardacvalebamde cxovrobda.

saqarTveloSi daviTis gadmosaxlebis mizezebi sxva-

dasxvagvaradaa axsnili somxuri filosofiis istori-

kosTa mxridan. magaliTad, s. arevSatiani, am faqts da-

viT uZlevelis religiuri SexedulebebiT xsnis. davi-

Ti imyofeboda warmarTuli rwmenis Zlieri gavlenis

qveS, amitom igi konfliqtSi movida somxuri grigoria-

nuli eklesiis mamebTan5. prof. v. Caloiani6 Tvlida,

rom somxeTSi ar iyo pirobebi daviTis moRvaweobisTvis.

g. mirzoianis azriT ki, ,,daviTi wavida saqarTveloSi

324

sruliad bunebrivi ganzraxviT, gaevrcelebina Tavisi

ideebi aq arsebul somxur garemoSi”7.

g. mirzoianis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, daviTis

Tanamedrove istorikosis araqel siunecis mier madras-

Si gamocemul wignSi (1749) weria: ,,uaryves TviTon igi

da misi qmnilebani da Semdeg Seuracxyves. da igi wavida

saqarTveloSi, iqve darCa da gardaicvala”.

S. nucubiZe daviT uZlevelis saqarTveloSi gadmo-

saxlebis faqts metad didi mniSvnelobas aniWebs da mis

Tavisebur axsnas gvTavazobs, kerZod, S. nucubiZis az-

riT, ,,sainteresoa is faqti, rom daviT uZlevelis naS-

romisadmi qarTveli mkiTxveli yovelTvis did interes

iCenda; mis naSromebs Targmnian, avrceleben mas qarTul

filosofiur ZeglebSi, maT Soris iseT Semajamebel

ZeglSi, rogoricaa ,,kalmasoba”, aramarto ixsenieben,

aramed misi azrebi da debulebebi mohyavT da iyeneben

kidec”8.

daviT uZlevelis zemoxsenebuli naSromi dawerilia

berZnul enaze. Semdeg igi Targmnes somxur enaze. es

naSromi yvelaze gavrcelebuli wignia Sua saukuneebis

somxeTSi, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxel-

mZRvanelos saxiT iswavleboda skolebSi. igi mravalje-

raa gadawerili da komentirebuli. ,,sazRvarTa wignma”

udidesi gavlena iqonia daviTis periodis filosofiu-

ri azris Camoyalibebaze somxeTSi. qarTulad es naSro-

mi uTargmniaT 1758-62 wlebSi dosiTeoz nekreselsa

(CerqeziSvili) da filipe yaiTmazaSvils. daviT uZleve-

lis naSromis mTavari sakiTxebia: samyaros Semecnebis

SesaZlebloba, filosofiis definicia, adamianis inte-

leqtualuri da moraluri srulqmnis saqmeSi filoso-

fiis mniSvneloba da sxv.

daviT uZlevelis Txzulebis ,,sazRvarTa wignis”

Targmna mniSvnelovani etapi iyo qarTul-somxuri fi-

325

losofiuri urTierTobis gzaze. qarTvelma mkiTxvelma

miiRo da Seisisxlxorca es wigni. amis maCvenebelia

Tundac is, rom ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasobaSi” es

Txzuleba farTod iqna gamoyenebuli. ,,kalmasobis” ri-

gi adgilebis da daviT uZlevelis naSromis Sedareba

aCvenebs, rom ioane bagrationi ZiriTadad zustad mis-

devs daviTis am wigns.

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ioane bagrationi daviTis

wignidan zogierT adgils tovebs. ase xdeba im nawilSi,

sadac ioane bagrationi Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebs

ganixilavs. es albaT, imiT aixsneba, rom ,,kalmasobis”

sxva nawilebSi Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebs sakmao ad-

gili aqvs daTmobili. ,,kalmasobaSi” ar Sevida daviTis

wignidan is adgili, sadac daviTi ricxvTa mistikur Te-

orias gadmoscems. es gamotoveba ki msoflmxedvelobiTi

momentebiTaa gamowveuli. samagierod, ioane bagrationi

guldasmiT gadmoscems daviT uZlevelis azrebs mecnie-

ruli codnis praqtikidan warmoSobis Sesaxeb.

daviT uZlevelis mizani iyo antikuri warmarTuli

filosofiis Serigeba qristianul msoflmxedevelobas-

Tan. daviTis naSromis gamoyenebiT. ioane bagrationi

cdilobda qarTvel mkiTxvels gaecno antikuri azrov-

nebis saukeTeso nimuSebi.

2. prokles ,,kavSirni RmrTismetyuelebiTni”. 1757

wels qarTul enaze somxuri enidan iTargmna prokle

diadoxosis wigni ,,kavSirni RvTismetyÂelebiTni”. prok-

le diadoxosis saxeli da misi naSromi saqarTveloSi

Zveli droidan iyo cnobili. ,,kavSirni RvTismetyÂele-

biTni” XI saukunis damlevs da XII saukunis dasawyisSi

berZnulidan qarTul enaze Targmna ioane petriwma.

amasTan, am naSromebs petriwma daurTo vrceli komenta-

326

rebi, romelTa mniSvneloba gascda komentaris farg-

lebs da damoukidebeli naSromis saxe miiRo.

1248 wels somexma berma simeon pRinZahanqelma som-

xeTSi qarTuli enidan somxurze Targmna prokle dia-

doxosis xsenebuli naSromi da petriwis komentarebi.

oTxi saukunis Semdeg 1651 wels berma garnelma episko-

posma _ simeon juRaecma qarTulidan somxur enaze Tar-

gmnil prokles teqsts CamoaSora petriwis komentarebi

da prokles teqsts Seudgina axali komentarebi. 1757

wels mdivanbeg ioane orbelianma, filipe yaiTmazaSvil-

ma da nikolozma es somxuri teqsti Tavis komentarebi-

TurT Targmnes qarTul enaze.

saTanado kvlevis Sedegad cxadi xdeba, rom prok-

les Sromis petriwiseuli qarTuli Targmani aRZrul

problemaTa siuxviT, argumentaciis siRrmiTa da origi-

nalobiT gacilebiT maRali donisaa, vidre simeon ju-

Raecis komentarebi. niko marma Tavis droze Seadara io-

ane petriwis mier Targmnili prokles wigni qarTul

dedans da aseT daskvnamde mivida: ,,Cven TvalnaTliv

vxedavT qarTuli Targmanis maRal Tvisebebs, mis ideur

simwyobres da amasTan, berZnul dedanTan siswores ara

mxolod azris gadmocemaSi, aramed ukiduresi SesaZleb-

lobebiT garegnuli formis, frazebis da calkeuli

sityvebis, terminebis agebis mxriv”9.

rac Seexeba ioane petriwis da simeon juRaecis ko-

mentarebs, maTma urTierTSedarebam gviCvena, rom petri-

wis komentari mxolod komentars ki ar warmoadgens,

aramed damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis maRali Rirebule-

bebis mqone filosofiur naSroms. juRaecis komentare-

bi ki aseTi ar aris.

qarTulidan somxur enaze prokles teqsti da petri-

wis komentarebi rom iTargmna, sul ukanasknel dromde

somxuri istoriografiaSi aRiarebuli faqti iyo, mag-

327

ram ukanasknel dros g. mirzoianma prokles Sromis ko-

mentarebis petriwisadmi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb sakiTxi

eWvqveS daayena. igi wers: ,,XIII saukuneSi prokles naS-

romi rom Targmnili iyo qarTulidan somxur enaze si-

meon pRinZahanqelis mier, es yovelgvar eWvgareSea. mag-

ram, masze darTuli komentarebi rom ioane petriws

ekuTvnis, rogorc wers S. nucubiZe, amas somxuri wayro-

ebi ar adasturebs da maT avtorad asaxeleben vinme ame-

laxoss”10.

Tundac davuSvaT, rom ioane petriwi aris somxur

xelnawrebSi miTiTebuli amelaxosi, ambobs mirzoiani,

mainc ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ra iyo imis mizezi, rom juRa-

ecma dawera komentarebi, maSin rodesac arsebobda qar-

Tulidan Targmnili komentarebi petriwisa? am sakiTxze

sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. S. nucubiZe Tvlis, rom

oficialur saazrovno wreebs somxeTSi ar SeeZloT

xelgaSliT mieRoT ioane petriwis mier prokles wakiT-

xva da gansakuTrebiT ki misi ,,ganmartebani”, vinaidan

igi Tavidan bolomde areopagituli gagebis niSnis qveS

idga11.

niko mari sxvagvarad xsnis am faqts. igi fiqrobs,

rom SesaZlebelia garnelma episkoposma simeonma 1651

wels axali komentarebi prokles wignisTvis imitom Se-

adgina, rom petriwis komentarebi qalkedonistis komen-

tarebi iyo, garnelis komentarebi ki antiqalkedonistu-

ria12.

prokles wignis axal Targmans, petriwis komentare-

bis ukugdebas da axali komentarebis gamoCenas didi ga-

moxmaureba hqonda qarTul sinamdvileSi, yofilan am

redaqciis momxreni da mowinaaRmdegeni. am wignis somxu-

ridan qarTulze mTargmnelebi SesavalSi afrTxileben

mkiTxvels, rom es wigni mxolod siadvilisTvis vTar-

gmeTo. anton pirveli, romelic am periodSi somxuri

328

enidan filosofiur wignTa mTargmnelad da am saqmis

sulisCamdgmelad gvevlineba, aRSfoTebulia am wignis

Targmnis faqtiT: gana petriwis komentarebs Seedreba

simeon juRaecis komentarebi? xolo prokle, romlis

Targmani Tavis droze petriwma berZnulidan Seasrula,

gana ufro advili gasagebi gaxda imiT, rom qarTulidan

somxurad iTargmna da aqedan isev qarTul enaze?

somxuri enidan es naSromi martivi eniT aris Targm-

nili. amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom ,,kalmasobis” Sedgenis

dros ioane bagrationma mkiTxvelisTvis gasacnobad es

nawarmoebi airCia da ara petriwis cnobili Targmani

misive komentarebiT.

3. ,,axsna porfiriosis ,,Seyvanilebisa”. aristoteles

msgavsad, porfiriosi saqarTveloSi Zveli droidan iyo

cnobili. jer kidev X-XI saukuneebSi ioane tariWis Zem

berZnuli enidan Targmna aristoteles naSromebis cno-

bili komentatoris amonios hermias Txzuleba ,,mosaxse-

nebeli xuTTa xmaTadmi porfiri filosofosisa”.

1735 wels vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT zurab SanSovanma

Targmna porfiriosis 5 terminis ganmarteba.

4. ,,peri hermenea”. aristotelesa da daviT uZleve-

lis ,,axsna peri armeniasi”. ,,peri hermeneas” anu ,,ganmar-

tebisaTvis” aristoteles ,,organonis” nawils warmoad-

gens. msoflio filosofiur literaturaSi am naSroms

didi adgili uWiravs. igi Targmnilia msoflios mra-

val enaze. am naSromis pirveli komentatorebi iyvnen

Teofraste, amoniosi, Semdeg andronike rodoseli, por-

firiosi, daviT uZleveli da sxv.

wigni Seicavs aristoteles naSroms ,,peri hermeneas”

da punqtebis mixedviT darTuli aqvs daviT uZlevelis

komentarebi. am wignis TargmniT qarTvelma mkiTxvelma

329

miiRo saWiro, didad aRiarebuli naSromi. somxuri eni-

dan Targmnili es wigni ioane bagrationma Seitana

,,kalmasoba”-Si.

5. kirile aleqsandrieli. ,,saunje anu ganZi”. kirile

aleqsandrielis ,,saunje anu ganZi” Sua saukuneebis

qristianul samyaroSi friad gavrcelebul naSroms

warmoadgens. igi cnobili iyo saqarTveloSic. giorgi

merCules naSromSi ,,cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa”

moTxrobis gmirs zepirad mohyavs citatebi am wignidan.

XVIII saukuneSi anton pirvelma es naSromi meored Tar-

gmna somxuridan qarTul enaze filipe yaiTmazaSvilis

daxmarebiT da daumata sakuTari ganmartebani (sqolioe-

bi). qarTul enaze es Targmani daculia xelnaweris sa-

xiT. ,,saunjeSi” ganxilulia nestorianelobasTan brZo-

lis istoria II msoflio saeklesio krebaze. kerZod,

warmoebs kamaTi nestorianelobasTan, romelic RvTaeb-

rivisa adamianurTan ipostasur SeerTebas uaryofda da

amtkicebda, rom uwmidesi qalwuli unda iwodebodes

ara RvTismSoblad, aramed qristesmSoblad. qalkedo-

nurma krebam mas WeSmaritebis damcveli uwoda.

kirile aleqsandrielis ,,saunje” anton pirvelis

TargmniT ver gavrcelda saqarTveloSi. rogorc Cans,

mis gavrcelebas xeli SeuSala Targmanis mZime stilma

da TviT wignis sirTulem. es wigni gamoyenebulia mxo-

lod anton pirvelis naSromSi ,,spekali”.

6. mxiTar sebastieli. ,,ritorika”. 1764 wels ruseTi-

dan Camosvlis Semdeg anton pirvelma filipe yaiTmaza-

Svils daukveTa mxiTar sebastielis wignis ,,ritorikis”

Targmna. TargmanSi aqtiurad monawileobda dosiTeoz

nekreseli. filipe Targmnida, dosiTeozi ki redaqcias

ukeTebda, somxuridan Targmnil frazebs awyobda qar-

330

Tuli enis kanonebis mixedviT. xelnawerze umuSavia an-

ton pirvelsac. mas Seumcirebia Targmani da ucdia

mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi gaexada.

mxiTar sebastielis wigni saqarTveloSi ver gavr-

celda. igi mxolod anton pirvelma gamoiyena naSromSi

,,spekali”.

7. antoni kovdinis (antoni koftini, antoni kovidi)

Txzuleba. rogorc Cans, mxiTaristebs uTargmniaT fran-

gi kaTolike antoni kovdinis Txzuleba ,,Seucdomeli,

araviTari Crdilovani mxareebis mqone filosofia wm.

Tomasi, Targmna mxiTaristma varTanes vardapetma”.

8. ,,wigni RvTismetyvelebisa didi alberdisa”. am naS-

romSi gadmocemulia albert didis gamonaTqvamebi. Sena-

xulia erT calad quTaisis muzeumSi (#95). nawarmoebi

Sedgeba 7 wignisgan. masSi gadmocemulia dogmaturi da

zneobriv-RvTismetyveluri sistema.

SesavalSi anton pirveli aRniSnavs, rom man es wigni

Targmna SeZlebisdagvarad zustad, ar dauklia Sroma

da Tu raime Secdoma dauSva, TviTon wamkiTxvelma Caas-

woros, gadaagdos mavne, eretikuli, rac aris masSi da

isargeblos imiT, rac sasargebloa, e.i. rwmenisTvis ga-

mosadegi. anton pirvelma es wigni gamoiyena ,,spekalSi”.

$2 qarTul enaze Targmnili rusuli

filosofiuri literatura

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos sagareo politi-

kaSi rusuli orientaciis gaaqtiurebis gamo gaZlierda

331

da gaxSirda rusulidan qarTul enaze wignebis Targm-

na. qarTulad iTargmneboda rusuli literaturis TiT-

qmis yvela gamoCenili warmomadgenlis nawarmoebi. am pe-

riodSi rusuli enidan qarTulad 43 avtoris 300 nawar-

moebi iTargmna.

marTalia, rusul enaze jer kidev ar arsebobda spe-

cialuri naSromebi filosofiisa da sociologiis

mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, samagierod filosofiuri da

sociologiuri ideebi ZiriTadad gadmocemuli iyo

mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi.

xSirad filosofiuri ideebis matarebelsa da Semom-

tans mxatvruli nawarmoebi (oda, leqsi, romani, piesa

da sxv.) warmoadgenda. filosofiuri ideebi zogjer

kerZo werilebSi, miZRvnebsa da religiuri xasiaTis

naSromebSic gvxdeba. rusuli azrovnebebisTvis gansa-

kuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia filosofiuri da sazogado-

ebriv-politikuri azrebis gadmocemis es gza. amis maga-

liTebia kirile turovskis igavi, simeon polockis leq-

sebi, finateris, petre mogilas, isaia kapinskis da ste-

fane iavorskis polemikuri xasiaTis naSromebi, Teodo-

re eminis romani, mixeil lomonosovis odebi, xersako-

vis romanebi, derJavinis filosofiuri oda da fonvizi-

nis leqsi. maTSi gadmocemulia filosofiuri da sazo-

gadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebani.

pirveli rusi moazrovne, romlis naSromi qarTul

enaze iTargmna iyo kirile turovski (1130-1184) _ XII sau-

kunis kievis sasuliero da sazogado moRvawe. misi qada-

gebani mimarTuli iyo sasuliero codnis gavrcelebisa

da eklesiis ganmtkicebisken, radgan masSi igi xedavda

erTiani, mTliani saxelmwifos Seqmnis pirobas. qarTu-

lad misi ,,igavi brmasa da mkelobelze” Targmna mefe

arCilma (1647-1713).

