Sesavali - socium.ge antropologia nino mshvenieradze.pdf · filosofiuri anTropologia pasuxobs kiTxvas: ra aris adamiani da garkveuli azriT, Zlevs aRniSnul problemur situacias. amitom,

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Sesavali

dRes eWvi aravis epareba, rom filosofiuri anTropo-logia filosofiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani disciplinaa. es ar aris SemTxveviTi: Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, davrw-mundebiT, TiTqmis yoveli filosofiuri problema, aSkarad Tu farulad, gulisxmobs adamianis(anTroposis) problemebs.

marTalia, filosofiuri anTropologia damoukideb-el filosofiur disciplinad mxolod meoce saukuneSi Camoyalibda, magram, adamiani yovelTvis iyo filosofiuri kvlevis obieqti. filosofiurma anTropologiam Seajama adamianis filosofiur Seswavlis gamocdileba. amitom, ar unda gagvikvirdes, roca aRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis dros, xSirad Segvxvdeba sxvadasxva, ufro adrindeli epoqis filosofosTa saxelebi.

Tu gavafarToebT filosofiuri anTropologiis cnebas, davinaxavT, rom is moicavs mTel wina filosofias. amitom, filosofiuri anTropologiis istorias Semofarglaven mx-olod im ideebiTa da avtorebiT, romlebmac gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdines dRevandel filosofiur anTropologiaze (paskali, herderi, kanti, hegeli, foierbaxi, aseve hobsi, loki).

herderi pirveli iyo, vinc scada erTmaneTTan daekavSire-bina biologiuri axsna da am problemebis `filosofiuri~ xedva. herderidan modis adamianis gageba, rogorc àrasru-lyofili~ arsebisa. adamianma Tavisi bunebrivi naklovaneba, arasrulyofileba unda Seavsos iaraRis, teqnologiis gziT.

kantis kiTxvebi `ra SemiZlia vicode?~ `ra unda va-keTo? “risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes?~ aseve miseuli gageba “fiziologiuri da pragmatuli anTropologiebisa~ sayovel-Taodaa gaziarebuli filosofiur anTropologiaSi. dRemde cocxalia hegelis Teoria gaucxoebis fenomenis Sesaxeb, romelsac filosofiuri anTropologia warmatebiT iyenebs individisa da sazogadoebis problemis asaxsnelad. igive

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SeiZleba iTqvas hegelis Tvalsazrisze. RvTaebrivi gonis adamianis istoriaSi gaSlis Sesaxeb, romelic filosofiuri anTroplogiis erT-erTi aqtualuri Temaa.

filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis metad mniSvnelova-nia hiumis, hobsisa da lokis naazrevi “adamianis bunebaze~ da sociologiis fuZemdeblebis /kontis, spenseris, milis/ mosazrebani, romlebic cdilobdnen gaegoT adamianis buneba socio-kulturul wesrigis meSveobiT.

mainc, saidan iRebs saTaves filosofiuri anTropologia? filosofiuri anTropologiis dasawyisad SeiZleba miviCnioT is dro, rodesac iwyeba adamianSi `gansakuTrebulis~ Zieba, rac, arc raimedan gamoiyvaneba da arc raimeze daiyvaneba. es `gansakuTrebuloba~, distancirebis unaria. mxolod, adamians SeuZlia daupirispirdes samyaros, Tavis msgavss, sakuTar Tavs da am gziT gaarkvios, daadginos misi adgili samyaroSi.

adamianis raobis gageba ufro problemuri gaxda mas Semdeg, rodesac evropuli kultura Sexvda sxva tipis kul-turebsa da xalxebs. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT anTropologiur literaturas, davinaxavT, rom, avtorebi TavianT anTropolo-giebs sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven. iqneba es Teologiuri, fenomenologiuri, istoriuli, socialuri, biologiuri Tu kultur-filosofiuri.

mainc, riT gansxvavdeba filosofiuri anTropologia sxva anTropologiuri disciplinebisagan, an adamianis Sesaxeb arsebuli istoriul-filosofiuri codnisagan?

jer erTi, filosofiur anTropologias korelaciaSi mohyavs sxvadasxva anTropologiebi. magaliTad, filosofi-uri anTropologiis fuZemdebeli m.Seleri erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs filosofiur, mecnierul da Teologiur anTro-pologiebs. filosofiuri anTropologia makordinirebel disciplinad gvevlineba imis dasaZlevad, rasac filosofi-uri anTropologiis warmomadgenlebi azrovnebis anarqias da `centris dakargvas~ uwodeben. es filosofiuri disciplina

cdilobs gaigos adamianis arsebiTi Tvisebebi da unarebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi `codnis axal ruqas~ qmnis.

filosofiuri anTropologia mecnierebebTan dialogSi avlens sakuTar specifikas. ase magaliTad, a. gelenisaTvis filosofiuri anTropologia axali èmpiriuli disci-plinaa~ gansxvavebuli bunebismetyvelebisagan da gonismec-nierebisagan.

filosofos-anTropologebi kargad xedaven kulturis _ adamianuri samyaros kriziss, romelic gansakuTrebiT cxadi gaxda adamianis `sami didi damcirebis~ Semdeg. pirveli, rodesac, kopernikma uaryo geocentruli sistema. dedami-wa- adamianis samyofeli, samyaros centri. meore- darvinis biologiuri evolucionizmi. mesame- istoriulma skolebma naTelyves religiuri da erovnuli Rirebulebebis fardobi-Toba. am krizisis maCvenebelia agreTve siRrmis fsiqologia (z.froidis fsiqoanalizi) da k.marqsis Teoria, romlisTvisac, adamiani sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erTobliobaa.

filosofiuri anTropologiis erT-erTi amocanaa fi-losofiurad axsnas is faqtebi, romlebic aRmoaCina sx-vadasxva mecnierebam adamianis bunebasa da mis arsebobis pirobebSi. tradiciuli gnoseologia mxolod cnobierebis funqciis axsniT iyo dakavebuli, igi ar iTvaliswinebda paskalis e.w. `gulis logikas~.

filosofiuri anTropologiis Camoyalibebas aseve didad Seuwyo xeli, iseTi filosofiuri mimarTulebebis aRmocene-bam, rogorebicaa, sicocxlis filosofia, fenomenologia, eq-sistencializmi, siRrmis fsiqologia. aseve, gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa epoqam- drom. rogorc, filosofiuri anTrop-ologiis erT-erTi mamamTavari maqs Seleri wers: istoriis arc erT monakveTSi ar yofila adamiani sakuTari TavisaTvis iseTi problematuri, rogorc Tanadroul epoqaSi~ (94,133) am gamonaTqvamSi igulisxmeba, rom, Tanamedrove epoqaSi SeimC-neva adamianis sruliad sxvadasxvagvari, xSirad winaaRmde-

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gobrivi gageba, ufro metic, adamianis cnebis msxvreva.filosofiuri anTropologia pasuxobs kiTxvas: ra aris

adamiani da garkveuli azriT, Zlevs aRniSnul problemur situacias. amitom, ikvlevs is adamianis yofierebis sakiTxebs ufro danawevrebulad , ufro Rrmad.

filosofiur anTropologias korelaciaSi mohyavs sxvadasxva anTropologiebi da warmatebiT uTavsebs mec-nierul meTods filosofiur midgomas. fragmentuli codnis damuSaveba-analiziT filosofiuri anTropologia cdilobs adamianis arsebiTi Tvisebebis unarebis gagebas.

maSasadame, filosofiuri anTropologiis kvlevis sagania adamiani. magram, es Zalian zogadi debulebaa. ada-mians- ànTroposs~-swavlobs sxva mravali mecniereba Tu filosofiuri disciplina. ibadeba kiTxva: riT gansxvavdeba filosofiuri anTropologiis sagani sxva mecnierebaTa sagnisagan? ase magaliTad, adamianis agebulebas swavlobs anatomia, adamianSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebs ikvlevs fiziologia. adamianis rasebs, garemos zegavlenas adamianis fizikur mocemulobaze - bunebismetyveluri anTropolo-gia. e.i. adamianis calkeul aspeqtebs imecnebs calkeuli specialuri mecniereba. magram, amave dros, unda gaviTval-iswinoT is garemoebac, rom, adamiani ar aris sxvadasxva mxareTa meqanikuri jami. is mTlianobaa, xolo nawilebze msjeloba SesaZlebelia mxolod, mTelis danawevrebiT, misi elementebis gamocalkavebiT. swored, es aris filosofiuri anTropologiis kvlevis obieqti - adamiani, rogorc mTeli. es mTeli ar miiReba nawilebis, aspeqtebis dajamebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, filosofiuri anTropologia iqneboda pozi-tiuri yaidis mecniereba. mTelis wvdoma intuiciiT, fenom-enologiuri analiziT xdeba. inteleqtualuri intuicia da fenomenologiuri analizi filosofiuri anTropologiis ZiriTadi meTodebia.

filosofiur anTropologiaSi fenomenologiuri mid-

goma filosofiuri sakiTxebisadmi uwanamZRvrod,upirobod iTvleba, xolo bunebaTmecnierebebisaTvis, logikurad pirve-ladad, radgan, igi exeba mniSvnelobebs, mocemul arsTa intu-iciur gagebas. ramdenime sityviT SevexoT intuiciis cnebas. inteleqtualuri intuicia dasabuTebis sawyisia, magram, es debuleba ar aris yvelas mier erTxmad gaziarebuli. amboben, rom intuicia ar SeiZleba iyos dasabuTebis sawyisi, vinaidan, is subieqtis fsiqologiuri mdgomareobaa. Cemi azriT, amiT sruliadac ar icvleba saqmis viTareba, intuiciis cnebaSi xom gulisxmoben subieqtis fsiqologiur mdgomareobas. es mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom cneba SeiZleba aRwerili da gamokvleuli iyos fsiqologis mierac. faqtia, ìntuicia~ xSirad gaigeba rogorc uecari ganaTeba, mixvedra, Sinagani karnaxi Tu sxva saxis fsiqikuri aqti. sruliad naTelia, aseT movlenebs Seiswavlis ara logika an gnoseologia, aramed, fsiqologia.

magram, aseve ar unda daviviwyoT Semdegi garemoeba, ter-mini `msjelobac~ mravali mniSvnelobis mqonea. msjeloba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc subieqturi, individualuri fsiqikuri aqti da aseve, msjelobis~ cnebaSi moviazroT mra-vali kerZo SemTxvevisaTvis, mravali individisaTvis saerTo, igiveobrivi sazrisi. `msjelobis~ pirvel mxares swavlobs fsiqologia, xolo meore _ logikisa da gnoseologiis kompetenciaa (saqmea).

analogiuri viTarebaa intuiciis~ cnebis SemTxvevaSic. ìntuicias~ vuwodebT fsiqikur aqts, magram, amave dros, intu-iciuri xedviT gaxorcielebuli msjeloba zeindividualuri, logikuri bunebisaa, swored, es ainteresebs filosofias da ara fsiqologias.

intuiciis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli msjeloba mu-dam evidenturia. cxadia, es msjeloba miuTiTebs, rom, saqmis raime viTareba aseTia da sxvagvari ver iqneba. evidentoba am SemTxvevaSi ar aris mxolod gancda, adamianis subieqturi

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mdgomareoba, an fsiqologiuri faqti. (amgvarad gamoxatuli msjeloba fsiqologiis sagania). filosofias ainteresebs msjelobis elementebis obieqturi kavSiris evidentoba da ara individis gancda, msjelobis Sinaarsis sazrisis eviden-toba, uSualo codna (magaliTad, is rom, TeTri ar aris Savi).

radgan, intuicia evidenturia, misi WeSmariteba sxva msj-elobidan ar miiReba. intuicias ar Wirdeba sxva msjelobebiT dasabuTeba, ar esaWiroeba diskursia, intuicia sagnis arsebis uSualo wvdomaa. swored, amitom, misiT sruldeba regresi dasabuTebaSi. dasabuTebis procesi Cerdeba~ am dasasrulis gareSe ki, arc erTi debuleba ar iqneboda WeSmariti.

filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis amgvari debulebaa àdamians aqvs arsi, igi mTliani arsebaa~, (xolo is, rom, ada-mianis arsi misi Semoqmedebis unaria da is, rom, igi goniTi arsebaa, am azris naTelyofaa mTeli filosofiuri anTrop-ologiis mizani da amis Cvenebas Sevecdebi mec).

amgvarad, filosofiuri anTropologiis sagani garkveu-lia. es aris adamianis arsis wvdoma, adamianis, rogorc mTelis gageba. iseTi problemebi, rogorebicaa, vTqvaT, ada-mianis mimarTeba cxovelTan, an adamianis mimarTeba RmerTTan, moiTxovs adamianis ara romelime calke aRebuli aspeqtis ganxilvas, aramed, adamianis mTlianobis warmoCenas.

filosofiuri anTropologiis safuZvelze SegviZlia visaubroT adamianis adgilze samyaroSi,adamianis struq-turaze, mis mimarTebaze bunebasTan,cxovelTan, meore adami-anTan, sociumTan, kulturasTan. SemoqmedebasTan, Tavisufal arCevanTan. saerTod, adamianis yofierebis Taviseburebaze.

adamianis romelime mxaris Semswavleli specialuri mkvlevari aucileblad iTvaliswinebs - gacnobierebulad, zogjer, ki gaucnobiereblad, filosofiuri anTropolo-giis amosavals adamianis mTlianobis Taobaze. fsiqologia, magaliTad, swavlobs adamianis fsiqikur Taviseburebebs, fiziologi - adamianSi mimdinare fiziologiur procesebs,

anatomi - adamianis agebulebas da a. S. romel àdamians~ gulisxmoben aseT SemTxvevaSi? ra Tqma unda, adamians, ro-gorc mTels. adamianis erT-erTi aspeqtia, vTqvaT, fsiqikuri cxovreba, romelsac fsiqologia Seiswavlis. maSasadame, spe-cialuri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli Tavis kvlevaSi iyenebs iseT gamoTqmas, romlis mniSvnelobac gulisxmobs adamians rogorc mTels. e.i. imas, rac filosofiuri anTropologiis Seswavlis sagania da romelsac, arc erTi kerZo mecniereba ar Seiswavlis.

amgvarad, filosofiuri anTropologiis amosavali aris adamiani, rogorc mTlianoba. a. boWoriSvili Tavis SromaSi àdamianis fenomenologiis Sesaxeb~ samarTlianad wers: `radgan filosofiuri anTropologiis kvlevis sagania ada-mianis mTlianoba (misi arsi), amitom igi arasodes ar iqneba arc fiziologia da arc fsiqologia, arc sociologia da istoria, aramed iqneba anTropologia. misi fizikuri gauqmeba SeiZleba, misi gadakeTeba SeuZlebelia~(9,18)

filosofiur anTropologias, rogorc adamianis rao-bis damdgen disciplinas, SeuZlebelia adamianis calkeuli mxareebis Semswavleli sxva dargebi Seecilon, radgan, fi-losofiuri anTropologia maT Soris erTaderTia, romelic, adamians rogorc mTels ikvlevs.

adamianis problemis Seswavlas Rrma filosofiuri tradicia aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom, filosofiuri anTropo-logia SedarebiT axali disciplinaa, romelic filosofias XX saukuneSi Seemata. yvela mkvlevari mainc ar iziarebs am Tvalsazriss da mis warmoSobas sxvadasxva periodis filosofosTa saxelTan akavSirebs. zogi mas kantiT iwyebs, zogi foierbaxiT, an friziT, bevri SeleriTac ki~... (99,74)

a. Sternis Tanaxmad, filosofiuri anTropologia TiTq-mis iseve Zvelia, rogorc filosofia. gamoTqma `TiTqmis~, am SemTxvevaSi, sruliad garkveul viTarebas gamoxatavs: a. Sterni samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom berZen moazrovneTa

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filosofiuri interesis pirveli obieqti iyo gare samyaro, buneba. Semobruneba bunebidan adamianisken ki xdeba ufro gvian, rodesac, kosmologiuri problemebis adgils anTrop-ologiuri problematika ikavebs.

am Semobrunebas a. Sterni sokrates saxels ukavSirebs. `pirvelad sokratesTan gadaiqceva adamiani filisofiis mTa-var problemad. misiT iwyeba filosofiuri anTropologia~ (99,75) - vkiTxulobT zemoT dasaxelebul werilSi.

rogorc vxedavT, a.Sterns filosofiuri anTropolo-giis dasawyisad miaCnia sokrates moRvaweoba. ra Tqma unda, is faqti, rom, sokrates filosofiuri interesis centrSi adamianis yofierebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi idga, savse-biT udavoa. magram, ramdenad sworia debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom Semobruneba adamianisaken swored sokratem moaxdina?

am sakiTxze gansxvavebuli azri aqvT sxva cnobil fi-losofosebs. davasaxeleb hegels, celers, vindelbands, gompercs. isini anTropologiur Semobrunebas ukavSireben sofistebs da ara sokrates. amave azrisaa gamoCenili qa-rTveli filosofosi sergi danelia. berZnuli filosofiis kosmologiur periodSi, rogorc aRniSnavs: igi, moazrovneTa mometebuli nawili ufro kosmosis an bunebis problemebs ikvlevda~(27,66). es moazrovneebi adamianze sxvaTaSoris aCerebdnen yuradRebas. sazogadoebis cxovreba da am cxovre-baSi Seqmnili kulturuli Rirebulebani - sarwmunoeba, zneoba, saxelmwifo, yofa, xelovneba, mecniereba, rogorc aRniSnavs s.danelia, ar Seadgens kvleva Ziebis gansakuTrebul obieqts. amis mizezad qarTveli filosofosi patriarqalur, ganuviTarebel sazogadoebas Tvlis. amgvar sociumSi myofi adamiani mWidro kavSirSia bunebasTan da TiTqmis uSualod grZnobs bunebrivi aucileblobis simwvaves, mefobs bunebis mkacri despotizmi, tlanqi Zala da adamiani meore adami-anisaTvis TiTqmis igivea, rac cxovelia cxovelisaTvis, e.i. garemdebare obieqti. kosmologiuri periodis filosofia,

s. danelias azriT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis anarekli iyo, warmoadgenda socialuri yofis asaxvas.

droTa manZilze mdgomareoba icvleba: berZnuli sazoga-doebis socialur-politikuri cxovreba viTardeba, ukan rCeba socialuri yofis patriarqaluri formebi, kultura aviwroebs barbarosobis ares, adamiani Tavisufldeba bunebis zemoqmedebisagan, xdeba is procesi, romelsac qarTveli fi-losofosi uwodebs adamianis gasubieqtebas an gapirovnebas praqtikaSi~. àdamianis gasubieqtebas praqtikaSi - wers s. danelia, -Tan sdevda misi gasubieqteba TeoriaSi da adamianze warmodgenac realuri adamianis cvlasTan erTad icvleboda~ (27,70). moazrovneTa Soris fexs ikidebda Sexeduleba, rom, adamiani ufro metia, vidre obieqti, bunebis ubralo mov-lena. is subieqtia, pirovnebaa, sazogadoebis wevria, mokled, kulturis movlenaa. fizikis gverdiT, aRniSnavs s. danelia, viTardeba istoria, romelic Tukidides saxiT istoriografi-is maRal nimuSebs iZleva, sofistebis meSveobiT safuZveli eyreba fsiqologias, eTikas da politikas. filosofiis istoriaSi kosmologiur periods cvlis anTropologiuri periodi.

s. danelia xazs usvams sofistebis did rols kos-mologiuri kvlevidan anTropologiuri kvlevisaken Semo-brunebaSi. `Tu fizikosTa kvleva-Ziebis centrSi bunebis movlenebi iyo moqceuli,- wers is,- xolo adamianisa da sazogadoebrivi kulturis problemebs naklebad ikvlevd-nen, sofistebma yuradRebis centrSi swored adamiani da misi kultura moaqcies~(27,72). ufro qveviT vkiTxulobT: `TiTqmis yvela humanitarul disciplinaSi- gramatikidan dawyebuli da religiis TeoriiT damTavrebuli- sofistebma Tavisi sityva Tqves, da swored es saqme (e.i. kvleva -Ziebis mTavar sagnad adamianis problemis qceva) iyo sofistebis didi damsaxureba~. (iqve).

rogorc vxedavT, s.danelias Tanaxmad, swored, sofistebT-

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an iqca pirvelad adamiani, rogorc adamianuri samyaros _ kulturis Semoqmedi, filosofiuri kvlevis mTavar sagnad. sofistebis mier yuradRebis gadatana adamianis problemaze qarTvel filosofoss maT istoriul damsaxurebad miaCnia.

meore qarTveli filosofosi, g.TevzaZe iZleva imis axs-nas, Tu ratom moxda kosmologiuri kvleva-Ziebidan anTrop-ologiurze gadasvla. g.TevzaZe aRniSnavs, rom kosmologiur periodSi arsebobda filosofiur moZRvrebaTa dapirispireba, Seurigebloba, rac parmenidesa da heraklites moZRvrebaTa dapirispirebaSi Sejamda. sofistebisaTvis, am dapirispirebis Sedegi iyo bunebis Seumecnebloba da Semecnebis sagnad adamianis gamocxadeba. `sofistebma am dapirispirebidan is daskvna gamoitanes,- wers g.TevzaZe,- rom obieqturi realo-bis - bunebis Semecneba SeuZlebelia, rom codnisa da kvlevis erTad-erTi sagania sazogadoeba da adamiani~ (33,58).

movusminoT cnobil germanel filosofoss m.landmans, romelic pirdapir acxadebs, rom filosofiaSi anTropolo-giuri Semobruneba, damsaxurebaa ara sokratesi, aramed so-fistebis~ (48,30). m.landmani sofistebs ase axasiaTebs: isini arian pirveli anTropologebi, radgan kulturis pirveli filosofosebi arian~ (iqve). sofistebis azriT, kulturis, kerZod, eris, eTnosisa da samarTlis ganmsazRvrelia ara buneba, aramed, adamianTa SeTanxmeba, gadawyvetileba.

me vemxrobi m.landmanis Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviT, berZnul filosofiaSi anTropologiuri Semobruneba so-fistebis saxels ukavSirdeba. amis Semdeg, adamianis problema saukuneebis manZilze, yovelTvis iyo filosofiis kvlevis obieqti. magram, ufro marTebulad mimaCnia `filosofiuri anTropologiis~ rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinis Cam-oyalibeba XX saukunes davukavSiroT da mis damfuZneblad maqs Seleri CavTvaloT.

ra gvaZlevs amis safuZvels? filosofia Seiswavlis sa-myaros mTlianobaSi. masSi garkveuli adgili ukavia adamians.

swored, esaa filosofiuri anTropologiis kvlevis sagani. adamianis CarTviT mTelSi (samyaroSi) icvleba misi saxe, Tviseba. mxolod, am pirobiT SeuZlia arseboba filosofiur anTropologias. aseTi didi mniSvneloba mTlianis kanonzom-ierebisaTvis ar aqvs mcenareTa Tu cxovelTa samyaros. aseve, masze gavlenas ver axdens calkeul individTa arseboba-ararseboba. saqme exeba adamianis principul arsebobas, mis arss, misi erTianobis problemas.

adamiani, rom ar arsebobdes, ar iqneboda samyaros suraTi, ar iarsebebda filosofia, mecniereba (saerTod anTropolo-giuri sinamdvile). mxolod, adamians aqvs Semecnebis unari, ris meSveobiTac igi wvdeba samyaros kanonzomierebas. adamians, rogorc samyaros suraTis Semqmnels, sruliad unikaluri roli akisria. amitomacaa, filosofiuri anTropologia didad mniSvnelovani filosofiuri disciplina.

filosofiis uzogadesi kiTxvebi: ra aris Cems garSemo da SemiZlia Tu ara misi Semecneba, Rirebulia filosofi-uri anTropologiis mxrivac. am disciplinas mxolod maSin eqneba mniSvneloba Tu arsebobs samyaro rogorc mTliani da am mTlianSi Tu uWiravs adamians, iseTi adgili, rom, misi SecvliT icvleba samyaros struqtura.

filosofiuri anTropologia rogorc wanamZRvari, Wirdeba sxva mecnierebebs, romlebic adamians swavloben ama Tu im aspeqtSi. ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelsac filosofiuri anTropologia ikvlevs, aris kiTxva _ ra aris adamiani? ra aris misi arsi. adamiani, romelic aris, iyo da iqneba. ra unda vigulisxmoT adamianSi? sad aris misi sazRvrebi? ra aris misi garkveuloba? biologiuri moTxovnilebebis garda adamians aqvs sxva, specifikur adamianuri moTxovnilebani. maTi mizeziTa da maT Sesatyvisad iqmneba gansakuTrebuli, xelovnuri sinamdvile. anTropogenezis procesSi adamiani gardaqmnis Tavis Tavsac da mis garemomcvel bunebasac. igi CarTulia humanizaciis (garemos gardaqmna adamianis mier

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adamianuri kanonebis Sesatyvisad) da hominizaciis (igi ufro adamianuri xdeba) procesSi.

formalurad, nebismieri filosofiuri moZRvreba ada-mianis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba miviCnioT filosofiur anTropo-logiad. mivaniWoT am termins universaluri mniSvneloba (anTropologia _ xom adamianis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas niSnavs). magram, maSin yuradRebis miRma dagvrCeba specifikur anTro-pologiuri Tvalsazrisi adamianis problemis Taobaze.

termini filosofiuri anTropologia~ migvaniSnebs, rom arsebobs sxva arafilosofiuri anTropologiebic. rogorc m. Seleri aRniSnavs, adamianis Sesaxeb arsebobs bevri mec-niereba. mag: zogadi biologia, adamianis fizika, fiziologia, anatomia, adamianis fsiqologia, mecnierebani kulturis, so-ciumis Sesaxeb.

rac metad Seiswavles adamiani, miT ufro daikarga igi, rogorc mTlianoba. Seleri Tavis wignSi, àdamianis adgili kosmosSi~, gamohyofs anTropologiis ramdenime saxes: 1. zog-adi anTropologia 2. fizikuri(samedicino) anTropologia 3. fsiqologiuri anTropologia 4.kulturanTropologia 5. filosofiuri anTropologia.

aqedan, istoriulad yvelaze adreulia fizikur-somatu-ri anu samedicino anTropologia. is aRmocenda me-18 s-Si (daubentoni, blumenbaxi, zomeringi) Tavad sityva ànTro-pologia~ humanizmis xanas ukavSirdeba, (is o.gasmanis ter-minia, romelmac, 1596 wels, am saTauriT wigni gamosca). es anTropologia swavlobs adamians, rogorc fizikur arsebas, mis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas (anTropogenia), adamianTa rasebis aRmocenebas, biologiur sxvadasxvaobas da Tavise-burebas, memkvidreobis sakiTxs (ra gansxvavebaa simaRles, Tmis struqturasa Tu fers Soris da a.S.).

2. specialuri anu sistemuri anTropologia (anTropo-morfologia), romelic adamianis anatomiur, fiziologiur, embrionologiur da paTologiebis gamokvlevebs awarmoebs.

3. gamoyenebiTi anTropologia (anTropo-geografia), ro-melic ikvlevs adamianisa da miwis urTierTkavSirs, rasebisa da xalxebis dedamiwis zedapirze ganawilebis faqtorebsa da kanonzomierebas. (rogorc istoriulad, aseve awmyoSi. klimatisa da landSaftis gavlenas adamianis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze.)

4. fsiqologiuri anTropologia swavlobs adamianis fsiqikur suraTs. misi fsiqikis geneziss, funqciebs, struq-turas.

yvela es anTropologia SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT bunebi-smetyvelur anTropologias, radgan, adamiani ganixileba bunebriv arsebad, garemosTan mWidro kavSirSi.

XIXs-Si amgvarma anTropologiam mTlianad moicva anTropologiis cneba.

adamianis mimarT yuradReba ar Senelebula arc XXs-Si. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT am periodis filosofiur mimdin-areobebs cxadi gaxdeba is realoba, rom filosofiur mimdi-nareobebSi (miuxedavad imisa, specialurad ikvleven Tu ara adamianis problemas), mainc Cans adamianis gagebis garkveuli suraTi. ase magaliTad, erT mimdinareobas, romelic ikvlevs adamians rogorc moqmeds, miznisa da Rirebulebis damdgen arsebas, mis sazRvriT mdgomareobas, Tavisufal arCevans, gadawyvetilebebis mqone arsebad, uwodeben eqsistencialur (eTikur) anTropologias.

anTropologiis saxeobas, romelsac adamianis arseba da misi moqmedeba gamohyavs adamianis istoriuli, kulturuli saqmianobidan, kultur-anTropologia hqvia.

Seleris aRniSviT, metafizikuri anTropologia, igive filosofiuri anTropologiaa `ZiriTadi mecniereba adamia-nis arsebisa da arsobrivi agebulebis Sesaxeb (Wesenaufbau) ,romelic ikvlevs adamianis fundamentur arsebobas samyaroSi, mis fizikur, fsiqikur da goniT sawyisebs~(94,32).

Teologiuri anTropologia adamians ganixilavs ara

18 19

rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls, aramed, RmerTTan mimarTebaSi. am tipis anTropologias adamiani ainteresebs rogorc `RvTis msgavsi da xati~, misi SeZenili codva, ormagi buneba, cxovreba, rogorc xsnis gza da a.S.

XXs-Si aseve Cndeba politikuri, socialuri, pedagogi-uri da a.S. anTropologiebi, romlebic ZiriTadad iZlevian empiriul masalas adamianis filosofiuri Teoriis asagebad.

ara germanul, gansakuTrebiT, inglisuri da amerikuli skolebis gavleniT anTropologiis cneba gamoiyeneba kultu-ris movlenebis asaxsnelad. amitom, igi TavisTavSi aerTianebs sociologiis, sociofsiqologiis, eTnografiis, eTnologiis, agreTve enaTmecnierebis, istoriis Tu arqeologiis mona-cemebs.

XXs-Si germanul filosofiaSi gamoiyo specialuri, konkretuli mimdinareoba, romelic saTaves iRebs m.Seleris Tvalsazrisidan da ganviTareba hpova a.gelenis, o.plesneris, e.roThakeris, m.landmanis, g.hengstenbergis SromebSi. maT kritikulad daamuSaves aRniSnuli problema da Seqmnes spe-cialuri filosofiuri koncefciebi adamianis arsis Sesaxeb.

e.i. yvela tipis anTropologia filosofiuri anTro-pologiis garda yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ra aris adamiani rogorc ukve mocemuli da ikvlevs mis garegan niSnebs an saqmianobas.

kulturanTropologia, rogorc damoukidebeli akademi-uri disciplina, XXs-Si gaformda. maSin roca, gansakuTrebiT intensiurad daiwyo adamianis problemebis Seswavla da evropul-amerikuli anTropologiuri skolebis wyalobiT damoukidebel, sinTezur, interdisciplinarul codnis dar-gad Camoyalibda.

kulturanTropologia im Tezisebidan amodis, rom ada-mianis samyaro kulturis samyaroa. adamiani biologiurad naklovani arsebaa, igi naklebadaa uzrunvelyofili bunebrivi meqanizmebiT. amitom, iZulebulia sxva wesiT icxovros, raTa

moaxerxos `biologiuri arasrulyofilebis~ gadalaxva. arsebobis es sxvagvari formaa kultura, romelic ayalibebs movlenebis sxva, arabiologiur wesrigs da am samyaroSi iwyebs moqmedebas. maSasadame, yvela sxva cocxali arsebisa-gan gansxvavebiT, anTroposi cxovrobs sxva ganzomilebaSi - kulturul garemoSi.

Tu filosofiuri anTropologia adamianis cnebis dasadgenad gansjas iyenebs, kulturanTropologiisaTvis amosavalia dakvirvebis meTodi. Tu filosofiuri anTropo-logia agebs gansazRvrul koncefcias adamianis arsis Sesaxeb, kulturanTropologiis mizania daadginos is, Tu ra aris realurad moqmedi adamiani, ra istoriuli gza ganvlo man, rogorc kulturulma arsebam, ra gavlenas axdens masze kul-turuli faqtorebi, rogor yalibdeba kulturuli siaxleebi, rogoria tradiciebis transcendenciis meqanizmi Taobidan TaobaSi, rogoria kulturuli procesebis dinamika da sxva.

vinaidan, kulturanTropologias adamiani ZiriTada ainteresebs, rogorc empiriuli arseba, amitom, misTvis did mniSvnelobas iZens eTnografiuli, eTnologiuri, arqeolo-giuri istoriuli Tu lingvisturi masala.

kulturanTropologTa umravlesobisaTvis naTeli ar aris àdamianuri bunebis~ cneba imitom, rom, igi sxvadasx-vagvarad gaigeba gansxvavebul droSi, sivrceSi da viTarebaSi. ase magaliTad, jer kidev antikur saberZneTSi, sofistebs esmodaT, rom, adamians kultura RmerTma an bunebam ki ar uboZa, aramed, adamianma Tavad Seqmna. amis sabuTad, sofistebma eTnografiuli masalac ki moixmes. kulturaTa simravle da araerTgvarovneba swored amaze miuTiTebs. maTTvis sru-liad naTelia da misaRebi debuleba: kulturis Semoqmedi adamiania. adamianebi Tavad qmnian Tavisi arsebobis wess, es wes-Cveuleba exeba kerZo pirsac da ara mxolod adamians saerTod. platonma daafuZna moZRvreba winaswar arsebuli maradiuli normebis Sesaxeb, romelsac adamiani jer cnobs,

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xolo Semdeg, axorcielebs.kulturanTropologs surs Tavi daizRvios anTropo-

centrizmisagan; amitom miaCnia, rom kultura movlenebis gansakuTrebul wesrigs ayalibebs,romlis Sesatyvisadac adamiani moqmedebs. anTropologiur skolebSi kultura gamoyofilia, rogorc avtonomiuri fenomeni. magram, kultur-ologiis Tanamedrove TeoriebSi ar aris erTnairi pozicia. Tu kulturanTropologiis amerikul skolebSi kultura ganixileba, rogorc ufro farTo cneba, xolo sazogadoeba - sociumi - mis qvesistemad iTvleba, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis kulturanTropologebi sazogadoebas gaiaz-reben, rogorc yovlismomcvel cnebas, xolo kultura maT mier ganixileba, rogorc sociumis sistemis erTi funqcia. adamianis, rogorc socialuri agentis, qcevis atributi. adamiani kulturas aiTvisebs, rogorc sazogadoebis wevri da mas memkvidreobiT gadascems. kulturis amgvari gageba moucilebelia socialur garemoSi individis cxovrebasTan. adamiani ar arsebobs realuri socialuri jgufis gareSe, e.i. am `realisturi~ koncefciebiT kultura ganisazRvreba rogorc Cvevebis, wesebis, adaTebis, institutebis aTviseba.

kulturanTropologiaSi, am e.w. realisturi Tvalsaz-risis garda, arsebobs kulturis sxvagvari normatiuli gagebac. kerZod, kultura gaiazreba rogorc aqsiologiur ideaTa erToblioba, romelic arsebobs ideaTa nakadis~, war-modgenaTa erTianobis~ Tu `mowinave inteleqtis~ saxiT da romelic yalibdeba garkveul kulturul velSi normatiuli `proeqtebiT~ am TvalsazrisiT, kulturis ganmsazRvreli aris normatiuli idea. kultura, es aris inteleqtualuri, humanuri ideebisa da SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebis erTianoba, anu kultura yalibdeba garkveuli epoqisa da drois CarCoSi, rogorc paternuli (stereotipuli) qcevebisa da norma-tiuli `proeqtebis~ kavSiri.

kulturanTropologiis es normatiuli Teoria fi-

losofiuri anTropologiidan im debulebas iTvisebs, rom adamiani aris kulturis Semqmneli arseba. filosofiuri anTropologia qmnis adamianis garkveul ideas, models, ar-qetips da konkretuli adamiani ganixileba rogorc mov-lena, miaxloeba an daSoreba am nimuSisagan. normatiuloba ganmsazRvrelia, romlis meSveobiTac iqmneba individualoba. kulturanTropologiis TvalsazrisiT, ki am stereotipSi, metafizikuri erTianobis ZiebaSi ikargeba adamianis empiri-uli saxe. imis, gasagebad Tu ra aris adamianis arsi, jer unda vicodeT, rogor moqmedeben, urTierToben, cxovroben adamianebi realurad. mravalferovani speqtris codna safuZ-vels Seqmnis, raTa ufro myari iyos Cvens mier SemuSavebuli koncefcia adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb.

amgvarad, SeiZleba vTqvaT: kulturis koncefcia gavlenas axdens adamianis koncefciaze. adamianobas xorci esxmeba individSi, pirovnulobas Cven viZenT garkveul kulturaSi da misi saSualebiT cxovrebas vaZlevT azrs, mimarTulebas, formasa da wesrigs.

kultura aformebs adamians da mas kulturanTropolo-giur saxes aZlevs. Tu gvinda Tavidan aviciloT metafizikuri stereotipi, carieli analogiebi, mkafiod unda ganvsazRvroT ara mxolod kulturaTa xasiaTi, aramed individTa saxeebic am kulturaSi. kultura aramarto Seguebis iaraRia, aramed, Tavadac axdens axali moTxovnebis producirebas. nebism-ieri kultura funqciuri unda iyos, man unda uzrunvelyos sistemis arseboba da misadmi individis Segueba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi kargavs mniSvnelobas da droTa ganmavlobaSi qreba. amgvaria, kulturanTropologebis paTosi.

adamianebi, rasakvirvelia, ibadebian garkveul kulturul velSi da moqmedeben rogorc instrumentebi gansazRvrul kulturul procesebSi, magram, vinaidan, adamiani plastikuri arsebaa, SeuZlia arCevanis gakeTeba. amitom, realurad yov-elTvis arsebobs sxva kulturebis aRiarebisa da miRebis

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alternativa.kulturanTropologiam adamiani unda ganixilos ara

rogorc mxolod kompleqsi konkretuli paternuli qcev-ebisa, aramed, garkveuli gegmebis, normatuli ideebis da nebis erTianoba. is marTavs individis qcevebs. adamiani ZiriTadad damokidebulia swored amgvar `kulturul programebze~. adamians potenciurad aTeuli sxvadasxvagvari cxovrebis SesaZlebloba aqvs, magram, realurad mxolod erTiT cxov-robs.

amgvarad, kulturanTropologiisaTvis adamiani aris TviTganmsazRvreli aqtiuri arseba. vinaidan, kulturanTro-pologias aqvs sinTezuri codnis pretenzia, man aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos adamianuri cxovrebis mravalmxrivoba. adamianis realizaciisaTvis didad mniSvnelovania, rogorc realuri samyaros movlenebi da xdomilebebi, aseve, empiriuli cxovrebis miRma myofi konceptebi.

Tu kulturas gavigebT, rogorc funqcionirebad siste-mas da kulturanTropologias miviCnevT mecnierebad, maSin man unda SesZlos praqtikuli Rirebulebis mqone Sedegis miReba. Tu kulturanTropologi kvlevis miznad daisaxavs xalxebisa da regionebis, sazogadoebis kulturis istoriis rekonstruqcias, unda gamoiyenos istoriuli an evoluciuri meTodi da SeZlos kulturuli pirobebis, SesaZleblobebis, etapebis formulireba.

maSasadame, kulturanTropologiaSi gacnobierebulia is faqti, rom misTvis, rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinisaTvis, mniSvnelovania ara mxolod empiriuli masala, aseve norma-tiuli, aqsiologiuri samyaro. radgan, arc Tu umniSvnelo socialuri Tu kulturuli procesebi arsebobs cnobieri kontrolis gareSe. kulturis erTi elementi SeZleba Se-viswavloT meti mecnieruli sizustiT (vTqvaT ena), maSin, roca, sxva tipis kulturuli realoba imave moTxovnas naklebad daemorCileba. magaliTad, SeuZlebelia zustad

gamovTvaloT ra aris kacobriobis momavali, rogor viTardeba adamianis istoria, Tumca, SesaZlebelia axlo momavlis ten-denciebis prognozireba.

kulturanTropologias da, saerTod, socialur mecniere-bebs gauWirdebaT im progresis ganmeoreba, rac sabunebism-etyvelo mecnierebebma SeZlo. amis mizezi ki, upirvelesad yovlisa, aris ara mxolod sirTule da mravalferovneba Sesaswavli sagnisa (am SemTxvevaSi adamiani da kultura), aramed, Tavad sagnis specifika. Zalzed Znelia, SeiZleba, principulad SeuZlebelic ki, adamianisa da kulturis mec-nieruli dafuZneba, yvelasTvis misaRebi erTi modelis Seqmna, magram, es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom, kulturanTropologias ar SeuZlia mniSvnelovani codna moipovos adamianisa da kulturis Sesaxeb.

kerZo, specialuri anTropologiuri Teoriebisagan gan-sxvavebiT filosofiuri anTropologia adamians ikvlevs rogorc problemas, romelic wanamZRvaria yvela konkretuli anTropologiuri disciplinisaTvis. igi eZebs adamianis Zireul yofierebas, mis Taviseburebebs, riTac gansxvavdeba yvela sxva arsebulisagan. m. haidegerma Tavis SromaSi kanti da metafizikis problema~, romelic 1929 wels gamovida sxvagvarad gaiazra kantis cnobili kiTxvebi: ra SemiZlia vicode? ra unda gavakeTo da risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes? ra aris adamiani? axali drois filosofiam sxvagvari dat-virTva misca am kiTxvebs, romelic gansxvavdeboda tradici-uli midgomisagan. dRes filosofiisaTvis saintereso gaxda ara mxolod kiTxva ra~, aramed rogor~. mniSvneloba mieniWa ara imas Tu ras vimecnebT, ras vakeTebT, da risi gvwams, aramed rogor vimecnebT, rogor vakeTebT da rogor gvwams.

amgvarad dasmulma kiTxvebma moiTxova axleburi gaazreba da sxvagvari interpretireba adamianis Semecnebis unaris, moqmedebisa Tu rwmenisa.

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Tavi I

filosofiuri anTropologiis

winare istoria.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, filosofiuri anTropologia, damoukidebel filosofiur disciplinad XXs-is pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibda. mis aRmocenebaSi mniSvnelovania, drois, epoqis roli.

didi socialuri Tu politikuri kataklizmebi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia am saukunisaTvis, iyo foni da impulsis aRmZvreli bevri moazrovnisaTvis, romlebic adamianis prob-lemas ikvlevdnen am anTropologiuri katastrofebis fonze.

XIXs-Si inteleqtualurma kacobriobam sakmaod didi codna daagrova sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. am tipis kvleva-Zieba gansakuTrebiT intensiuri gaxda sxva kulturebTan Sexebisa

da maTi gaazrebis periodidan. im dros, roca kacobrioba erTgvar izolaciaSi, kulturul-istoriul karCaketilobaSi cxovrobda, kultura, adamianis garemo garkveuli sivrciT da droiT isazRvreboda (mag. Sua saukuneebis evropa). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom anTropologiuri kvleva-Zieba faqtiurad arc ar-sebobda. am mimarTulebiT, moazrovneTa yuradReba warimarTa axali aRmoCenebis epoqaSi. nel-nela gaikvlia gza e.w. ` velurTa~ kulturis, maTi wes-Cveulebebis Seswavlisa da Sefasebis moTxovnam. axali kontinentebis aRmoCenis kvalad saWiro gaxda iq mcxovrebi xalxebis cxovrebis wesebis codna. es upirvelesad saWiro iyo mogzaurTaTvis, romlebic sul ufro da ufro metad iTvisebdnen dedamiwas.

sabunebismetyvelo anTropologiis ganviTareba aseve didadaa davalebuli bunebismetyvelebis, medicinis (gansa-kuTrebiT anatomiis) ganviTarebiT. linkem Caatara pirveli, arsebiTac dResac mniSvnelovani klasifikacia. manve pirvelma gamoyo cxovelTa samyarodan adamiani, rogorc calke saxeoba homo sapiens-is saxelwodebiT.

maSin, roca, rasebis gansxvavebas umeteswilad, klimatisa da garemos zegavleniT xsnidnen, kantma pirvelad gaacnobiera memkvidreobis mniSvneloba am axsnisaTvis. adamianis msgavs maimunebTan biologiuri siaxlovis azri pirvelad wamoayenes lamarkma da lourensma, magram, am azrma arsebobis ufleba moipova darvinis, hekelisa da hegslis Sromebis Semdeg.

xalxTa da kulturebis rasobrivi Tvisebebidan gamo-yvanis cda iyo maneris, edvardis, knoxis, bobinos Tvalsaz-risebi. spenserma dasabami misca sociodarvinizms, romelsac mogvianebiT gamoeyo socialanTropologiis evropuli skola (galtoni, amoni, Salmaieri) isini ZiriTadad ikvlevdnen mem-kvidreobisa da adamianis SemoqmedebiTi unaris socialur fenebTan urTierTobasa da kavSirs.

frangma eqimma, brokam 1859 wels parizSi daaarsa pirveli anTropologiuri sazogadoeba. msgavsi sazogadoe-

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bebi 1860-1890 wlebSi Camoyalibdnen germaniaSi, italiaSi, ruseTSi, avstriaSi, inglisSi, espaneTSi, a.S.S.-Si, belgiaSi, iaponiaSi. am sazogadoebebSi TanamSromlobdnen anatomebi, istorikosebi, eTnografebi, lingvistebi. isini ZiriTadad iyenebdnen kvlevis bunebismetyvelur meTods. ànTropolo-giuri sazogadoebis~ bumi dasrulda 1914 wels, pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave.

pirveli msoflio omis win, m.Selerma dawera statia àdamianis ideisaTvis~, romelSic gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom filosofiis yvela centraluri problema erT kiTxvamde dadis - `ra aris adamiani~.

adamians yvela droSi hqonda sakuTari Tavze garkveuli codna, magram, igi specialurad ar ikvlevda Tavis Tavs. XIX s-Tvis imdeni erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego ram iTqva adamianis Sesaxeb, rom, erTi yvelasagan gaziarebuli azri adamianze ukve aRar arsebobs. Seirya adamianis warmodgena, sakuTar Tavze rogorc religiur, aseve gonier arsebaze. Sopenhaueris, marqsis, nicSes da froidis Tvalsazrisebis Semdeg, mkvidrdeba Sexeduleba, rom, adamiani (Sesabamisad kacobrioba) realurad gonebiT ki ara, aramed, sul sxva ZalebiT imarTeba.

adamianis pirveli nabijebi inteleqtualur kulturul cxovrebaSi SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc gonebis garkveuli morgeba garemosTan.

1. adamiani antikuri, Sua saukuneebis da axali drois filosofiaSi

filosofiis istoriidan cnobilia, rom Tavisi ganvi-Tarebis adreul periodSi berZnuli filosofia ZiriTadad cdilobda universumis Semecnebas. amitom, miaCniaT, rom, winare sokratuli filosofia `naturfilosofia~, kosmologiuri metafizikaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, kosmologiuri da anTropolo-giuri azrovnebis sazRvarze dgas heraklite. mas ukve kargad

esmis, rom, bunebis saidumlos gasagebad, aucilebelia adamia-nis bunebis gageba(cnobilia misi gamoTqma `me gamovikvlie sakuTari Tavi~). TviTrefleqsiis gziT Cven unda gavigoT realoba da misi mniSvneloba.

aseTma saazrovno tendeciam gansakuTrebiT moikida fexi sokrates droidan. sokratem sruliad axaleburad Sexeda manamde arsebul problemebs da mis mTavar kiTxvad iqca ra aris adamiani? erTaderTi universumi, romelsac sokrate cnobda da swavlobda iyo adamiani. mas rom Camoeyalibe-bina filosofiuri sistema, igi mkacrad anTropologiuri iqneboda.

sokrate pirveli wminda eTikosia, dainteresebulia mx-olod Sinagani adamianuri samyaroTi. igi iZleva adamianis individualuri Tvisebebis detalur analizs. gansazRvravs Tu ra aris sikeTe, samarTlianoba, zomiereba, simamace.

sokratiseuli siaxlea ara imdenad obieqturi Sinaarsi, rac misi azrovnebidan gamomdinareobs, aramed, sruliad sxva tipis filosofiuri meTodi. sokratemde azrovneba ganix-ileboda, rogorc inteleqtualuri monologi, WeSmariteba ki, rogorc ukve mocemuli, mza nivTi, romlis moxelTeba, aTviseba SeiZleboda individualuri ZalisxmeviT. sokrate ar iziarebs am Tvalsazriss. misTvis empiriuli dakvirveba Tu logikuri analizi (rogorc amas sokratemde iyenebdnen) miuRebelia, ara efeqturia. mxolod adamianTan uSualo kontaqtiT, dialogiT SeiZleba mivaRwioT sasurvel Sedegs.

sokrates azrs agrZelebs platoni,romelic ambobs, ar SeiZleba WeSmariteba mivakuTvnoT adamianis suls. WeSmarite-ba Tavisi bunebiT, Svilia dialeqtikuri azrovnebisa. amgvarad, adamiani aris arseba, romelic mudmivad eZebs sakuTar Tavs, Tavis arsebobis yovel wams gamoicdeba da Tavad amowmebs sakuTari arsebobis pirobebs. swored, kritikul ganwyobaSi sakuTari cxovrebisadmi mdgomareobs am cxovrebis realuri Rirebuleba.

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Tu gavixsenebT platonis moZRvrebas sulisa da sxeulis dualizmis Sesaxeb, suli imqveyniur samSobloSi gadasaxl-deba, sadac igi amqveyniuri, monuri tyveobis Semdeg brundeba, rodesac batondeba logosi. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom es igivea, rac adamianuri gonis mier sxeulidan momdinare ltolvebis Sekaveba. (es problema dRemde aqtualuria filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis).

rogorc, SesavalSi vTqviT, ganuzomlad didia sofistebis damsaxureba ànTropologiur SemobrunebaSi~. jer kidev, parmenide ambobda, rom Cveni grZnobadi samyaro moCvenebaa. mis ukan dgas TavisTavad arsebuli samyaro, romelsac Cveni grZnobis organoebi amaxinjeben. namdvili samyaros wvdoma mxolod gonebiT SeiZleba. parmenide cdilobs grZnobadi iluziis moxsnas goniT WeSmarit yofierebaSi SeWriT. pro-tagorasaTvis yvelafris sazomi adamiania. es rodi niSnavs misi Semecnebis naklovanebas. piriqiT, kidec unda amayob-des amiT, radgan igi samyaros centria. am TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba miviCnioT sofistebi Tanamedrove anTropologiuri filosofiis winamorbedebad.

berZnebi iyvnen pirvelebi, romlebic adamianis Semecnebas cdilobdnen ara RmerTidan, aramed, sakuTari Tavidan, misi go-niTi unarebidan. adamiani arsebaa, romelsac aqvs goneba. ukve berZnebTan ikveTeba adamianis, rogorc Teoretikosis suraTi. platoni xiluli samyaros miRma Wvretda da cnobda ucvlel arqetipebs da nimuSebs. amqveyniuri sagnebi mxolod miwieri portretebi arian maradiuli normatuli ideebisa. adamiani jer cnobs maradiul normebs da nimuSebs da mxolod amis Semdeg cdilobs mis ganxorcielebas. ase moaxerxa platonma ganedevna TviTnebobis momenti adamianis moqmedebidan, magram, amave dros, mxedvelobidan daikarga adamianis Semoqmedebis unari, rac ase mniSvnelovani iyo sofistebisaTvis.

sofistebma (protagora, kinikosebi) kargad icodnen, rom bunebam adamiani gaaCina rogorc naklovani arseba, romlis

Sevsebac man xelovnurad unda moaxerxos - Seqmnas kultura. diogenesaTvis, is, rom, adamians aqvs ganviTarebuli goneba, SeuZlia gamarTuli siaruli, aqvs xelebi, metyvelebs, bi-ologiuri xarvezis kompensacia ki ar aris, aramed, adamianis didi, Tvisobrivi upiratesobaa.

sofistebma adamianis Tavisuflebas, Semoqmedebas, Semecne-baSic miagnes. ara mxolod institutebi iqmnebian adamianebis mier, aramed adamianuri WeSmaritebanic Cvens mier iqmneba. sagnebs im xarisxis namdviloba aqvT, ramdenadac Cveni grZno-bebi gamoxataven da goneba moiazrebs. amgvarad, Semecneba gamosaxavs ara Cvengan damoukidebel samyaros, aramed, agebs Cveni organizaciis Sesatyvis adamianur samyaros sakuTari aqtivobis Sesabamisad, amitom, yvela adamians sakuTari sa-myaro aqvs.

adamianisaTvis rom socializacia aucilebelia amas, TvalsaCinod uCvenebda aristotele. sazogadoeba gardaqmnis adamians da misi arsebobis pirobaa.

antikur samyaroSi metad gavrcelebulia adamianis gageba rogorc gonebisa da Semecnebis unaris mqone arsebisa (aristotele da ciceroni). berZnebisaTvis samyaro kanon-zomieri `kosmosia~, romelic umaRlesma gonebam gegmazomi-erad moawesriga. platonisaTvis planetebi sulierni arian, heraklite da stoikosebi laparakoben samyaros logosze. adamianuri logosi samyaros logosis Canasaxia. adamianuri goneba Seesatyviseba RvTaebriv-kosmiurs. platonis `ti-maiosis~ mixedviT, adamiani RmerTis uSualo megobaria. mas Seudareblad maRali adgili ukavia vidre sxva cocxalT. berZnebisaTvis adamiani gansakuTrebuli arsebaa Tavisi gon-ebis gamo. platonisaTvis moazrovne cnobiereba umaRlesi nawilia sulisa.

magram, adamianSi goneba yvelaferi rodia mas upirisp-irdeba sxeuli, ltolva, grZnoba. adamians gaorebuli buneba aqvs. iseve, rogorc, platonisaTvis ideasa da sinamdviles

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Soris arsebobs naprali. dualisturia adamianis bunebac. igi cxadia miwieri arsebaa, magram, gonebiT maRal sferosac ekuTvnis. swored, adamianis amgvaroba qmnis daZabulobas, gaorebas. aqedan xsna berZnuli azrovnebisaTvis imaSia, rom Semohyavs Rirebulebebis ierarqia. goneba umaRlesia da Tu mas ver mivyvebiT, es Cveni sisustis maCvenebelia. rogorc sokrate fiqrobs, ase imitom xdeba, rom adamianebi WeSmarit codnas ar floben. rogorc platonisaTvis idea aqcevs sagans imad, rac aris, aseve goneba aqcevs adamians adamianad. amitom, platonTan da aristotelesTan adamiani amqveynad stumrad grZnobs Tavs da miiswrafis, raTa maRal samSoblos daubrundes.

ase magaliTad; platonisaTvis goneba modis maRali samyarodan da sicocxleSi,sxeulSi droebiT saxldeba. `namdvili~ samyarodan suls moaqvs kanoni, WeSmaritebisken swrafva, marTalia sxeulSi Camosvlis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad sustdeba gonebis Zala da maxinjdeba, magram, mainc bevr rames sworad imecnebs (radgan gonebaa) da axerxebs sicocxlis marTvas. aristoteles moZRvrebis mixedviT, Tavidan goneba dakavebulia praqtikuli miznebiT, igi sicocxles emsaxureba, magram, rogorc ki dros gamonaxavs, midis maRali miznebisaken, Teoriuli gonebisaken - filosofiisa da mecnierebisaken. pirvels man praqtikuli goneba uwoda, meores Teoriuli. mxolod, es ukanaskneli wvdeba saganTa metafizikur arss. e.i. berZnul azrovnebaSi adamiani ukve Cans, rogorc Teo-retikosi arseba. platoni xilul samyaros miRma cnobda ucvlel nimuSebs, arqetipebs. amqveyniuri sagnebi arian mx-olod miwieri portretebi maradiuli normatuli ideebisa. qmnadoba imeorebs zedroul arss. adamianis winaSe dgas amocana ideebis WvretiT zeasvlisa (`saTnoeba aris codna~).

adamianis arsis imgvari gageba, romelic Sua saukunee-bis filosofiaSi Camoyalibda da qristianuli religiiTaa daRdasmuli, dResac farTodaa gavrcelebuli religiur

anTropologiaSi. samyaro, qristianuli religiis Tanaxmad, rogorc neoplatonikosebi miiCnevdnen, emanaciis Sedegi ro-dia, aramed, RmerTis, rogorc pirovnebis Tavisufali aqti _ Semoqmedebaa, kreaciaa. bibliis mixedviT, RmerTma samyaro Seqmna ararasagan, sityvis ZaliT. adamiani Seqmna kerZo aqtiT. `Tavis msgavsad da xatad~ da `STabera pirsa missa suli sicocxlisa.~

mTeli Sua saukuneebis evropuli filosofia ganpirobe-bulia qristianuli msoflmxedvelobrivi modeliT, da ada-mianis problema ZiriTadad ganixileba adamianisa da RmerTis mimarTebis WrilSi. qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis niSandoblivia adamianis dualisturi gageba. adamiani esaa sxeulisa da sulis, grZnobadisa da zegrZnobadis kavSiri. amasTanave, adamiani dajildoebulia Tavisufali nebiT. igi Ta-vadaa pasuxismgebeli Tavis moqmedebaze. bibliuri doqtrina adamianis cxovrebas ZiriTadad ganixilavs codvis, madlis, aRsarebis, monaniebis, sikeTis, borotebis, xsnisa da sulis ukvdavebis konteqstSi.