332

kirile turovski feodaluri daqucmacebulobisken

miswrafebis winaaRmdegia. igi erTiani da Zlieri saxel-

mwifos momxrea da misTvis mebrZoli. rogorc Cans, am

ideis gamo Targmna arCilma es araki, radgan TviTon

erTiani da Zlieri saxelmwifos momxre iyo.

simeon polocki (1629-1680) belorusi da rusi mwera-

li, sasuliero moRvawe da mefis ojaxis wevrTa maswav-

lebeli iyo. igi ebrZoda ruseTSi im dros gavrcele-

bul ,,staroobriadcobas”, romelic saerTod, uaryofda

ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, filosofiisa da kulturis

mniSvnelobas. polocki samyaros wyobis Tavisebur su-

raTs gvaZlevs. pirveli, uxilavi, aqtiuri da Semoqmedi

sawyisi _ RmerTi qmnis or sawyiss: materialur stiqi-

ebs (miwa, wyali, cecxli, haeri), romlisganac Semdeg Se-

iqmna yvela sagani da sxeuli; da sulier sawyiss, ro-

melsac wamyvani mniSvneloba aqvs sulierisa da materia-

luris kavSirSi.

samyaros Semoqmedi RmerTi Seumecnebadia, igi rwme-

nis sagania. buneba ki Semecnebadia, misi wakiTxva yvelas

SeuZlia.

polocki uaryofs Sexedulebas Tandayolil ideeb-

ze. adamiani, misi azriT, hgavs daketil qalaqs, romel-

sac xuTi alayafis kari aqvs (igulisxmeba 5 grZnoba) da

mxolod maTi saSualebiT Sedis codna qalaqSi. codnis

SeZenaSi didi roli eniWeba gonebas _ ,,gansjiT vimec-

nebT saganTa arsebas, maT sargeblobas da vnebas”13.

simeon polocki iziarebs orgvari WeSmaritebis Teo-

rias _ religiursa da filosofiurs, rwmenisa da gone-

bis WeSmaritebas, riTac religiisgan mecnierebis gamo-

yofas cdilobs.

qarTulad Targmnilia polockis ,,mariamis miZineba”-

s (,,Вечерня душевная”) nawili; igi 1683 wels uTargmnia

333

arCil mefis Zes aleqsandres. polockis es nawarmoebi

rusul prologSi ar yofila. samagierod, igi Seutani-

aT qarTul TargmanSi.

qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis polocki cnobilia agreT-

ve, rogorc basili makedonelis ,,testamentis” rusul

enaze mTargmneli. qarTul enaze es nawarmoebi aleqsan-

dre arCilis Zes uTargmnia. ,,testamenti” pasuxobs kiT-

xvaze: rogori unda iyos mefe. polockis nawerebma gav-

lena moaxdina arCil mefis, anton pirvelisa da daviT

guramiSvilis Sexedulebebze.

misioner kaTolikeTa gaaqtiurebasTan dakavSirebiT

ruseTSi iTargmneboda da iqmneboda antikaTolikuri

Txzulebani, kerZod, filaretisa (Tevdore romanovis)

da prokopoviCisa. saqarTveloSi amave mizniT daiwera

besarion kaTalikosis ,,grdemli”, timoTe gabaSvilis

,,marwuxi”. es orive naSromi asaxavs petre mogilasa da

isaia kapinskis Soris kamaTs, romelic maSin mimdinare-

obda. petre mogilas (1596-1647) wigni ,,aRsarebaÁ wigni

anu katexizmo” mimarTuli iyo kaTolikobisa da ruseT-

ukrainis SeerTebis winaaRmdeg. igi iTargmna berZnul,

laTinur, germanul, polonur da sxva enebze. qarTul

enaze es wigni cnobilia saxelwodebiT: ,,samnawiledi

swavlani” da igi 1699-1702 wlebSi qarTulad Targmna

arCil mefem.

am wignSi gadmocemulia mogilas religiuri Sexedu-

leba samyaros, adamianisa da sazogadoebis warmoSobisa

da kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.

1735 wels gabriel CxeiZem qarTulad Targmna isaia

kopinskis (g. 1634 w.) wigni ,,kibe sulieri anu anbani su-

lieri”, romelic ruseTSi didi popularobiT sargeb-

lobda da mravaljer gamoica. Targmani daculia xel-

naweris saxiT.

334

wigns Tan axlavs rusuli anbanis mixedviT dalage-

buli eTikuri xasiaTis darigebebi. am naSromSi kopins-

ki exeba sakiTxs gonebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT,

rwmena damokidebulia Semecnebaze. Tavis mxriv rwmena

aucilebelia gonebis gasawmendad; gonebaTa Soris ise-

Tive gansxvavebaa, rogorc saganTa Soris.

did yuradRebas ipyrobs petre I-is drois moRvaweTa

naSromebis qarTuli YTargmanebi. petre I-is reformebi

qveynis mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTare-

bis, qveynis mmarTvelobis gardaqmnisa da Zalauflebis

centralizaciis, saero xelisuflebisadmi eklesiis da-

morCilebis, Tavad-aznaurTa SvilebisTvis savaldebulo

swavla-ganaTlebis dawesebis Sesaxeb, rac mwvave kamaTis

sagnad iqca. amitomac, petre I-is reformebis dros ru-

seTSi ideologiuri brZola, uwinares yovlisa, gamoixa-

teba petre I-is politikuri kursis Teoriuli dasabu-

TebisTvis brZolaSi. petre I-is am kursis mowinaaRmde-

gebi iyvnen dimitri tuptalo (rostoveli) da stefane

iavorski, xolo momxre da damcveli _ Teofane proko-

poviCi.

petre iavorski (1658-1728) petre I-is reformebis mowi-

naaRmdege, aristokratiuli reaqciis erT-erTi meTau-

ri, ruseTis patriarqi, xolo sasuliero sinodis Camo-

yalibebis Semdeg misi mmarTveli, ritorikis, filoso-

fiisa da RvTismetyvelebis profesori iyo.

saero xelisuflebaze eklesiis prioritetis gan-

mtkicebis mizniT stefane iavorskim dawera RvTismetyve-

luri wigni ,,klde sarwmunoebisa”, romelSic igi icavs

RvTismetyvelebas materializmis, aTeizmisa da eretiku-

li moZRvrebebisgan.

p. iavorskis es naSromi 1749 wels qarTulad Targmna

vaxuSti batoniSvilma. Targmani daibeWda moskovSi me-18

saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. wigni erTxans akrZaluli iyo

335

da mxolod petre I-is sikvdilis Semdeg misi qaliSvi-

lis elisabed petres asulis mefobis dros gamoqveynda

1727 wels. ana ioanes asulis dros igi xelaxla aikrZa-

la da ufro gvian isev nebadarTul iqna.

rogorc Cans, es wigni saqarTveloSic aikrZala da,

albaT, amis gamo igi amJamad mxolod sam calad arse-

bobs. ori nabeWdi da erTi xelnaweris saxiT. Tu ra iyo

akrZalvis mizezi amaze k. kekeliZe wers: ,,anton kaTali-

kosi ver Seurigdeboda am wignis qarTul enaze dabeW-

dvas da am gziT mis gavrcelebas. jer erTi, imitom,

rom is matarebelia papisturi kaTolikuri tendenciebi-

sa, romelTac antons, rogorc viciT, erTxel bevri sim-

ware agemes. meore, rac mTavaria, es Txzuleba, rogorc

papisturi tendenciebis Semcveli, ruseTis eklesiaSi

erTxans akrZaluli iyo... amitom mas mxars verc antoni

dauWerda”14.

qarTul enaze Targmnilia, agreTve, stefane iavors-

kis ideuri mowinaaRmdegis Teofane prokopoviCis (1681-

1736) naSromebi. prokopoviCi Tavisi drois erT-erTi

uganaTlebulesi adamiani, petre I-is yvela saqmis dam-

cveli, gamtarebeli da Teoriulad damsabuTebeli iyo.

erT-erT TxzulebaSi igi amtkicebs, rom mecniereba Ta-

vis daskvnebSi Tavisufali unda iyos maSinac ki, rode-

sac isini wminda wignebs ewinaaRmdegeba. ,,Tu kopernikis

mowafeebs da sxva mecnierebs, romlebic icaven dedami-

wis moZraobas Tavisi Sexedulebebis dasamtkiceblad,

SeuZliaT moiyvanon utyuari fizikuri da maTematikuri

sabuTebi, maSin wminda werilis teqstebi, romlebSic

laparakia mzis moZraobaze, ar SeiZleba maTTvis dab-

rkoleba iyos, radgan es teqstebi unda gavigoT ara

zedmiwevniT, aramed alegoriuli azriT”15.

prokopoviCis metad mravalricxovani memkvidreobi-

dan qarTulad Targmnilia ,,pirvel saswavlo yrmaTa,

336

romelsac Sina ars anbani da dawyeba”. rogorc Cans, es

wigni mowonebiT sargeblobda, radgan igi inglisis sa-

mefo ojaxSi da sasaxlis karTan daaxloebul ojaxeb-

Si saswavlo saxelmZRvanelod iyo miRebuli. es wigni

qarTul enaze darejanis (arCilis asulis) sasaxlis mo-

lareTuxucess gabriel CxeiZes qarTulad uTargmnia,

romelic gamoica 1739 wels.

prokopoviCis Txzuleba _ ,,istoriisaTvis dawyebisa

da ganxeTqilebisa Soris berZenTa da romaelTa”, 1777

wels rusulidan qarTulad uTargmnia porfire bagra-

tions. prokopoviCis sxva Txzuleba ,,matiane, romelsac

Sina werils ars darRveva ierusalimisa da konstanti-

nepolsa” uTargmnia sardion ColoyaSvils, xolo ,,reR-

lamenti” Telavis sasuliero seminariis xelmZRvanels

gaioz reqtors. ,,reRlamenti” esaa wesdeba saxelmwifo

da saswavlo dawesebulebaTaTvis. igi petre I-is Sekve-

TiT da monawileobiT aris dawerili. aRsaniSnavia, rom

,,reRlamentis” mTeli rigi normebi 1917 wlamde moqme-

debda ruseTis imperiaSi.

aris iseTi ramdenime avtoric, romelTa Txzulebani

iTargmna qarTul enaze, Tumca maTi mniSvneloba rusu-

li sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri azris istoriis-

Tvis SedarebiT mcirea. aseTebia Teodore eminisa (1735-

1776) da Teofilaqte rusanovis (1765-1821) naSromebi.

qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebisTvis didi mniS-

vneloba hqonda rusuli mecnierebis fuZemdeblis mixe-

il lomonosovis (1711-1765) nawarmoebebs. qarTulad Tar-

gmnilia lomonosovis Semdegi Sromebi: 1. ,,145 fsalmuni

galeqsili”, 2. ,,sawinaswarmetyvelo wigni iobisa 40.41” 3.

,,ganhbaneT Tquen sisxliTa TvsiTa saberZneTi andratis

moqmedni da komediantni”, 4. ,,aRwera neptunis sasaxli-

sa”, 5. ,,Rame gansvenebisa ese igi gsurT Tqvenda”, 6. ,,sam-

qebro leqsebi petre didisadmi miZRvnili”.

337

m. lomonosovis qarTvelma mTargmnelma d. Coloya-

Svilma sagangebod SearCia da Targmna misi sasuliero

leqsebi, romlebic yuradsaRebia ara Tavisi bibliuri

SinaarsiT, an Tundac mxatvrulobiT, aramed imiT, rom

maTSi bunebismetyvelis kalmiT gadmocemulia samyaros

agebulebis suraTi.

me-18 saukunis rus moRvawes mixeil maTes Ze xersa-

kovs (1733-1807) metad mdidari literaturuli memkvidre-

oba darCa. qarTulad Targmnilia misi sami filosofi-

ur-saganmanaTleblo romani 1. ,,numa homfilia” (1768w.), 2.

,,kadmi da harmonia” (1786w.), 3. ,,holidor Ze kadmisa da

harmoniisa” (1789_1794ww.). 1796_1800 wlebSi samive romani

qarTulad Targmna giorgi avaliSvilma. saintereso da

sayuradReboa am nawarmoebebSi gadmocemuli socialur-

politikuri xasiaTis Sexedelebani.

xersakovis ideali konstituciuri monarqiaa. mmarT-

velobisTvis saWiroa kanonebi, magram isini TavisTavad

ver marTaven saxelmwifos. kanonebs sWirdeba cxovreba-

Si kargi gamtarebeli. es aris mefe. mefe TviTon unda

iyos Rrma da yovelmxriv ganaTlebuli, amasTan, man sa-

xelmwifos ganaTlebis Suqi unda mohfinos.

gabriel derJavinis (1743_1816) leqsiT _ ,,RmerTi“

qarTul literaturaSi Semovida XVIII saukunis 80-iani

wlebis ruseTis Tavadaznauruli inteligenciis mowina-

ve razmis warmomadgeneli, despotizmisa da batonymobis

winaaRmdeg mebrZoli. qarTulad Targmnilia agreTve

nawyvetebi derJavinis leqsebidan: ,,petres Zlevisadmi

flota zeda TurqTasa”, ,,bednierebaze”, ,,siyvarulze”,

adre Targmnili yifila leqsi ,,monadire”.

gamoCenili rusi mwerali, satirikosi, dramaturgi,

denis fonvizini (1744-1792) qarTul sinamdvileSi Semovi-

da leqsiT ,,peterburgi” (1763 w.). am leqsis mTargmnelia

338

solomon razmaZe _ gamoCenili qarTveli moRvawe. leqsi

daculia xelnaweris saxiT.

leqsSi mocemulia samRvdeloebis mkacri kritika.

fonvizinis am leqsidan mefis cenzuras mTeli rigi ta-

epebisa amouRia. qarTvel mTargmnels ki akrZaluli ta-

epebic uTargmnia.

nikolskis krebulSi _ ,,safuZveli sityvierebisani”

sainteresoa Sesavali, romelic filosofiur xasiaTs

atarebs, masSi gadmocemulia logikis ZiriTadi sakiTxe-

bi. am krebulSi Sesulia agreTve m. lomonosovis leq-

sebis calkeuli strofebi.

$3. ucxouridan rusuli enis meSveobiT

Semosuli filosofiuri literaturis

qarTuli Targmanebi

XVIII saukunidan ruseTis gziT saqarTveloSi Semo-

dis dasavleT evropeli avtorebis Txzulebebi, romle-

bic metwilad Targmnili iyo ara uSualod dednebidan,

aramed rusulidan. marTalia, gvxdeba uSualo Targma-

nis SemTxvevebic, magram maTi ricxvi mcirea.