Tu Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi gansakuTrebuli ad-gili eTmoba RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobis problemebs, ukve XV saukuneSi, evropaSi, (italiaSi,) Camoyalibda axali msoflmxedveloba, romlisTvisac warmmarTvelad iqca ara RmerTisa da adamianis mimarTebis sakiTxis garkveva, aramed, adamianis gonebis avtonomiurobis problema. wina planze wamovida grZnobadis, xiluli samyarosa da Rirebulebis gaazrebis mniSvneloba. am qveyniuri cxovreba Sefasda ara rogorc codvaSi Cavardnis piroba, aramed RmerTis mier Seqmnili realoba. aRorZinebis periodis moazrovneTaTvis adamiani aris Semoqmedi, Rirebulebebis Semqmneli arseba.

Tu rogori iqneba adamianis cxovreba, didadaa damokide-buli Tavad masze, radgan, igi RmerTma Tavisufali nebiT, arCevanis unariT daajildova. adamiani pasuxismgebelicaa Tavis mier Seqmnilze, Tavad qmnis sakuTari cxovrebis

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wess, Tavad ayalibebs sakuTar Tavs. mas SeuZlia daeSvas cxovelamde da amaRldes RmerTamde, eziaros RvTaebas.

evropul azrovnebaSi axali drois filosofias sru-liad sxva principebi da problemebi Semoaqvs adamianis arsebis gaazrebaSi. eseni, uwinares yovlisa, arian `didi racionalistebi~ da maT Soris upirvelesia frangi fi-losofosi rene dekarti. misi azriT, adamianis struqtura imeorebs samyaros struqturas. samyaro ori substanciis kavSiria. esaa suli da materia. adamiani upirvelesad sulia, romlis mTavari atributi goneba-azrovnebaa. magram, igi amave dros aris ganfenili sxeuli. dekartis azriT, filosofiis yvelaze cxadi da ueWveli debulebaa `vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~. adamiani aris moazrovne sxeuli (nivTi). swored, sulia is, rac adamians ganasxvavebs yvela sxva arsebulisagan.

rodesac me vazrovneb, bevr Cem debulebas viReb grZno-baTa saSualebiT, magram, xSirad xdeba rom grZnobadoba Sec-domaSi gvagdebs, gvatyuebs. mxolod is debuleba, romelic gauZlebs daeWvebas, unda vaqcioT filosofiis amosaval principad. aseTi principi ar SeiZleba iyos grZnobadi codna, radgan xSirad mcdaria. aseve ver daveyrdnobiT Teoriul codnas, vinaidan Cems mieraa SemuSavebuli. iqneb, is sinamd-vile, romelsac me vaqcev Cems Teoriul ganzogadoebebSi da CemTvis sicxadisa da garkveulobis nimuSia mxolod moCveneba da iluziaa.

erTad-erTi cxadi micemuloba albaT isaa, rom, me vaz-rovneb _ fiqrobs dekarti. radgan, mxolod moazrovne SeZleba Secdes, motyuvdes, amitomaa misTvis `vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~ ueWveli, cxadi, pirveli da WeSmariti debuleba. igi ar aris deduqciis gziT miRebuli debuleba. aramed uSualo, cxadi xedvis, intuiciis nayofia. mas rogorc WeSmarits Wvrets Cveni gonebis `bunebrivi sinaTle~.

debuleba vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~ aris WeSmariti kriteriumi. intuiciis wyalobiT sabuTdeba RmerTis arsebo-

bac. radgan, me maqvs idea, amitom igi kidec unda arsebobdes. magram, sxeulisa da sulis dekartiseuli gageba gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas waawyda, romelic filosofiaSi sulisa da sxeulis dualizmis problemiTaa cnobili.

dekartis racionalizmis daupirispirda inglisuri empirizmi (bekoni, hobsi, hiumi). maTi TvalsazrisiT Semec-nebis sayrdeni empiriaSi, gamocdilebaSia da ara gonebaSi. yvelaferi is, rasac codnas veZaxiT aRqmis saSualebiT mi-iReba da cdaSi Semowmdeba. samwuxarod, adamianebi xSirad iviwyeben am kriteriums da crurwmenebiT xelmZRvaneloben.

ase magaliTad, bekoni ramdenime crurwmenas (idolas) CamoTvlis, romelic win eRobeba adamians, raTa man sworad ganaxorcielos Semecneba. esaa: 1. gvaris idola. imgvari tipis crurwmena, rodesac adamiani sakuTari Tavis Sesabam-isad gansjis bunebis sagnebs. es aris Tandayolili idola, da adamianis arsSia. adamiani Tavisi goniTi midrekilebis gamo, sagnebSi met wesrigs varaudobs, vidre sinamdvileSia. 2. e.w. gamoqvabulis idola, romelic aseve Tandayolilia, magram, axasiaTebs ara gvars, aramed, calkeul adamians. 3. moednis idola, romelic adamianTa urTierTobas da kav-SirSi warmoiqmneba. 4. Teatris idola, romlis mixedviTac iqmneba filosofiuri sistemebi, romlebic savsea mogonili samyaroebiT.

adamianma yvela idola unda moiSoros Tavidan mkacri da sastiki gadawyvetilebiT fiqrobs bekoni mxolod, maSinaa Cveni goneba sruliad Tavisufali da ganwmendili misgan. Cveni cnebebi da aqsiomebi saWiroa ikvebebodnen WeSmariti induqciiT - es aris idolebis moSorebis efeqturi saSu-aleba.

induqciuri meTodis gamoyenebiT bekoni cdilobs Se-qmnas - axali, spekulatiurisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli bunebismetyveluri kvlevis meTodi, romelic crurwmenebi-sagan gaaTavisuflebs adamianis gonebas. es iyo `bunebrivi~

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filosofiis doqtrina, cdaze dafuZnebuli. amgvari meTodiT SeiaraRebuli adamiani moipovebs ufro zust codnas, am codnis meSveobiT, adamiani ufro gamyardeba da gaZlierdeba realur samyaroSi, adamians religiurma rwmenam ar unda SeuSalos xeli mecnierul saqmianobaSi.

lokis empirizmi aseve daupirispirda dekarte - laib-nicis racionalizms, romelTa TvalsazrisiTac azrovneba, ara mxolod umaRlesi, aramed erTaderTi formaa Semecnebis. lokisaTvis yovelgvari Semecneba iwyeba aRqmiT. cxovelebsac SeuZlia Semecneba, isini cocxali, gansulierebuli arsebani arian. lokisa da hobsis empirizmiT SeuZlebelia cxovelsa da adamians Soris arsebuli napralis amovseba. lokTan cne-bebi aRmocendebian aRqmaTa gafermkrTalebiT. empirizmisaTvis cnebiTi azrovneba Semecnebis mizania.

adamianis azrovnebis amgvari gageba icvleba vikos, baumgartenis, hamanis, herderisa da sxva germaneli roman-tikosebis Semdeg. maTTvis grZnobadi Semecneba cnebiTi azrovnebis mosamzadebeli safexuri ki ar aris, aramed, damoukidebelia da Tavisi ZaliT sruliadac ar CamorCeba mas, ufro piriqiT, kidec aRemateba. Tu manamde `grZnobads~ uyurebdnen rogorc iseT `raobas~ romelic daqvemdebare-bulia, qveda safexuria, sruliadac ar axdendnen mis SigniT diferenciacias, axla, grZnobis win wamoweva Sedegi iyo grZnobadi samyaros axleburi gagebisa. Tu adre grZnobadi aRqma eqvemdebareboda azrovnebas, axla, kvlav aRsdga dual-izmi monizmis sawinaaRmdegod (gansakuTrebiT goeTes dros) aRqma imecnebs ara mxolod empiriul dabal materialur sinamdviles, aramed, wvdeba masSi Casaxlebul RvTaebrivs. am SemTxvevaSi, aRqma wminda azrovnebaze maRla dgeba, radgan, simboloSi Cawnuli azri gacilebiT mdidaria, vidre ma-teriisagan Tavisufali, misgan mowyvetili, izolirebuli abstraqciebi,romelsac azrovneba mimarTavda. amitom aris, rom, goeTes dros, gansakuTrebiT fasobs esTetikuri da

istoriuli Wvreta, romelic adamianis winaSe aRebs `said-umloebebis~ kars, romelsac verasodes ver miwvdeba mxolod moazrovne goneba.

unda gavixsenoT, rom, XVIIIs-Si azrovnebad ukve aRar esmodaT vTqvaT, emociurad Seferadebuli ideaTa platon-uri Wvreta, an spinozaseuli intuicia, romelic cdilobda samyaros Zirebis wvdomas, aramed, racionalizmis gavleniT, azrovneba iyo gansjadi, damSleli, mzomavi, romelic, sagans Slis raodenobriv nawilebad. aseTi azrovnebis korelati ki xiblwarTmeuli, saidumloebas moklebuli bunebaa, iseTi, rogoricaa am periodis materialistebis ùRmerTo buneba~, `mkvdari ,usicocxlo~ samyaro. imisaTvis, rom gaixsnas sa-myaros WeSmariti miCqmaluli siRrmeebi, sakmarisi ar aris mxolod azrovnebis an grZnobadi aRqmis cal-calke gamokv-leva. aramed, unda mivmarToT Tavad adamians. romelic, arc calke azrovnebaa da arc aRqma, aramed, mTliani subieqtia, CaerTulia samyaroSi. misi Sinagani Zalebis amoqmedebiT samyaro ara mxolod moazrebadia, gancdadicaa (SelerTan mas Seesabameba ìntencionalobis~ cneba.) XIXs-Si, didi racionalistebis Semdeg, kvlav mniSvnelovania es pozicia. (gavixsenoT sicocxlis filosofia da siRrmis fsiqologia.)

amgvarad, axali tipis anTropologia ukve aRaraa ori-entirebuli adamianis mxolod Semecnebis funqciaze, mas cocxali, Semoqmedi adamiani ainteresebs. Tu goeTes dros sicocxles pirvelad wamoweven win gonebasTan mimarTebaSi, fridrix nicSe kidev ufro radikaluria. misi azriT, unda aRikveTos, ganidevnos gonebis ugunuri pretenziebi da gza gavuxsnaT sicocxles, mis Zalasa da mSvenierebas.

Tvalsazrisi,rom goneba determinaciis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos (iqneba es determinati gareT materiaSi, socialurSi, kulturulSi, tradiciulSi Tu SigniT, sicocxleSi, nebaSi, aracnobierSi, ltolvebSi..) XIXs-Si SemuSavda.

filosofiam Tavisi xangrZlivi arsebobis manZilze

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mSvenivrad uCvena, rom mudmivi filosofiuri problema, sxeulebrivi da sulieri, determinizmi da indetermin-izmi _ Tavisufali arCevani, ar SeiZleba erTxel da samu-damod gadaiWras. dRes, mecnieruli pluralizmis epoqaSi calkeuli mecnierebani realobis iseT gansxvavebul suraTs warmogvidgenen, iseTi kaleidoskopuria sinamdvile, rom, es suraTebi zogjer erTmaneTsac ki ewinaaRmdegebian, magram isini TanxmobaSi arian `realobis mTlianobasTan~. ZalaSia fraza: èrTianoba, miuxedavad mravalferovnebisa~. es exeba adamiansac, da upirvelesad mas. Tavisufali arCevania: `Ta-visufleba, miuxedavad determinizmisa~. nikolai hartmanis formulirebiT: àvtonomia, miuxedavad damokidebulebisa~.

2. kantis anTropologiuri koncefcia

ganuzomlad didia i. kantis wvlili filosofiuri anTropologiis CamoyalibebaSi. amis sailustraciod, mTe-li misi Semoqmedeba gamodgeba. gavixsenoT kantis cnobili baraTi Steidlinisadmi, sadac wers: `wminda filisofiis sferoSi me unda gadamewyvita sami amocana:

1. ra SeiZleba vicode (metafizika)2. ra unda gavakeTo (morali)3. risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes (religia) Tu srulyofilad movaxerxe am kiTxvebze pasuxi, maSin

pasuxi maqvs meoTxe kiTxvazec – ra aris adamiani~. Tavis `logikis~ SesavalSi, kanti am azrs kidev ufro azustebs àrsebiTad SesaZlebelia yvela es sakiTxi dayvanil iqnes anTropologiaze, radgan pirveli sami kiTxva miekuTvneba bolo kiTxvas~ (43,86). gavixsenoT is sazRvrebi, romelSic kanti aTavsebs anTropologias. `moZRvreba, romelic exeba adamianis Sesaxeb codnas, gadmocemuls sistemuri saxiT, Sei-Zleba iyos, fiziologiuri an pragmatuli~. fiziologiuri anTropologia ikvlevs, Tu `ras qmnis buneba adamianisagan~,

xolo, pragmatuli anTropologia ki imas, Tu `ras akeTebs adamiani an ra unda gaakeTos man, rogorc Tavisuflad moqmedma arsebam sakuTari Tavisagan~. amgvarad, faqtiurad, kantTan, mTlianobaSi ukve mocemulia filosofiuri anTro-pologiis ZiriTadi problema. es aris, erTi mxriv, imis garkveva, Tu ra adgili uWiravs adamians gare samyaroSi, rogorc bunebis kanonzomierebaSi CarTuls, da meore mxriv, Tu vin aris igi, rogorc adamianuri, specifikuri samyaros Semqmneli da misiT Seqmnili.

am kuTxiT, kantis mTeli filosofiuri kvleva, TviT RmerTis, samyarosa da sulis sakiTxebic sazrisis mqonea da gamarTlebulia mxolod maSin, roca amovdivarT adamianidan da mxedvelobaSi gvyavs igi. aseTi interpretaciis safuZvels iZleva rogorc kantis moZRvreba mTlianobaSi, ise is monace-mebi, romlebic mravladaa gafantuli kantis SromebSi. kanti nel-nela qmnida sakuTar kritikul filosofias, agebda da amarTlebda sinamdvilis garkveul suraTs, imuSavebda sakuTar koncefcias. aseTi gagebiT, misi yoveli naSromi win gadagmuli nabiji iyo sistemis struqturis gamomuSavebisaTvis, ise, rom, maqsimalurad yofiliyo TanxmobaSi sinamdvilesTan. kantma swored amisTvis ganixila spekulatiuri goneba sam doneze. sakuTari sistemis formulirebisas igi mimarTavda mkacr logikur wesrigs da principTa mkacr deduqcias. Sedegad miviReT kargad integrirebuli filosofiuri sistema, rom-liTac, ase cnobilia kanti. es faqizi, logikurad gamarTuli filosofiuri struqtura Seqmnilia imisaTvis, rom asaxos mowesrigebuli, gonieri samyaro.

kantis filosofiis mixedviT adamiani aris arseba, romelsac aqvs jansaRi, mTlianad unificirebuli Tval-Taxedva sinamdvileze, xolo kantis sistema (rogorc, TviTon aRuniSnavs ara erT pirad werilSi, (ix. werilebi) (43) adamianisaTvis saWiro moZRvrebaa, romelic daexmareba mas, rom, SeZlos sinamdvileSi swori orientireba.

38 39

adamianis gasagebad marto misi subieqturi monacemebis kvleva rom sakmarisi ar aris, kargad esmoda kants; adamianis mTlianobaSi dasanaxad, ar kmara marto im unarebis ganxilva da analizi, romlebsac eZRvna wminda gonebis~, praqtikuli gonebisa~ da msjelobis unaris kritikebi~. adamiani, ZiriTa-dad aris gnoseologiuri, eTikuri da esTetikuri subieqti, adamianis ZiriTadi specifika, riTac igi gansxvavdeba yvela sxva arsebulisagan (rogorc kanti aRniSnavs meore `kri-tikaSi~ _ adamiani cxovels aRemateba ara imitom, rom, mas aqvs goneba, radgan Tu mxolod goneba aZlevs mas saSualebas sakuTari Tavi moixmaros ise, rogorc amas cxoveli axerxebs instinqtis meSveobiT, adamians cxovelze maRali mizani ar hqonia, aramed, imave miznis ganxorcielebis ubralod sxva xerxebi), es aris maTgan gansxvavebuli mizani.

ànTropologiis~ bolo nawilSi kanti ganixilavs adamianis mizans da progress, romelsac igi am miznisaken swrafvaSi ganicdis. adamianis srulyofili mdgomareobis miRweva dedamiwaze SeuZlebelia mxolod gonebiT (es imas rodi niSnavs, rom kantisaTvis gonebis moRvaweobis sfero izRudeba, misTvis gonebis kompetenturoba eWvs ar iwvevs. adamianis gonebas aqvs unari, gadaWras auarebeli sakuTari problema), magram, am idealuri mdgomareobis mopovebis process warmarTavs misi Tavisufali neba, romelic unda xelmZRvanelobdes movaleobis principiT, imperativiT.

kanti laparakobs adamianis ganviTarebaze srulyofili gonierebisaken, rogorc kacobriobis aRzrdaze, ganaTlebaze. Animal rationabile xdeba Animal rationale (gonieri, goniTi ar-seba). am SemTxvevaSi, ganaTlebaSi igi ar gulisxmobs intele-qtualur process, aramed, ufro adamianis unarTa TandaTano-biT gafurCqvnas moraluri samarTlianobis atmosferoSi. adamianis moraluri sisustis gamo, misi gonieri mimarTuleba ar aris sakmarisi namdvili progresis misaRwevad. Tumca, ganaTlebuli TviTinteresi mas swor gzaze ayenebs. amitom,

adamianis gonieri ganzraxva ki ara, aramed, bunebrivi teleo-logiaa is, rac warmarTavs adamianis progress (aq kantis moralis Teoria gadis teleologiaSi. eTika_ teleologia xsnis moraluri subieqtis arsebobas da arsebas).

erTi ram aqve unda aRiniSnos xazgasmiT. gonebis un-arebis mkacri kvleva mTel kritikul filosofiaSi kantis azrovnebisaTvis arsebiTia, amitom, misi damcireba an ig-

norireba yovlad dauSvebelia, magram, kantis filosofiaSi

srulyofilad ver gaverkveviT, Tu mis kritikul meTods ar

gavigebT, rogorc mxolod saSualebas. kantma es TviTonac

araerTxel cxadyo, xolo, mesame `kritikaSi~ didi `Zalisx-

meviT~ aRmoaCina, rom, goneba aucileblobiT mihyveba sinamd-

vilis teleologiur axsnas, ris gamoc teleologia kantTan

misi filosofiuri sistemis gamaerTianebel faqtorad iqca.

adamiani cocxali da amdenad, bunebis produqtia. ada-

miani arsebaa, romlis nasaxebic srulyofilad SeiZleba

ganviTardes gvarSi, istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi; igi

gansazRvrulia sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis, sadac, iZens

kulturas, aqvs SemoqmedebiTi unarebi da pasuxismgebelia

sakuTari SeqmnilisaTvis, sakuTari qcevisaTvis. àdamiani

aqtiurobiT, gonieri da mizanSewonili moqmedebiT da ara

cxoveliviT instinqtebiT anamdvilebs Tavis arss; viTardeba

cxoveluridan namdvil adamianuramde. umorCilebs ra Tavis

ltolvebs adamianobis ideebs, rogorc, grZnobadi arseba,

adamiani aris goniTi, gonieri, mizandamsaxveli da kanonebis

Semqmneli, Tavisuflebis moyvare arseba~(83,349).

kantis sistemaSi adamiani warmodgenilia, rogorc feno-

meni~ da rogorc `noumeni~, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, adamiani

aris Teoriuli Semecnebis obieqti, romelic eqvemdebareba

aucileblobas, iziarebs bunebis yvela sagnis Tu arsebis

xvedrs. moqceulia gansjis kanonebSi, xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi,

igulisxmeba adamiani TavisTavad, roca is gvevlineba goniTi

aqtis subieqtad, ivaraudeba, rogorc Tavisufali arseba,

40 41

bunebis movlenebis miRma mdgomi. arseba, romelic mxolod

im kanonebs emorCileba, romelTac TviTonve uwesebs sakuTar

Tavs, kantisaTvis warmoadgens Tavisufal mozans da mizans

TavisTavad. aseTi adamiani aris ara adamiani movlena~ aramed

àdamiani noumeni~. igi inteligibeluri adamiania, romelic,

sakuTar Tavs adasturebs kategoriuli imperativiT.

adamiani cocxali arsebaa, sicocxlis organizaciis

garkveuli forma, da amitom, moqceulia sicocxlisa da

bunebis kanonzomierebis jaWvSi. adamiani bunebis sistemaSi

mcire mniSvnelobis arsebaa sxva cxovelebTan SedarebiT,

magram, amave dros, adamiani ara marto bunebis kanonzom-

ierebiT gansazRvruli `fenomenia~, aramed, TviTcnobierebis

mqone `gonieri cxovelia~. mas aqvs unari sakuTari Tavidan

gasvlisa. adamianSi Cadebulia orgvari unari ori sxvadasxva

mizniT, kerZod, kacobrioba rogorc cxoveluri gvari da

kacobrioba, rogorc goniTi gvari. adamianis gvari niSnavs

TaobaTa usasrulo (ganusazRvrel) rigs: Tavis ganszRvre-

bas mTlianad mxolod gvari aRwevs da ara adamianis jiSis

romelime Svili.

àdamianSi, (rogorc dedamiwaze mcxovreb erTaderT

gonier arsebaSi) bunebrivi monacemebi, romlebic mimarTulia

misi gonebis gamoyenebisaken, srulyofilad unda ganviTard-

nen gvarSi da ara erTeulSi (individSi)~ (40,8-9). adamiani

gansazRvrulia sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis, sadac iZens

kulturas. adamiani Tavisi gonebiT gansazRvrulia imisaTvis,

rom iyos adamianTa sazogadoebaSi da masSi xelovnebiTa da

mecnierebiT ganviTardes, gaxdes civilizebuli da moralurad

daixvewos, rogori Zlieric ar unda iyos misi cxoveluri

midrekileba, daemorCilos myudro da komfortul cxovrebas,

rasac igi bednierebas uwodebs~, adamiani unda iyos moqmedi,

ebrZolos winaaRmdegobebs, romelic mas aqvs Tavisi aramt-

kice bunebiT, rom gaxdes adamianobis Rirsi (Sesaferisi)~

(42,578).

kantis azriT, marTebulia ìseTi sazogadoebrivi wyoba,

romelsac saboloo miznad aqvs adamianSi mocemuli keTili midrekilebebis amaRleba; adamianis jiSis gansazRvrebis, misi saboloo mizanTan mimarTebis Sesabamisad~ (42,581).

amgvarad, kanti mkveTrad mijnavs erTmaneTisagan adamians rogorc cxovelur jiSs da adamians rogorc adamianurs, moralurs, goniTs. ra Tqma unda, am ukanasknelSi unda veZe-boT adamianis ZiriTadi specifika da daniSnuleba. adamiani, rogorc ìnteligibeluri xasiaTi~, warmoadgens noumens. moZRvrebaSi movaleobis Sesaxeb, adamiani `warmodgenilia Tavisuflebis unaris mqone arsebad~. misma arsebobam, rogorc `cxovelma adamianma~, sakuTar Rirsebas, rogorc `gonier (moralur) adamians, araferi ar unda daaklos~. adamianoba aris adamianis wminda arsi masSive arsebuli `cxoveluro-bis~ sapirispirod. arc erTi arseba ar eTanxmeba Tavisi gvaris srulyofilebis ideas ìse nakleb, rogorc adamiani adamianobis ideas, romelsac, amasTanave, igi rogorc Tavisi moqmedebis nimuSs Tavis sulSi atarebs~ (83,352).

amrigad, adamiani ar aris mxolod cocxali arseba, ro-melic sicocxlisa da bunebis kanonzomierebaTa tyveobaSia moqceuli; adamiani ara marto `raRac~ mocemulobaa, aramed `raRacad~ gaxdomis SesaZleblobac.

arseba, romelic mxolod im kanonebs emorCileba, rasac TviTonve uwesebs sakuTar Tavs, àrseba, romelic aRWur-vilia praqtikuli unariTa da Tavisi nebis Tavisuflebis cnobierebiT~(83,352). e.i. is arseba, romelic sakuTar Tavs mizezobriobis axal jaWvs uwesebs, kantisaTvis aris pirovne-ba. misi eTikuri moZRvrebis didi nawili koncentrirebulia debulebaSi àdamiani aris pirovneba~.

`zneobis metafizikaSi~ igi wers: adamiani calke ganxi-luli, rogorc pirovneba, es aris moralur-praqtikuli gonebis subieqti, yvela saxmar Rirebulebaze maRla mdgomi. es imitom, rom, rogorc aseTi (`homo noumenon~), is war-

42 43

moadgens ara mxolod saSualebas, sxvebis xelSi, TviTon sakuTari miznebisaTvisac ki, aramed, igi Sefasebul unda iqnes, rogorc TavisTavadi mizani. e.i. mas aqvs Rirseba (absoluturi Sinagani Rirebuleba), risi meSveobiTac igi yvela sxva gonier arsebas aiZulebs pativi sces mas, yvela Tavis msgavs arsebebs zomavs am wesiT da SeuZlia Seafasos am erTianobis safuZvelze.

`mis personaSi mocemuli adamianoba warmoadgens obieqts pativiscemisa, risi moTxovnac mas SeuZlia sxva adamianebisa-ganac, magram, romlebic ar unda aqcios ubralo gamosayenebel saSualebad~. adamiani unda gaufrTxildes àdamianobis Rirsebas mis sakuTar personaSi~.(39,373).

pirovneba aris Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba bunebis mTeli meqanizmidan, Tan, amave dros, ganxiluli, rogorc im arsebis unari, romelic sakuTari gonebiT uwesebs TavisTavs wminda praqtikul kanons. maSasadame, piri, romelic, grZno-bad samyaros miekuTvneba, da emorCileba sakuTar pirovnebas, ramdenadac is ekuTvnis inteligibelur samyaros~(39,373).

àrsebebs, romelTa arseboba Cvens nebaze ki ara, aramed, bunebazea damokidebuli (ZiriTadad ugono arsebani), aqvT mxolod SefardebiTi Rirebuleba, rogorc saSualebebs da amitom, iwodebian nivTebad. maSin roca, maTi sapirispiro gonieri arsebani arian personebi, romlebic, TavisTavadi mizania, e.i. iseTi ram, romelic ar SeiZleba ubralod saSu-alebad iqnes gamoyenebuli. amitom, maT mimarT akrZalulia yovelgvari TviTneboba da isini mxolod pativiscemis obi-eqtebia~(83,410).

kantisaTvis moraluri Rirseba gamomdinareobs gonieri arsebis Rirsebis ideidan, romelic araviTar kanons ar emorCileba, garda imisa, romelsac TviTon uwesebs sakuTar Tavs. Sinagani Rirebuleba, Rirseba, aris piroba, romlis ZaliTac gonier arsebas SeuZlia iyos mizani TavisTavad. Sinagani Rirebuleba mdgomareobs ara ìm SedegSi, romelic

aqedan gamomdinareobs, aramed, `nebis maqsimebSi~, romlebic mzad arian am wesiT gamovlindnen, yovelTvis Sedegis gaT-valiswinebis gareSe.

im personas, romelic Tavis yvela movaleobas asrulebs, aqvs `gansazRvruli amaRlebuloba da Rirseba~, ramdenadac igi TviTon aris sakuTari Tavis kanonmdebeli. sakuTari Tavis mimarT movaleoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, adamiani gaufrTxildes sakuTar personaSi mocemul adamianobis Rirsebas.

`pirovneba aris is subieqti, romlis qcevac Seracxadia (pasuxs agebs sakuTari qcevisaTvis). maSasadame, moraluri pirovneba sxva araferia, Tu ara gonieri arsebis Tavisufleba moraluri kanonis Sesatyvisad (fsiqologiuri piri ki mx-olod isaa, romelsac aqvs unari hqondes cnobiereba saku-Tari Tavis identobisa arsebobis sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi), saidanac gamodis, rom `pirovneba araviTar sxva kanons ar emorCileba,Tu ara mxolod imas, romelsac uwesebs sakuTar Tavs~ (39,132).

kantma Tavis filosofiaSi marTalia dasva pirovnebis (sakuTari Tavis Tavisuflad Semqmneli arseba) problema, magram ise, rom, adamiani rogorc pirovneba, kvlav gvareobiT yofierebad darCa, romelic, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad moqmedebs. ufro metic, kantTan TviT RmerTic personad moiazreba, romelic gansazRvrebas aZlevs adamians. adamiani, rogorc moraluri arseba, Sesaqmis saboloo mizania, ~mxolod marto es RvTis rCeuli adamiania masSi maradiulobidan, es aris RvTis `mxolodSobili Svili~ (83,352).

adamiani grZnobadi, konkretuli mocemulobaa, garkveul droSi arsebuli, magram, aman xeli ar unda SeuSalos, raTa mi-aRwios Tavis daniSnulebas. adamianisTvis xanmokle cxovreba dauwesebia bunebas, rasac sxva, TviTon adamianisave Seqmnili auarebeli winaaRmdegoba emateba. magram, miuxedavad amisa, `cudad gveqneba gagebuli àdamianis cxovrebis (sicocx-

44 45

lis) Rirebulebis~ cneba, Tu movisurvebT, rom sicocxle ufro xangZlivi yofiliyo, vidre sinamdvileSia, radgan, es iqneboda mxolod xangZlivoba am ubedurebisa, siZneleebTan brZolisa, romelic mas Tan axlavs, sicocxlis Rirebuleba mdgomareobs ara misiT tkbobaSi, aramed goneba mogvagonebs `rom sicocxles Rirebuleba mivaniWoT moqmedebiT. . .maSa-sadame, araferi ar rCeba garda Rirebulebisa, romelsac, Cven Cvens sococxles TviTonve vaniWebT, mizanTan mimarTebaSi, da TviT bunebis arsebobac mxolod am pirobebSia CvenTvis misaRebi~(83,328).

rogorc bunebrivi arseba, adamiani ar warmoadgens gamon-akliss cocxalTa saerTo bedisagan, magram, rogorc, goniTi arseba, TviTon isaxavs miznebs da mTeli Sesaqmis saboloo mizania.

`msjelobis unaris kritikaSi~ kanti ambobs, rom adamia-nis, rogorc saboloo miznis~ gareSe mTeli Sesaqme iqneboda `carieli udabno~(83,353).

`rac arsebobs CvenSi mocemuli, rac Cven yovelTvis gvaocebs, Tu ki igi Cvens TvalsawierSi moxvdeba, es amave dros igivea, rac adamians, adamianobis ideiT, Rirsebamde amaRlebs da is, rom Cven gvaqvs unari, moralisTvis amdeni msxverpli gaviRoT (Cveni grZnobadi bunebis sazianod) da Cven aseve SegviZlia (rasac kargad da naTlad vxvdebiT) es gavakeToT. aq kargad Cans zegrZnobadi adamianis upiratesoba grZnobadisadmi (pirvelTan SedarebiT meore araraobaa). es moraluri, adamianobisagan daucilebeli unaria CvenSi gao-cebis sagani, da rac ufro Zlierdeba CvenSi moraluroba, miT ufro matulobs gaoceba~(83,353).

Tu gadavxedavT kacobriobis istorias, aqac aRmovaCenT miznis cnebas, magram,…kacobriobis istoria ar SeiZleba gagebuli iqnes, rogorc gegmazomieri istoria. Tu adamianis moqmedebas ganvixilavT mxolod istoriuli masStabiT, au-arebel gaugebrobas da borotebasac ki wavawydebiT. filo-

sofoss mxolod erTi gamosavali rCeba (radgan, ar SeiZleba

adamianTa moqmedebaSi, Tundac mTlianobaSi, vigulisxmoT

raime gonebrivi sakuTari mizani). unda vecadoT adamianuri

saqmianobis am umizno svlaSi vipovoT bunebis mizani, rom

SesaZlebeli iqnes kacobriobas hqondes istoria,romelic

bunebis gegmas Seesabameba. yvela bunebrivi nasaxi cocxali

arsebisa daniSnulia srulyofili da mizanSewonili ganvi-

TarebisaTvis. Tu Cven uarvyofT am ZiriTad debulebas, maSin

xelSi SegvrCeba SemTxveviToba.

bunebrivi nasaxebi adamianisa (rogorc erTaderTi gon-

ieri arsebisa dedamiwaze) mTlianad viTardeba ara individSi,

aramed, gvarSi. gonebas aqvs unari gaafarTovos bunebrivi

instinqtebis sazRvrebi. Tavad goneba ar moqmedebs instinq-

turad, aramed, saWiroebs gamocdas, varjiSs, swavlebas. amitom,

yovel adamians Wirdeba didxans sicocxle, raTa gamoavlinos

da moixmaros Tavisi bunebrivi nasaxebi. magram, bunebas metad

mcire dro dauwesebia adamianisaTvis, amitom, bunebis miznis

ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod gvarSi, gadascems

ra erTi Taoba meores codnas, gamocdilebas da a.S.

yovelive is, rac Tavad adamianma Seqmna, unda emsaxure-

bodes mxolod mis bednierebas da srulyofilebas. is, rom,

bunebam adamiani Tavisufali nebiT daajildova, Zalzed

bevrs niSnavs, bunebam adamiani Seqmna aseTad, da amis Sem-

deg, yvelaferi TviTon maszea damokidebuli. ganviTarebis

usasrulo jaWvSi adamianebi mxolod calkeuli rgolebia,

adamiani, rogorc erTeuli, mokvdavia, magram, TviTon gvaria

ukvdavi da mxolod es ukanaskneli aRwevs sakuTari nasaxebis

srul (mTlian) ganviTarebas. yovelive es rodi niSnavs, rom

adamians, rogorc erTeuls, pirovnebas ekargeba sakuTari

Rirebuleba, Rirseba (amaze zemoT ukve vilaparakeT). ada-

miani socialuri arsebaa da urTierTobs sxva adamianebTan.

am dros wamyvania misi praqtikuli neba.

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imisaTvis, rom ganaxorcielos adamianSi yvela nasaxis

ganviTareba, buneba `sargeblobs~ adamianSi kargad da Rrmad

Cadebuli TvisebiT _ winaaRmdegobis, dapirispirebis unariT.

sazogadoebaSi adamianebi antagonisturad arian erTmaneTi-

saken mimarTulni, rac xels uwyobs maTSi arsebuli nasaxebis

ganviTarebas.

adamians, rogorc socialur arsebas, axasiaTebs survili

imisa, rom urTierTobaSi iyos Tavis msgavsTan. mas aseve aqvs

unari, yvelaferi moiazros Tavisi gonebiT, vinaidan, winaaRm-

degobas elodeba yoveli mxridan (man kargad icis, rom Ta-

vadac midrekilia, rom sxvas SeewinaaRmdegos. am SemTxvevaSi,

did rols asrulebs Sejibri, pativmoyvareoba, Zalauflebi-

smoyvareoba da a.S.). es winaaRmdegoba aiZulebs adamians

gadalaxos bunebrivi mconaroba. aq iwyeba pirveli nabijebis

gadadgma velurobidan kulturisaken. am gzaze TandaTan vi-

Tardeba adamianis yvela talanti da is iZens sazogadoebriv

Rirebulebas, adamiani TandaTanobiT qmnis anTropologiur

samyaros. moTxovnilebani rom ar icvlebodes, adamiani ver

moaxerxebda nasaxebis ganviTarebas. adamianuri gvarisaTvis

udidesi problema, _ romlis gadawyvetasac misi buneba ai-

Zulebs, _ aris samarTliani samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmna,

radgan mxolod aq aqvs adamians garantia yvela monacemis

srulyofili ganviTarebisa (40,14-15).

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis agebisaTvis aucilebelia mow-

esrigdes sazogadoebaSi gare damokidebulebac, saxelmwifosi

saxelmwifosTan, radgan, maT Sorisac gvxvdeba is usamarT-

lobani da gaugebrobani, rac arsebobs calkeul adamianTa

Soris. garduval antagonistur mimarTebaSi unda moiZebnos

saSualeba siwynarisa da uSiSroebisaTvis. amisaTvis, saWiroa

adamianebma Tavisi cxoveluri biologiuri `Tavisufleba~ Sewiron ufro maRals, adamianur Tavisuflebas (kanti metad optimisturi Sexedulebisaa kacobriobis momavalze).

saxelmwifoebs Soris unda iqnes miRweuli Tavisu-flebis Sesaferisi urTierToba, xolo, TviTon saxelmwifo unda gamodiodes adamianis interesebidan. mxolod, am gziT iqneba SesaZlebeli mivaRwioT politikuri wesrigis umaR-les mizans _ mudmiv mSvidobas. marTalia, sazogadoebis dRevandeli mdgomareobisaTvis es mxolod ocnebaa, magram, miswrafeba misken da yvela saSualebis gamoyeneba miznis misaRwevad pirdapiri movaleobaa yoveli adamianisaTvis. es kategoriuli imperativia, romelic ambobs: adamianebs Soris ar unda iyos omi.

mTlianobaSi aRebuli istoria adamianis gvarisa Sei-Zleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc aRsruleba obieqturi go-nis saidumlo gegmisa; `bunebas (obieqtur gons) adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan uTanxmoebaSi arian, mihyavs raRac mimarTulebisaken (xandaxan maTi nebis sawinaaRmdegoTac ki). buneba am dros moqmedebs, raRac CvenTvis ucnobi kanonebis Tanaxmad, da amas Cven vuwodebT beds. raRac Rrmad dafaruli sibrZne adamianis gvars mimarTavs maRali miznisaken~(83,195). am gzaze adamians SeuZlia ganaviTaros yvela nasaxi da Tavisi wvlili Seitanos kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi.

praqtikul gonebas adamiani Sehyavs sxvasTan sazogadoe-briv urTierTobaSi, rogorc (gonier arsebasTan) erTobaSi. `Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT adamiani sakuTar Tavs ayenebs `mizanTa samyaroSi~. ukavSirdeba Tavis msgavsebs, rogorc TviTmiznebs da ara mxolod rogorc saSualebebs~ (41,588).

kantis naazrevidan SeiZleba mravali saintereso frag-mentis moxmoba, romelic adamians exeba, magram, amis arc SesaZleblobaa da arc saWiroebaa. Sevecade kantis az-rovnebis is mxareebi wamomewia win, romelic mniSvnelovania filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis.

ufro ganzogadebuli saxe mivceT aq motanil masalas. maSasadame kantisaTvis adamiani ori samyaros Svilia, erTi mxriv is aris `fenomeni~, wevri grZnobadi samyarosi. am

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aspeqtiT adamiani ganixileba iseT arsebad, romelic cxov-robs bunebis kanonebis Sesabamisad da sakmaod daSorebulia adamianobas. magram, meore mxriv, is `noumenia~, zegrZnobadi arseba, romelic gons emorCileba. adamians orgvari xasiaTi aqvs, empiriuli (garegnuli) da noumenaluri (inteligibe-luri). e.i. xasiaTi, romelic movlenaSi gamovlindeba da TavisTavadi xasiaTi. empiriuli xasiaTis gamovlenis dros adamiani moqmedebs, rogorc movlena da sxvasTanac, rogorc movlenasTan, ase amyarebs kavSirs, gamodis ra bunebis kanone-bidan da maTi pirobebidan. (dRevandel terminologias Tu moviSveliebT adamiani aris biologiuri arseba, romelic goniTi unarebiTaa dajildoebuli).

intiligibeluri xasiaTis dros ki adamiani warmod-genilia rogorc mizezi moqmedebisa. is movlenebs aZlevs mizezs, magram TviTon ar emorCileba grZnobadobis aravi-Tar kanons, amitom, TviTon ar ganixileba rogorc movlena. transcendentaluri xasiaTi uSualod Semecnebadi ar aris, igi moiazreba, mxolod, rogorc safuZveli empiriuli mov-lenis. Tavisi inteligibeluri xasiaTiT adamiani Tavisufa-lia, maSin roca, misi moqmedeba determinirebulia rogorc gamocdilebis sagani, ise, rom, ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba moqmedebis zedroul Tavisuflebas (inteligibelurs) da droul, kauzalur ganpirobebulobas Soris.

adamianis gvarisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rom xasiaTi gamoimuSaos. kargi xasiaTi SeiZineba azrovnebis wesebSi `revoluciiT~. xasiaTi mdgomareobs mzaobaSi vimoqmedoT maqsimebis mixedviT, xasiaTi pirdapir mimarTebaSia Tavi-suflebasTan. moqmedebis gansazRvra empiriuli xasiaTiT aris fsiqologiuri Tavisufleba, transcendentaluri Ta-visufleba ki aris moqmedebaTa kavSiri,rogorc gamovlineba maT safuZvlad myofi ìnteligibeluri~ da `transcenden-taluri~ xasiaTisa.

yovel moqmed mizezs unda hqondes xasiaTi e.i. misi

kauzalobis kanoni, romlis gareSe igi ar iqneboda mizezi. Tu ganvazogadebT xasiaTi miiRebs Semdeg gansazRvrebas:

`xasiaTi aris `praqtikuli, mtkice (Tanmimdevruli) az-rovnebis saxe ucvleli maqsimebis mixedviT~(83,76). xasiaTi SeiZleba hqondes mxolod goniT arsebas, romelic pasux-ismgebelia Tavis moqmedebis Sedegebze.

adamianis qceva realizdeba am ori xasiaTis Sedegad (isini sulac ar arian erTmaneTs mowyvetilni, rogorc xSirad hgoniaT). swored amazea dafuZnebuli adamianis Seracxadoba, misi pasuxismgebloba sakuTari qcevisaTvis (moqmedebisaTvis).

rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, adamiani or sxvadasxva mxares aerTianebs. is miekuTvneba grZnobad-aRqmad (fenom-enalur) samyaros, rodesac adamiani emorCileba garegan mizezobriobas,bunebisa da sazogadoebis mier dawesebul kanonebs. magram, rogorc inteligibeluri samyaros wevri, Tavisuflebis mqone goniTi arsebaa.

es ori samyaro, antisamyaroebi ki araa, aramed, erTmaneTTan Zalzed axlo urTierTobaSi imyofeba da urTierTmoqmedebs. inteligibeluri (noumenaluri) samyaro grZnobadi samyaros safuZvelSia, Sesabamisad, adamianis noumenaluri xasiaTi unda warmoadgendes fenomenaluri xasiaTis safuZvels. ubedurebaa, roca, meore iRebs batonobis uflebas~ pirvelze. adamianma yovelTvis unda ixelmZRvanelos Tavisi noumenaluri xa-siaTiT. igi yovelTvis unda moqmedebdes Tavisuflebidan gamosuli e.i. movaleobis Sesatyvisad.

kantisaTvis mTavaria adamianis qceva, misi moqmedeba. aqac Cans praqtikuli gonebis primati Teoriulze. codnas mxolod maSin aqvs Rirebuleba, Tu is exmareba adamians gaxdes adamianuri. dadges myar niadagze, moaxdinos maRali adamianuri unarebis realizeba. da TviTon filosofiasac amdenad aqvs mniSvneloba, radgan is emsaxureba adamianis aRzrdas (43,12). mis pirovnebad qcevas.

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kantma erTmaneTisagan gamijna pirovnebis (Personlichkeit) da piris (personis, Person) cnebebi. piris (personis) ter-miniT kanti moiazrebda adamians _ fsiqologiur individs, romelsac aqvs unari sakuTari Tavi sxvisagan gamijnos. ìs, rom adamians mis warmodgenaSi SeuZlia, Tavisi cnobierebis erTianobis~ meSveobiT moqmedeba, ra cvlilebac ar unda Seem-Txves mas, is mainc erTi da igive personaa. e.i. nivTebisagan, romlebic ugono cxovelebi arian da romelTac SeiZleba yvelaferi gaukeTo, xarisxiTa da RirsebiT mTlianad gan-sxvavdebian~(41,357). persona (piri) gamoiTqmeba principiT `me vazrovneb~. pirovneba Tavisi mniSvnelobiT ufro metia, vidre piri (ix. zemoT). pirovnebisaTvis ukve is ki ar aris mTavari, rom is cnobierebis matarebelia, aramed is rom igi Tavisuflebis mqonea. iyo pirovneba _ niSnavs iyo Tavisufali da SeZlo am Tavisuflebis realizacia qcevaSi.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulis Semdeg, sul sxva TvaliT

SegviZlia SevxedoT kantis sistemas da CvenTvis kargad

cnobil oTx kiTxvas. wminda gonebis kritikaSi~ mocemulia

Semecnebis Teoriis ZiriTadi ideebi (e.i. adamiani, rogorc

gnoseologiuri subieqti). praqtikuli gonebis kritikaSi~

_ eTikis safuZvlebia gamokvleuli (adamiani rogorc moral-

uri subieqti), xolo `msjelobis unaris kritikaSi~ (ge-

movnebis kritika) gaxsnilia da dadgenilia adamianis goniTi

moRvaweobis mesame unaris sayovelTao principebi (adamiani,

rogorc esTetikuri subieqti). e.i. adamianis sam ZiriTad

unars (mas SeuZlia Semecneba, aqvs neba, da aris Semfasebeli)

Seesabameba kantis filosofiis sami ZiriTadi nawili.

`msjelobis unaris kritika~-Si, rodesac kanti arkvevda teleologiisa da kulturis cnebebs, amiT uCvenebda ìme-dis gzas~, romelsac unda mihyves individi. kultura àris saboloo mizani bunebisa~ da adamiani mowodebulia mis Sesaqmnelad. xolo, rwmena da RmerTi kantisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, aris imedi sakuTari adamianuri Rirebulebebis

dasafuZneblad. rac Seexeba Tavad ànTropologias~, kantma is gamoaqveyna, rogorc Semajamebeli Txzuleba sakuTari naazrevisa adamiansa da kacobriobazea. a.guligas sityve-biT: `garkveuli azriT, kantis kriticizmi ganpirobebulia adamianis cxovrebisadmi interesiT. `kopernikiseburi~ ga-datrialeba~ adamianis bedis gaazrebiT iwyeba (26,9).

aqedan gamomdinare, CvenTvis Zneli ar unda iyos imis gaazreba Tu ratom iTvleba i.kantis Tvalsazrisi adamia-nis Sesaxeb filosofiuri anTropologiis erTerT umniS-vnelovanes wyarod.

3. l. foierbaxis anTropologizmi

filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis aseve mniSvnelova-nia germaneli filosofosis l.foierbaxis Tvalsazrisi adamianis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsebiTi gardatexa adamianis filosofiur anTropologiur dafuZvnebaSi iwyeba hegelis foierbaxiseuli kritikiT. hegelisaTvis adamiani aris universaluri gonis erT-erTi momenti. marTalia, es momenti gansakuTrebulad iyo warmodgenili, rogorc erTaderTi, sadac, absoluti TviTSemecnebas aRwevs, magram, es upiratesoba bolos da bolos iyo mxolod saSualebis upiratesoba da ara misi, adamianis TviTRirebulebis naTe-lyofa. RmerTi, absoluti adamians arTmevs TviTRirebulebas, roca igi iazreba, rogorc, mxolod uzenaesis qmnileba da misi neba-survilis Semsrulebeli. Aaqedan naTeli da cxadia, rom, adamianis Rirsebisa da uflebis dacvis erT-erT piro-bad anTropologia iyo warmodgenili. swored, es garemoeba Seiqmna magistraluri xazi foierbaxis filosofiuri Ziebisa.

maSasadame, absolutis filosofiis adgili foierbaxis naazrevSi daikava anTropologiam, filosofiam adamianis Sesaxeb. filosofiis mizani unda iyos buneba da adamiani, filosofiam xeli unda aiRos spekulaciaze, Teologiaze da

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gaxdes empiriuli da anTropologiuri. arsebiTi siaxle, rom-liTac foierbaxis filosofiuri sistema xasiaTdeba, SeiZle-ba gamoixatos filosofiis realur adamianze orientirebiT _ àxali filosofia adamianis bunebis, rogorc, adamianis bazisis CaTvliT, aqcevs filosofiis erTaderT universalur da umaRles sagnad. amrigad, anTropologias, fiziologiis CaTvliT aqcevs universalur mecnierebad~(80,202)

radgan, adamianis arseba ar gaixsneba izolirebuli in-dividis analiziT, aramed, me~-sa da Sen~-is mimarTebiT, maTi urTierTobiT, amdenad, `filosofiis udides da ukanasknel princips warmoadgens adamianis adamianTan erTianoba~. (iqve)

filosofiis adamianze warmarTva foierbaxis azriT, mis filosofias aZlevs kidev erT specifikur niSans, is xdeba adamianis msaxuri da iqceva adamianisaTvis yvelaze adami-anur filosofiad. avtoris amosavali debuleba _ adamiani fsiqo-fiziologiuri arsebaa. adamiani bunebis produqtia. magram, buneba araa adamianis gagebisaTvis sakmarisi gza. adamiani bunebis gansakuTrebuli produqtia, bunebidan gamo-suli, magram masze meti, amitom, bunebis Semecneba ar niSnavs adamianis Semecnebas. adamianis namdvili gagebis saSualeba yvelaze metad, filosofiaa, Tu religias mxolod gaucxoe-bul adamianTan aqvs saqme, xelovnebas mxolod adamianis saxesTan. filosofia aris is, rac adamianis arss wvdeba, Mmis universalobas gadagviSlis. Ffilosofiis meSveobiT, adamiani misi Semmecneblis winaSe warmosdgeba mTeli Tavisi mravalferovnebiT. Kufro metic, adamianis Semecneba mTeli samyaros wvdomacaa, radgan, adamiani aris bunebis umaRlesi produqti, dabali aRmatebuliT unda iqnes gagebuli da ara piriqiT.

adamianis Semecneba niSnavs misi arsis gaxsnas. adamia-nis arss rom vwvdeT, unda gavceT pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris adamiani? adamianis arsis wvdomis winapirobad foierbaxs adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iluziebisagan ganTavisufleba

miaCnia, im iluziebisagan, romelic mas warmogvidgenen, ro-gorc, RvTiur arsebas, RmerT-kacs. RvTiuri daniSnulebis da ukvdavi sulis mqones.

adamianis yvela es warmodgena sakuTar Tavze fantaziis nayofia da rogori mtkivneulic ar unda iyos adamianisaTvis gaTavisufleba am zeadamianuri atributebisagan, is mainc unda ganxorcieldes, radgan, es aris adamianis, rogorc, war-mosaxviTi arsebis uaryofa. unda ganxorcieldes adamianis, rogorc, namdvili arsebis gageba da amiT adamians mieces saSualeba gaTavisufldes warmosaxulTan urTierTobisagan. amiT, is gaTavisufldeba gaucxoebisagan, romelic, mis arsad misagan gansxvavebulis warmodgenis Sedegia.

idealizmisaTvis adamiani absolutis, ideis Semoq-medebis produqtia, cnobierebis gamovlenis Sedegia, xolo religiisaTvis, RmerTis Semoqmedebaa. foierbaxs surs aCvenos, rom filosofiis anTropologizebiT moixsneba idealizmisa da materializmis calmxrioba, ukuigdeba `transcendentaluri materializmis eqstravaganturi~ saxeoba, romelic bunebisa da azrovnebis mimarTebas ada-mianis gareSe arkvevs, foierbaxi upirispirdeba mas da Tavis moZRvrebas ìmanenturs~ uwodebs, romelic rCeba adamianSi da Cerdeba masze~. (81)

bunebidan warmoiSva adamiani, rogorc misi nawili, ada-miani Tavisi cnobierebiT bunebam gaaCina, amitom, mTlianad emorCileba mis kanonebs. cnobiereba adamianSi zebunebrivi, RvTaebrivi sawyisi ki araa, aramed, materialuris _ tvinis Tvisebaa. azrovnebs da Seimecnebs ara usxeulo da uxorco cnobiereba, aramed, mTliani adamiani, realurad sxeulebrivi arseba, romelsac aqvs cnobiereba, rogorc materialuri tvinis produqti.

adamiani subieqtisa da obieqtis realuri erTianobaa, subieqtia TavisTvis da obieqtia sxvisTvis. adamiani erTad-erTi arsebaa, romelsac SeuZlia sakuTari me obieqtad aq-

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cios, e.i. Sen~-ad. adamianis mowodebaa sakuTari Tavis gageba, sakuTari arsebis dadgena.

me vamtkiceb, werda foierbaxi, rom subieqti, romli-danac amodis idealisti, aris mxolod moazrebuli da ara namdvili. subieqti es var me, romelsac upirispirdeba Sen, me var gamovlenili obieqti sxvebisaTvis. me _ es adamiania mflobeli sxeulisa da moazrovne Tavis. me aris realuri, droul-vrceuli arseba da mxolod, am Tvisebebis wyalobiT mas aqvs niWi Wvretisa da Semecnebisa.

foierbaxs ainteresebs ara mxolod adamianis arseba, aramed misi daniSnulebac, misi yofierebis sazrisi, risTvis aris adamiani samyaroSi, ra adgili ukavia mas da sad veZeboT misi arsebobis gamarTleba.

man am kiTxvebze pasuxi cada idealizmisa da reli-giisagan gamijvniT. foierbaxi miznad isaxavs adamianis gaTavisuflebas RmerTisagan, zebunebrivi Zalisagan, rogorc adamianis mTeli cxovrebisa da moqmedebis warmmarTveli da ganmsazRvreli Zalis rwmenisagan.