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi Tbilissa da TelavSi

gaixsna sasuliero seminariebi, ris gamoc dRis wesrig-

Si dadga saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna. am mizniT anton

pirvelma 1762 wels rusulidan qarTul enaze Targmna

kristian volfis (1679-1754) Txzuleba _ ,,Teoriuli fi-

zika”, romelic cota adre _ 1760 wels rusulad Tar-

gmna volkovskim.

volfis zemoaRniSnuli wignisa da antonis mier

Targmnili Sromis Sedareba cxadyofs, rom anton pir-

velma volfis ,,Teoriuli fizikisa“ da sxva msgavsi

339

xasiaTis wignebidan Seadgina axali Txzuleba, rasac

arc Tavad antoni uaryofs. wignis SesavalSi igi wers:

,,gadmoviRe fisika ese sxuaTa da sxuaTa avqsonTagan

Semkrebelman”.

saswavlo dawesebulebaTa moTxovnilebiT iyo gamow-

veuli kristian baumaisteris (1709 _ 1785 ) saxelmZRva-

neloebis:L,,metafizika”, ,,loRika”, ,,eTika” da ,,zeddadgi-

neba anu dasabami filosofiisa axlisa“-s Targmna qar-

Tul enaze anton pirvelis mier. baumaisteri volfis

filosofiis mimdevari da popularizatori iyo. misi

saxelmZRvaneloebi farTod iyo ruseTSi gavrcelebuli.

amis naTeli dadasturebaa isic, rom misi ,,logika” ru-

sul enaze Targmnili gamoica xuTjer, ,,metafizika”

oTxjer, ,,eTika” _ orjer.

qarTul mecnierebaSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom bauma-

isteris Txzulebani laTinuridan qarTulad Targmni-

lia mTargmnelTa jgufis mier, romelsac antoni ara

marto xelmZRvanelobda, aramed naTargmn teqsts sa-

fuZvlian redaqciasac ukeTebda, azustebda da qarTuli

gramatikis wesebis mixedviT gadmoscemda. swored ami-

tom es Txzulebani samarTlianad iTvleba antonis

,,Sromebad”16.

aRsaniSnavia, rom baumaisteris ,,metafizika” qarTul

enaze meorejer uTargmnia daviT ciciSvils.

baumaisteris ,,eTika”, qadagebs iseT wesebs, rom ada-

mianis neba sikeTisken miimarTos. es wesebi adamianis bu-

nebidan unda momdinareobdes. bunebrivi kanonebi auci-

lebelia. aseTi kanonebia: icxovre zomierad, gaakeTe is,

rac Sen srulqmnils, bedniers gagxdis da ganSordi

imas, rasac SenTvis ubedureba moaqvs.

baumaisteris ,,logika”, es aris formaluri logikis

Cveulebrivi kursi im doneze, rogorc im dros iwerebo-

da.

340

rac Seexeba baumaisteris naSroms ,,gansazRvreba fi-

losofiisa”, igi rogorc Cans, laTinuridan aris Tar-

gmnili, xolo baumaisteris Txzuleba ,,zeddadgineba

anu dasabami filosofisaa axlisa”, axals arafers Sei-

cavs.

cnobilia, rom antoni Tavis Targmanebs urTavda ko-

mentarebs, romlebSic gamoTqmuli iyo antonis damoki-

debuleba Targmnil TxzulebebSi Camoyalibebul ideeb-

Tan.

antonis SeniSvnebi da komentarebi specialuri Ses-

wavlis sagania, radgan isini bevrs laparakobs misi av-

toris SexedulebaTa arsze.

baumaisteris saxelmZRvaneloebSi gatarebul azrebs

saqarTveloSi nayofieri niadagi daxvda. qarTulma sa-

zogadoebrivma saazrovno wrem igi SeiTvisa. mis kvals

vxvdebiT iona xelaSvilis nawerebSi, baumaisteris Sro-

mebidan mTeli rigi azrebi Sevida ioane bagrationis

,,kalmasobaSi”.

germanuli enidan rusulad, aqedan ki qarTulad

iTargmna sneles ,,filosofiis kursi” (1847), romelic

arafriT gamoirCeva amave tipis sxva saxelmZRvanelo

wignebisgan. mas kompilaciuri xasiaTi aqvs, dawerilia

Zneli, uferuli eniT. amitomac arc ruseTSi da arc sa-

qarTveloSi igi ar gavrcelebula da rogorc saxel-

mZRvanelo ver damkvidrda.

saqarTveloSi volfisa da baumaisteris Txzuleba-

Tagan Seqmnil viTarebas XIX saukunis dasawyisSi daupi-

rispirda ioane bagrationis sensualisturi Semecnebis

Teoria. ioane bagrationis filosofiur Sexedulebebze

didi gavlena moaxdina mis mier qarTulad Targmnilma

kondiliakis ,,logikam”.

rusul enaze arsebobs kondiliakis ori naSromi;

pirveli, saTauriT ,,logika” gamovida moskovSi 1705

341

wels, meore ki, 1792 wels peterburgSi, vronskis Targ-

maniT. Aam ukanasknel naSroms dedanSi ewodeba ,,De Lart de raisonnor”. swored es naSromia Targmnili rusulad

,,logikis” saxelwodebiT 1792 wels. igi iTargmna qar-

Tul enazec - ,,logika abbat kondiliakisa, Clenisa

franciisa, germaniisa, parizis da lionis akademiaTa”.

sinamdvileSi Sroma warmoadgens ara logikas, aramed

fizikas.

rusul enaze arsebobs kondiliakis ,,loRikac”. am

nawarmoebSi gadmocemulia kondiliakis Semecnebis Teo-

ria. rogorc Cans, ioane bagrations am wignis Targmnac

ucdia. qarTul enaze arsebobs am wignis nawilebi ,,TÂsa

sxuaTa saxeTa ideaTa” da meore Tavi _ ,,moqmedebaTaTÂs

sulisaTa”. am nawarmoebis arseboba imis maCvenebelia,

rom ioane bagrations dauwyia misi Targmna, magram, ro-

gorc Cans, saqme bolomde ar miuyvania.

kondiliakis ideebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi miu-

TiTebs im tendenciebze, romelic qarTul azrovnebaSi

arsebobda. kondiliaki lokis empirizmis gavleniT sen-

sualizmamde mivida. igi mkacrad akritikebda dekartis

moZRvrebas Tandayolili ideis Sesaxeb, laibnicis ra-

cionalizms da, miT umetes, volfis filosofias da mo-

iTxovda filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis dafuZnebas mecnie-

rul monacemebze. es iyo kondiliakis moZRvrebis erT-

erTi dadebiTi mxare. magram amasTan, ar SeiZleba ar

aRiniSnos isic, rom kondiliaki meore ukiduresobaSi

Cavarda sensualizmis mimarTulebiT, ris Sedegad ase

Tu ise saTanadod ver afasebda gonebis rols Semecne-

bis procesSi.

kondiliakis am wignis Targmnas uaryofiTad Sexvda

cnobili qarTveli RvTismetyveli da filosofosi iona

xelaSvili. ,,kondiliakuri carielsityvaobani” _ xSi-

342

rad imeorebs igi Tavis naSromebSi. iona xelaSvili xe-

davda, rom kondiliakis naazrevs bevri ram hqonda saer-

To misTvis arasasurvel lokTan da gansakuTrebiT

frang materialistebTan.

qarTuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT

mniSvnelovani iyo daviT bagrationis Targmanebi, rome-

lic, rogorc mravalsaukunovani istoriis mqone qarTu-

li kulturis niadagze aRzrdili, safuZvlianad iTvi-

sebs dasavleT evropis mowinave ideebs.

daviT bagrationma 1813 wels frangulidan qarTul

enaze Targmna volteris Txzuleba _ ,,SobisTvis”, rome-

lic exeba saeklesio dResaswauls qristes dabadebis

dRes _ Sobas.

sainteresoa daviT bagrationis pozicia am naSromis

mimarT. igi sTxovs daviT reqtors Seajeros volteris

TxzulebaSi miTiTebuli adgilebi wm. wignebs. volte-

ris TxzulebaSi didi sizustiTaa miTiTebuli Sesaje-

rebeli adgilebi.

daviT bagrationma 1815 wels peterburgSi rusuli-

dan qarTul enaze Targmna, agreTve, frangi filosofo-

sis, prusiis akademiis wevris Jan pier frederik ansili-

onis (1767-1837) naSromi. ,,esTetikuri gansja”, romelic

miuZRvna daviT mesxiSvils. daculia xelnaweris saxiT.

ansilionis am wignma didi kamaTi gamoiwvia rusul

presaSi. es kamaTi daviT bagrationma qarTul enaze

Targmna saxelwodebiT: ,,paeqroba anu baasi uflis Teo-

filaqte eqsarxosisa da arqieris filaretisa raoden-

Tame SeniSvnaTa zeda uflis ansilionis aRnaqvsisa Si-

naTa”.

daviT bagrations ekuTvnis agreTve gamoCenili fran-

gi moazrovnis Sarl lui de monteskies (1683-1775) mTava-

ri naSromis ,,gulisxmisyofisaTÂs sjulisa” Targmani,

romelic Sesrulda 1813-1815 wlebSi peterburgSi, Teimu-

343

raz bagrationis TxovniT. Targmani daculia xelnawe-

ris saxiT. rusuli dedanis saxelwodebaa: ,,О разуме законов” (СПБ 1775) da gamocemulia 1800 wels. am perio-

disTvis rusul enaze Targmnili yofila monteskies

wignis mxolod I tomi (XI-XII). sxva wignebi ki Targmni-

lia franguli dedanidan ,,De L’spirit des lois” (Jeneva, 1748). daviT bagrations Tavisi damokidebuleba monteskies

msjelobebisadmi gamoTqmuli aqvs komentarebSi, romle-

bic mas am naSromis gverdebze miuweria da romelTa mi-

xedviT SesaZlebelia misi Sexedulebebis xasiaTis dad-

gena.

monteskie, rogorc vTqvaT, geografiuli determiniz-

mis damcveli iyo. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRv-

rel Zalas igi geografiul garemoSi xedavda.

sainteresoa daviT bagrationis kritikuli mosazre-

bani mosteskies geografiul determinizmze. daviT bag-

rationi zog SemTxvevaSi saTanado faqtebis moxmobiT

sworad akritikebs monteskies da aRniSnavs, rom, marTa-

lia, igi monteskies ideebis pativismcemelia (winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi igi arc Targmnida am Txzulebas), magram

ara misi brmad mimdevari da amitomac kritikulad afa-

sebs monteskies Tvalsazriss. sayuradReboa isic, rom

daviT bagrationis kritikuli SeniSvnebi aseve kritiku-

lad ganawyobda qarTvel mkiTxvels monteskies geogra-

fiuli determinizmis mimarT.

monteskies Sexedulebebma asaxva hpova daviT bagra-

tionis naSromSi ,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanon-

mcodneobis mimoxilva”.

volteris Txzulebebi qarTul azrovnebaSi Sedare-

biT gvian Semovida. qarTul enaze Targmnilia misi fi-

losofiuri romanebi: ,,zadigi anu bedi”, ,,qveyana viTa-

rica ars anu xilva babukaisi”; piesebi: ,,edipi”, ,,fantaz-

344

ma anu mahmad winaswarmetyveli”, ,,alziri anu amerikel-

ni”, ,,zairi”; statiebi: ,,angelTaTvis” da ,,SobisTvis”;

leqsebi: ,,moZRvrisa da mowafisaTvis”, ,,aRiareba volte-

risa”, ,,volteris mier Tqmuli, odes kvdeboda svindi-

sad movida” da ,,volteris Tqmuli taqtikaze”; didtani-

ani istoriuli xasiaTis Sroma _ ,,ludoviko XIV isto-

ria”. Teimuraz bagrationma franguli enidan Targmna,

agreTve volteris piesa ,,alaTokle saubari Soris fi-

losofiisa da bunebisa”17.

saqarTveloSi, erTi mxriv, volterianeloba aTeizm-

Tan gaigives. mowinaaRmdegeebi mas miawerdnen uzneobas,

naTesavT daundoblobas, mtrobas, amoralur saqciels

da sxv. meore mxriv ki, volteris azrebs iziarebdnen,

Targmnidnen da avrcelebdnen daviT reqtori, daviT da

Teimuraz bagrationebi, al. WavWavaZe, d. furcelaZe, i.

zubalaSvili da sxvebi.

qarTulad Targmnilia frangi ganmanaTleblebis Jan-

Jak rusos (1712-1778) ori Txzuleba: pirveli _ ,,hazrni

Jan-Jak rusosi sxvadasxva saganTaTvis” _ 1800 wels Tar-

gmna farnaoz bagrationma; meore Txzuleba _ ,,hsja anu

traqtati imis Sesaxeb, uwyobs Tu ara kultura kacob-

riobis progress xels”, romelic daajildova diJonis

akademiam 1750 wels, 1849 wels qarTulad Targmna d. ci-

ciSvilma. arsebobs cnoba, rom qarTul enaze Targmni-

li iyo rusos romani ,,axali eliozac”, romelic udi-

desi popularobiT sargeblobda evropasa da ruseTSi.

Tumca es teqsti dRemde ar Cans. am romanis gavlena Se-

imCneva daviT bagrationis naSromSi _ ,,axali Sixi”.

unda aRiniSnos, rom rusos saxelganTqmuli traqta-

tis _ ,,hsja anu traqtati imis Sesaxeb, uwyobs Tu ara

kultura kacobriobis progress xels” Targmans qar-

Tul enaze didi gamoxmaureba ar mohyolia. ,,unda iTq-

vas simarTle, _ wers kritikosi levan asaTiani, _ rom

345

es wigni cota ar iyos Seuferebeli iyo Sua saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis, maSin ro-

desac daviwyebuli gvqonda nacionaluri kulturis yve-

la miRweva, rodesac anbanidan viwyebdiT swavlas... ma-

Sin es traqtati da kulturisa da swavla-ganaTlebis

uaryofiT gavlenaze laparaki cota ucnauri gaugebro-

ba iyo, magram miuxedavad amisa, Cveni azriT, rusos

qarTulad Targmna mainc simptomaturi iyo im dros.”18.

rusos gavlena igrZnoba daviT bagrationis wignSi

,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmdeblobis mimoxil-

va”. marTalia, rusos ideebma saqarTveloSi fexi ver

moikida, magram TavisTavad is faqti, rom misi Txzule-

bani qarTul enaze iTargmna, didi movlena iyo. Tu gav-

lenis mixedviT vimsjelebT (rac Zalian mcire iyo), ma-

Sin unda vTqvaT, rom rusos ideebi qarTveli inteli-

genciisTvis gaugebari (Tu miuRebeli) darCa. es faqti

ar SeiZleba imiT avxsnaT, rom TiTqos rusos ideebi

qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis miuwvdomeli iyo (gavixsenoT,

TiTqmis amave periodis qarTveli mkiTxveli iTvisebda

volfisa da baumaisteris Znelad gasageb filosofiur

azrebs). amis mizezi imaSi unda veZioT, rom traqtatSi

gamoTqmuli ideebi mainc da mainc ar Seesabameboda im-

droindeli qarTveli mkiTxvelis azrovnebis mimarTu-

lebas. magram rarig umniSvneloc ar unda iyos rusos

ideebis gavlena qarTul azrovnebaze, TavisTavad am di-

di moazrovnis Txzulebis qarTul enaze Targmna mniS-

vnelovan movlenad unda CaiTvalos qarTuli filoso-

fiuri azris istoriaSi.

XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukunis dasaw-

yisSi saqarTveloSi didi raodenobiT Semodis e. w. mo-

ralur-eTikuri xasiaTis, maT Soris, berZnul-romauli

(aseve ruseTis gziT) Txzulebani. maTSi martivi eniTa

346

da lakoniurad gadmocemulia sayovelTao yofacxov-

rebaSi gamosayenebeli darigebebi.

1796 wels gaioz reqtorma rusulidan Targmna mar-

kus avreliusis (121-180) eTikuri krebuli ,,sayofaqcevo

sja”, romelic miZRvnilia daviT bagrationisadmi, rad-

gan Targmna mis mier yofila dakveTili. qarTul enaze

es Txzuleba inaxeba xelnaweris saxiT, rusulad ki

mravaljer iTargmna da gamoica (1740, 1760, 1775, 1785, 1798

wlebi).

markus avreliusi cnobilia rogorc ukanaskneli

stoikosi. magram mis stoicizms miRebuli aqvs religi-

ur-idealisturi saxe. igi fatalizmamdea misuli da qa-

dagebs Semgueblobas, aucileblobisadmi pasiur morCi-

lebas.

bizantiis imperator basil makedonelis (813-886)

Txzuleba ,,testamenti” qarTul enaze Targmna arCil me-

fis Zem aleqsandrem. berZnuli enidan es Txzuleba ru-

sul enaze uTargmniaT samjer 1607, 1680 da 1776 wlebSi.

swored aqedan aris Sesrulebuli qarTuli Targmani.

nawarmoebi warmoadgens berZeni imperatoris darige-

bas Svilisadmi. gqondes rwmena, pativi eci eklesias,

mRvdlebs, iyavi keTili, mSromeli; mefe monaa RvTisa,

mis mieraa dayenebuli mefed; yvelafers RmerTi gvaZ-

levs _ gamarjvebasac da damarcxebasac. amqveyniuri yve-

laferi warmavalia, yvela miwad viqceviT; ecade gaake-

To kargi, waaxalise da upatrone Sens qveSevrdomebs.

agabit diakoni (VI s.) berZeni mweralia. misi naSromi

,,samefo qarta anu tomari” mraval enazea Targmnili.

rusulad Targmnilia orjer. qarTul Targmans, rome-

lic 1776 wels Seasrula gaioz reqtorma, safuZvlad

uZevs am wignis rubaniseuli rusuli Targmani. ,,samefo

qarta”, rogorc nawili, Sevida ,,sibrZne balavarianis”

SemadgenlobaSi19.

347

Txzuleba miZRvnilia erekle mefisadmi. naSromi pa-

suxobs kiTxvaze _ rogoria mefis movaleobani. winapar-

Ta keTilSobilebiT aravin unda iamayos, radgan adami-

ani miwisgan warmoiSva, isic, vinc bisoniT da ZoweuliT

irTveba da isic, vinc naglejebSia Cacmuli.

qarTul Targmans axlavs mTargmnelis _ gaioz req-

toris SeniSvna magaliTad, imis Sesaxeb, rom yvelani mi-

wisaganaa warmoSobili da miwad iqceva. gaiozi SeniS-

navs: es marTalia, magram maT Soris mainc aris gansxva-

veba, radgan kacobrioba oradaa gayofili _ keTilSobi-

lebad da arakeTilSobilebad. amis moSla ar SeiZleba.

,,kitais sibrZne” anu ,,swavla qveyanasa zeda bednie-

rad cxovrebisa” saqarTveloSi didad gavrcelebuli

wignia, romelic 1777 wels moskovSi Targmna gaioz req-

torma da 1784 wels daibeWda TbilisSi, erekle II-is

stambaSi. wignis avtori ucnobia. savaraudo avtorebad

moiazrebian robert dodsli da grafi Cesterfildi. es

wigni didi warmatebiT sargeblobda XVIII s. meore naxe-

varsa da XIX s. dasawyisSi. igi rusul enaze Targmnes

egor da pavle cicianovebma. saqarTveloSi ,,kitais sib-

rZnis” popularobis maCvenebelia isic, rom igi Sevida

ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasobaSi”. igi Targmna gaioz

reqtorma da miZRvnilia mefis asul anasadmi, romlis

brZanebiTac Sesrulebulia es Targmani.

SesavalSi mTargmneli aRniSnavs, rom ,,kitais sibrZ-

ne” _ mmarTvelTa sibrZnea. uqonelTaTvis igi srul

morCilebas qadagebs, ,,kaci myofi monobas Sina nu oxrav

monobasa uRlisa SenisaTvis, vinaiTgan gansazRvreba ege

ars RvTisa”20. msaxurT marTebT erTguleba, simdable,

morCileba, moTmineba. batonebmac saTnoeba unda gamoiCi-

non maTdami. wigni akanonebs arsebul uTanasworobas,

oRond eqsploataciis Serbilebas moiTxovs isev meba-

toneTa sasargeblod.

348

gansaxilvel epoqaSi saqarTveloSi didad gavrcele-

buli yofila didaqtikuri-moraluri xasiaTis krebule-

bi saxelwodebiT _ ,,apoTegmebi”. esaa brZen da cnobil

adamianTa, filosofosebis, mefeTa gamoTqmebi, aforiz-

mebi, Tqmulebebi da sxva. am krebulTagan zogierTi qar-

Tuli warmoSobisaa, zogierTic rusulidanaa Targmni-

li, romelic, Tavis mxriv, polonel mwerals beniaS

budnis ekuTvnoda. qarTul enaze igi erasti Turqesta-

niSvils (1735w.) uTargmnia. teqstisTvis mas zogierTi

ram miumatebia, zogierTic Seucvlia. e. TurqestaniS-

vils umTavresad filosofosTa an gamoCenil adamianTa

maxvilgonieri gamonaTqvamebi uTargmnia (diogenes, avre-

liusis, agafokle filosofosis, anaqsagoras, anaqsiman-

dres, empedokles, epikures, sokrates da sxva.). apoTeg-

mata galeqsa vaxtang VI-em, sadac gakicxulia adamianTa

mankieri Tvisebebi: siZunwe, sixarbe da sxva. meore mxriv

aqebdnen adamianTa dadebiT mxareebs: mokrZalebas, Sro-

mismoyvareobas, akritikebdnen cud mefeebsa da aqebdnen

kargs. mxilebuli da dagmobilia socialuri uTanaswo-

roba. ,,cxadia, bevri am gamonaTqvamebidan aRar gveCvene-

ba gonebamaxvilurad da momxibvlelad, magram didma,

Zalian didma nawilma SeinarCuna aqtualoba, damajereb-

loba, xatovaneba, da stilis aforistuloba”, wers am

sakiTxis mkvlevari l. ZoweniZe21.

XVIII saukunis qarTul azrovnebaSi sakmao siuxviT

gvxvdeba moralur-didaqtikuri xasiaTis Txzulebani. es

garemoeba, uwinares yovlisa, imiT unda aixsnas, rom

aseTi ideebis moTxovnileba TviTon qarTul sazogado-

ebaSi arsebobda. iTargmneba sakmaod mravalferovani

literatura eTikis dargSi. ase, rom qarTvel mkiTx-

vels arCevis farTo saSualeba hqonda. es garemoeba ki

imasac udavos xdis, rom im periodis saqarTveloSi

eTikuri ideebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila.

349

Teimuraz bagrationma peterburgSi rusulidan

Targmna ,,gansjani aristotelisani keTilisa da boro-

tebisaTvis”, romelic daibeWda 1818 wels. naSromi pata-

ra moculobisaa, sul ramdenime gverdi. masSi zedapiru-

lad aris ganxiluli aristoteles swavleba keTilisa

da borotis Sesaxeb. aq mxolod CamoTvlilia saTnoebi-

sa da mankierebis calkeuli magaliTebi, isic arasru-

lad. maSin rodesac am sakiTxis ganxilva dakavSirebu-

lia aristoteles mier zneobriobis, bednierebisa da

mravali sxva sakiTxis gansjasTan.

adam fergiusoni (1723_1816) Sotlandieli istoriko-

si da filosofosi, moralisti, edinburgis universite-

tis profesori. misi mTavari Txzulebis _ ,,zneobiTi

filosofiis“ nawili 1826 wels qarTul enaze Targmna

ioane bagrationma. daculia xelnaweris saxiT. naSro-

mis mizania ara calkeul adamianTa, aramed sayovelTao

bednierebis miRweva. es Txzuleba fergiusonis mTavari

nawarmoebia, romelic rusulad 1804 wels gamoica.

fergiusonis ,,eTikis” sruli sawinaaRmdegoa eTikis

meore wigni _ ,,swavla zneobiTa da kanoniT patiosnis

kacis“, romelic mistikuri xasiaTisaa. igi, 1807 wels

ioana xelaSvilis dakveTiT uTargmnia sv. vaCnaZes da

daculia xelnaweris saxiT.

wigni warmoadgens qristianuli moralis debulebe-

bis krebuls, sadac naTqvamia, rom patiosan kacs swams

RmerTis arseboba da sulis ukvdaveba. amas mtkiceba ar

sWirdeba. igi yvela adamianis gulSia. pirveli moTxov-

na patiosani kacisTvis esaa RmerTis pativiscema. ar gaa-

keTo is, rac ewinaaRmdegeba religias. moralis safuZve-

li religiaa. aseTi xasiaTis wigni savsebiT akmayofi-

lebda iona xelaSvils. erT-erT werilSi igi urCevs

Tavis Zmiswuls kargad Seiswavlos es wigni, xolo ume-

tesi zepirad daiswavlos. ,,aha wignsa amasa ukeTu yov-

350

lisa suliTa da guliT da ZaliTa da siyvaruliT

ikiTxe, ioane, Zmiswulo Cemo, TviTmaswavlebel geqmne-

bis werili ese“. am Targmnilma wignma asaxa is msof-

mxedvelobrivi gansxvaveba, romelsac adgili hqonda im-

droindel qarTul sinamdvileSi.

aleqsandre frangiSvilis azriT, ,,zneobiTi filo-

sofiis sakiTxebze aRniSnuli ori wignis Sinaarsi da

am wignebis mTargmnelTa winasityvaoba, vfiqrob, uTuod

mowmobs, rom misi mTargmnelebi, pirad cxovrebaSi ax-

lo urTierTobis miuxedavad, arsebiTad urTierTdapi-

rispirebul Tvalsazrisebs icavdnen”22.

frangi mwerali, pedagogi, kembris arqiepiskoposi

fransua de saliniak de la moti feneloni saqarTve-

loSi cnobili iyo sami TxzulebiT:

1. wigni fenelonisa ludoviko XIV. s. razmaZis Tar-

gmani (1831);

2. ,,mokle aRwera ZuÀlTa filosofosTa hrCeulTa

hazrebiTa damokidebulebiTa da yofaqceviTa swavliTa

maTiTa“. Txzuleba qarTul enaze orjer iTargmna: pir-

velad 1798 wels Targmna gaioz reqtorma, xolo meored

_ 1839-40 wlebSi giorgi avaliSvilma. am wignSi mokled

aRwerilia filosofosebis cxovreba da ZiriTadi azre-

bi. garCeulia Talesis, solonis, histakis, vias, perian-

dres, kleobulis, piTagoras, heraklites, anaqsagoras,

aristotelesa da sxvaTa azrebi.

es wigni arsebiTad aris filosofiis pirveli isto-

ria, romelic saqarTveloSi gavrcelda. faqtobrivad es

iyo, rogorc cda qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis xelmisawv-

domi gamxdariyo misTvis cnobili Tu ucnobi moazrov-

nis Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebi.

3. Txzuleba _ romani ,,Tavgadasavali telemakisa”,

romelic 1794 wels qarTulad Targmna saridan Coloya-

Svilma. daculia xelnaweris saxiT. masSi gadmocemulia

351

avtoris politikuri da filosofiuri Sexedulebebi.

ZiriTadi sakiTxi mainc erTia _ rogori unda iyos mefe.

bednieria xalxi, romelTac marTavs brZeni mefe, rome-

lic ar emorCileba Tavis vnebebsa da usmens gonebas,

icavs zomierebas, Tavisufalia SiSis grZnobisa da yo-

velgvari piradulisgan. adamianTa gvari erTi ojaxia,

gabneuli mTeli dedamiwis zurgze. yvela Zmebia da un-

da uyvardeT erTmaneTi. arsebobs cnoba, rom ludoviko

XV akrZala ,,telemakis” gayidva. wignis mTargmneli am

wignis Sesaxeb ambobs:

,,me Sevidgan ese Savad

gadmovwere Tumca avad,

ar gonebis mooxar navad,

egeb Wkuis mosawvavad”.

1787 wels gaioz reqtorma qarTul enaze Targmna Jan

fransua marmontelis (1723-1799) cnobili romani ,,veli-

sariani”, romelic daculia xelnaweris saxiT. rusul

enaze es wigni Svidjer iTargmna. am wigns didi gavlena

hqonda rusul literaturaze. misi gavleniT iwereboda

romanebi, statiebi, gamokvlevebi.

am romanis Targmans qarTvel moazrovnezec hqonda

gavlena, kerZod: erTmaneTs emTxveva aleqsandre ami-

laxvris ,,georgianul istoriaSi” mocemuli azrebi da

marmontelis Tvalsazrisebi.

XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi rusuli enidan qarTulSi

Semovida aRorZinebis epoqis didi humanistis erazm ro-

terdamelis (1466-1536) ramdenime naSromi, maT Soris _

,,xristiane mxedari xristesi”, romelic rusulad gamoi-

ca 1783 wels moskovSi. wigni 1830 wels qarTulad Tar-

gmna giorgi avaliSvilma. manve aseve Targmna erazm ro-

terdamelis naSromebi: ,,desideria anu gzad siyvaruli-

sa” da ,,saRmrTo istoriaÁ TÂis mcirewlovanTa yrmaTa

mokle kiTxuaTa da migebaTa kataskeveli”.

352

kacobriobis azrovnebis istoriaSi erazm roterda-

meli Sesulia rogorc saqveynod cnobili wignebis _

,,saSinao saubrebi” da ,,qeba sisulelisa” avtori. am na-

warmoebSi mkacrad aris mxilebuli feodaluri sazoga-

doebis yvela fenis mankierebani.

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis mniSvne-

lovani iyo ,,laibnicisa da klarkis mimowera”, romelic

franguli enidan Targmna ilia bagrationma. qarTuli

Targmani sruli araa. klarkis xuTi werilidan da la-

ibnicis amdenive pasuxidan Targmnilia mxolod sami we-

rili da erTi pasuxi.

klarkisa da laibnicis mimowera exeba mraval prob-

lemas, magram mTavari sakiTxi mainc sivrcisa da drois

problemaa. mniSvnelovania is, rom klarki laibnicTan

kamaTSi niutonis pozicias gadmoscems, amitom polemika

laibnicsa da klarks Soris arsebiTad aris polemika

laibnicsa da niutons Soris.

laibnicisa da klarkis kamaTs gamoexmaura iona xe-

laSvili23. man Tavisi xeliT gadawera es mimowera da

daurTo Tavisi Sefasebac. iona xelaSvili klarkis na-

werebis gacnobas SesaZleblad Tvlis. magram mainc

zedmetad miaCnia RmerTis arsebobis mtkiceba maTemati-

kisa da metafizikis gziT, rogorc amas laibnici ake-

Tebs. gonebas saerTod ar SeuZlia amis dadastureba.

RmerTi arsebobs, mis arsebobas amtkicebs qveynis arse-

bobis faqti da samyaros kanonzomiereba da ara gonebis

sibrZne.

353

$4. Targmnili literaturis gavlena

qarTul filosofiaze

Targmnil wignebSi mocemul ideebs mniSnvnelovani

gavlenebi hqondaT qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganvi-

Tarebaze. amasTan, qarTulma filosofiam Semoqmedebi-

Tad aiTvisa da gadaamuSava miRebuli masala. ai, amis

ramdenime magaliTi:

1. anton pirvelis ,,spekali”. anton pirvelis mier

Sesrulebuli Targmanebis Seswavlis safuZvelze cxadi

gaxda, rom misi Targmani metad Tavisufalia. ,,spekalis”

filosofiuri nawilis Sesadgenad (1-90 Tavebi) antons

gamoyenebuli aqvs ioane damaskelis ,,codnis wyaros”

vrceli redaqcia, petriwis wigni ,,ganmartebaÁ”, amonios

hermias ,,mosaxsenebeli xuTTa xmaTadmi”. ,,spekalSi” ga-

moyenebulia, avgustines, daviT uZlevelis, albert di-

disa da simeon juRaecis naSromebi.

saidan moxvda ,,spekalSi” avgustines an albert di-

dis azrebi? qarTul enaze am avtorTa naSromebi anton

pirvelis dros ar arsebobda. am kiTxvebze pasuxs isev

anton pirveli iZleva. igi ,,spekalis” SesavalSi wers:

,,arara Cemisaebr uswavlelobisa, Tavisa Cemisa mindo-

biT, misibrZnies cTomilsa, aramed raimeca vismine la-

TinTagan filosofosTa”. ,,laTinTa filosofosebi” qar-

Tvel mecnierTa (k. kekeliZe, S. nucubiZe, ap. rogava, g.

kalandariSvili, T. kukava, s. avaliani) azriT, _ es

saqarTveloSi am dros mcxovrebi kaTolike misionerebi

iyvnen, romlebic antons ukiTxavdnen laTinur enaze ar-

sebul avgustinesa da albert didis naSromebs. aseTive

354

gziT aris Semosuli antonis TxzulebaSi senekas, Toma

akvinelisa da ioane duns skotis zogierTi azri.