RmerTSi adamiani ganasaxierebs Tavis farul imedebs, sa-soebasa da miswrafebebs. yvelaferi, rasac ki adamiani RmerTs miawers, yvelaferi, rac ki mas amkobs, amSvenebs da amaRlebs, Tavad adamians ekuTvnis, mis miswrafebebs da survilebs war-moadgens, amitom, rogoricaa adamiani, iseTivea misi RmerTi.

foierbaxma moxsna kiTxva: ra mizniT aris adamiani Se-qmnili, vis unda Seeqmna adamiani? foierbaxis mtkicebiT, adamiani bunebis Svilia, bunebas ki araviTari mizani ara aqvs, adamiani bunebis umaRlesi nayofia, misi daniSnulebaa sakuTari Tavis, rogorc adamianis gamovlena, Tu kiTxvas damisvamen _ ambobs igi _ `risTvis aris individi individi, eskimosi eskimosi? risTvisaa adamiani bavSvi, axalgazrda, moxuci? yovelive es xom isaa, rac unda iyos TavisTavad da mTeli adamianic aseTia. mas ara aqvs raime miRmuri dan-iSnuleba, adamians rom miRmurSi epovna Tavisi gamarTleba

da daniSnuleba amiT gana cxovreba uazro ar gaxdeboda. vinc sakuTar Tavs TviTon ar aniWebs daniSnulebas, is arc raime daniSnulebis mqonea. amitom, yoveli qceva, moqmedeba, romelsac vaxorcielebT, aris Cveni daniSnuleba, Cveni ada-mianuri arsebiT gansazRvruli~. (81,143)

foierbaxi cdilobs, adamianis Sesaxeb moZRvreba yvela ganzomilebaSi anTropologiurad daafuZnos, daamkvidros adamiani amqveyniur miwier niadagze. magram foierbaxis ada-miani, romelic gvevlineba mTeli misi filosofiis univer-salur da umaRles sagnad, biologiuri arsebaa. misi realoba arsebiTad ar cildeba mis biologias, ar eqvemdebareba so-cialur, kulturul Tu istoriul zegavlenas da cvlile-bebs. adamianTa kavSiri da urTierToba arsebiTad igivea, rac adamianTa bunebrivi, biologiuri kavSiri da urTierToba. igiveobrivi, saerTo yvela droisaTvis da garemosaTvis.

foierbaxis TeoriaSi, adamiani rogorc moqmedi arseba, araa nawvdomi da es am Teoriis Sinagani struqturidan gamomdinareobs. masTan adamianis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Tvisebaa mWvreteloba. foierbaxis adamiani umoqmedoa, araa Semqmneli arseba, aramed, mxolod mWvretelia. Tqvens winaSea mSvenieri samefo, buneba da adamiani, `ganWvriteT buneba, gan-WvriteT adamiani~. mouwodebs is filosofosebs. buneba da adamiani _ ai erTaderTi obieqti filosofiisa, erTaderTi gza yvela filosofiuri misteriis amoxsnisa. adamianis daniSnulebaa ara mxolod moRvaweobisaTvis arseboba, aramed, WvretisaTvisac. e.i. igi mxolod Teoriul moqmedebas aRi-arebs da es grZnobadoba foierbaxTan ar niSnavs praqtikul, Semoqmed adamianur moRvaweobas. miRmuri samyaro dayvanilia adamianurze da es adamianuri samyaro gamocxadebulia ada-mianis arsebis Sesabamisad erTxel da samudamod mocemulad.

foierbaxma safuZvlianad ikvlia religia da misi Ziri adamianSi dainaxa, magram, ver moaxerxa aqtiuri, moqmedi subieqtis dafuZneba. man imTaviTve daupirispira erTmaneTs

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Teoriuli da praqtikuli moqmedebis sfero. ver gaigo, rom, ar SeiZleba adamiani arsebobdes aqtiurobis, Semoqmedebis gareSe, rom es ukanasknelia safuZveli misi Teoriuli moR-vaweobisac.

marTalia, foierbaxi acxadebda, rom adamiani mas esmis, rogorc grZnobad-miwieri arseba, magram, es ar aris misi konkretulobis maCvenebeli. es cnebac zogadzea moWrili. foierbaxi iSveliebs adamianuri gvaris, modgmis cnebas. Tumca masTan adamiani mainc biologiur arsebad rCeba. es garkveuli gvaris istoriaa. foierbaxi ver mivida im azramde, rom, adamianis arseba mis biologiurobaSi araa da rom go-niTi moRvaweobaa misTvis specifikuri.

miuxedavad am naklovanebisa, l.foierbaxis naazrevi Za-lzed mniSvnelovnadaa miCneuli filosofiuri anTropolo-giisaTvis. foierbaxs Teologiis kritika imisaTvis Wirdeba, rom SeinarCunos, daicvas adamianis avtonomiuri arsebobis idea. adamianma Tavad unda mouaros Tavis problemebs gare-gani Zalis imedisa da daxmarebis gareSe.

filosofiis istoriisaTvis Tvalis gadavlebac sak-marisia, raTa adamianis uamravi gansazRvreba vipovoT jer kidev antikuri periodidan dawyebuli. movixmoT ramdenime maTgani. verner zombartis wignidan `Von Menschen Versuch einer Geistswissenschaftlichen Anthropologie (1956)~. gavixsenoT platonis `klasikad~ qceuli gansazRvreba. àdamiani aris orfexa, ufrTo cocxali arseba~. aristotele _ adamiani aris Zoon politikon~(politikuri, sazogadoebrivi arseba). aseve, mas ekuTvnis gansazRvreba. adamiani aris `sisustis simbolo~. `gamarTulad mosiarule cxoveli~. ciceroni _ mzrunveli, winaswarganmWvreti, gonieri, ganmsjeli arseba. antikur samyaroSi farTod gavrcelebulia adamianis gageba, rogorc, gonebisa da Semecnebis unaris mqone arsebisa.

avgustines Semoaqvs araantikuri, qristianuli niuansi. misTvis adamiani ganisazRvreba, rogorc gonieri, mokvdavi

cxoveli. avgustines es definicia mTel sqolastikaSi iyo gabatonebuli. manve daaxasiaTa agreTve adamiani, rogorc àvadmyofi Senaqmni SeqmnilTa Soris~.

qritianoba, adamianis gansazRvravs orgvari arsis mqoned. erTis mxriv, adamiani aris `RvTis msgavsi da xati~, meore mxriv, codvaSi Cavardnili, dacemuli,sasruli arseba. qris-tianobis gavleniT, filosofiaSi es pozitiur-negatiuri ormagoba mudmivad aris mxedvelobaSi miRebuli da nacadia maTi gaerTianeba.

blez paskalisaTvis adamiani aris usustesi lerwmis Rero, magram, amasTanave moazrovne. rusosaTvis _ gadagva-rebuli cxoveli. kantisaTvis _ TviTgansazRvrebis unaris mqone. SilerisaTvis _ arseba, romelsac surs. goeTe: adamiani es aris pirveli gasaubreba bunebisa RmerTTan.

idealisti, adamianis gansazRvrebisas wina planze wamow-evs gonebas, me-s, cnobierebas, TviTgansazRvrebas, adamianis nebas. is cdilobs erTmaneTTan moarigos antikurobis gon-ieri cxoveli qristianobis RmerTis msgavsTan da xatTan~.

Tu aqamde adamiani ganisazRvreboda rogorc homo sapiens-i, g.frankli Semoitans homo faber-is cnebas. adamiani misTvis iaraRis mkeTebeli cxovelia.

SopenhauerisaTvis _ `moCxubari arseba~ `tkivilze tkivilis dammatebeli cxoveli, romelsac ZaluZs tyuilis Tqma.~

nicSe _ adamiani aris Toki, romelic gabmulia cxovelsa da zekacs Soris, àvadmyofi cxoveli~, `mxeci da mxecze uaresi~.

z.froidi _ `ltolvebis damTrgunveli~. m.Seleri: àrasTqmis SemZle~, `RvTismaZiebeli~. klagesi _ moazrovne cxoveli. herderi _ adamiani aris pirveli, vinc bunebam Ta-visuflebaSi miatova~. fixte: adamianuri gvaris sazrisia ara mxolod gonieri yofiereba, aramed, gonieri qmnadoba.~(32,8)

adamianis arsis es gansazRvrebani, romliTac savsea

58 59

filisofiuri literatura, kidev SeiZleboda gagvegrZelebina, mogvexmo sxva Tvalsazrisebic. magram, mainc Zalze Zneli iqneboda sruli suraTis Seqmna, Cven mxolod maTi gadmocema SegviZlia.

mainc ra aris arsebiTi adamianisaTvis? ra aris is erTaderTi, riTac igi yvela sxvisagan gansxvavdeba? isev zombarts movusminoT: es aris adamianis unari imoqmedos garkveuli miznis mixedviT, rac niSnavs, rom adamians bunebis gareT dgoma SeuZlia. cxoveli bunebaSia, da bunebas mihyavs. adamiani Tavisufalia, igi moqmedia, Semoqmedia. mcenareebsa da cxovelebs buneba ara mxolod uwesebs gansazRvrebas, aramed, axorcielebs kidec mas, adamians ki daniSnulebas aZlevs da mis ganxorcielebas masve andobs. mxolod es qmnis mas adamianad.

adamianis neba rom Tavisufalia, jer kidev kantis mieraa gacnobierebuli. mxolod adamians SeuZlia iqces movlenaTa axali mwkrivis sawyisad. rogorc `wminda gonebis kriti-kaSi~, kerZod, mesame antinomiaSi aRniSnavs: `Tu axla me. . . sruliad Tavisuflad da bunebrivi mizezebis gansazRvruli gavlenis gareSe Cemi skamidan vdgebi, maSin am xdomilebaSi iwyeba uTuod axali mwkrivi mTeli misi bunebrivi Sedege-biT usasrulobaSi, Tumca, droulobis principiT es movlena mxolod gagrZelebaa winamorbedi mwkrivisa. . . amitom, Tumca, drois mixedviT ara, magram, mizezobriobis mixedviT mainc unda erqvas movlenaTa raRac mwkrivis uTuod pirveli sawyisi~(32,27).

cxadi xdeba, rom adamianis arsis dasadgenad metad

mniSvnelovania imis garkveva Tu ras akeTebs adamiani, risi

gakeTeba SeuZlia mas? e.i. ra aris igi? rogorc moqmedi

arseba. swored es kiTxvaa mTavari kiTxva filosofiuri

anTropologiisaTvis.

4. z.froidis fsiqoanalizuri anTropologia

XX saukunis anTropologiuri koncefciebidan, Tavisi

gavrcelebisa da gavlenis masStabiT, albaT, erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi da upirvelesic zigmund froidis mier

Seqmnili fsiqoanalizuri koncefciaa, romelic Camoyalibda

kerZo fsiqologiur doqtrinad. mogvianebiT gafarTovda da

ikvlevda ara mxolod adamianis individualur-pirovnul

qcevebs, aramed, socialur, istoriul, politikur Tu

kulturul aspeqtebs, e.i. moicavda mTlian anTropolo-

giur samyaros.

z.froidma daangria tradiciuli warmodgena adamianis

fsiqikuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. adamianis Sinagani~ cxovrebis

gageba SeuZlebelia `naturalisturi~ interpretaciebiT

an specifikur-racionalisturi midgomebiT. adamianis aq-

tivobis, misi fsiqikuri moqmedebebis gasagebad aucilebe-

lia pirovnebis struqturis siRrmiseuli kvleva, romlis

Sedegadac aRmoCnda, rom, adamianis fsiqika garkveuli kon-

glomeratia, sxvadasxva araerTgvarovani komponentisagan

Semdgari. fsiqika moicavs ara mxolod cnobierebierebas,

aramed, aracnobiersac.

miuxedavad fsiqoanalizis arnaxuli warmatebisa, misi

gavrcelebis geografiisa da sxvadasxva tipis moazrovnee-

bze gavlenisa, bevri Teoriuli postulati am koncefciaSi,

sadao da saeWvoa ara mxolod misi mowinaaRmdegeebisaTvis,

aramed, Tavad momxreebisaTvisac.

z.froidma Seqmna moZRvreba, romelic gamoyenebuli iqna

aramarto nevroziT daavadebulTa qcevisa da azrovnebis

asaxsnelad, maT gansakurnavad. aramed es empiriuli mona-

cemebi gavrcelebuli iqna adamianuri moRvaweobis TiTqmis

yvela sferoze.

am Teoriis udao damsaxurebaa fsiqikis kvlevis axal

60 61

safexurze ayvana, adamianis moqmedebaSi, misi qcevis struq-

turaSi cnobieri da aracnobieri motivebis Sefardebis

sakiTxis damuSaveba, fsiqikuris sxvadasxva donis arsebobis

problemebis win wamoweva da sxva.

froidi ecada Tavisi Teoriis safuZvelze eCvenebina

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis arsebobis zogadi modeli, moeca

zogierTi negatiuri mxaris analizi. ramdenadac, Sigafsiqi-

kuri konfliqtebi, romelsac es koncefcia aRwers, garkveul-

wilad asaxvaa da axsnaa im pirobebisa da mdgomareobisa,

romelSic arsebobs adamiani Tu sazogadoeba.

magram isic Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom, froidi

Tavis Teoriul daskvnebSi gaumarTleblad aabsolutebda

cnobierisa da aracnobieris gaxleCvas. man imdenad gamwvave-

buli xasiaTi mianiWa am problemas, rom, individSi cnobieri

da aracnobieri ltolvebis dapirispireba misTvis lamis

dramad gadaiqca, romelmac gansazRvra ara marto calkeuli

individis, pirovnebis raoba, aramed, mTeli kacobriobisaTvis

iqca bediswerad.

froids araerTxel ganucxadebia, Cemi mizani mkacrad

mowesrigebuli, axali mecnieruli moZRvrebis Seqmna ariso;

magram, sabolood, rodesac Teoria gaformda, aRmoCnda, rom froidis pozicia Zalze axlosaa sicocxlis filosofiasTan da iracionalizmTan. maT gaerTianebas didad SeuSala xeli froidis specifikurma, ufro metic, Terapiulma poziciam. fsiqoTerapiis mizani, xom cnobierebis gabatoneba iyo brma ltolvebze.

froidi da misi mowafeebi araerTxel miuTiTebdnen, rom mxolod afarToeben mecnieruli Semecnebis sferos. gvaZleven racionalur axsnas iseTi movlenebisa, romelsac adre mecniereba ver xsnida da maT ignorirebas axdenda. (mag. sizmari, an fsiqikuri daavadebani da maTi simptomebi). Tavisi moRvaweobis adreul periodSi, igi imasac ki fiqrobda, droTa ganmavlobaSi fsiqologiur axsnas fiziologiuri

axsna Seenacvleboda, rodesac es mecniereba saTanado dones miaRwevda.

z.froidma aseve Semoitana fsiqikuris sferos avtono-miurobis principi. winaaRmdegoba, romelic ukve konce-fciis mizanSi Canda _ Seeqmna mkacrad determinirebuli racionaluri Teoria iracionalurisa, fsiqoanalizisaTvis, rogorc wesi SeumCneveli rCeboda. fsiqoanalitikosebis azriT, yovelive es iZleoda imis saSualebas, rom moZRvreba gagebuliyo, rogorc racionalizmisa da humanizmis axali siRrmiseuli forma.

SeiZleba vilaparakoT imis Sesaxebac, rom, froidTan vxvdebiT Tavisebur rusoizms. misTvis adamiani, rogorc bunebrivi mocemuloba aris Rirebuleba, yvelaferi cudi modis socialuri, kulturuli normebis tiraniidan, ro-melic zRudavs, xels uSlis yvelaze arsebiTi adamianuri survilebis dakmayofilebas. ris gamoc maxinjdeba, uaresdeba adamianis buneba. mowodeba, SevasustoT socialuri tabu gaismis froidis mTeli Semoqmedebis manZilze.

adamianis amgvar gagebas, adamianuri realobis froidiseul biologizacias Tavis mxriv moepoveba analogebi, hyavs win-amorbedni. esaa upirvelesad im periodisaTvis gabatonebuli pozitiuri azrovneba da `sicocxlis filosofiis~ ideebi. esaa mdgomareoba, rodesac idealdeba adamianis bunebrivi yofa, misi sasicocxlo ltolvebi, romlebic daTrgunulia da Se-viwroebulia~ kulturiT. swored, bunebiTi da kulturuli movlenebis dapirispireba aris `sicocxlis filosofiisa~ da fsiqoanalizis gamaerTianebeli.

farTo azriT, froidizmi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc sicocxlis filosofiis garkveuli saxeoba, romlis mizania kultura da socialuri cxovreba axsnas reduqcionizmis principiT, dahyavs ra isini pirvelad sasicocxlo ltolve-bze, impulsebze. am Teoriis erT-erTi mTavari amosavali cnebaa aracnobieri.

62 63

adamianis mTeli fsiqikuri cxovreba warmoadgens cno-bierisa da aracnobieris dapirispirebas. cnobieri fsiqika erT-erTi formaa, romelic fsiqikis ufro arsebiTi nawilis àracnobieri fsiqikis~ gamovlenaa. warmodgena an sxva fsiqi-kuri elementi, arsebuli garkveul dromde Cvens cnobierebaSi, Semdeg qreba, magram, kvlav aRmocendeba. es warmodgena drois im monakveTSi, roca mas ver ganvicdidiT, CvenSi latenturad arsebobda. swored isaa aracnobieri fsiqikuri. aracnobieris arsebobas agreTve adasturebs sizmrebi, ocnebebi, uneblie Secdomebi da sxva. rogor SeiZleba arsebobdnen aracnobieri ltolvebi, grZnobebi. froidi ganmartavs: Tavad ltolva ar SeiZleba iyos cnobierebis obieqti, aseTi ram SeiZleba iyos mxolod warmodgena, romelic asaxavs am ltolvas. magram, aracnobieri ltolvac SeiZleba gamovlindes mxolod war-modgenis saSualebiT. Tu is ar daukavSirda warmodgenas, mis Sesaxeb araferi gvecodineba.

froidi ganasxvavebs aracnobieris ramdenime saxes. esaa: winarecnobieri, gandevnili aracnobieri, arqauli memkvidreoba, da sakuTriv aracnobieri. pirvel sams aqvT cnobierebaSi da piruku gadasvlis unari. sakuTriv aracnobieri ki mudam cnobierebis miRma rCeba. aracnobiersa da cnobiers Soris aris faza, froidis ganmartebiT cenzori. igi warmoadgens fsiqikuri Sinaarsis gamomcdels.

pirovnebis struqtura amisda mixedviT Sedgeba fsiqi-

kuri fenebisagan. igi~, me~, ze-me~, igi~ moicavs gandevnilsa

da sakuTriv aracnobiers, ~me~ cnobiersa da winare cnobiers,

`ze-me~ cnobiersa da arqaul memkvidreobas. aracnobieris

ZiriTadi da arsebiTi fenaa ìgi~. adamianis ganmsazRvreli

da misi mamoZravebeli Zalaa seqsualuri ltolva. (seqsua-

lobis cneba froidis TeoriaSi yovelTvis Tu ara, Zalzed

xSirad eTanadeba saerTod fsiqikuris cnebas), romelic

Seadgens ìgi~-s birTvs.

seqsualuri, libidozuri (gansakuTrebuli fsiqikuri

energia) ltolva iswrafvis siamovnebisaken, adamianis moq-

medebebi Tavdapirvelad siamovneba-usiamovnebis principiTaa

gansazRvruli. magram, Semdgom, civilizaciis Sedegad, so-

cialuri da zneobrivi akrZalvebis gavleniT, siamovnebis

principi SeizRuda realobis principiT, `me~ iZulebuli

gaxda `ze-mes~ gavleniT SeezRuda ìgi~. an saerTod uari

eTqva misi survilebis dakmayofilebaze, an ganexorciele-

bina sxva pirdapiri dakmayofilebis Semcvleli moqmedeba.

am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi xdeba survilTa sublimacia. ase

mag. ìgi~ sublimirebul dakmayofilebas aRwevs sizmarSi,

ocnebaSi, SemoqmedebaSi. magram, rogorc froidi miuTiTebda,

raRac azriT, cenzori sizmarSic moqmedebs, ocneba ki fanta-

ziis sferos miekuTvneba da realurad ganuxorcielebelia,

rogorc wesi, es energia sublimirdeba xelovnebaSi, reli-

giaSi da saerTod kulturaSi, romelsac safuZvlad udevs

fantaziis Taviseburi forma.

yovelive es asustebs usiamovnebis grZnobas, rasac

ltolvebis pirdapiri saxiT daukmayofilebloba iwvevs.

Tumca, amiT ar ispoba konfliqti pirovnebasa da realobas

Soris, romelic nevrozis mizezi xdeba. mis warmoSobaSi

froidi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs bavSvobaSi miRe-

bul da Semdeg daviwyebul Zlier STabeWdilebebs, fsiqikuri

travmebis gamomwvevT.

froidis Teoriis Tavisebureba isaa, rom, Seecada arac-

nobieris cnebiT aexsna adamiani da misi Semoqmedeba. pirovneba

dualisturadaa dayofili aracnobier da cnobier fsiqiku-

rad. miuxedavad imisa, rom, aracnobieris cneba froidamde

cnobili iyo filosofiaSi, pirvelad, swored man gamoiyena

es cneba konkretuli gamokvlevisaTvis da rogorc Tavad

swamda mecnieruli Sedegebic ki miiRo.

froidi amodis fsiqikuri cxovrebis determinaciis

faqtidan. misTvis fsiqikaSi araferi ar aris SemTxveviTi,

wvrilmani, nebismieri. is yvelgan eZebs~ da poulobs~ sak-

64 65

mao motivirebas, iqac ki, sadac, Cveulebriv aseTi moTxovna

ar arsebobs. aq Cans froidis miswrafeba, SeinarCunos mec-

nieruli midgoma. magram, yvelaze xSrad, swored fsiqoanal-

izis mecnieruloba dgeboda eWvis qveS, da es eWvi arc Tu

usafuZvlo iyo.

froidis postulati fsiqikuri procesebis determi-

naciis Sesaxeb gamomdinareobs bunebriv-mecnieruli orien-

taciidan. marTalia, man Semdeg uaryo fsiqikuri movlenebis

anatomiur-fiziologiuri axsna, magram, es determinacia mainc

darCa mis TeoriaSi.

froidma daadgina azrovnebis ori plastis arseboba

cnobierisa (racionalurisa) da aracnobierisa (iraciona-

lurisa). aracnobieri azrovneba ucvlelia aTaswleulebis

manZilze. es plastebi erTmaneTis mimarT konfliqtur

mimarTebaSi arian. infantiluri, iracionaluri azrovneba

warmoadgens saSiSroebas racionaluri azrovnebisaTvis, ris

gamoc cnobiereba Rebulobs represiul, damsjel zomebs da

axdens miuRebeli, dauSvebeli ltolvebis da warmodgenebis

gandevnas.fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, aracnobier azrovnebas aqvs

Sinagani kanonzomiereba, ase mag. sizmari, romelic gvgonia uazro, qaosuri warmodgenebis jami, sinamdvileSi emorCileba gansazRvrul logikas da TavisTavSi atarebs sazriss. adami-ans marTlac aqvs misTvis misaRebi da miuRebeli survilebi. igi cdilobs gandevnos miuRebeli survilebi, magram, es gandevnili survilebi ukvalod rodi qrebian, aramed, arac-nobier fsiqikaSi Cadian da iq ikaveben adgils. froidi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs am viTarebas adamianis qcevis gasagebad.

froidis azriT, nevrozi da fsiqozi imitomaa fsiqi-kuri warmoSobis, rom, isini adamianSi moqmedi arsobrivi procesebis urTierTmimarTebis nayofia. adamianis arsobrivi procesebi fsiqikis fenebSi mimdinareobs. froidisaTvis, adamianis arsi aris fsiqika. am TeoriiT, ltolvebSi unda

gansxvavdes Semdegi momentebi: drangi (swrafva), mizani, obi-eqti, wyaro. fsiqoanalizSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavdeba erotikuli, (rac igive SenarCunebisa da gaerTianebisken warmmarTveli miswrafebaa) da destruqciuli (dangrevisa da ganadgurebis) ltolvebi. orive ltolva aucileblobiT arsebobs. maTi urTierTmimarTebis Sesabamisad aRmocendebian sicocxlis movlenebi.

z.froids fsiqoanalizis damsaxurebad miaCnia is, rom, kacobriobas gaucnobiera adamianSi ltolviTi mxaris mniS-vneloba, romelic miCqmaluli iyo goniT sferoSi arsebuli warmatebebis fonze. pirovnebis es sulieri fuZe~ savsebiT ugulvebeyofili iyo. kacobriobas hgonia, rom, mis cxovrebas warmarTavs goneba, me unda meCvenebina rom arseboben agreTve ltolvebi~. (88,28)

`Cveni arsebis guls qmnis bneli ìgi~. adamianis nam-dvili saxe aris is, rom igi bunebrivi arsebaa, misTvis mTavari maxasiaTebelia ltolvebis qona. goniTma, racional-urma, socialurma aqtiurma mxareebma Seaviwroves adamianis iracionaluri, aracnobieri fena. aracnobieri iZulebulia iarsebos SezRudulad, cenzuriT da saxeSecvlili formiT moevlinos cnobiers.

froidis moRvaweobis dadebiT momentad is, miaCniaT rom, gaafarTova adamianis xedvis sazRvrebi. cnobiers daemata aracnobieris siRrmec. e.i. adamianSi aris xiluli, arsis mixedviT arasakuTrivi wina plani _ cnobieri da dafaruli sakuTrivoba _ aracnobieri.

fsiqikis filogenezis evoluciam ori etapi ganvlo. erTia gvarovnuli etapi, xolo meore civilizacia. ka-cobriobis istoriis yoveli axali nabiji xorcieldeba ltolvebisagan TavSekavebis romelime aqtiT. gvarovnuli fsiqikis xangrZlivma ganviTarebam ganapiroba rom fsiqikuri garkveulobani memkvidreobiTi gaxda, froidi mas uwodebs àrqaul memkvidreobas~. mag: sisxlis aRrevis ltolviTi

66 67

impulsi memkvidreobiT gadmoecema igi~-s, xolo gvarovnuli tabu sisxlis aRrevis akrZalvisa `ze-me~-s. aRniSnuli vi-Tareba pirovnebaSi iwvevs ambivalentur grZnobas _ erTi fena miiswrafvis garkveuli Sinaarsis dakmayofilebisaken, meore ki mas krZalavs.

kacobriobam Tavisi istoriis dasawyisSi Caidina danaSau-li da mTeli misi Semdgomi cxovreba, swored am danaSaulis Segnebisa da misi ara Tu monaniebis, aramed xelaxla Cadenis gaucnobierebeli survilis istoriaa. e.i. kacobriobam Ta-visi cxovrebis dasawyisSive miiRo travma, romelic daRs asvams mTel mis Semdgom ganviTarebas. danaSaulis gancdis sabediswero grZnoba gasdevs adamianis mTel moRvaweobas.

ltolvis sublimacia warmoadgens kulturis ganviTa-rebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan Tvisebas. is SesaZlebels xdis, rom umaRlesi fsiqikuri moqmedebani da misi Sedegebi mecniereba, xelovneba, religia _ esoden mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben adamianis cxovrebaSi.

yoveli axali nabiji civilizaciis gzaze, moiTxovs ar-qauli memkvidreobis Sinaarsisa da ltolvis dakmayofilebis mzard SezRudvas da libidos sublimacias. e.i. SezRuduli libido cdilobs Tavis dakmayofilebas da realizdeba moR-vaweobis sxvadasxva sferoSi. iqneba es praqtikuli saqmianoba, Tu maRali goniTi aqtivoba.

incesturi survilebi universaluria da damaxasiaTebe-lia yvela adamianisaTvis. yovel CvenTagans uxdeba sakuTar TavSi am survilis daTrgunva. froidisaTvis oidiposis miTi ar yofila ubralod metafora, romelic gamoxatavda incestis kompleqss, misi universalur principad qceva mom-dinareobs froidis miznidan _ epova maradiuli WeSmariteba adamianis Sesaxeb. òidiposis kompleqsi~ esaa flobisaken miswrafeba, Zalauflebisaken ltolva. aq mTavari isaa, rom adamiani miiswrafvis egoisturi TviTdadgenisaken, romelic gadalaxavs yovelgvar sazRvars, daarRvevs adamianuri urT-

ierTobis yovelnair normas. swored esaa danaSaulis~ arsi. aqedan modis zneobrivi danaSauli.

froidis azriT, zneoba, iseve, rogorc mTeli kultura, emsaxureba antisocialuri instinqtebis gandevnas. mudmiv konfliqtSia bunebriv ltolvebTan. am mdgomareobas ki sab-olood mivyavarT pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis nevrotiza-ciisaken. xelovneba Seviwrovebuli bunebrivi ltolvebis kompensaciaa. xelovnebis funqciaa, moaxdinos ltolvebis sublimireba . Semoqmedi Tavisi ltolvebis dakmayofilebas axdens SemoqmedebaSi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba fantaziis realizeba. (90,25-28)

Tu aqamde adamianis qcevis ganmsazRvrel instanciad zegrZnobadi idealuri, metafizikuri samyaro iTvleboda, axla adamianis qcevis amxsneli motivebi froidma aRmoaCina adamianis siRrmeSi arsebul ltolvebsa da midrekilebebSi. mas surda adamianis raoba daedgina da aexsna aracnobieri motivebiT.

amitomaa rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis froidiseuli analizi, ZiriTadad warmoadgens am SemoqmedebiTi procesis ukan mdgari ltolviTi instinqtebis gaSifvras da am ana-lizis dros savsebiT daviwyebulia xelovnebis mxatvruli daniSnuleba, misi Rirebuleba, Tu funqcia.

kultura aris imis saSualeba, rom droebiT daviviwyoT cxovrebis tkivilebi, Cveni ubedureba. xelovneba realo-bidan gaqcevis saSualebaa. ìs rac adamians mijnavs misi cxoveluri bunebidan da saerTod cxovelTa samyarodan, aris adamianuri kultura. erTis mxriv, is moicavs adamianTa mTel unarebs, da qmnis bunebis damorCilebis SesaZleblobas, saidanac modis materialuri sikeTe, riTac ikmayofilebs moTxovnilebebs. meore mxriv, kulturaSi Sedis kacobriobis mier daSvebuli pirobiToba, romelic aucilebelia imisaT-vis, rom mowesrigdes mimarTeba adamianebs Soris, Seiqmnas sazogadoeba. yovelive es moqmedebs sawyis ltolvebze.