2. anton pirvelis ,,katiRoria simetneÁ”. ,,katiRoria

simetneÁ da sjili misgan” ramdenime calad aris dacu-

li k. kekeliZis sax. xelwerTa institutSi.

mas naTlad emCneva baumaisteris, volfisa da somex

filosofosTa naSromebis gavlenis kvali.

wyaroebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba anton pirvelma ,,ka-

tiRoria-simetneÁs” Sedgenis dros Semdegia:

1. Tavisive naSromi ,,spekali”; 2. ioane damaskelis

,,dialeqtika” (efrem mcires Targmani); 3. simeon juRae-

cis ,,dialeqtikis” qarTuli Targmani. wignSi naTlad

Cans evolucia, romelic anton pirvelis msoflmxedve-

lobam ganicada ,,spekalis” daweridan vidre am naSro-

mis Sedgenamde.

3. ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasoba”. ,,kalmasoba” gamoCe-

nili moazrovnisa da sazogado moRvawis ioane bagrati-

onis nawarmoebia. masSi asaxulia XVIII saukunis dasas-

rulis da XIX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos ekono-

mikuri, socialuri da politikuri viTareba. AmasTan,

traqtatebis saxiT gadmocemulia codna mecnierebis

mravali dargidan. mxatvrul-literaturul fonze gan-

xilulia im drois filosofiuri azrovnebis aqtualu-

ri sakiTxebi logikidan dawyebuli da eTikiT dam-Tav-

rebuli.

,,kalmasobis” filosofiur nawilebSi aisaxa qarTu-

li filosofiuri azris urTierToba dasavleT evropis,

ruseTisa da somxeTis filosofiur azrTan.

jer kidev 1941 wels k. kekeliZem gamoTqva azri imis

Sesaxeb, rom ,,kalmasobis” zogierTi nawili originalu-

ri ar aris. ufro adre mklevarma tr. ruxaZem daadgina,

355

rom ,,kalmasobaSi” gamoyenebulia eileris ,,fizika”, ar-

Cil mefis Txzuleba ,,saqarTvelos zneobani”, baumais-

teris ,,logika”, porfiriosis ,,moZRvreba xuTi terminis

Sesaxeb”, aristoteles moZRvreba kategoriebze, juRae-

cis ,,dialeqtika”. 1959 wels S. nucubiZem miuTiTa ,,kal-

masobis” filosofiuri nawilebis wyaroebze, kerZod,

prokles ,,kavSirni RvTismetyuelebiTni”-ze.

statiaSi ,,RvTismetyvelebisaTvis” mocemulia codna

adamianis SemecnebiTi Zalebis (unarebis) Sesaxeb. am

statiis Sinaarsi gviCvenebs, rom misi avtoria frangi

sensualisti etien kondiliaki, kerZod, misi naSromi

,,logika”, romlis erTi nawilic ioane bagrationma ru-

suli enidan Targmna.

statiis – ,,meteorTaTvis anu haerTa gamocxadeba”

wyaroa ioane damaskelis ,,dialeqtika” da eileris ,,fi-

zika”. eileris wignis qarTuli Targmani aRmoCnda k. ke-

keliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis fondSi sa-

TauriT – ,,werilni sxvaTa da sxvaTa fizikurTa niv-

TTaTvis, werili romelsame princesasadmi”.

,,kalmasobis” Sedarebam prokles petriwiseul Targ-

manTan da petriwis komentarebTan terminologiuri da

azrTa wyobis didi sxvaoba aCvena. es gamowveulia imiT,

rom ioane bagrations am nawilis Sedgenis dros somexi

filosofosis juRaecis mier somxur enaze dawerili

prokles teqstis komentarebi gamouyenebia. amrigad, ioa-

ne bagrationis am wignis wyaroebia petriwisa da juRae-

cis naSromebi.

4. ioane bagrationis ,,Zalni sulisani”. es naSromi

ioane bagrationma dawera Teimuraz bagrationis Txov-

niT da masSi mocemulia pasuxebi Teimuraz bagratio-

nis mier dasmul SekiTxvebze.

ioane bagrationi ganicdis mis mierve Targmnili

kondiliakis Sromis gavlenas. adamianis mTeli sulieri

356

moqmedeba mas mxolod SegrZnebebidan gamohyavs. cnobi-

lia, rom kondiliakma uaryo lokis refleqsia da wmin-

da sensualizmis niadagze dadga. ioane bagrationi

eTanxmeba kondiliaks, igi iona xelaSvilis raciona-

listuri Semecnebis Teoriis sapirispirod sensualis-

tur Tvalsazrisze idga. amiT ki igi mkveTrad Sordeba

iona xelaSvilis msoflmxedvelobas.

kondiliakis ,,logikis” Targmanma gadamwyveti gavle-

na iqonia ioane bagrationis Tvalsazrisze Semecnebis

Sesaxeb. SemTxveviTi araa, rom ioane bagrationis origi-

naluri naSromi _ ,,Zalni sulisani” swored kondilia-

kis gavleniT daiwera.

aqedan aSkara xdeba ioane bagrationis gnoseologiu-

ri Sexedulebebis empiristuli xasiaTi. magram ioane

bagrationi arc SiSveli sensualizmis Tvalsazrisze

dgeba. SegrZnebani ar warmoadgens Semecnebis erTaderT

wyaros. SegrZnebis monacemebs goneba gadaamuSavebs,

cnobiereba sulis funqciaa. magram cnobierebis mTeli

Sinaarsi geneturad SegrZnebebSia mocemuli. udavoa,

rom ioane bagrationi kondiliakis empirizmis pozicia-

ze dgas.

ioane bagrationis gnoseologiuri Sexedulebebi da

naSromi ,,Zalni sulisani” udavod win gadadgmuli nabi-

ji iyo qarTuli azrovnebis istoriaSi.

5. daviT bagrationis Txzuleba ,,katiRoria Semokle-

buli”. es Txzuleba sul ramdenime gverds Seicavs. igi

logikuri xasiaTis naSromia. rogorc daviT bagrationi

aRniSnavs, es naSromi XVII saukunis somexi filosofo-

sis simeon juRaecis naSromis ,,dialeqtikis” safuZvel-

ze Seudgenia, ,,romelmsaca vixmare simoenisa ese kati-

Roria, romelica friad swavlisa Sina var”.

357

daviT bagrationis mier gamoyenebuli juRaecis am

wignis qarTuli Targmani iyo aristoteles ,,kategorie-

bis” zusti gadmocema komentarebiTurT, Sesrulebuli

gasageb, naTel enaze.

rasakvirvelia qarTuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze

gavlenas axdenda aramarto Targmanebi, aramed agreTve

sxva erebis filosofiur kulturasTan uSualo nacno-

bobac. qarTveli moazrovneebi (aleqsandre amilaxvari,

iagor WilaSvili, ioane bagrationi, daviT bagrationi

da sxvebi) xSirad ucxoeTSi moRvaweobdnen, iqaur fi-

losofiur azrovnebas ecnobodnen, rac Semdeg Tavise-

burad gadamuSavebuli saxiT qarTul azrovnebaSi gad-

mohqondaT.

358

A History of the Georgian Philosophical Thought (VIII-XVIII centuries)

Volume Two

Summary The second volume of the four volume history of the Georgian

philosophical thought embraces XIII-XVIII centuries. This period in the history of Georgia is one of the most difficult from the aspect of political, social and cultural development.

During the period Georgia was invaded, overrun and roved by innumerable external enemies. In result of these invasions the state unity of the country was destroyed – the country was split into small principalities, economics of the country collapsed and national economy was ruined. Such a situation made a certain impact on cultural life of the country. ,,Motherland” the home country of Shota Rustaveli and Ioane Petritsi, which reached the summits of development of the culture in the 11-12th centuries and partook of the Renaissance culture, degraded step by step and even became a feeble imitation of cultures of the aggressor countries.

But, in spite of a long-lasting and grievous situation, Georgia managed to retain its statehood. Its culture though rather weakened, still continued its existence.

In the 13-18th centuries Georgian philosophical thinking which have always been among the main constituents of Georgian culture and have had serious traditions, lost their former strength and grandeur but still existed in different forms and modes. Though it must be said that six centuries of hardships and disasters left certain traces and philosophy in the classical sense of the word did not exist in the then Georgia: philosophical treatises were not created, translation activities ceased etc. Therefore philosophical ideas and scientific thoughts of this period are often scattered in treatises dealing with problems of natural sciences, in religious sermons, works of literature and scientific historical monuments (and first of all in “Kartlis Tskhovreba” the life of ,,Gergis”). This fact presents one of the main characteristic features of Georgian scientific and philosophical thought of the period. Fortunately, in spite of the grave situation, spiritual culture did not extinct in Georgia and it is

359

possible to point to certain works forming the cultural heritage of this period which are important for the history of the Georgian philosophical thought.

The beginning of the decline of Georgian culture in the 13th century immediately followed the period of its highest development in the 11-12th centuries. It can be said that the heritage of Tbeli Abuserisdze (1180/90-1245) was the last outcome of the previous period. His heritage consists of scientific treatises, a work of literature and hymns.

These works by Tbeli Abuserisdze, which are known to us, are united into a volume which contains works of different genres and character written by different authors. The volume was compiled by Tbeli Abuserisdze himself in 1233. It is important to note that this volume which was copied in 1544 in St.Saba Lavra at Safari Monastery is referred to as a “Sapilosoposo Tsigni” – “Book of Philosophy”.

The scientific treatise by Tbeli Abuserisdze “Kronikoni” (astronomic calendar) is distinguished by its novelty and actuality. Alongside with astronomic calculations certain ideas as to the beginning and the end of the world, specification of the beginning of a new year and others are given in the work. It makes this work interesting and important from the aspect of study of the philosophical thought of the period.

According to certain scientists (among them are Mari Brosse and Korneli Kekelidze) almost half of those differences which became the foundation for introducing certain corrections into the calendar by the Pope in 1582 had been formulated by Tbeli in “Kronikoni”.

The literary work and hymns by Tbeli Abuserisdze deserve attention from the viewpoint of philosophy of religion; as to his astronomic calendar, it has a certain scientific value. By attempts to establish the cult of acheiropoieta he presented himself as an ideologist of unification and strengthening of the country which was weakened by raids its enemies.

A work by an anonymous author of the 13-14th centuries “Astslovani Matiane (“A Century Chronicle”) is of great importance for the history of the Georgian philosophical thought of the given period. According to the researchers this work is interesting both as a historical monument and as a work of literature.

“Astslovani matiane” is rich in philosophical ideas as well. The anonymous author of this work attempts to give a philosophical interpretation

360

to history. In particular, according to the author of the chronicle, description of historical events resembles search of the truth – it implies the necessity of holding an unbiased position between goodness and evil.

The next point that deserves attention is the opinion of the author of the chronicle according to which moral purity of the supreme ruler is of the decisive importance when it comes to establishing order in the country and to saving the country. Devastating of the country is understood as a punishment sent by God because of moral degradation of the population (a religious opinion which has certain philosophical implications). There is one more idea given in “Astslovani matiane” which is important for philosophical thought. In particular, according to this idea it is necessary to consider importance of subjective and objective factors (of Georgians themselves and of external forces – enemies invading the country) and to emphasize them in evaluation of the country’s political and social life.

In the 15-16th centuries Georgia no scientific work having any importance for philosophy or philosophical thinking was created.

The second half of the 17th century can be considered as a turning point. Since this period certain revival of cultural life in Georgia can be stated. First of all cultural-reconstructing activities of king Vakhtang VI are to be mentioned – he founded “Stsavlul Katzta Comisia” (“Commission of Scholars”), established a printing house where the first printed edition of “Vepkhistkaosani” (“A Knight in the Panther’s Skin”) was prepared. This edition was equipped with a genuinely scientific critical work made by king Vakhtang VI. Many other honourable deeds are associated with the name of Vakhtang VI as well.

It was the period when a famous writer and public figure Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani (1658-1725) began his many-sided activities. Research of ethical problems and the task to develop and elaborate the Georgian philosophical terminology were the main and most important directions of his scientific work.

It was the greatest achievement of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani that he drawing on Petritsi’s and Arsen Ikaltoeli’s works, revived the Georgian medieval philosophical terminology and adapted it to the new reality.

During the epoch in question, especially during the last 150 years, Georgian-Armenian and especially Georgian-Russian philosophical contacts became more intense and deep. In this respect the activities of an ecclesiastic

361

and state figure catholicos of Georgia Anton I (1720-1788) and his school are to be mentioned. These activities were mainly focused on translating foreign Philosophical literature. In result different works by European and Russian philosophers were translated into Georgian. Anton I is the author of an encyclopedic work “Spekali”.

Representative of one of the largest feudal families in Georgia Alexandre Amilakhvari (1750-1802) who spent more than half of his life in Russia, revealed his positive attitude to a European model of state order in his work “Brdzeni Aghmosavletisa” (“A Wise Man from the East”). It is clear that Alexandre Amilakhvari’s world outlook was greatly impacted by initiatives of Anton I, which implied establishment of close relations with progressive European culture.

The end of the 18th century was marked by beginning of scientific and public activities of such figures as David Bagrationi (1761-1819), Ioane Bagrationi (1768-1830) and Iona Khelashvili (1772-1837), but their activities were mainly unfolded in the first part of the 19th century. These thinkers are important because of their religious-philosophical and natural philosophical views.

Philosophical schools and theological seminaries founded on the initiative of Erekle II and Anton I in Tbilisi (1755) and Telavi (1782) turned out important events in relation to revival and development of the Georgian philosophical thought. These philosophical and religious centers were at different periods headed by Philippe Kaitmazishvili (XVIII), David the Rector (1745-1824) and Gaioz the Rector (1746-1821). Alongside with social activities these scholars translated scientific treatises into Georgian.

In spite of the grave situation ethical, aesthetic and philosophical thinking did not come to a standstill in the 13-18th centuries Georgia. Examples of ethical, aesthetical and philosophical thinking can be found in historical works and works on natural sciences, as well as works of literature. In this respect the artistic creations of a great Georgian poet David Guramishvili (1705-1792) are of special importance. David Guramishvili’s creative heritage supplies us with plenty thoroughly thought out ethical, aesthetical and religious-philosophical ideas.

During the last stage (XVII-XVIII c) of development of the Georgian philosophical thought of the period in question philosophical heritage of the

362

past became the subject of research and analysis. In this respect Ioane Petritsi’s creative and scientific activities are especially actual.

The first two stages (XIII-XIV and XV-XVI c.) of the second period (XIII-XVIII c.) of the history of the Georgian philosophical thought and especially the second stage are characterized by striking degradation, as to the third stage (XVII-XVIII c.) it is marked by revival and development of philosophical thinking.

By the end of the 17th century the situation in Georgia became critical. After defeat in Krtsanisi battle in 1795 physical survival of the country was questioned. The death of the celebrated king of Kartli-Kakheti Erekle II worsened the situation in country and around it even more. His death was followed by struggle and opposition at the court. Russia profited by such a grave internal and external situation and by force of the manifest issued by the Emperor Paul I on the 18th of January, 1801, the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom was abolished and declared as one of the Russian provinces.

The new emperor of Russia Alexander I in the manifest issued on the 12th of September, 1801, cynically attempted to disguise the real essence of abolishment of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom which in fact meant annexation of East Georgia and considered this act to be a duty of humanism, humanity and act agreeable to God: “Not in order to enlarge our force, not for the sake of any interest, not to make the borders of this already greatest world empire wider we do take the burden of governing the kingdom of Georgia. Only merit, honesty and humanity instigate us to fulfill our duty sent by God so that we are able to take to heart the plea of the anguished and in order to relieve their mourning establish such government in Georgia which will strengthen justice, ensure personal safety and inviolability of property and legal defense for any person”.

Though just a few years later Russia occupied and annexed the whole country and established its rule there. Thus at the juncture of the 18-19th centuries Georgia lost its state independence and had to bear the burden of a new kind of slavery. Such was the situation reflected in the works of those Georgian thinkers who were torn away from their own spiritual foundations.

363

SeniSvnebi:

Sesavali

1. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. Tb., 1983, II

t. gv. 298-301.

2. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II

t. gv. 176.

3. iqve, gv. 189. agreTve, ,,mcire uwyebani qarTvelTa mweral-

TaTvis”. iv. lolaSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1982, gv. 4-18, 102-107.

4. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. II t. gv. 236-

237.

5. a. amilaxvari. brZeni aRmosavleTisa. Tb., 1997.

6. dawvrilebiT ix. daviT reqtori. Txzulebani. T. kukavas

gamocema, Tb., 1997; b. darCia. gaioz reqtori. Tb., 1987.

pirveli Tavi

* * *

meore Tavi

1. s. dodaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 1990, gv. 216.

2. iqve, gv. 220.

3. ix. Марр Н. Иоанн Петрицский, грузинкий неоплатоник XI-XII века. СПБ, 1909., Вступительные и заключительные строфы ,,Витязя в барсовой кожe Шота из Рустава”. СПБ, 1910.

4. ix. iv. javaxiSvili: ,,zneobrivi moZRvrebis istoria sa-

qarTveloSi”. Jurnali ,,iveria”, #10-13, 1906 da ,,adamiani Zvel

qarTul mwerlobasa da cxovrebaSi” (ix. iv. javaxiSvili _

,,qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi”. Tb., 1956,

gv. 130-155). orive werilis axali gamocema ix. qarTuli filo-

sofiuri azris istoria. Tb., 1996, I t. I gamoc. me-2 gamoc.

2013).

364

5. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria. Tb., 1996, I t. gv.

399.

6. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. Tb., 1977,

VIII t.

7. iqve, gv. 346-347.

8. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,

1980, I t. gv. 331-407.

9. iqve, gv. 429-550.

10. i. beritaSvili. moZRvreba adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb sa-

qarTveloSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 243.

11. iqve, gv. 243-244.


t.

13. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1956, I

t. gv. 14-15.

14. Гр. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тб., 1955.

15. iqve, gv. 41.

16. iqve, gv. 49.

17. iqve, gv. 51.

18. iqve, gv. 59-60.

19. iqve, gv. 62.

20. a. frangiSvili. narkvevebi adamianis fsiqologiuri

codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1959, gv. 6.

21. iqve, gv. 9.

22. iqve.

23. S. xidaSeli. aleqsandre amilaxvari da misi socialur-

politikuri traqtati ,,brZeni aRmosavleTisa”. ix. krebuli:

,,qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis narkvevebi”. Tb., 1977,

V t. gv. 94.

24. iqve, gv. 99.

25. iqve, gv. 100.

26. iqve, gv. 102.

27. iqve, gv. 107.

28. ix. s. avaliani. anton pirveli. cxovreba, moRvaweoba da

filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. Tb., 1987; igive avtoris _

365

qarTuli naturfilosofiis istoriis narkvevevbi, Tb., 1984; g.

dedabriSvili. qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri urTierTobebis

istoriidan. Tb., 1984; r. baramiZe. narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlo-

bis istoriidan. Tb., 1990; l. menabde. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis

qarTuli literatura. Tb., 1997; r. siraZe. qarTuli esTetiku-

ri azris istoriidan. Tb.,1978.

mesame Tavi

1. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. Tb., 1979, III

t. gv. 536.

2. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi rva tomad. Tb., 1979,

III t. gv. 549.

3. iqve, gv. 623.

4. iqve, gv. 651.

5. qarTlis cxovreba. Tb., 1959, II t. gv. 338.

6. iqve, gv. 716.

7. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Tb., 1948, II t.

gv. 308.

8. iqve, gv. 308.

9. iqve, gv. 299.

10. qarTlis cxovreba. Tb., 1959, II t. gv. 224 (Sdr. saqarTve-

los istoriis narkvevebi, III t. gv. 590).

11. iv. javaxiSvili. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba.

Tb., 1945, gv. 242.

12. iqve.

13. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1960, I

t. gv. 330.

14. iqve.

15. k. kekeliZe. esqatologiuri ideebi Zvel qarTul mwer-

lobasa da cxovrebaSi. ,,Cveni mecniereba”, 1923, #1, gv. 59.

16. iqve.

17. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Tb., 1928, I t.

gv. 288.

18. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. I t. gv. 335.

366

20. k. kekeliZe. ,,etiudebi”. Tb., 1945, II t. gv. 323.

21. iqve, gv. 314-325.

meoTxe Tavi

1. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. Tb., 1949, gv. 11.

2. al. frangiSvili. narkvevebi adamianis fsiqologiuri

codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1959, gv. 85-87, 91,92.

3. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. gv. 232.

4. iqve.

5. iqve, gv. 232-233.

6. iqve, gv. 233.

7. iqve, gv. 246.

8. iqve, gv. 163.

9. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1960, I

t. gv.308.

10. Гр. Каландаришвили. Oчерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тб.,

1955, gv. 69.

11. am wyaroebis Sesaxeb uwinaresad TviTon avtori miuTi-

Tebs mis ,,anderZnamagSi”. kerZod, dasaxelebulia saRvTo we-

rili (biblia), prokles ,,kavSirni RmrTismetyuelebiTni”, io-

ane petriwi, aristotelesa da porfiriosis kategoriebi, neme-

sios emeseli, ioane damaskeli da sxva.


13. iqve, gv.17.

14. iqve, gv. 246.

15. iqve, gv. 248.

16. iqve, gv. 411.

17. iqve, gv. 344.

18. Гр. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. gv.88. 19. iqve, gv. 90.

20. iqve, gv. 137.

21. am Txzulebis ufro vrceli gadmocema ix. g. kalanda-

riSvilis dasax. SromaSi. gv. 134-141.

367

$2

22. ufro vrclad ix. s. avaliani. anton pirveli. cxovre-

ba, moRvaweoba da filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. Tb., 1987.

23. anton pirveli. spekali. g. dedabriSvilis gamocema. Tb.,

1991, gv. 254.

24. iqve.

25. iqve, gv. 259.

26. anton pirveli. katiRoria simetneÁ. k. kekeliZis sax.

xelnawerTa instituti. S-3657. gv. 1. 27. kr. baumaisteri. filosofiuri Txzulebani. k. kekeli-

Zis sax. xelnawerTa instituti. S-251. gv. 5. 28. iqve, gv. 6.

29. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 13.

30. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 259.

31. iqve, gv. 261.


33. iqve, gv. 11.

34. iqve, gv. 183.

35. iqve, gv. 281.

36. iqve, gv. 315.

37. m. qavTaria. meTvramete saukunis qarTuli sazogadoeb-

rivi azrovnebis istoriidan. Tb., 1977, gv. 158.


39. iqve, gv. 181.

40. iqve, gv. 183.





45. iqve, gv. 191.


47. iqve, gv. 272.

48. iqve, gv. 169.



368


52. iqve, gv. 297.

53. iqve, gv. 298.


55. iqve, gv. 305.

56. iqve, gv. 306.

57. iqve, gv. 310.

58. iqve, gv. 308.

59. al. frangiSvili. dasax. Sr. gv. 219.

60. iqve, gv. 319.

61. iqve, gv. 318.

62. iqve, gv. 420.

63. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 328-329.



66. anton pirveli. katiRoria simetneÁ. k. kekeliZis sax.

xelnawerTa instituti, S-3657, $6. 67. magaliTad, kr. baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebe-

bis qarTuli Targmanis winasityvaobaSi antoni cal-calke

axasiaTebs SegrZnebebsa da ,,mcnobelobas” (cdas). saxeldobr,

igi ambobs, rom ,,scdebian mravaljer grZnobani da egreTve

mcnobelobaca”.



70. iqve, gv. 372.

71. iqve, gv. 314.

72. al. frangiSvili. dasax. Sr. gv. 243-244.


74. iqve, gv. 313.

75. Chr. Baumeister. Elementa philosophiae recentioris, ed. sexta. M.,1809, gv. 240.

76. iqve, gv. 256.

77. Кр. Баумейстер. Метафизика (пер. Дм. Синковского). М., 1789,

gv. 149.



369


81. iqve, gv. 230.


83. iqve, gv. 303.

84. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr.



87. iqve, gv. 188.


89. anton pirveli. Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri. ix.

k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-114 (winasit-yvaoba).

90. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 010 _ 011.

91. iqve.

92. iqve, gv. 19

93. iqve.

94. Гр. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тб., 1955, gv. 99.

95. amitom ver daveTanxmebiT k. kekeliZes, romelic am

wigns naTargmn Txzulebad Tvlis da antoniseul sxva Targ-

manTa Soris ixseniebs (ix. k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis

istoria. Tb., 1960, I t. gv. 384). igi Tavisi xasiaTiT iseTive na-

warmoebia, rogorc ,,spekali”, romelic Targmans ar warmoad-

gens, Tumca masSi gadmocemuli azrebi originaluri ar aris.

mexuTe Tavi

1. s. avaliani. qarTuli naturfilosofiis istoriis nar-

kvevebi. Tb., 1984.

2. giorgi TevzaZe. rusTavelis kosmologia. Tb., 1984.

3. samedicino literaturis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix. iv.

beritaSvili. moZRvreba adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb saqarTve-

loSi. Tb., 1957. agreTve, m. Sengelia. qarTuli medicinis isto-

ria. Tb., 1980.

370

4. wigni saaqimoÁ. l. kotetiSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1936, gv.

12.

5. iqve.

6. frinvelTa karabadini. ix. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xel-

nawerTa instituti. a-562. gv. 562. 7. wigni saaqimoÁ. l. kotetiSvilis gamocema. gv. 15.

8. zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvili. samkurnalo wigni (karaba-

dini). Tb., 1978, gv. 70.

9. wigni saaqimoÁ. l. kotetiSvilis gamoცema. Tb., 1936, gv. 13

10. zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvili. samkurnalo wigni (kara-

badini). gv. 70.

11. iqve, gv. 4.

12. iqve, gv. 5.

13. k. kekeliძis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-269. S-287, 379, 34.

14. nemesios emeseli. bunebisaTvis kacisa. s. gorgaZis gamo-

cema. Tb., 1914. gv. 17.

15. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. Tb., 1949, gv. 33.

16. nemesios emeseli. bunebisaTvis kacisa. s. gorgaZis gamo-

cema. gv. 61.


18. iqve.

19. iqve, gv. 829.

20. iqve, gv. 331.

21. iqve, gv. 19.

22. iqve, gv. 428.

23. iqve.

24. iqve, gv. 246.


k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-114. gv. 1. 26. iqve, (winasityvaoba).

27. iqve, gv. 4.

28. kr. baumaisteri. filosofiuri Txzulebani. ix. k. keke-

liZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-251. gv. 242-243. 29. anton pirveli. Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri. ix.

k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti, S-114. gv. 15.

371

30. iqve, gv. 13.

31. iqve, gv. 21.

32. iqve, gv. 8.

33. iqve, gv.10.

34. iqve.

35. iqve, gv. 103.

36. iqve.



k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-114. gv. 12-13. 39. iqve, gv. 111.

40. iqve, gv. 112.

41. iqve, gv. 70.

42. iqve, gv. 43.

43. iqve, gv. 44.

44. iqve, gv. 106.

45. iqve.

meeqvse Tavi


1981, II t. gv.229.

2. iqve.

3. qarTuli proza. Tb., 1982, III wigni, gv. 284.

4. iqve, gv. 285. 302.

5. iqve, gv. 318.

6. iqve.

7. iqve, gv. 395.

8. iqve, gv. 330.

9. iqve, gv. 372.

10. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1980, V t. gv. 103.

11. iqve.


1981, II t. gv. 309.

372

13. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb., 1953, III t.

gv. 406.

14. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Sromebi.

Tb., 1985, IX t. II nawili, gv. 252, 255.

15. m. cucqiriZe. sulxan-saba orbelianis eTikuri Sexedu-

lebebi. `macne~. filosofiis seria. 1989, #1. gv. 25.

16. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. Tb., 1993, II

t. gv. 87.

17. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. Tb., 1991, I

t. gv. 261.

18. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. II t. gv.

261.

19. iqve, gv. 440.

20. iqve, gv. 88.

21. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. I t. gv. 363-

364.

22. iqve, gv. 111.

23. i. abulaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi).

Tb., 1973, gv. 167.

24. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. II t. gv.

283.

25. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli.

Tb., 1986. gv. 232.

26. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. 617, 1-48.

27. qilila da damana. Tb., 1949, gv. 551.

28. iqve, gv. 854.


1981, II t. gv. 482.

30. iqve, gv. 483.

31. iqve, gv. 486-487.

32. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1980, VI t. gv. 550, 578.

33. iqve, gv. 550-562.

34. iqve, gv. 563.

35. iqve, gv 565.

36. iqve, gv. 564.

37. iqve, gv. 323.

373

38. iqve, gv. 567.

39. iqve, gv. 590.

40. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1980, VII t. gv. 351.

41. iqve, gv. 352.

42. iqve.

43. iqve, gv. 353.

44. iqve, gv. 354.

45. iqve.

46. iqve.

47. iqve, gv. 637.

48. iqve, gv. 359.

49. iqve, gv. 375.

meSvide Tavi

1. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Tb., 1967, IV t.

gv. 199.

2. S. nucubiZe. Sromebi. Tb., 1985, IX t. gv. 192.

3. k. kekeliZe. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis is-

toriidan. Tb., 1957, V t. gv. 223-226.

4. Teimuraz pirveli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.,

1934, gv. 125.

5. iqve, gv. 126.

6. arCili. `saqarTvelos zneobani~. qarTuli mwerloba.

Tb., 1989 VI t. gv. 563.

7. iqve, gv. 580.

8. iqve, gv. 337.

9. iqve, gv. 556.

10. iqve, gv. 355.

11. arCiliani. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli or tomad. al.

baramiZis winasityvaobiT. Tb., 1936, I t. gv. 14.

12. iqve, gv. 17.

13. arCili. `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~. qarTu-

li mwerloba. Tb., 1989, VI t. gv. 350.

374

14. Zveli qarTuli profesiuli musika. istoriisa da Teo-

riis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1991, gv. 94-95.

15. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi

sakiTxebi. Tb., 1990, gv. 249-250.

16. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. Tb., 1928,

I t. gv. 116.


1981, II t. gv. 594.

18. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t. gv. 137.

19. r. siraZe. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan. Tb.,

1978, gv. 251.

20. l. wurwumia. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan.

Tb., 2005, gv. 325-342.

21. s. caiSvili. vaxtang meeqvse. rusTveluri mijnurobis

Sesaxeb. literaturuli werilebi. Tb., 1966.

22. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t., gv. 218.

23. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II t.

gv. 628.

24. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t. gv. 228.

25. m. baraTaSvili. swavla leqsis Tqmisa. Tb., 1981, gv. 7.

26. ilia WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb., 1953,

III t. gv. 457.

27. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1989, VII t. gv. 359.

28. al. gvaxaria. nizami da guramiSvili. `literaturuli

Ziebani~. Tb., 1983, gv. 77.

29. goeTe. fausti. Tb., 1952, gv. 98.


gv. 672.

31. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t. gv. 463-478.


gv. 677.

33. ioane batoniSvili. kalmasoba. Tb., 1948, II t. gv. 204.

375

merve Tavi

1. k. kapaneli. filosofiuri Sromebi. Tb., 1989, gv. 324.

2. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb.,1958, II t.

gv. 177.

3. iqve.

4. am mxriv sayuradReboa kaTolike misionerebis, kerZod,

arqanjelo lambertis ,,samegrelos aRwera”. Tb., 1938.