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erTi adamiani meores iyenebs saSualebad. iqneba misi samuSao Zala, inteleqtualuri mocemuloba Tu seqsualuri obieqti. TiToeuli adamiani cal-calke aRebuli mteria kulturis. imitom rom ganicdis SezRudvas, romelic modis kulturis normebidan~. (90,21) àdamianebs ar SeuZliaT cal-calke cxovreba, magram amave dros amas ganicdian, rogorc mZime tvirTs da msxverpls, romelsac maTgan kultura moiTxovs, da maT es msxverpli unda gaiRon sakuTari personis sazianod, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes erToblivi cxovreba~. (iqve)

kulturam Tavi unda daicvas individebisagan, am amoca-nis gadaWras emsaxureba misi sazogadoebrivi organizacia, institutebi, moraluri Tu samarTlebrivi moTxovnebi.

adamianis Seqmnili SeiZleba Zalzed advilad daingres, civilizaciis ubedureba isaa, rom adamianis mier Seqmnili mecniereba da teqnika, SeiZleba maTsave gasanadgureblad iqnes gamoyenebuli.

e.i. kultura yofila sazogadoebis adamianze batonobis gamoxatuleba. xom ar aris es istoriis brali, an iseTi mdgomareoba, romelic momavalSi SeiZleba Seicvalos. ra Tqma unda, ara. froidis azriT, ukeTesi Sedegi arc momavalSia mosalodneli, yoveli adamiani sakuTar TavSi atarebs mud-mivad damangrevel e.i. sazogadoebis sawinaaRmdego aqtiur tendenciebs.

adamiani Tavisi bunebiT ar aris Sromismoyvare arseba. jer-jerobiT, arc erT kulturas ar mouxerxebia, rom ada-mianSi aemoqmedebina Rrmad pirovnuli Rirseba, rom isini mzad arian Sromisadmi msxverplis gasaRebad da SeuZliaT uari Tqvan TavianTi pirveladi ltolvebis dakmayofilebaze. adamianTa modgmis am xarisxSi amaRleba jer-jerobiT ar moxerxebula, arc erT kulturas ar Seuqmnia amis pirobebi.

yoveli kultura emyareba Sromis iZulebas da pirve-ladi ltolvebis SezRudvas. amitom, gardauvalia individis mxridan opozicia. SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom kultura

kacobriobis istoriis ganviTarebaSi raRac stadiaa, iseTi mdgomareoba, sadac pirveladi sasicocxlo ltolvebis da-kmayofileba, rogoric axla gvaqvs, Soreuli perspeqtividan iseTive velur aqtad mogveCvenos, rogorc dRes kanibalizmi Cans.

moralurad adamiani dRemde metad arasaimedoa, religi-uri warmodgenebi kulturis iluziaa. mis gareSe adamians gauWirdeboda cxovrebis simZimeebis, sirTuleebis gadalaxva, miTumetes, Tu igi bavSvobidanve religiur atmosferoSi izrdeboda. adamianis xsnisaTvis aucilebelia individs re-aluri grZnoba ganuviTaroT~.

froidis mixedviT, adamianSi moqmedi Zalebia _ sicocx-lisadmi ltolva, erosi da agresiis instinqti. brZola am or instinqts Soris, romelic sazogadoebaSi mimdinareobs warmoadgens saerTod cxovrebis arsebiT Sinaarss. da amitom kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis SeiZleboda ubralod gvewo-debina adamianis modgmis brZola arsebobisaTvis.

adamianis pozitiur miswrafebas, misTvis bednierebis momtan ltolvas warmoadgens sicocxlisadmi ltolva, ro-melic sqesobriv siyvarulamde daiyvaneba da misiT aixsneba.

ra aris adamianis cxovrebis azri da mizani, Tu maTi qcevebiTa da survilebiT vimsjelebT. e.i. ras iTxoven adamianebi cxovrebidan, meore adamianidan da risi miRweva surT. adamianebi bednierebisaken miiswrafvian. maT surT iyvnen bednierni. am miswrafebas ori mxare aqvs. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi. erTia ukmayofilebisa da tkivilis moxsna, meore Zlieri gancda kmayofilebisa.

amgvarad, cxovrebiseuli mizani ganisazRvreba tkbobis principis programiT. adamians tanjva ZiriTadad sami mxridan evlineba. esaa sxeulis mxridan, romlis gardauvali xvedria dabereba, daZabuneba, daavadeba, romelsac Tan axlavs tkivili da SiSi. gare eqstremaluri samyaro, Tavisi wamlekavi daman-greveli ZalebiT da Cveni damokidebuleba sxva adamianebTan,

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romelic garTulebis da tkivilis momtania.tanjvas Cven ganvicdiT Cveni organizmis gansazRvruli

agebulebis gamo. yoveli tanjva aris gancda, aseve gancdaa tkboba, romelsac Cveni amgvari agebulebis gamo ganvicdiT. CvenTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs saidan modis es tkboba , vTqvaT esTetikuri gancdidan, mxatvruli Semoqmedebidan, Tu sxva ufro dabali gancdidan. isini Tavisi intensivobiT, orga-nizmze moxdenili gavleniT ar ganirCevian.

maSasadame, froidis azriT, kultura ZiriTadad or mizans emsaxureba. adamianis dacvas bunebisagan da adamianebs Soris urTierTobis regulireba. amave mizniT iqmneba religiuri sistemebi, filosofiuri koncefciebi, adamianis idealebi. iqmneba warmodgena calkeuli individis srulyofilebis Sesaxeb, aseve mTel erze, xalxze da kacobriobaze.

individualuri Tavisufleba ar aris kulturis mo-napovari. kulturis pirveli didi warmateba iyo is, rom adamianTa didma raodenobam SeZlo erTad cxovreba da ase Tu ise mowesrigda maT Soris urTierToba. kultura individebisagan did msxverpls moiTxovs. iTrguneba misi Zireuli buneba. pirvelyofili adamiani araviTar SezRudvas ar grZnobda Tavisi pirveladi ltolvebis dakmayofilebisas. kulturis gavleniT adamiani TandaTan iviwyebs bednierebis SesaZleblobas da mas cvlis garantirebuli usafrTxoebiT.

magram, es rodi niSnavs, adamianSi agresiisadmi ltolvis Caqrobas. is Zalzed advilad amJRavnes mas, maSinve, rogorc ki moxdeba am grZnobis provocireba. kultura mxolod imas axerxebs rom asustebs agresiul vnebebs, imiT rom xdeba am ltolvebis zedamxedveli, gamakontrolebeli. es Semz-Rudveli Zala Tavad individSi arsebobs da esaa sindisi. romelic Tavdapirvelad, rogorc pirveladi ltolvebis amkrZalavi Zala ise gaCnda. kulturis maRal donezec sqeso-brivi erotika kvlav ganicdeba, rogorc sicocxlis centri, mxolod, amjerad RirebulebebiT Seferadebuli.

froidisaTvis adamiani aris ucvleli arseba. is udroo sivrceSi arsebobs. mis bunebas ver cvlis verc socialuri da miTumetes verc inteleqtualuri Tu zneobrivi faqtori. kacobrioba cvalebadobas ar emorCileba. erT sazogadoebriv formas cvlis meore, magram arsebiTad es arafris momtania. yovelgvari cvlilebis maradiuli mizezi da misi ganmapiro-bebeli aris adamianSi arsebuli ori Zireuli ltolva da amis safuZvelze arsebuli oidiposis kompleqsi~. iZulebis mTavari saxea seqsualur survilTa SezRudva.

rodesac froidi laparakobs adamianze, kulturaze, Semoqmedebaze gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis fsiqologiur mxares. aracnobieri procesis meqanizmi mJRavndeba òidi posis kompleqsSi~, romelic adamianis maradiul flobis instinqts warmoadgens da arsebiTad biologiuria.

am koncefciiT, adamianis instinqtebi, misi biologiuri sawyisi adamianis arsebobis piroba ki ara, aramed, ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. aracnobieri iTvleba adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis amxsnel principad. ufro metic, am cnebis meSveobiT unda iqnes gagebuli adamianis mTeli cxovreba Tu kacobriobis istoria.

fsiqoanalizis, rogorc Teoriis gamarTleba princi-puladaa dakavSirebuli aracnobieri fsiqikis problemis dadebiT gadaWrasTan, radgan fsiqoanalizi aracnobieri fsiqikis Teoriaa, amitom, igi valdebulia daasabuTos arac-nobieri fsiqikis arseboba.

froidTan aracnobieri fsiqikis dasabuTeba warmod-genilia ori aspeqtiT. erTis mxriv, is cdilobs Tezisis gamarTlebas Teoriuli mosazrebebiT, rac problemis gadaW-ris erTaderT kanonier gzad unda iqnes miCneuli, xolo, meore mxriv, zrunavs, rom problema empiriuli aspeqtiTac daasabuTos, romelic ar SeiZleba marTebul gzad CaiTvalos, radganac problemis bunebidan gamomdinare, principuladaa

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SeuZlebeli Tavad aracnobieri fsiqikis faqtis dasab-uTeba. aracnobieri fsiqika cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli arsebobis SemZledaa warmodgenili, xolo, amgvari relobis xedva uSualod cnobierebisaTvis SeuZlebelia. is, rasac fsiqoanalizSi aracnobieri fsiqikis empiriuli faqtobrivi dasabuTeba~ ewodeba, sinamdvileSi warmoadgens dasabuTebis araempiriul da amdenad, arapirdapir gzas, radgan, igi Sepi-robebulia Teoriuli mosazrebebiT. dasabuTebis arapir-dapiri gza ki rogorc cnobilia, hipoTezuris farglebs ver scildeba, amitom ontologiuri problemis sabolood gadaWris saqmeSi uvargisia.

froidis ZiriTadi argumenti aracnobieri fsiqikis ar-sebobis daSvebisa, fsiqikuri sinamdvilis mimarT uwyvetobis principis gatarebaa. fsiqikis farglebSi uwyvetobis prin-cipis dacva moiTxovs fsiqikis ganpirobebulobas fsiqikiT, fsiqikuri mimdinareobis rigSi heterogenuli (arafsiqikuri) momentebis ukugdebas da am ukanasknelis mimarT uaryofiTi poziciis dakavebas.

uwyvetobis principis daSveba gvaiZulebs drois yovel momentSi fsiqikis arsebobis daSvebas. fsiqikuri sinamdvi-lis farglebSi uwyvetobis principis dacva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos gamarTlebuli, Tu winaswar iqneba miRebuli fsiqo-fizikuri paralelizmis Teoria.

magram, froidi Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis Sesabamisad uaryofs fsiqo-fizikuri paralelizmis Teorias. mas fsiqika tvinis produqtad miaCnia, misgan ganviTarebis gziT miRebul Tvisobriobad. froidi rom Tanamimdevruli yofiliyo, uari unda eTqva fsiqikis farglebSi uwyvetobis principis gatarebaze, radgan fsiqikuri sinamdvilis gaazreba uwyveti da aqedan gamomdinare daxSuli da TviTkmari re-alobis saxiT imTaviTve ewinaaRmdegeba fsiqikis aRmocenebis azrs arafsiqikuri garkveulobidan, tvinidan.

fsiqoanalizis TeoriaSi Seusabamobaa ontologiur da

meTodologiur aspeqtebs Soris. meTodologiuri dualizmi fsiqoanalizis amosavali principia, xolo ontologiuri monizmi arsebiTad araa dakavSirebuli fsiqoanalizur kon-cefciasTan. am Teoriis mixedviT, heterogenuladaa warmod-genili movlenis warmoSoba da misi axsna _ tvini warmo-Sobs fsiqikas. am debulebis urTierTSesabamisoba, SeTavseba fsiqoanalizisaTvis bunebrivi Cans.

fsiqikis axsnisas ara ubralod korelacia unda vigu-lisxmoT movlenaTa Soris, aramed, amxsnelma unda ganapirobos fsiqikuris mTliani sazrisis xilva. am amocanis gadaWras froidi akisrebs aracnobier fsiqikas, da ara marto akis-rebs, aramed, mas aracnobieri fsiqikis meSveobiT cnobieri fsiqikuri aqtebis xilva miaCnia aracnobieri fsiqikuris realobis aRiarebis sabuTad.

froidma sazrisi Semdegnairad ganmarta: `sazrisis cnebaSi Cven gvesmis mniSvneloba, ganzraxva, tendencia da adgili fsiqikuri kavSirebis rigSi~(87,159). da es Tviseba miawera aracnobier fsiqikur arsebobas. magram `mniSvnelo-ba~, `tendencia~, àdgili movlenaTa kavSiris rigSi~, iseve daaxasiaTebs biologiuri (fiziologiuri) sinamdvilis struqturul procesebs, rogoradac is gamoiyena froidma fsiqikurisaTvis, xolo `ganzraxva~ calkeuli fsiqikuri procesis imanenturi Tviseba imitom ar SeiZleba iyos, rom, saerTod fsiqikuri procesebis warmmarTvelis me-s _ pirovnebis fuZemdebluri gansazRvrulobaa.

aracnobieris ontologiur sakiTxs ver gadaWris az-rovnebis is gza, romelsac froidi iyenebs. mas Tavidanve aqvs miRebuli azri imis fsiqikurobis Sesaxeb, ramac unda axsnas cnobieri fsiqika. amxsnelad SeiZleba gamogvadges fiqciac, magram, gaumarTlebelia am ukanasknelis realobaze davaskvnaT.

rogor unda moxdes aracnobieri fsiqikis Semecneba? ras unda niSnavdes cnobierebis gareT arsebuli fsiqikis

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Semecneba? rogor dadgindeba misi specifikuroba?erTad-erTi gza aracnobieri fsiqikis Sesaxeb raimes

Setyobisa cnobierebaa. fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, cnobierebaSi gamovlenili masalidan unda moxdes im suraTis warmosaxva, rac Seesatyviseba aracnobieris dafarul garkveulobas. fsiqoanalitikosi cnobieri fsiqikis elementiT cdilobs mis ukan mdgomi aracnobieri fsiqikis Sinagani bunebis gaT-valiswinebas.

saidan unda gavigoT, rom cnobierebaSi dadasturebuli romelime momenti araa cnobieri fsiqikis kuTvnileba, da rom igi aucileblad aracnobieri fsiqikis sinamdvilis gamovlenaa? amaze fsiqoanalizi dasabuTebuls verafers ambobs, mTeli fsiqoanalizuri sistema agebulia varaudze aracnobieri fsiqikis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

z.froidi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom fsiqoanalizi Teoriis saxiT agebs fsiqikis Sesaxeb bunebismetyveluri tipis mec-nierebas. misi azriT, fsiqologia, rogorc mecniereba, SeiZleba iyos mxolod bunebimetyveluri disciplina. cnobieri, fsiqi-kis ukan dgas da mas asuldgmulebs aracnobieri fsiqika, romlis Semecnebac froidis e.w. àxali fsiqologiis~ amocanaa. bunebismetyvelebis meTodologiuri Tvalsazrisi sinamdvilis mimarT mkacri determinaciis principis gatare-baa. fsiqoanalizmma fsiqikuri sinamdvile daumorCila aseve mkacr mizez-Sedegobriv damokidebulebas fsiqikis cnobier da aracnobier sferoebs Soris.

froidis azriT, rom, aracnobierze raime pozitiuris Tqma ar SegviZlia, sulac ar aris am Teoriis nakli. aseTia bunebismetyvelebis saerTo tendencia. mag. fizikam ar icis eleqtroobis arsi, magram, amis gamo am mecnierebaSi es cneba ar ukuigdeba, piriqiT, didi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba. fsiqolo-giamac amis msgavsad unda gamoiyenos aracnobieri fsiqikis cneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi arsi CvenTvis ucnobia.

froids surs bunebimetyvelebis meTodologiur prin-

cipze idges, magram, fsiqikis mimarT kauzalobis Tval-sazrisis gatarebis dros am ukanasknelSi iseT moments gulisxmobs, romelic auqmebs bunebismetyvelur midgomas fsiqikurisadmi.

esaa sazrisis cneba, miznobriobis momentis Setana, sazri-sis, miznis aspeqtis CarTva fsiqikuri sinamdvilis farglebSi fsiqoanalizs ayenebs bunebismetyveluri disciplinis miRma. aseTnairad, fsiqoanalizi gagebiTi fsiqologiis sferoSi Sedis. saerTod, fsiqoanalizi ukiduresad fsiqologisturi koncefciaa. fsiqologisturi Tvalsazrisi naTlad Cans ara marto adamianis raobis gagebaSi, aramed, saerTod ontolo-giuri da gnoseologiuri problemebis gadaWraSi.

froidis mixedviT axal niadagzea daafuZnebuli adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis gageba, (aracnobieri fsiqika Semecnebis obieqtad iqca da masze daamyara cnobieri fsiqikis axsniTi saqmianoba). igi radikaluri mniSvnelobisaa, ara marto fsiqologiuri mecnierebis farglebSi, aramed, codnis yvela sferosaTvis, ramdenadac principuli poziciaa daWerili fsiqologiuriT gonismecnierulis axsnisa da dasabuTebi-saTvis.

aqedan gamomdinare, froidisaTvis mecnierebaTa Semdegi dayofaa misaRebi: `mkacrad aRebuli arsebobs mxolod ori mecniereba _ fsiqologia (wminda gamoyenebiTi) da bunebi-smetyveleba~. (88,103)

fsiqoanalizmma adamiani fsiqikaze daiyvana, pirovnuli fenebi (igi, me, ze-me) fsiqikad warmoidgina da mTeli ada-mianuri moRvaweoba fsiqikis sferoebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis produqtad CaTvala. adamianis froidiseulma gagebam, rogorc ltolvis mqone arsebisa (da swored es gamocxadda arsebiTad adamianisaTvis) waSala gansxvaveba adamiansa da cxovels Soris.

fsiqoanalizis Tavdapirveli mizani iyo kacobriobisaT-vis gaecnobierebina adamianSi ltolviTi mxaris mniSvneloba,

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magram realurad fsiqoanalizis Semqmnelma meti moindoma, ltolva gonis gverdiT tolfasovani Semecnebis sagani ki ar gaxda, aramed goni ltolvaze daiyvana. goniTi samyaro mTeli Tavisi SedegebiT gamoyvanili iqna brma da stiqiuri sicocxlis Zalidan. goniTi sinamdvile mogvevlina epi-fenomenad. aracnobieri ltolva moqiSpe gaxda cnobierebisa. maT Soris antagonizmi damkvidrda. adamiani daeqvemdebara, daemorCila masSive arsebul iracionalurs.

adamiani, froidiseuli gagebiT, iqca `bunebriv arsebad~, romelsac ganagebs aracnobieri ltolvebi. amitom iyo, rom froidis koncefcia adamianis Sesaxeb Selerma natural-isturi Teoriebis rigSi moaTavsa, sadac, adamianis goniTi samyaro gagebulia ltolviTi sinamdvilis ganviTarebis ara ubralo gviandel Sedegad, aramed ise, rom, warmoadgens sublimirebuli libidos formas.

m.Seleri naturalisturi Teoriebis saerTo Secdomad miiCnevs gonis, rogorc aseTis, Tavdapirveladobis da da-moukideblobis ignorirebas. goni ar gamoiyvaneba aragoni-Tisagan. (am SemTxvevaSi ltolviTi Zalisagan), radgan, maSin ikargeba specifikuri mxare, riTac adamiani qmnis sakuTar Tavs, adamianur samyaros, da am yofierebis saSualebiT emi-jneba bunebasac da cxovelTa samyarosac.

froidi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda bunebaTmecnierul meTods da Zalian did ndobasac ucxadebda. misi azriT, adamianis namdvili Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu movaxerxebT bunebis Semecnebas, mivaRwevT misi kanonebis codnas, CavwvdebiT mis kanonzomierebas. Tu Cven gvecodineba, ras warmoadgens adamiani, rogorc bunebrivi arseba, ra niSnebiT xasiaTdeba igi, ra motivebi marTavs mas, rogorc cocxal organizms, maSin _ garantirebuli iqneba adamianis Tavisufleba.

froids surda, rom biologia da fsiqologia gadaqceu-liyvnen zust~ mecnierebebad, romlebic safuZvlad daedebian

sxva socialur da humanitarul mecnierebebs. man, yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianis biologiur mocemulobaze da gamoTqva mosazreba, rom adamianis arsi mdgomareobs mis bio-fsiqikur xasiaTSi, romelic miuxedavad sxvadasxva kulturis gav-lenisa, sxvadasxva istoriuli situaciisa, Zireulia yvela adamianisaTvis. amrigad, adamianis goniTi gageba Seicvala biologiuriT.

froidis sistemis winaaRmdegoba isicaa, rom debulebis mixedviT, _ adamianze batonobs iracionaluri sawyisi _ froidi aseve wina planze swevs mosazrebas, rom fsiqikuri cxovreba aris mudmivi brZola cnobieri da aracnobieri sawyisebisa. amasTanave, aracnobieri warmoadgens racionaluri me-s moqmedebis Sedegs, vinaidan, xdeba dabali ltolvebis gandevna cnobierebis sferodan. (aracnobieri, rogorc Sedegi gandevnili ltolvebisa).

fsiqoTerapiis froidiseul sistemaSi cnobieri `me~ gamodis, rogorc aqtiuri da maorganizebeli sawyisi pirovnebisa, magram, es Znelad eTanxmeba im axsnas, rom cnob-ieri motivebi arian iluziebi, da moCvenebiTi realoba aqvT, rom cnobieri faqtorebi modian iracionaluri da brma aracnobieri `miwisqveSa wyaroebidan~ froidis ganmarte-biT, fsiqoanalizis mizania adamians aCvenos misi moqmedebis WeSmariti motivi.

gaugebaria da arasaTanadod dafuZnebuli fsiqoanalizis erT-erTi centraluri cneba aracnobierisa. (amis Sesaxeb Cven ukve vimsjeleT), winaaRmdegobrivia cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebis SefardebiTi mniSvnelobis froidiseuli Sefaseba. aseve pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi socialuri da biologiuri komponentebis rolis gageba. mis moZRvrebaSi metafiziku-rad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs dakmayofileba-daukmayofileba, aracnobieri-cnobieri, erosi-tatanosi, seqsualobis rolis gazviadeba adamianuri samyaros SeqmnaSi da mravali sxva.

adamianuri `me~ yalibdeba aramarto biologiuri moce-

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mulobiT, aramed sxva faqtorebiTac. adamianis TviTrealiza-ciisaTvis mTavaria gadalaxuli da daZleuli iqnes biolo-giuri done da adamianisaTvis gaixsnes gza SemoqmedebiTi goniTi aqtivobisaTvis.

neofroidiseuli mimdinareoba ecada gadaelaxa am Teo-riis biologiuri calmxrioba, gacnobierda is faqti, rom biologiur fenomens, fiziologiur process ar SeiZleba hqondes sazrisi, amitom, mas ar SeuZlia axsnas azriani qceva, moqmedeba. garda amisa, maT uCvenes rom nevrozis mizezi Sei-Zleba iyos aramarto bavSvobaSi miRebuli fsiqikuri travma, oidiposis kompleqsi, aramed sxva araerTi, araseqsualuri faqti, romelic awmyoSi xdeba da aseve SeuZlia gamoiwvios fsiqikis travmireba.

froidma yuradReba miaqcia adamianis erTerT ZiriTad unars da mis arsebiT moTxovnilebas, esaa sxva adamianTan urTierTobis survili, da mas Tavisi Teoriis Sesatyvisi axsna mouZebna.

adamianebi urTierToben sagnobriv samyarosTan, meore ada-mianTan. es damokidebuleba sruliad gansxvavebulia. zogjer, es aris iZulebiTi gasvla, zogjer, aucilebeli da sasurveli, gamomdinare Sinagani mdgomareobidan, imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom persona Tavad amJRavnebs survils da iCens aqtiurobas am mimarTebis dasamyareblad. mag. bavSvs surs dedasTan urT-ierToba, Seyvarebuls _ SeyvarebulTan, pacients _ eqimTan, moswavles _ maswavlebelTan, morwmunes _ RmerTTan. da am wyvilebis meore wevri yovelTvis moazrebulia, rogorc am urTierTobisaTvis saWiro yvela Tvisebis matarebeli. Tumca, SeiZleba realurad isini am Tvisebebs arc flobdnen. amis gamo, rac metia miswrafeba am urTierTobis realizaciisaken, miT SeiZleba ufro mZime Sedegis momtani iyos adamianisaTvis, ufro swrafad moxdes ganxeTqileba, frustracia, romlis gamomwvevi mizezi iqneba realur da warmosaxul Tvisebebs, samyaroebs Soris gansxvaveba. (zogjer, imdenad mZafria am

mimarTebis arsebobis survili, rom, SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom, urTierTobis meore wevri mTlianad warmosaxvis Sedegi iyos. gaCndes warmosaxuli subieqti.)

e.i. adamiani ZiriTadad ori tipis gasvlas axdens sa-myaroSi. erTi rogorc obieqtTan, rodesac ar Cans misi subi-eqturi survili da damokidebuleba, da meore, rogorc Tavis korelaciur wevrTan, rogorc subieqtTan. amisda mixedviT SeiZleba ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli msoflmxedveloba Camoyalibdes. es aris ori sxvadasxva unari movlenebis, xdomilebebis da kavSirebisa. e.i. isini erT SemTxvevaSi ga-nixilebian, rogorc, rezultati iseTi Semoqmedebisa, rodesac moqmedeba xdeba gansazRvruli survilebiT da mizniT, an is aris gamomJRavneba obieqturi procesisa yovelgvari miznisa da survilis gareSe, es aris garegani kanonzomierebis aRwera, sadac, ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli individis mdgomareoba, misi survilebi, bednierebisa da ubedurebis gancda, da saerTod ignorirebulia pirovnebis arseboba.

imis gageba, Tu rogor mimarTebaSi varT, an unda viyoT ama Tu im movlenasTan, ar warmoadgens martiv amocanas. calkeuli individisaTvis metad Zneli gadasawyvetia. gansa-kuTrebiT, es exeba msoflmxedvelobiT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa sicocxlis sazrisi, bedisweris problema, tanjvis, sixarulis grZnoba da a.S.

erTi da igive movlena SeiZleba ganvixiloT sxvadasx-vagvarad. mag. rogor damokidebulebaSi aris masTan individi, ra gavlenas axdens igi mis fsiqikur mdgomareobaze adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze. orive unari samyaros aRqmisa, damaxasiaTebelia erTi da igive individisaTvis, erT adamianSi Tanaarseboben misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze da sakiTxis Sesabamisobis mixedviT xan erTi wyvets problemas, xan meore. es unarebi Tanaarseboben adamianis azrovnebis ara mxolod ontogenezSi, aramed filogenezSic.

realoba, romlis Sesaxebac froidi laparakobs, fsiqoana-

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lizisaTvis namdvilad arsebulia. es aris samyaros gagebis unari, romelic warmoiSoba urTierTobis specifikur piro-bebSi. fsiqikuris bunebis axsnisaTvis aucilebelia am gagebis daSveba, rom fsiqoanalizuri midgoma msoflmxedvelobis sxvagvar unarze miTiTebaa. es kargad Cans fsiqoanali-tikossa da pacients Soris mimarTebaSi. es aris axleburi, mouwyveteli damokidebuleba samyarosadmi, rogorc subieqti-sadmi es damokidebuleba ZirSive gansxvavdeba mecnieruli damokidebulebisagan.

gamodis, rom, froidis survilis sawinaaRmdegod, fsiqo-analizi ar yofila kvlevis mecnieruli meTodi, radganac CvenTvis dRemde cnobili arc erTi mecniereba ar moiTxovs Tavisi obieqtisagan aseT gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs, pirobebs, rogorsac, fsiqoanalizi.

amgvarad, fsiqoanalizi SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc, subi-eqturobis realizaciis gansakuTrebuli saxe, samyarosTan damokidebulebis gansakuTrebuli forma.