5. S. nucubiZe. dasax. Sr., gv. 178.

6. iqve, gv. 178.

7. iqve.

8. iqve, gv 231.

9. swored es garemoeba aisaxa nikoloz baraTaSvilis poe-

maSi ,,bedi qarTlisa.”

10. S. nucubiZe. dasax. naSromi. gv. 233.

11. JamTaaRmwereli. aswlovani matiane. Tb., 1987, gv. 82.

12. iqve.

13. iqve, gv. 63.

14. iqve, gv. 70.

15. iqve, gv. 128.

16. Jurnali ,,moambe”. 1962, #2, gv. 232.

17. al. amilaxvari. brZeni aRmosavleTisa. Tb., 1997, gv. 129-

130.

18. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis narkvevebi. Tb.,

1977, V t. gv.91.

19. al. amilaxvari. dasax. Sr. gv. 6-8

20. iqve, gv. 11.

21. iqve, gv. 10-11.

22. iqve, gv. 21.

23. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis narkvevebi. V

t. gv. 107.

24. al. amilaxvari. dasax. Sr. gv. 16-17.

25. iqve, gv. 17-18.

376

mecxre Tavi

1. abuserisZe tbeli. Txzulebani. baTumi, 1998, gv. 5-11.

2. iqve, gv. 12-57.

3. iqve, gv. 58-70.

4. dawvr. ix. iqve, gv. 324-333.

5. iqve, gv. 3.

6. l. musxeliSvili. bolok basilis mSenebloba Suar-

tyalSi da abuserisZeTa sagvareulo matiane. Tb., 1941.

7. i. sixaruliZe. naTeli dauRamebeli. baTumi, 1979, gv. 6-7.

8. abuserisZe tbeli. Txzulebani. baTumi, 1998, gv. 88.

9. iqve, gv. 90.

10. iqve, gv. 92.

11. iqve, gv. 158.

12. tbelis astronomiuli Sexedulebebi dalagebulia ma-

Tematikos onise surmaniZis Sromebis safuZvelze (ix. Jurnali

,,mecniereba da teqnika”, 1991, #11-12; agreTve, gazeTi _ ,,lite-

raturuli saqarTvelo”, 1993, 20 agvisto).

13. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani 12 tomad. Tb., 1977. VIII t.

gv. 246-262.

14. iqve, gv. 249.

15. iqve, gv. 250.

16. iqve.

17. iqve, gv. 251.

18. iqve, gv. 252.

19. iqve.

20. iqve, gv. 253.

21. iqve, gv. 255.

22. iqve, gv. 261.


1981, II t. gv. 301-302.

24. iqve, gv. 302-303.

25. iqve, gv. 303.

26. iqve, gv. 305.

27. iqve.

377


t. gv. 184.

29. iqve, gv. 185-186.

30. iqve, gv. 186.

31. iqve.

32. JamTaaRmwereli. ,,aswlovani matiane”. Tb., 1987, gv. 37.

33. iqve.

34. iqve, gv. 40.

35. iqve.

36. iqve, gv. 42.

37. iqve, gv. 43.

38. iqve.

39. iqve, gv. 43-44.

40. iqve, gv. 44.

41. iqve.

42. iqve, gv. 46.

43. iqve, gv. 49.

44. iqve, gv. 55.

45. iqve, gv. 62.

46. iqve.

47. iqve, gv. 53.

48. iqve, gv. 63

49. iqve, gv. 70.

50. iqve, gv. 79-80.

51. iqve, gv. 80.

52. iqve, gv. 82.

53. iqve, gv. 99.

54. iqve, gv. 132.

55. iqve, gv. 161.

56. iqve, gv. 168.

57. iqve, gv. 165.

58. iqve.

59. iqve, gv. 109, 162-163, 218 da sxv.

60. iqve, gv. 218.

61. iqve, gv. 172.

62. iqve, gv. 179.

378

63. iqve, gv. 180.

64. iqve, gv. 182.

65. iqve, gv. 180.

66. iqve, gv. 183.

67. vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.

ix. qarTlis cxovreba. simon yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1973,

IV t. gv. 1.

68. iqve, gv. 2.

69. iqve.

70. iqve, gv. 3.

71. iqve

72. iqve, gv. 13-14.

73. iqve, gv. 14-16.

74. iqve, gv. 16.

meaTe Tavi

1. r. baramiZe. ,,socialuri sakiTxebi Zvel qarTul origi-

nalur mwerlobaSi (VI-VII ss.)”. SromaTa krebuli: Zvel qar-

Tuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1962, I t; e. xoStaria (brose).

feodaluri xanis saqarTvelos mTisa da baris urTierTobis

sakiTxebi. Tb., 1984.

2. sruliad saqarTve;los kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II.

epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebebi. Tb., 1997 w. I t.

3. romaelTa zneobis mkvlevari, fridlenderi sagangebod

msjelobs am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. ix. Fridlander. Sittengeschichte Roms. I.

4. Tumc am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mas sakmaod didi tradicia

hqonda ,,SuSanikis wamebis”, merCuleisa da ,,ninos cxovrebis”

saxiT, rom araferi vTqvaT nikoloz gulaberiZisa da TviT

rusTavelis Sesaxeb.

5. aRorZinebis epoqis mwerlobaSi warmoCenil aRniSnul

sakiTxebs eZRvneba k. kekeliZis, al. baramiZis, iv. lolaSvi-

lis, l. menabdis, r. siraZis da r. TvaraZis Sromebi da weri-

lebi.

6. fsal. III, 2-3.

379

7. don juzepe milaneli. ,,werilebi saqarTveloze”.

Tb.,1964, gv. 45.

8. iqve, gv. 74.

9. evlia Celebis mogzaurobis wigni. Turqulidan Targmna,

komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo giorgi fuTuriZem. Tb.,

1971, I nawili, gv. 281.

10. iqve. gv. 281.

meTerTmete Tavi

1. r. TvaraZe. daviT guramiSvilTan miaxloeba. ix. r. Tva-

raZe TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba. Tb., 1985, gv. 287.

2. vaxtang VI. TxzulebaTa krebuli. al. baramiZis winasity-

vaobiT. Tb., 1947, gv. XVIII.

3. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. r. siraZe, `daviTiani~ da biblia.

r. siraZe. qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba. Tb.,

1992, I t. gv. 151-184.

4. М. Броссе. Взгляд на историю и литературу Грузии. (ЖМНП). СПб , 1838, VIII, gv. 322.

5. l. zaqaraZe. germanuli romantizmi da qarTveli roman-

tikosebi. Tb., 2008, gv. 8-14.


t. gv. 47.

7. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. ix. qarTuli mwerloba.

Tb., 1989, VII t. gv. 354.

8. iqve, gv. 359.

9. iqve, gv. 360.

10. iqve, gv. 354.

11. iqve, gv. 356.

12. Г. С. Сковорода. Сочинения. М., 1912, т.1, gv. 360. 13. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 350.

14. martin haidegeris eqsistencialuri kategoriebisa da

hermenevtikuli modelis Sesaxeb ix. g. margvelaSvili. fina-

lobis problema nikolai hartmanisa da martin haidegeris on-

tologiebSi. Tb., 1983.

380

15. k. kacitaZe. „moswavlis tanjva“. ix. ,,literatura da xe-

lovneba”. Tb., 1992, # 3-4, gv. 97.

16. Sdr. M. Heidegger. Vom Wesen des Grundes. Frankfurt am. Main., 1949, gv. 50.

17. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 353.

18. ix. g. margvelaSvili. finalobis problema nikolai

hartmanisa da martin haidegeris ontologiebSi. Tb., 1983, gv. 3-4.

19. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 370.

20. iqve, gv. 357.

21. iqve, gv. 354.

22. iqve, gv. 354.

23. daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi mistikur-alegoriul

motivebze miuTiTebdnen k. kekeliZe da n. naTaZe. ix. k. kekeli-

Ze. literaturuli Ziebani. Tb., 1956, X t; n. naTaZe. `daviTia-

nis~ didi saidumlo. ix. n. naTaZe. literaturuli werilebi.

Tb., 1973, gv, 214-237.

24. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1941, II

t. gv. 518, 553.

25. n. naTaZe. `daviTianis~ didi saidumlo. gv. 216.

26. iqve, gv. 218. 27. petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli). Sromebi.

s. enuqaSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1961, gv. 42.

28. amis Sesaxeb ix. l. zaqaraZe. erosis adgili areopagiti-

kaSi. ix. filosofia, RvTismetyveleba, kultura. problemebi

da perspeqtivebi. Tb., 2007, gv. 30-37.

29. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 354. 30. n. naTaZe. `daviTianis~ didi saidumlo. gv. 222-224; r.

TvaraZe. daviT guramiSvilTan miaxloeba. ix. TxuTmetsaukuno-

vani mTlianoba. gv. 292-293. 31. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 400. 32. iqve, gv. 401. 33. iqve, gv. 402. 34. iqve, gv. 405. 35. iqve, gv. 413. 36. iqve, gv. 414

381

37. iqve.

meTormete Tavi

1. k. kekeliZe. etiudebi. Tb., 1957, V t. gv. 5.

2. Н. Марр. Агиографические материалы по грузинским рукописям. СПБ, 1900, kн. II gv. 94.

3. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. Tb., 1951.

I t. gv. 41. ix. agreTve, i. abulaZe. rusTavelis xanis qarTuli

mwerlobis kidev erTi Zeglis Targmani Zvel somxurze. enimk-

is moambe. Tb., 1938. III t.,i. abulaZe. rusTavelis xanis qarTu-

lidan naTargmni Zveli somxuri mwerlobis Zeglebi. enimkis

moambe, Tb., 1938, III t.

4. П.М. Мурадян. Армяно-Грузинские литературные отношения

XVIII века. Ереван, 1966, gv. 173.

5. Давид Непобедимый (Анахт). Определение философии. (Предисл.

и коммент. С.С. Аревшатяна). Ереван, 1960, gv. 65.

6. В.К. Чалоян . История армянской философии. Ереван,1959, gv. 316

7. Вестник Ереванского университета. 1970, №2, gv. 146.


t. gv. 296.

9. Записки Восточного отделения Императорского русского археоло-

гического общества XIX века. 2-3. СПБ, 1910.

10. Г. К. Мирзоян. К вопросу об изучении армянско-грузинских

связей. Вестник Ереванского университета. 1970, №2, gv. 150.

11. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1956, I

t. gv. 315.

12. Н.А. Марр. Иоан Петрицкий грузинский неоплатоник XI-XII вв.

СПБ, 1909, gv. 86.

13. С. Полоцкий. Вечерня душевная. М., 1968, gv. 240.

14. k. kekeliZe. etiudebi. Tb., 1955, III t. gv. 115.

15. citirebulia wignidan: И. Пипин. История русской литера-

туры. СПБ, 1902, т. III gv. 201.

16. s. avaliani. anton pirveli. cxovreba, moRvaweoba da

filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. Tb., 1987.

382

17. daculia peterburgis aziis xalxTa institutSi.

18. l. asaTiani. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb., 1958, gv. 97.

19. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. Tb.,

1951, I t. gv. 473.

20. kitais sibrZne. Tb., 1754, gv. 92.

21. l. ZoweniZe. rusuli apoTegmatis qarTuli redaqciebi.

Tb., 1978. gv. 97.

22. a. frangiSvili. narkvevebi adamianis fsiqologiuri

codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1959, gv. 366-367.

23. gamoqveynebulia wignSi _ i. xelaSvili. ocdaToTxmeti

SekiTxvis wigni. Tb., 1967. gv. 13-14.