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da kamaTi fsiqoanalizis mec-nierul statusze ufro mniSvnelovani problemidan modis. esaa mimarTeba mecnierebamdel azrovnebasa da mecnierul azrovnebas Soris. pirveli tipis azrovnebas miekuTvneba ara marto bavSvis, aramed pirvelyofili adamianis, agreTve religiuri da mxatvruli azrovneba. yvela maT aerTianebT azrovnebis obieqtTan Serwyma, iseTi mimarTeba, rodesac, az-rovnebis obieqti subieqtis nawilad arsebobs.

mkvlevarebs yovelTvis unda axsovdeT, adamianuri moR-vaweoba, Semecneba SesaZlebelia ara mxolod vnebebisagan daclili e.w. obieqturi gamokvlevebiT, aramed, ukeTes Sedegs viRebT, rodesac gvaqvs zemoT aRwerili dainteresebis ms-gavsi interesi azrovnebis obieqtisadmi. gansakuTrebiT, es iTqmis im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac, saqme exeba adamianis gagebas.

albaT amis gamo iyo, rom, z.froidi da misi momxreebi ucnaurad reagirebdnen maT mimarT gamoTqmuli yovelgvar

kritikul SeniSvnaze. Teoriul mosazrebas da logikur azrs upirispirebdnen TavianTi moZRvrebis fanatikur rwmenas. da istoriulad ise moxda, rom, am Tvalsazrisis mimdevrebi umeteswilad gaaerTiana rwmenis simbolom, dog-mebis erTgulebam, da ara imdenad mecnierulma interesma da Tanamoazreobam.

ra gaakeTa froidma iseTi, rom, misi Teoria dRemde inar-Cunebs aqtualuri moZRvrebis saxes, ar akldeba arc momxree-bi da arc mowinaaRmdegeebi. froidis azriT, fsiqoanalizmma SeZlo eCvenebina Semdegi: aracnobieri ltolvebi, romelic Zireulia pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, ar icvleba adamianis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, da is mudmiv Seviwroebas ganic-dis socialuri, zneobrivi normebisagan, amitom, Seurigebel winaaRmdegobaSia masTan. isteriiT, nevroziT daavadebuli avadmyofis fsiqikis kvleviT miRebuli Sedegebi, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes janmrTeli adamianis fsiqikis gamosakvl-evadac, vinaidan, maT erTnairi kanonzomiereba axasiaTebT. in-dividis struqturaSi dominantobs aracnobieri. cnobiereba ar aris batoni sakuTar saxlSi~. fsiqoanaliziT SeiZleba analogiis gakeTeba individis istoriasa da kacobriobis istorias Soris. religia gaTanabrebulia`kacobriobis bavS-vobis nevrozTan~.

bavSvi Tavis fsiqikur ganviTarebaSi SekumSuli formiT imeorebs Tavisi saxeobis evolucias, iseve, rogorc, embrionSi xdeba sxeulis ganviTarebis istoriis gavla. fsiqoanal-izis sakvlevi sagania warmosaxva, misi Sinaarsia oidiposis kompleqsi, obieqtia mogonebani, romlebic asaxaven ara realur movlenebs, aramed adamianis gancdebs. dakargulia interesi realuri istoriisadmi, magram, froidis azriT, kvlevisaT-vis ufro didi Sedegis momtania. aseTi midgoma, vinaidan saintereso da mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogori iyo igi, aramed is, Tu rogori surda rom yofiliyo. fsiqoanalizuri kvlevis sivrce sakuTar TavSi moicavs fsiqikur fantaziebs,

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romlebic, realobisgan damoukideblad yalibdebian. amitom, koncefcia iseTi Tvisebebis matarebeli xdeba, romelic arc erT Teorias manamde ar hqonia. es aris zedrouloba, wi-naaRmdegobebisadmi ugrZnobloba, simboluri azrovnebisaken midrekileba da a.S.

froidis azriT, man SeZlo axleburad ganesazRvra fsiqologiis obieqti: `me aRmovaCine gansulierebuli sa-myaros pirvelyofil koncefciaSi fsiqikuri realobis Se-fasebis principi~. (91,28)

froidi aramarto miawerda mis Tanamedroveebs az-rovnebis arqaul~ formebs, aramed Tavadac xSirad amgvarad azrovnebda. amitomac Warbobs mis nawarmoebebSi analogia, metafora, mxatvruli Tu miTologiuri saxeebi. imdenad rom, mkacri determinizmic, romelsac froidi iyenebda fsiqikuri movlenebis asaxsnelad, ki ar mijnavs, aramed kidev ufro aaxloebs mas amgvar azrovnebasTan.

froidis mier analogia gamoyenebulia ara rogorc mag: saganTa Sedarebis meTodi, aramed, analogiis meSveobiT xdeba garemoze sakuTari warmodgenis proeqcia. da Tu Semecneba garkveulad saganTa asaxvaa, Semmecnebeli goniT xdeba maTi introeqcia, ideebis proeqcia sagnebze, xolo faqtebi siste-matizdeba da ganzogadeba subieqtis `survilis logikis~ Sesabamisad.

magram miuxedavad amgvari kritikuli Sefasebisa, SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom fsiqoanalizi win wadgmuli nabijia, fsiqi-kuris realobis Sesamecneblad, aRiarebs ra mis rTul da winaaRmdegobiT savse bunebas, es Teoria warmoadgens cdas fsiqikurze erTi eniT laparakisa, erTi meTodiT Seswavlisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom, ZiriTadad saxeebis, fantaziis, meta-fizikis enaa da ara mkacri dasabuTeba, froidis gamoTqmiT: `svla azrovnebis arqauli formebisaken~.

z. froidis fsiqoanalizi mniSvnelovania filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis, radgan, miuxedavad maTi principuli

sxvaobisa, goniTi anTropologiisaTvis metad Rirebulia is codna, romelic mopovebul iqna am doqtriniT. aucilebelia gansazRvra im rolisa, romelic aqvs aracnobier fsiqikurs, sasicocxlo ltolvebs adamianis goniTi aqtivobis parame-trebis dadgenaSi, mis struqturaSi da saerTod adamianis rogorc aqtiuri, moqmedi goniTi arsebis dafuZnebisaTvis.

II. m. Seleris goniTi

anTropologia

maqs Seleri daibada miunxenSi 1874 wels. igi swav-lobda miunxenisa da berlinis universitetebSi, sadac daeufla filosofiasa da medicinas. filosofiaSi ismenda oikenisa da ot. libmanis leqciebs. iyo ienisa da miunxenis universitetebis privat-docenti. 1897 wels daicva sado-qtoro disertacia, romelic exeboda logikisa da eTikis principebis urTierTkavSirs. 1910 wels SeuerTda miunxenis fenomenologTa wres. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi kelnis universitetis profesoria.

huserlis mier gamomuSavebul fenomenologiur moZ-Rvrebas Seleri iyenebda adamianis filosofiuri proble-mis sxvadasxva aspeqtiT Sesaswavlad. `garkveuli azriT, _ werda is, _ filosofiis yvela centraluri problema SeiZleba daviyvanoT kiTxvaze : ra aris adamiani da rogori metafizikuri adgili da mdgomareoba aqvs mas yofierebis, samyarosa da RmerTis zogad erTobliobaSi~(93,273). ada-mianis filosofiuri problema yvelaze arsebiTia Seleri-saTvis moRvaweobis dasawyisidanve. mis SemoqmedebaSi aseve didi adgili eTmoba eTikis, aqsiologiis, religiis, Semecnebis sociologiis sakiTxebis kvlevas.

cxovrebis bolo wlebSi man kaTolicizmze uari Tqva da panTeistur rwmenas eziara. swored, am periodSi, igi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ikvlevs filosofiuri anTro-

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pologiis problemebs. 1927 wels h.kaizerlingis mier or-ganizebul darmStadtis `sibrZnis skolaSi~ man waikiTxa moxseneba adamianis gansakuTrebuli adgili~, romelsac didi interesi da gamoxmaureba mohyva. moxsenebis sakiTxebis ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilvas Seleri apirebda SromaSi, romlis saTauri unda yofiliyo àdamianis arseba. filosofiuri anTropologiis axali cda~, magram moulodnelma gardacva-lebam es survili survilad datova. Tumca, imave 1928 wels, misma mowafeebma gamosces Seleris naSromi, saTauriT àdamianis adgili kosmosSi~, romelic, filosofiuri anTro-pologiis _ filosofiis axali disciplinis safuZvlis momzadebis cdaa.

Seleris Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove epoqas ar aqvs adamianis erTiani idea, adamianis sayovelTao gageba ar arsebobs. ga-naTlebuli evropeli, sityva adamianis~ gagonebisas, TiTqmis yovelTvis, sami sruliad SeuTavsebeli ideis wreSi imyofeba.

pirvelia, iudeur-qristianul tradiciebze Seqmnili ideaTa wre, warmodgenebi dabadebaze, adamsa da evaze, samoTx-eze, codviT dacemaze. ideaTa es sistema kvebavs religiur anTropologias.

meorea, warmodgenaTa berZnul-romauli wre, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianma miaRwia sruliad gansakuTrebul mdgo-mareobas – is `gonebis~, logosis, fronezisis, men-s ratio-s da a.S. mqonea da swored, amis wyalobiT aRemateba cxovelTa samyaros. mxolod, adamiani eziareba samyaros safuZvelSi mdebare gonebas sicocxlis obieqtur tendencias. es ideebi asazrdoebs filosofiur anTropologias.

mesamea, Tanamedrove bunebaTmcodneobisa da genuri fsiqologiis warmodgenaTa wre, romlis mixedviT, adamiani dedamiwis ganviTarebis gviandeli periodis Sedegia da

cxovelTa samyarosagan gansxvavdeba energiiTa da unarTa erTobliobis mxolod xarisxiT. es energia-unarebi adamianis gaCenamdec arsebobda, ase, rom, adamiansa da cxovels Soris gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da ara arsebiTi, Tvisobrivi. amaSia safuZveli bunebismetyveluri anTropologiisa.

amgvarad, Seleris Tanaxmad, Cven winaSea sami saxis anTro-pologia, rac imas niSnavs, rom, adamianis erTi, sayovelTaod miRebuli idea ar arsebobs. ufro metic: am sam ideasac ar endobian. gansakuTrebiT, Seryeulia adamianis warmoSobis darviniseuli Teoria. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, adamiani jer arasodes yofila ase problematuri sakuTari TavisaTvis, rogorc dResaa. man ar icis, ra aris misi arseba.

Seleris filosofiuri anTropologiis warmoSobis mizezi swored es problemaa. unda ganisazRvros adamia-nis struqtura, arseba, raoba, adgili universumSi da a.S., gairkves is niSnebi, romliTac adamiani gansxvavdeba sxva arsebulisagan.

maSasadame, Seleri adamianis arsis gasagebad ar cnobs arc biologiur evolucias da arc socialur-kulturuls. misTvis, adamianis arsis da specifikur adamianuri bunebis axsnis gasaRebi biologiamdel, teleologiur-metafizikur principSia. metafizikaSi, upirveles yovlisa, igi gulisx-mobs ontologiur ganpirovnebulobas. aseTi ontologiuri sawyisia goni, romelic gansxvavdeba biologiuri, vitalur-fsiqologiuri mocemulobisagan, magram, yovelTvis masTan erTianobaSia. e.i. Seleri gons axasiaTebs, rogorc, princips, obieqturobis unaris mqones. goni, aseve ganisazRvreba Tavisi Tavis gamomxatveli principiT, romelic, aformebs droul-sivrcul mocemulobebs, magram, Tavad ar ganisazRvreba cvalebadobiT, fiziologiuri da vitalur-fsiqologiuri realobiT.

adamianis sxeuli, Tavis konkretul mocemulobaSi, ex-mareba gons gamovlenaSi, iseve rogorc bgerebis mowesrigeba

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xdeba garkveuli wesiT da sazrisiT. sxeuli aris `gonis metafizikuri sityva.~

Seleri Tavisi Tvalsazrisis gadmosacemad iyenebda adamianis struqturis safexureobrivi agebulebis sqemas. SelerisaTvis goni sicocxlis miRma arsebul sferoSia. misTvis, adamianis arsi aris goni. adamianis gansakuTrebuli adgili inteleqtsa da arCevanis unarSi ki araa, mis miRmaa.

Secdomaa, roca, specifikur - adamianurs miiCneven grZnobad miswrafebad (ltolvad), instinqtis, socialuri mexsierebis, inteleqtis Tu arCevanis fsiqikur safexurad. e.i. vitaluri sferos kuTvnil funqciad da unarad. rac, fsiqologiisa da biologiis Seswavlis obieqtia. es prin-cipi, rogorc ukve iTqva, `sicocxlis~ miRmaa. rac, adamians adamianad xdis, sicocxlis axali safexuri rodia, aramed, swored sicocxlis sapirispiro principi, axali arsia, da sicocxlis evolucias ki ar emyareba, Tavadaa safuZveli adamianis adamianurobisa, romlis erTi didi gamovlena Tavad `sicocxlea~.

adamiani, cocxali arsebaa. sicocxle araorganuli samyarosagan arsobrivad gansxvavdeba. ase magaliTad, is moZraobs da Tanac, moZraobis wyaro sakuTar TavSi aqvs TviTmoZraobis saxiT. aseve SegviZlia vilaparakoT TviT-diferenciaze, TviTSemosazRvraze da a.S.

Seleris azriT, sicocxle da fsiqikuri, sulieri erTmaneTs emTxveva. ar unda vifiqroT, rom, fsiqikuri mx-olod cxovelis doneze Cndeba, an mxolod adamianis safex-urze. fsiqikuri cocxalisagan mouSorebelia, amitom, unda vilaparakoT biofsiqikur samyaroze, mis agebulebaze. yoveli cocxali arseba garegani dakvirvebis sagania, garda amisa, gaviTvaliswinoT, rom yovel cocxal arsebas aqvs Sinagani yofiereba, sakuTari Tavis grZnoba.

Seleri Tavisi Sromis miznad miiCnevs fsiqikuri cxovrebis yvela safexuris daxasiaTebas. mecniereba, droTa

manZilze, TandaTanobiT Cawvda fsiqikuri Zalebisa da un-arebis Tvisebebs. filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis sa-sargebloa es codna.

fsiqikuris, pirveli, udablesi safexuri, grZnobadi ltolvaa _ organizmis aracnobieri, SegrZnebasa da warmod-genas moklebuli swrafva sakuTari Tavis gareT, swrafva raRac gaurkvevlisaken. ganviTarebuli organizmi iswrafvis savsebiT garkveuli miznisaken. aseTi miznebia, magaliTad, organizmisaTvis aucilebeli sakvebi, an sqesobrivi dakmayo-fileba... grZnobad ltolvas ar aqvs aseTi mizani, moqmedebis amgvari obieqti. grZnobadi ltolvis mqone organizmi miiswrafis gaurkvevlisaken. vTqvaT, mcenareTa miswrafeba sinaTlisaken. am ltolvas aqvs mxolod ori mdgomareoba _ siamovneba usiamovneba da ar moepoveba obieqtebi.

araorganuli sxeulisagan sicocxlis mqone organizmebi imiT gansxvavdebian, rom, aqvT moqmedebis unari _ grZnobadi ltolvis saxiT, aseve dajildoebulni arian Sidacxovrebis SesaZleblobiT, sulierebiT. Seleris Tanaxmad, zogierT mecniers fsiqikuris umartives formad SegrZnebisa da cnobierebis arseboba miaCnia. swored, amitom, maTvis am un-arebis mqone, ukve mcenareebia. Seleris azriT, mcenareebs arc SegrZneba aqvT da arc cnobiereba, magram, mcenare cocxalia, sulieria, radgan, grZnobadi ltolvis mqonea.

igi aRniSnavs, rom, mcenares arc mexsiereba aqvs, arc daswavlis unari, arc pirobiTi refleqsebi. mas axasiaTebs mxolod ltolva zrdisaken da gamravlebisaken. mcenare yvelaze naTlad amtkicebs, rom sicocxle Tavisi arsiT ar aris Zalauflebis neba, rogorc es nicSes hgonia. is _ wers Seleri mcenaris Sesaxeb _ pasiurad nayofierdeba qariT, frinvelebiT, mwerebiT~(93,137). sakvebs Rebulobs araor-ganuli nivTierebebisagan, amitom, gadaadgileba ar esaWiroeba. yovelgvar nebaze saubari am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia.

mcenare mTlianad Tavis gareTaa mimarTuli, sxva si-

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tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, mcenaris grZnobadi ltolva eqstatu-ria. mcenares ar aqvs refleqsia, ar SeuZlia centrisaTvis ukuSetyobineba Tavisi organoebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. mcenares ar aqvs codna~ sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. (e.i. roca arsebobs TviTrefleqsia).

grZnobadi ltolva, miaCnia Selers, sicocxlis yvela formis kuTvnilebaa. adamiani cocxalia, amitom, grZnoba da ltolva adamiansac axasiaTebs. saerTod, adamiani, fiqrobs Seleri _ sakuTar TavSi aerTianebs sicocxlis yvela arsebiT safexurs. mTeli buneba Tavis ZalTa erTianobiT warmodgenilia adamianSi. yoveli SegrZnebis, yoveli aRqmis, yoveli warmodgenis ukan imaleba bneli, grZnobadi ltolva.

Selerma yuradReba miaqcia metad mniSvnelovan viTa-rebas : obieqtur realobas. adamianis cnobierebis gareSe arsebul sinamdviles mxolod iq da im ZaliT vflobT, ra ZaliTac CvenSi grZnobadi ltolvis safuZvelze arsebobs winaaRmdegobis gancda. grZnobadi ltolva adamianSi winaaR-mdegobis gancdis subieqtia, Tu es ltolva ar arsebobs, ar gveqneba imis gancda, rom, sinamdvile Cvens gareSe arsebobs. ~warmodgenebi da gaSualebuli azrovneba, -wers Seleri – verasodes ver SeZleben gviCvenon raRac sxva, rac ar iqneba am sinamdvilis amgvarad an sxvagvarad yofna~ (93,I39). war-modgenebi da gaSualebuli azrovneba gvixasiaTebs saganTa mxolod niSnebs, Tvisebebs, magram, saganTa obieqturobaze an subieqturobaze am SemTxvevaSi araferia naTqvami.

fsiqikis, sulis meore arsebiT formad Seleri instinqts aRiarebs. am metad sakamaTo da bneliT moculi movlenis gasagebad igi ixilavs cocxali arsebis mxolod qcevas, ro-melic dakvirvebisa da aRweris sagania. yoveli instinqti ori mxridan aixsneba: fsiqologiurad – qceva erTi mxriv, garkveuli fsiqikuri mdgomareobis gamosaxulebaa, meore mxriv ki is fizikuri procesia romlis aRwerac SesaZle-belia. maSasadame, instiqti SeiZleba aixsnas erTdroulad

fsiqologiurad da fiziologiurad. am ori axsnidan, arc erTi araa upiratesobis mqone.

Seleris Tanaxmad, instinqtur qcevas Tavisi niSani aqvs. jer erTi, is unda iyos azriani, mizandasaxuli, mflobelisaT-vis sasargeblo. meore, unda hqondes raRac garkveuli ritmi, droiTi struqtura, romlis nawilebi erTmaneTs apirobeben. aseTi ritmi ar aqvT cdis meSveobiT SeZenil moZraobebs. azriani mimarTeba, ritmi ar amoiwureba mxolod droiTa da sivrciT, im situaciiT, romelSic imyofeba cocxali arseba. Selers moaqvs aseTi magaliTi: cxoveli sruliad azrianad emzadeba zamTrisaTvis an kvercxis dasadebad, Tumca, moce-mul individs ar hqonia adre msgavsi situacia, sruliad gamoricxulia masze Setyobinebis, tradiciis, mimsgavsebis gavlena. is TiTqos winaswar xedavs momaval mdgomareobas. instinqti amgvarad mimarTulia iseT situaciebze, romlebic Zalian daSorebulia drosa da sivrceSi.

instinqturi qcevis mesame niSania, is, rom, pasuxobs mx-olod ganmeorebad situaciebs, romlebsac mniSvneloba aqvs saxis sicocxlisaTvis. instinqturi qceva ar aris garegan cdis viTarebaTa daswavla, Cveulebis TandaTanobiTi gamo-muSaveba.

instinqtis meoTxe niSani, Tandayolilia da ara memkvi-dreobiTi. Tandayoliloba, SelerisTvis sruliad ar niSnavs, rom instinqti dabadebisTanave gamovlindeba. es qceva ufro xSirad maSin iCens Tavs, roca, individi ganviTardeba da momwifdeba. cda da varjiSi mxolod srulyofen instinqts.

mexuTe niSani instinqtisa aris, qceva, romelic, sruliad damoukidebelia cdis raodenobisagan, is araa garegan cdaze damokidebuli, aramed `mzadmyofia~.

instinqti, grZnobadi ltolvis konkretuli saxea, radgan mimarTulia garemos xSirad ganmeorebadi, magram, mainc specifikuri Semadgeneli nawilebisaken.

instinqturi qcevidan ori tipis qceva gamomdinareobs

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_ Cveulebaze damyarebuli da inteleqtze. Cveulebaze damyarebul qcevas Seleri asociaciur mexsierebas, mnemes uwodebs da fsiqikuris mesame safexuria. cxoveli imeorebs moqmedebas, romelmac, adre raRac moTxovnileba daukmayo-fila. cxoveli afiqsirebs aseT moTxovnilebebs. zogierTi moTxovnilebisadmi cxovelis moqmedeba warumatebelia. es aris `warmatebisa da Secdomis~ principi. am SemTxvevaSi, cxoveli iZens Cveulebebs da mexsierebis safuZvelia `pi-robiTi refleqsi~.

sicocxlis meoTxe formaa praqtikuli inteleqti, ro-melic gulisxmobs arCevanis unars, upiratesobis miniWebis unars. cxoveli irCevs misTvis ukeTess. cocxali arseba praqtikuli inteleqtiT maSinaa dajildoebuli, rodesac, is axal, eqstremalur situaciebSi, cdis gareSe, uceb ax-orcielebs mizanSewonil, gonier moqmedebas. inteleqti praqtikulia, radgan, inteleqtis saboloo mizani yovelTvis moqmedebaa, adamianTan inteleqti emsaxureba goniT miznebs. es praqtikuli inteleqtis garegani, dakvirvebadi, xiluli mxaris aRweraa. es unari aris Sinaganad ucbad warmoSobili xedva samyaros saqmis viTarebisa da Rirebulebis viTarebisa garemoSi, agreTve im mimarTebisa, romlis erTi wevri moce-mulia cdaSi, meore ki warmodgenaSi, winaswarxedvis saxiT.

kioleris mier kunZul tenerifeze warmoebul cdebSi, es uecari xedva aRniSnulia, rogorc àha~ _ gancda. Seleris azriT, cxovelebs aqvT gansjis, Tavisufali arCevanis unari da ar warmoadgens instinqtebis avtomats. Wkvian Simpanzesa da edisons Soris _ wers Seleri _ Tu ki, am ukanasknels ganvixilavT, rogorc, mxolod teqnikoss, arsebobs marTalia Zalian didi, magram, mxolod xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba.~(97,58)

aqamde Cven CamovTvaleT sicocxlis oTxi arsebiTi safexuri: grZnobadi ltolva, instinqti, mneme da praq-tikuli inteleqti. Semdeg Seleri svams problemisaTvis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs: Tu ki cxovels aqvs praqtikuli

inteleqti, xom ar gansxvavdeba is adamianisagan mxolod xarisxobrivad? arsebobs ki maT Soris arsobrivi gansxvaveba?