383

s a Z i e b e l i 1

a

abas I (Sah abasi) – 24, 25, 157, 208

abram kaTalikosi - 258

abuserisZe tbeli - 5,9,32,33,46-48,227-233

agamemnoni - 239

agapit diakoni - 346

agafokle - 348

avag mxargrZeli - 201

avaliani s. – 34,353

avaliSvili g. – 337, 350,351

avgustine - 280, 353,354

averoesi (ibn ruSdi) - 108

avicena (ibn sina) – 108,109

avreliusi (markus avreliusi) – 345,348

akofaSvili g. - 221

albert didi - 71,88,330,353

aleqsandre (arCil mefis Ze) – 332,333,346

aleqsandre didi (makedoneli) – 72,239,261

aleqsandre didi (saqarTvelos mefe 1412-1442 ww.) – 15,16,20,151,218

aleqsandre I - 20,22

ambrosi nekreseli - 72,297,299,300

amelaxosi - 327

amilaxvari al. – 11,38,39,218,221-226,351,357

amonios hermia - 35,36,64,73,328,353

ana (kaxeTis dedofali) - 22

ana ivanes as. (ruseTis imperatori) – 334,347

anaqsagora - 302,348,350

anaqsimandre - 348

andronike rodoseli - 328

anTipatos - 239

ansilioni J.p.fr. - 342

anton martyofeli - 229

1 შეადგინა ო. ქამადაძემ

384

anton pirveli 6,11,30,31,33,36,38,65,69,70-106,117-129,177,195,218,221,264,

321,322,327,329,330,333,335,338-340,353,354

anton Wyondideli-cagareli - 37,38,72,296,299

araqel siuneci - 324

arevSatiani s. - 323

aristotele - 5,36,37,56,59-61,64-69,71,73-79,82-84,86,88,93,98,101-108,114,

115,117,123,124,126,127,137-140,142,160,302,321,322,328,349,350,355

aristofane - 142

arsen iyalToeli - 8,10,11,48,55,64,316

arRuni (noini) - 256

arCil II (mefe, poeti) - 143-145,156-171,174,178,186,187,227,262-264,266,

268-281,284,290,292,296,299,312,314,331-333,346,355

asaTiani l. – 221,222,344

astiangi - 239

aRa-mahmad-xani - 29,220

aRbuRa - 52

b

bagrationi b. (bagrat batoniSvili) - 10

bagrationi d. (daviT batoniSvili) - 65,342-346,356,357

bagrationi T. (Teimuraz batoniSvili) – 342,344,349,355

bagrationi il. - 352

bagrationi i. (ioane batoniSvili) – 65,195,264,325,328,329,340, 341,347,

349,354-357

bagrationi p. - 336

bagrationi f. (farnavaz batoniSvili) – 344

baraTaSvili m. – 181-184,314

baraTaSvili n. – 174,275,277

baramiZe al. – 135,166,168,173,265,315

baramiZe r. - 34

barbare - 52

basili (kaTalikosi) – 35,64

basili didi - 280

basili makedoneli (bizantiis imperatori) – 333,346

baumaisteri kr. – 6,37,69,72-80,83-86,88-90,95,99,103,128,345,354,355

baRvaSi - 254

beritaSvili iv. - 33

385

besarioni (kaTalikosi) - 333

beqa I jayeli - 52,254,255

brose mari - 46,228,230,303

bualo n. – 164

budni b. – 348

g

gabaSvili b. – 182,194-199,333

gabaSvili z. - 1954

gabaSvili t. – 37,72,177

gaioz reqtori - 12,38,336,345,346,350,351

galenosi - 108

gvaxaria al. – 189,190

giorgi dayudebuli - 32

giorgi diokletiane - 153

giorgi XI - 172

giorgi VIII - 17,19,20

giorgi merCule - 107,156,329

giorgi V - 42-44,53,134,205,207,234

giorgi mTawmideli - 10,32,236

giorgi xucesmonazoni - 32

goguaZe n. - 229

goeTe - 192

grigol IX (romis papi) – 41,46

grigol nazianzeli (grigol RvTismetyveli) - 48

grigol noseli - 175

grigol xanZTeli - 150,156,329

gulaberiZe n. - 229

guramiSvili d. – 7,145-148,154,155,166,171,185-193,197,262-264,279,281,292-

296,302,309,311,312,314-318,333

d

dadiani vamey - 152

dadiani levan - 27

dadiani cotne - 42,133,253

daviT anahRTi (uZleveli) – 67,321-325,328,353

daviT aRmaSenebeli - 13,42,43,108,236,239,316

daviT narini - 41,132,235,240,245,254

386

daviT reqtori - 11,38,342,344

daviT ulu - 41,240,254

damiane - 151,152

dante aligieri - 178,185,192,193

darejani (arCil mefis asuli) - 336

dedabriSvili g. - 34

dekarti r. – 84,89,116,122,123,125,341

demetre (dimitri) II Tavdadebuli - 133,240,254,258

derJavini g. – 331,336

didi alberdi - ix. albert didi

diogene sinopeli - 142,348

dodaSvili s. – 30,31,224

dodsli r. - 347

don qristoforo de kasteli - 28

don juzepe julime milaneli - 297

dosiTeoz nekreseli (CerqeziSvili) – 37,324,329

e

egnataSvili (beri) – 44,172

evgeni IV (papi) - 48

evgeniosi - 107

evklide - 230

evlia Celebi - 297,298

ezope - 141

eileri l. – 355

ekermani - 192

elene - 239

elia - 52

elisabedi (petre I-is asuli) - 334

emini T. – 331,336

empedokle - 84,110,348

epikure - 142,302-305,309,348

erazm roterdameli - 351,352

erekle II - 11,28,29,31,38,71,72,195,197,207,209-211,223,346,347

esaia (winaswarmetyveli) - 251

efTvime mTawmideli - 10,48,236,323

efrem mcire - 8,10,48,55,64,175,322,316,323,354

387

eqvTime (patriaarqi) – 52,53

v

vaJa-fSavela - 28

varam gageli - 201,245

vardani - 141

vardapedi v. – 330

vaCnaZe sv. - 349

vaxtang VI - 10,32,57,58,172-183,187,207-209,281,284,292,300,302, 312,322,328,

348

vaxtang III - 16,17

vaxtang V - 57,170

vaxuSti batoniSvili - 32,36,57,67,68,227,230,259-261,264,321,322,334

via - 350

volkovski - 338

volteri - 221,283,342-344

volfi kr. – 6,71,74,75,77,78,80,86,117-119,121,126-128,265,291,338-341,345,

354

vronski - 340

z

zaza fanaskertel–ciciSvili - 21,109,111

zaqaria ritori - 49

zubalaSvili i. - 344

T

TavaqaraSvili m. - 27

Talesi - 302,350

Tamar mefe - 109,169,239,243,244,250

TayaiSvili e. – 221,222

Tbileli i. - 299

Teimuraz II - 71,72,144

Teimuraz I - 155-157,160-162,164,166-169,178,179,195,197,263,266,268,312

Temisteosi - 107

Temurlengi - 13-16,21,44,45,205

Teofilaqte belgaruli - 342

Teofraste - 328

TvaraZe r. - 315

388

Toma akvineli - 354

Tornike erisTavi - 258

TurmaniZe x. - 169

TurqestaniSvili e. - 348

i

iavorski st. – 331,334,335

iakobi - 236

iese (qarTlis mefe) - 71

ieso qriste - 152,159,175,192,193,225, 230,236,249,250,260,267, 293,318,342,

351

ivane aTabagi - 245,246,248,249

ivane axalcixeli - 249

ivane III - 21

ilia II (saqarTvelos kaTolikos - patriarqi) - 262

imedaSvili a. - 135

ioane anCeli - 229

ioane damaskeli - 5,35,36,48,55,56,59,64,79,84,103,260,316,321,323,353-355

ioane duns skoti - 354

ioane zosime - 230

ioane maxarobeli - 229

ioane mociquli - 152

ioane naTlismcemeli - 57,229,299

ioane oqropiri - 229

ioane petriwi - 8,11,30,31,35,36,54-56,59,64,67,68,87,89,90,107,112,114,149,

150, 175,304,316,320,321,325-328,353,355

ioane sabanisZe - 242

ioane tariWis Ze - 64.328

ioane SavTeli - 229,230

ioane WimWimeli - 48

ioseb flabiusi - 239

ismaili (Sahi) - 23

iulius afrikeli - 231

k

kaeni - 261

kalandariSvili gr. – 34-37,68,70.261,353

kanti - 146

kapinski i. - 331,333

389

kasandrosi - 239

kaxaberi - 254

kekeliZe k. – 34,46,47,49,51-54,130,135,153,173,182,194,198,228-230,234, 238,

240,241,243,254,293,312,319,321,335,353-355

kvintos kurciosi - 71

kvirosi - 239

kikvaZe c.

kiknaZe v. - 222

kiknaZe r. – 216,258

kirile aleqsandrieli - 329

kirile donauri - 53

kirile mTavarepiskoposi - 53

klarki - 352

kleobuli - 350

kovdini (kovidi, koftini) a. - 330

kondiliaki e. – 340,341,355,356

konstantine II (aleqsandre didis Svili) - 20

koperniki n. – 127,128,335

kotetiSvili l. - 109

kukava T. - 353

l

lagaZe p. – 53,54

laibnici g.v. – 75,77-80,86,101,119,123,265,291,341,352

langi d. - 135

laSa-giorgi - 131,216,228,234-236,240,242-246,250,255

leon batoniSvili - 197

leoniZe g. - 198

leonti mroveli - 172

loki j. – 265,341,356

lomonosovi m. – 331,336,338

lope de vega - 164

ludoviko XIV – 344,350

ludoviko XV – 351

ludoviko bolonieli – 18

luka - 133

lukreciusi - 122

390

m

madinaSvili z. - 38

makari (patriarqi) - 65

makari mesxi - 46,49,50,133

mangus yaeni - 252

mari n. – 31,49,219,326,327

marmonteli - 351

meTode - 103

menabde l. - 34

mesxiSvili d. - 342

mehmed II (sulTani) - 17

midasi - 239

mirzoiani g. – 323,324,326

mitrofane smirneli - 48

miqel mefe - 42

miqelanjelo - 193

mogila p. – 331,333

monteskie S. – 221,222,342,343

mosimaxos ebraeli - 239

muradiani p. - 321

musxeliSvili l. - 228

mRvimeli (beri) - 52

mxiTar sebastieli - 329,330

n

natroSvili g. – 309,315

nemesios emeseli - 5,56,59,87,110,112,114,175

nizami (ganjeli) – 156,189

nikolozi (episkoposi) – 45,46,326

nikolozi (kaTolikosi) – 254,255

nikolski - 328

nino (wm. nino) - 52

niutoni i. - 352

nucubiZe S. – 9,10,34,35,38,135,138,150,207,210,234,241-243,261,304, 324,327,

353,355

391

o

oveti a. - 292

olimpiadore (umcrosi) - 323

omar xaiami - 156,179

orbeliani gr. - 198

orbeliani i. - 326

orbeliani nikoloz (Tbileli) – 227

orbeliani p. - 32

orbeliani s.s. - 5,10,11,33,36,37,55-58,63,65-67,113-117,134-140,145,166,168,

171,187,218,219,227,262,264,279,281-287,289-292,296

p

pavle-savle (miciquli pavle) - 271

pereandre - 350

petre gelaTeli - 33

petre iberi - 49,50,133

petre mociquli - 52

petre I - 334,337

piTagora - 350

pius II (romis papi) - 18

platoni - 5,71,73,76,78,114,137,142,302,307,309

plotini - 315

polocki s. – 331-333

porfiriosi - 35-36,56,59,64,67,68,78,103,321,328,355

priamosi - 239

prokle, diadoxosi 8,31,54-56,59,76,304,320,322,325-328,355

prokofoviCi T. – 333,334-336

J

JamTaaRmwereli - 5,33,35,45,51,131-133,148,214-217,227,234-240,241-244,255,

258,259

Jordania T. - 228

r

razmaZe s. – 337,350

rogava a. - 353

rostom mefe - 169

rusanovi T. - 336

392

rusTaveli (SoTa rusTaveli) – 8,31,35,38,107,149,150,153-156,159,161,

162,165,167-170,177-179,184,192,194,195,198,199,268,279,302

ruso Jan-Jak - 221,344,345

rusudan mefe - 41,132,201,250,252,255

ruxaZe tr. - 354

s

saadi - 156

saakaZe g. – 207,208

sadun mankaberdeli - 253,259

saiaTnova - 198

seneka - 354

serapion zarzmeli - 150

simeon garneli - ix. simeon juRaeci (julfeli)

simeon pRinZahanqeli - 55,320,326,327

simeon juRaeci (julfeli) – 36,322,323,326,327,353

simon keTrovani - 267

siraZe r. – 34,315

sixaruliZe i. – 228

skliarosi (barda skliarosi) - 258

skovoroda gr. - 309

snele - 340

sokrate - 137,142,260,348

solomon brZeni - 244

solomon II - 28,29,207

solomon I - 195,210

soloni - 350

stefane - 10

stratemani v. – 36, 261

t

tbeli abuserisZe -ix. abuserisZe tbeli

totlebeni g. - 213

tuptalo d.{rostoveli} - 334

turovski k. - 331

u

uordropi m. - 135

393

f

feneloni fr. - 350

fergiusoni a. - 349

filareti (Tevdore romanovi) – 333,342

filon aleqsandrieli - 190

finateri - 331

firdousi - 156

fonvizini d. – 331,337

frangiSvili al. – 34,37,38,95,350

fsevdo-dionise areopageli - 302,313-342,317

furcelaZe d. - 344

q

qavTaria m. – 229

qananeli - 109

qeTevan dedofali - 156

qitiaSvili i. – 52,54

qiqoZe g. – 221,222

qsenofane

S

Salva axalcixeli - 249

SanSe (mandaturTuxucesi) - 201

SanSovani z. – 36,57,67,68,321,322,328

y

yaiTmazaSvili f. – 11,33,37,324,326,329

yauxCiSvili s. 259,261

yvaryvare - 42

C

Cagunava r. - 229

Caloiani v. - 323

CaRata noini - 240

CaxruxaZe - 169,184,195

Cesterfildi f. - 347

Cingiz yaeni - 240,248,259

ColoyaSvili b. - 22

394

ColoyaSvili d. - 336

ColoyaSvili s. – 336,350

CubinaSvili i. - 57,67,69,70

CxeiZe g. – 333,336

CxeiZe s.- 32

c

cagareli al. - 135

ciceroni - 90,260

cicianovi e. - 347

cicianovi p. - 347

ciciSvili d. – 339,344

ciciSvili n. - 169

cxakaia d. - 230

Z

Zenoni - 149

ZoweniZe q. - 348

w

wereTeli a. – 180,181

wm. giorgi - 46,52,152,227

W

WavWavaZe al. – 198,344

WavWavaZe i. – 135,174,185,194

WilaSvili i. – 225,357

WiWinaZe z, - 169

Wyondideli - 109

x

xalvaSi r. - 228

xelaSvili i. 33,297,300,340,341,349,352,356

xersakovi m. - 331,337

xerxeuliZe o. - 32

xidaSeli S. – 34,38,39,221,222,224,225

xorezm Sahi - 13

395

xojaTyofili - 109

xriziposi - 239

j

javaxiSvili iv. – 8,31,32,41,45,46,49-51,149,168,171,172,228,234-238, 252,

257, 258,261

jalaledini - 41,46,156,235,238,248-250,259

janaSvili m. - 52

juveini - 239

h

habo - 52

haidegeri m. - 308

harnaki a. - 278

hartmani n. - 138

hegeli - 61

heraklite - 350

herderi i.g. - 291

hipokrate - 108

histaki - 350

396

sarCevi

winasityvaoba (s. avaliani) 5

Sesavali (m. maxaraZe) 8

pirveli Tavi

XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis mokle mimoxilva

(l. WilaSvili) 13

meore Tavi

XIII _ XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris

Seswavlis istoriidan (m. maxaraZe) 30

mesame Tavi

qarTuli azrovnebis istoria XIII-XV saukuneebSi

(S. xidaSeli) 40

meoTxe Tavi

Teoriuli filosofiis problemebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis

qarTul azrovnebaSi (s. avaliani)

$1. sulxan-saba orbeliani, zurab SanSovani,

vaxuSti batoniSvili, iese CubinaSvili 57

1. filosofiis sagani 58

2. ontologiuri ideebi 60

3. logikuri ideebi 64

4. zurab SanSovani, vaxuSti batoniSvili,

iese CubinaSvili 67

$2. anton pirveli 71

1. filosofiis sagani 72

2. ontologiuri ideebi 80

3. gnoseologiuri ideebi 92

4. logikuri ideebi 99

397

mexuTe Tavi

naturfilosofiuri ideebi (s. avaliani)

1. naturfilosofiuri ideebi Sua saukuneebis

qarTul sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino

literaturaSi 107

2. sulxan-saba orbeliani 113

3. anton pirveli 117

meeqvse Tavi

eTikuri ideebi (g. SuSanaSvili)

1. erovnuli kulturis krizisi monRolTa

batonobis xanaSi 130

2. eTikuri azri qarTuli kulturis

aRorZinebis periodSi. ganmanaTlebloba

da eTika 134

3. naTargmni literatura da misi eTikuri

mniSvneloba 140

4. arCili 143

5. daviT guramiSvili 145

meSvide Tavi

esTetikuri ideebi (l. wurwumia)

$1. esTetikuri azri rusTavelis Semdgom periodSi

(XIII-XVI ss.) 149

$2. esTetikuri azri XVII saukunis saqarTveloSi 154

1. Teimuraz I-lis poeturi samyaro 155

2. arCil II-is msoflmxedvelobis esTetikuri

aspeqtebi _ 157

$3. esTetikuri azri XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi 171

1. vaxtang VI-is poeturi msoflaRqmis esTetikuri

aspeqti 172

2. mamuka baraTaSvilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi 181

3. daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis

esTetikuri aspeqtebi 185

$4. besikis poeturi samyaro 194

398

merve Tavi

sazogadoebriv-politukuri ideebi (T. mTibelaSvili) 200

mecxre Tavi

qarTuli filosofiuri azri XIII-XVIII ss. qarTul samecniero

literaturaSi (m. maxaraZe)

$ 1 . abuserisZe tbeli 227

$2. ,,aswlovani matiane” _ ,,JamTaaRmwereli” 234

1. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc istoriuli Zegli

(ivane javaxiSvili) 234

2. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc literaturuli

Zegli (korneli kekeliZe) 239

3. ,,aswlovani matiane”-s filosofiuri

interpretacia (Salva nucubiZe) 241

4. ,,aswlovani matianes” filosofiuri analizi 243

$3. vaxuSti batoniSvili 259

meaTe Tavi

socialuri sakiTxebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul

mwerlobaSi (r. baramiZe) 262

meTerTmete Tavi

filosofiuri ideebi daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi

(l. zaqaraZe) 302

meTormete Tavi

filosofiuri urTierTobebi (g. dedabriSvili) 319

$1. somxuri enidan Targmnili filosofiuri

literatura 320

1. daviT uZleveli. ,,sazRvarTa wigni” 323

2. prokle. ,,kavSirni RvTismetyÂelebiTni” 325

3. ,,axsna porfiriosis ,,Seyvanilebisa” 328

4. ,,peri hermenea”. aristotelesa da daviT

uZlevelis ,,axsna peri armeniasi” 328

5. kirile aleqsandrieli. ,,saunje anu ganZi” 329

6. mxiTar sebastieli. ,,ritorika” 329

399

7. antoni kovdinis (antoni koftini, antoni kovidi) Txzuleba 330

8. ,,wigni RvTismetyvelebisa didi alberdisa” 330

$2 qarTul enaze Targmnili rusuli filosofiuri

literatura 330

$3. ucxouridan rusuli enis meSveobiT Semosuli

filosofiuri literaturis qarTuli Targmanebi 338

$4. Targmnili literaturis gavlena qarTul

filosofiaze

1. anton pirvelis ,,spekali” 353

2. anton pirvelis ,,katiRoria simetneÁ” 354

3. ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasoba” 354

4. ioane bagrationis ,,Zalni sulisani” 355

5. daviT bagrationis Txzuleba ,,katiRoria

Semoklebuli” 356

reziume 358

SeniSvnebi: 363

saZiebeli 383

400

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qeTevan qarCava

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qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria - lib.bsu.edu.ge · 3 qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria II tomi meore gamocema oTxtomeulis meore gamocemis ideis avtori da redaqtori mixeil maxaraZe