Seleris Tanaxmad, pasuxi am umniSvnelovanes kiTxvaze warmoSobs or uerTierT dapirispirebul Tvalsazriss: erTni fiqroben, rom cxovelsa da adamians Soris gansxvaveba arsebiTia, da ara raodenobrivi. araviTari inteleqti da arCevanis unari cxovels ar aqvs. Seleri ar iziarebs am Sexedulebas, radganac, maRal ganviTarebuli cxoveli misTvis praqtikuli inteleqtis da arCevanis unaris mqonea.

meoreni _ gansakuTrebiT, lamarkisa da darvinis mim-devrebi _ uaryofen cxovelsa da adamians Soris arsebiT gansxvavebas, vinaidan, adastureben cxovelSi praqtikuli in-teleqtis arsebobas. praqtikuli inteleqtis Simpanzeseuli unari, swored, raodenobrivad gansxvavdeba adamianis, rogorc teqnikosis `homo faberis~ unarisagan. inteleqtis flobaa, fiqrobs Seleri, teqnikis, moxerxebulobis, moqnilobis un-ars niSnavs. adamiani, meore Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, sruliad asabuTebs Teziss, rom TviTon aris nawili erTianobisa, umdablesi formebidan raodenobrivad amozrdili. maSasa-dame, es erTianoba uwyvetia. samyaros safuZvelTan adamians cxovelisagan gansxvavebuli araviTari mimarTeba ar aqvs.

Seleri principulad uaryofs orive gzas. inteleqti da arCevanis unari ar ganasxvavebs adamians cxovelisagan. Cven ver gavigebT adamianis gansakuTrebul adgils samyaroSi, ver warmovidgenT mis specifikas, Tu davuSvebT, rom, inteleqti da arCevanis unari raodenobrivad usasrulodac ki izrdeba. garda amisa, is, rac, adamians adamianad xdis, sulac ar aris sicocxlis axali forma, raRac axali safexuri, mexuTe forma, meoTxe formis Semdeg da zeviT arsebuli. àxali principi, _ wers Seleri, _ romelic, adamians adamianad xdis, mde-bareobs yvelafer imis gareT, rasac, Cven SeiZleba vuwodoT sicocxle, am sityvis farTo azriT~(94,15). e.i. es axali principi sicocxlidan ar gamoiyvaneba, radganac, sicocxlis,

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fsiqikuris gareTaa, sicocxlisadmi dapirispirebulia, da amdenad fsiqologiis kompetencia ar aris. is daiyvaneba ara sicocxlis fenomenze, aramed, samyaros im safuZvelze, romlis gamoxatuleba Tavad sicocxlea.

amgvarad, Seleris metafizikuri Sexeduleba SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: RmerTi aris samyaros pirvelsafuZveli, substancia, romelsac, aqvs CvenTvis cnobili ori atributi: ltolviT gaJRenTili sicocxle da goni.

goni ar aris mxolod is principi, romelsac, Seleris Tanaxmad, Zveli berZnebi `gonebas~ uwodeben. goni, misTvis, gonebasac e.i. ideebiT azrovnebasac Seicavs, magram, sxva viTa-rebis arsebobasac gulisxmobs. goni aris pirvelfenomenebis an arsebiTi formebis Wvreta, anu gulisxmobs garkveuli saxis Wvretis unars. amas emateba emociuri da nebiTi aqtebis garkveuli klasi, magaliTad, sikeTe, siyvaruli, pativiscema, monanieba, da a.S. rogorc vxedavT, gonis cneba, SelerTan ar daiyvaneba gonebis tradiciul cnebaze. is gacilebiT mdidaria, ara mxolod azrovnebas, aramed, nebas da grZnobasac moicavs. maSasadame, goni `Tavisa~ da `gulis~ erTianobaa.(94,52-53)

goni gamovlindeba yofierebis sasrul, e.i. dasawyisisa da dasasrulis mqone nivTTa sferoSi. goniTi aqtebis cen-tri pirovnebaa. Tu gvsurs gonis arsebas vwvdeT, Seleris Tanaxmad, warmovidginoT, rom, gonis cnebaSi mTavaria misi SemecnebiTi funqcia, codnis is saxeoba, romelic, SeiZleba mogvces gonma. aseT SemTxvevaSi saZiebeli cneba naTeli gaxdeba : goniT dajildoebuli arsebis ZiriTadi niSania yofierebiTi daukavSirebloba, damoukidebloba iZulebisagan, zewolisagan, organulisagan, sicocxlisagan, yvelafrisagan, rac sicocxles ekuTvnis, maSasadame, es niSania sakuTari inteleqtis miswrafebis. e.i. misi Tavisuflebaa.(iqve).

Seleris azriT, cxoveli mudam garemoSia da aRiqvams mxolod imas, rac misi sicocxlisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani. rac vitalobas ar gulisxmobs, arc arsebobs cxovelisaTvis, arc

ekuTvnis cxovelis garemos.adamiani , rogorc goniTi arseba, aRiqvams yvelafers

_ sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelsac da sicocxlisaTvis um-niSvnelosac. igi ar aris gansazRvruli arc garemoTi da, rac mTavaria, arc sakuTari sasicocxlo moTxovnilebiT. is garemosagan Tavisufalia, Riaa samyarosadmi. cxoveli, Seleris mixedviT, cxovrobs ara samyaroSi, aramed garemoSi. yovel cxovels Tavisi garemo Seesabameba : Tevzis garemo absoluturad gansxvavdeba frinvelis garemosagan. cxoveli mTlianad garemoSia CaZiruli. adamians ki aqvs imis unari, rom garemos Seusabamoba da winaaRmdegoba aqcios Semecnebis sagnad, wvdes sagnisa da movlenis amgvarad yofnas, saganTa arsebas. sadac aris sicocxlis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli goni, iq aris ganTavisufleba sicocxlis yovelgvari ze-moqmedebisagan, swored amitom, adamians, rogorc goniT ar-sebas, rogorc vitalobaze maRla mdgoms, ZaluZs, garemos winaaRmdegoba gardaqmnas Semecnebis sagnad, wvdes sagnis amgvarad yofnas, mis arsebas. goni, Seleris azriT, aris: `sa-gnobrioba, Tavad nivTebis amgvarad yofniT gansazRvrulobis unari~(93,154).

Seleris Tvlsazrisi mokled SeiZleba ase gadmoices. cxoveli arasodes ar kiTxulobs ra aris es sagani? misTvis nivTi vargisia an uvargisi. is wminda biologiuri arsebaa. adamiani, rogorc wesi, svams kiTxvas: ra aris es sagani? mas ainteresebs sagnis raoba. amitom, adamiani Semmecnebeli ar-sebaa, Teoretikosia. Tumca, adamiani biologiuri arsebacaa da ara marto imecnebs sagans, aramed, kidec moixmars mas.

cxovels ar SeuZlia garemosagan distancireba, garemos gareT dadgoma. `sagnobrivi yofiereba _ wers Seleri _ aris `gonis~ logikuri mxaris yvelaze formaluri kat-egoria~(94,55). cxovels aqvs cnobiereba, magram, ar aqvs TviTcnobiereba, sakuTari Tavis sagnad gadaqcevis unari. es viTareba, aRniSnavs Seleri, jer kidev laibnicma SeamCnia.

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cxoveli ar flobs sakuTar Tavs, ar aris sakuTari Tavis patroni, amitom, ver acnobierebs Tavis Tavs.

adamianis gons SeuZlia Semecnebis sagnad, obieqtad aq-cios sakuTari fiziologiuri da fsiqikuri mdgomareoba, calkeuli fsiqikuri aqtic ki. radgan, gons aqvs amis unari, igi sruliad eufleba Tavis mdgomareobas. igi TiTqos gare-dan umzers sakuTar Tavs, amitom, mas sruliad Tavisuflad SeuZlia uaryos sakuTari sicocxle an uTxras `ho~. saku-Tari Tavisaken mibruneba mxolod adamians SeuZlia. mxolod adamianis gonia is safexuri, sadac, pirvelarsebuli yofi-ereba TandaTan viTardeba, Tavis Tavs mTlianad Seicnobs da daeufleba.

adamianis yofierebis amgvari struqturis safuZvelze SeiZleba aixsnas zogierTi adamianuri Tavisebureba. mxolod, adamians aqvs sruliad gamoxatuli kategoriebi nivTisa da substanciisa.

maimuni, romelsac aZleven naxevrad gafcqvnil banans, garbis, maSin roca, mTlianad gafcqvnil banans Seeqceva. cxovelma ar icis ra aris nivTi, ra aris substancia. raime nivTi misTvis cvlilebas ki ar ganicdis, erTi nivTi sxvagvar saxes ki ar iRebs, aramed, sxva nivTad iqceva.

adamians, rogorc pirovnebas aqvs nivTisa da substan-ciis kategoriebi, mas SeuZlia yvelaferi aqcios sakuTari Semecnebis sagnad. adamiani, rom ar iyos pirovneba, e.i. ar hqondes goni – Semecneba, ar iarsebebda. samyaros gasagnebis es centri, Seleris mixedviT, ar SeiZleba Tavad am samyaros nawili iyos.

pirovnebis goniTi yofiereba erTaderTia, rac ar Sei-Zleba iqces sagnad_is wminda aqtualobaa, misi yofiereba aqtebis Tavisufali ganxorcielebaa. pirovneba ar aris sagnobrivi an nivTieri yofiereba, is TviTganxorcielebad aqtTa wesrigia. suliers vakvirdebiT goniTi centridan, igi SegviZlia gavasagnod. es SeuZlebelia Tavad gonis mimarT

movimoqmedoT. Cven aseve ar SegviZlia sxva pirovnebaTa gasagnebac.

adamians aqvs unari nivTis empiriul SemTxveviTi ar-seboba moiSoros da wvdes nivTis amgvarad yofnas, mis arsebas. Seleris azriT, es gayofa arsebobisa da arsebis adamianis gonis ZiriTadi niSania. goniT arsebas SeuZlia nivTTa sinamdvilisagan ganTavisufldes da mxolod, nivTTa arsebis SemecnebiT dakmayofildes. cxoveli mTlianad eZleva konkretuls, sinamdviles, adamiani ki gonis wyalobiT iyenebs teqnikas, romelic, arsebiTad realobis uaryofaa. sinamdvile yovelTvis gulisxmobs adgils sivrceSi da mdgomareobas droSi, SemTxveviT amgvarad yofnas. adamianad yofna, Sel-eris Tanaxmad, sinamdvilisadmi mtkice àra~-s tyorcnaa. es icoda budam, roca aRniSnavda, rom yoveli nivTis Wvreta kargia, magram, nivTad yofna saSiSia. es icoda platonma, roca, ideebis Wvretas ukavSirebda nivTebis grZnobad Sinaarsidan sulis Sebrunebas. es aqti aqvs mxedvelobaSi huserlsac, roca, Semecnebas ukavSirebs fenomenologiur reduqcias~, e. i. samyaroSi nivTebis (SemTxveviTi) arsebobis koeficientis `waSlas~, frCxilebSi Casmas~, raTa miaRwios maT arsebas, es-encias. nivTTa arseboba, sinamdvile, realoba gveZleva winaaRm-degobis gancdaSi, es gancda ki eufleba sicocxlis wadiliT gamowveul ltolvas. am ltolvaSi mocemuli sinamdvilis gancda pirveladia, win uswrebs yovelgvar cnobierebas, yvela warmodgenas da aRqmas. is mtkice àra~, romelsac adamiani sinamdviles eubneba, samyaros realobis uaryofaa. samyaros ìdeireba~ TviTon realobis momentis moxsnis cdaa da ara TavSekaveba msjelobebidan arsebobis Sesaxeb, rogorc huserls miaCnda. Tu arseboba `winaaRmdegobaa~, _ aRniS-navs Seleri _ maSin arsebiTad derealizaciis es asketuri aqti sxva araferia, Tu ara sasicocxlo ltolvis moxsna, gauqmeba. gauqmebis es aqti SeuZlia mxolod im yofierebas, romelsac goni ewodeba.

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amgvarad, adamiani aris cocxali arseba, _ aRniSnavs Seleri, _ romelsac, SeuZlia asketurad moeqces Tavis sicocxles da amas aRwevs sakuTar wadilTa impulsebis daTrgunvisa da gandevnis meSveobiT. cxoveli sinamdviles mudam egueba, yofierebas hos~ eubneba, maSinac ki, roca, eSinia misi da gaurbis mas. adamiani, Seleris TqmiT, isaa, visac SeuZlia Tqvas àra~, igi `sicocxlis asketia~, `maradiuli protestantia~ wminda sinamdvilis mimarT. cxovelis arse-boba yovelTvis gansxeulebuli filisterobaa~, adamiani ki maradiuli `fausti~ aris bestia cupidiss ma rerum novorum, mudam ukmayofilo Tavisi garemoTi, am garemos sazRvrebis garRvevis mdomi.(94,65)

axla, unda gairkves sakiTxi, romelsac, Seleri did mniS-vnelobas aniWebs. sakiTxavia askeza, gandevna, sublimacia gonis waroSobis wyaroa Tu am movlenis wyalobiT goni mxolod energias iRebs. Seleris Tanaxmad, adamianis es uaryofiTi moqmedeba, àra~-s Tqma sinamdvilisadmi ki ar apirobebs gonis arsebobas, aramed, mxolod energiiT amaragebs gons, aniWebs mas manifestaciis unars.

Seleri fiqrobs, rom, goni arsebulis atributia, ada-mianSi pirovnebis formiT gamovlenili, magram, `wmida gons~ Tavidan rodi aqvs batonoba~, Zala~, moqmedeba~. moqmedebi-saTvis mas unda SeuerTdes askeza, wadilis gandevna, sublima-cia, romelzec iyo laparaki. Seleri ixilavs gonis gagebis or SesaZleblobas, romelTac ekuTvniT fundamenturi roli adamianis ideaTa istoriaSi. erTia adamianis `klasikuri~ Teoria, gonis umaRlesi ZalauflebiT, moqmedebiT. es Tval-sazrisi ganviTarebuli iyo berZnebis mier da nawilia im msoflmxedvelobisa, romlis mixedviT, maRali formebi ufro Zlierni arian, vidre dabali. samyaros umaRlesi wertilia goniseuli da yovladZlieri substancia _ RmerTi.

meore Tvalsazriss Seleri adamianis ùaryofiT Teo-rias~ uwodebs. am Teoriis mixedviT, goni _ adamianis kul-

turis Semqmneli moqmedeba, e.i. yoveli moraluri, logikuri, esTetikuri mimarTeba da mxatvruli saxeebis Semqmneli aqtebi warmoiSoba mxolod àras~ _ askezis, gandevnis, sub-limaciis wyalobiT. am Tvalsazriss emxroboda froidi.

Seleri orive Teorias uaryofs. igi aRniSnavs: goni Tavdapirvelad uZluria da saWiroebs energias, magram, goni àras~ wyalobiT rodi warmoiSoba. Seleris azriT, froidis sapirispirod, gons Tavidanve aqvs Tavisi arseba da kanon-zomiereba, is sicocxlidan ar warmoSobila, rogorc amas froidi fiqrobs, Tumca, mas energia, Zala ar aqvs. sublimacia ltolvis, sicocxlis energiis miniWebaa gonisaTvis. goni sicocxlis energiiT ikvebeba da ara warmoiSoba.

swored, goni iwyebs Cveni ltolvebis gandevnas. neba, romelic xelmZRvanelobs ideebiTa da RirebulebebiT, uars eubneba warmodgenebs, romlebic Cndeba impulsebis safuZ-velze. meore mxriv, goniTi neba ideebisa da Rirebulebebis Sesabamisi warmodgenebiT, Tavs uyris ltolvebs, raTa SeZlos miswrafebaTa kordinacia da gonis nebelobiTi proeqti gan-axorcielos. maSasadame, ltolvis gareSe araferi ar xdeba.

am process Seleri `marTvas~ uwodebs. e.i. `marTva~ aris ltolvaTa impulsebis `Sekaveba~ da àSveba~. `xelmZ-Rvanelobas~ ki, Seleri uwodebs ideebisa da Rirebulebebis ganxorcielebas ltolvaTa gziT. ase xdeba gonis gacocx-leba. _ sicocxlis sublimacia gonSi.

adamianis Sesaxeb klasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi Secdoma imis mtkicebaa, rom, samyaros yofierebis maRali formebi dablebs ZaliTa da ZalauflebiT aRematebian.

maSasadame rogorc ukve vTqviT, arsebobs ori gza : erTi gzis mixedviT yofierebis yoveli maRali forma genetikurad warmoiqmneba dabali formidan _ araorganuli qmnis sicocx-les, sicocxle _ cnobierebas, cnobiereba _ gons. meore gziT mavalTaTvis ki, yofierebis maRali formebi ufro dabalTa mizezebia. Seleri iziarebs nikolai hartmanis Tvalsazriss,

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romlis Tanaxmad, yofierebis umaRlesi kategoriebi da Ri-rebulebani SedarebiT ufro sustni arian, vidre dabali formebi. maRali formebi aigeba da xorcieldeba dabali formebis meSveobiT.

amrigad, adamiani _ sicocxlis es asketi~ aris erToba da daZabuloba ltolvisa da gonisa. goni, ar aris warmo-Sobili ltolvis, sicocxlis nebis ganadgurebis, mospobis safuZvelze. Seleri iyenebs froidis ZiriTad cnebas _ sublimacias. misi TvalsazrisiT, goni seqsualur ltol-vas gardaqmnis misaReb fenomenebad, amitom Tu am fenomenebs kargad davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba, zogjer, marTlac seqsualuri ltolvis msgavsi ram davinaxoT. goni ar aris sicocxlis, ltolvis uarmyofeli Zala, piriqiT, igi ikvebeba~ ltolvis energiiT.

Selers aseve WeSmaritad miaCnia karl marqsis deb-uleba imis Sesaxeb, rom, ideebi, romelTac ar aqvT intere-sebi da vnebebi, e.i. Zalebi, romlebic sicocxlis sferoSi ar warmoiSobian, mkvdari ideebia da ver ganxorcieldebian realobaSi.

am koncefciiT, gonis Zalas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba adamianis struqturis asagebad. adamianuri goni da neba is fenomenebia, romlebic xelmZRvaneloben da marTaven adamianur cxovrebas. goni ideebs Tavazobs grZnobad moTxovnilebebs. rac Seexeba nebas, mas SeuZlia moTxovnebs miawodos ideis makonkretizebeli warmodgenebi da aseve moaxdinos am war-modgenaTa uaryofa.

sublimaciis idea, Seleris Tanaxmad, amtkicebs, rom, ada-mianis wminda nebis brZola miswrafebebTan da ltolvebTan savsebiT uperspeqtivoa. saWiroa moxerxdes dablis (ltol-vis) Cayeneba maRlis (gonis) samsaxurSi.

samyaros safuZvelSi mdebare am ori atributidan, erTi _ goni, Tavdapirvelad Zalas, Zlierebas moklebulia, xolo meore _ ltolva, mxolod Zalaa Natura Naturans~. umaRlesi

yofierebis es meore atributi aris pasuxismgebeli yovelive namdvilisa da misi SemTxveviTi, amgvarad yofnisa. goniT atributs ar aqvs dadebiTi SemoqmedebiTi Zala. aseTi daskv-nis Sedegia samyaros ararsidan qmnadobis uaryofa: samyaros safuZveli Tavidanve ori atributis, gonisa da ltolvis Semcvelia. samyaroSi Tavidanve aris daZabuloba gonisa da ltolvisa, maSasadame, Tu nivTTa safuZvels, e.i. RmerTs, surda ganexorcielebina masSi arsebuli ideebisa da Rirebulebebis sisavse, unda aeSva samyaros Semoqmedi ltolva. mxolod, am gziT SeZlebs is msoflio droiT procesSi ganxorcielebas da Tavisi arsebis gamovlenas. msoflio procesSi ltolva `gonieri~ xdeba, gonis morCilad gadaiqceva. adamianis gons mimarTeba aqvs msoflios safuZvelTan. es safuZveli ganx-orcieldeba, ganamdvildeba msoflio istoriis msvlelobaSi, adamianSi da adamianis meSveobiT.

roca adamiani, aRniSnavs Seleri, gamoiyofa bunebidan, bunebas sagnad aqcevs, is kiTxulobs `sad vimyofebi TviTon me?~ `ra aris Cemi adgili?~ mas ar ZaluZs Tqvas, rom, is samyaros nawilia, Caketilia samyaroSi. samyaro misi Zalau-flebis, moqmedebis sagania, amitom, adamianis centri samyaros miRmaa.

SelerisaTvis, adamians, rogorc ltolvisa da gonis erTianobas, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs. SromaSi, `fi-losofiuri msoflmxedveloba~ vkiTxulobT: mxolod maSin, Tu gamovalT adamianis arsobrivi mniSvnelobidan, adamianis goniTi aqtebidan, romlebic dasabams iReben adamianis cen-tridan da rasac ikvlevs `filosofiuri anTropologia~, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, umaRlesi safuZvlis yvela sagnis WeS-mariti atributis Sesaxeb~(93,11). Seleris Tvalsazrisi naTelia: RmerTs _ samyaros am umaRles instancias _ ver gaigeb, Tu ar gesmis adamianis arseba. adamiani mikrokosmo-sia, e.i. masSi mocemulia samyaros yvela safexuri, Zlieri ltolvac da Tavdapirveli ùZluri~ gonic. adamiani Sel-

100 101

eris Tanaxmad, erTaderTia, visi saSualebiTac RmerTi ara marto imecnebs sakuTar Tavs, aramed, is arsebulia, romlis Tavisufal arCevanSi RmerTi ganaxorcielebs da gadaarCens Tavis wminda arsebas. adamiani RmerTis Tanamoazrea, Taname-brZolia. RmerTi viTardeba da xdeba goni, SesaZleblobidan sinamdviled iqceva. gviandeli panTeisti SelerisaTvis ada-mianad gadaqceva da RmerTad gadaqceva erTianobaSia, RmerTi qmnadobaSia. igi dinamikuri da ara statikuri fenomenia.

buneba, ltolva gonisagan ar warmoSobila. es debuleba panTeisti SelerisaTvis erTerTi ZiriTadia. ltolva, in-stinqtebi, moTxovnebi udides rols TamaSoben ara marto adamianis CamoyalibebaSi, aramed, sazogadoebis istoriul ganviTarebaSi. adamiani biologiuri arsebaa da amis gaT-valiswineba aucilebelia mis gasagebad. isic cnobilia, rom, goniTi wamowyebebi ver imZlavreben, Tu ar eqnebaT dasayrdeni ltolvebSi, interesebSi, da tendenciebSi.

Seleris azriT, adamiani mikrokosmosia, maSasadame, ageb-ulebiT yvela im safexurs Seicavs, romelic samyaros ekuT-vnis. radgan samyaro ltolvaa adamianic ltolvaa; magram, adamiani mxolod ltolva ar aris. masSi sruliad axali safexuricaa _ goni. Seleris azriT, samyaro imgvari ageb-ulebisaa, rom yvelaze maRali safexuri, goni Tavdapirvelad yvelaze uZluria, energias moklebulia. is, rasakvirvelia, ukve arsebobs, aqvs Tavisi kanonzomiereba, magram, es arse-boba potenciuria, SesaZleblobis farglebSia moqceuli. gonis arseboba, rom namdvil realobad iqces, aucilebelia goniT sawyiss ltolva SeuerTdes. ltolva goniT unda daitvirTos.

roca, vixsenebT samyaros safuZvlis or atributs _ ltolvasa da gons _ Seleris koncefciis am or ZiriTad princips, uneburad gvaxsendeba dekartis moZRvreba or substanciaze _ moazrovneze da ganfenilze, agreTve spi-nozas mier daxasiaTebuli ori atributi _ azrovneba da

ganfeniloba. cxadia, Tavad SelerisTvisac naTeli iyo misi koncefciis naTesaoba dekartisa da spinozas filosofiur TvalsazrisebTan.

Seleris filosofiuri anTropologia imis mcdelobaa, rom, Tavidan iyos acilebuli dekartis dualizmi _ kerZod, misi moZRvreba sxeulsa da sulze. am mizniT, is mimarTavda Tavisi drois sxvadasxva Teoriebs. ase magaliTad, subli-mirebis cneba Selers froidis Teoriidan aqvs aRebuli, Tumca, es cneba Seleris koncefciaSi mniSvnelovnad saxeSecvlilia. sublimireba Seleris TeoriaSi niSnavs, uZluri, maRali donis arsebulis -gonis, energiiT momaragebas. ltolva amaragebs, Zalas mas aZlevs. Tu Selers davujerebT, adamiani unda war-movidginoT, rogorc, ltolva da goni, romlebic sublimaciis saSualebiT modian erTmaneTTan kavSirSi. sinamdvileSi, ada-miani ar aris orad gaxleCili arseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, adamianSi gansxvavebuli doneebia : sxeulebrivi gansxvavdeba fsiqikurisagan, es ukanaskneli ki goniTisagan. adamiani mainc erTiania mTliania. goni, ueWvelia ltolvisagan gansxvavdeba, magram, isini ganixileba, rogorc, erTiani sicocxlis gansx-vavebuli mxareebi. sicocxles Tavis umaRles _ cxovelisaT-vis miuRwevel safexurze _ uCndeba sruliad axali unari _ goni. misi Taviseburebani mravali saxiT gamomJRavndeba. erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxea samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis sagnad qcevisa da Semecnebis unari. gavixsenoT Seleris mier moyvanili magaliTi Simpanzesa da edisonis Sesaxeb. es aris ara raodenobrivi gansxvaveba, rogoradac miiCnevs Seleri, aramed, Tvisobrivi gansxvaveba. marTlac, edisons ZaluZs is, rasac praqtikuli inteleqtis mqone Simpanze verasodes SeZlebs. edisons da saerTod adamians SeuZliaT cnebebis gamomuSaveba, msjeloba, dasabuTeba da daskvna. rac cxovelisaTvis savsebiT ucxoa, radganac, ver wvdeba zogads, abstraqtuls, amitom, cxovels ar aqvs ena, romelic zogadis arsebobas gulisxmobs.

102 103

edisoni, wminda wylis teqnikosadac rom ganvixiloT, ukve arsobrivad, Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba Simpanzesagan, radgan, igi cnebebiT azrovnebs. adamianis, rogorc Semmecne-beli arsebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizania zogadis daufleba. zogadi erT saganSic ki amoikiTxeba. swored, es aris im intuiciis Sedegi, romelzec laparakobs Seleri. zogadis wvdoma adamianuri Semecnebis erT-erTi aucilebeli niSa-nia. ra Tqma unda, cxovelsac aqvs gare sagnis SegrZneba, aRqma, nivTis mopovebis survili. amis mSvenieri magaliTia galiaSi gamomwyvdeuli Simpanzes ltolva bananisaken, e.i. cxoveli moqmedebs garkveuli miznis misaRwevad. magram, es mizani yovelTvis konkretulia, erTeulia, ar aris zogadis wvdoma. maSin, roca adamiani sicocxlis umaRlesi donis _ gonis _ saSualebiT aqcevs Semecnebis sagnad gare samyaros da sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar gancdebsac ki. am azriT, adamians aqvs ara mxolod samyaros Semmecnebeli cnobiereba, aramed, TviTcnobierebac. Semecnebis wyalobiT man icis ara mxolod erTeuli nivTis konkretuli Rirebuleba, aramed, garkveul viTarebaTa TavisTavadi Rirebuleba, Rirebuleba rogorc aseTi, Rirebuleba zogadad. adamians aqvs TviTcnobiereba, refleqsia Tavis Tavisa, moqmedebas afasebs gnoseologiuri, eTikuri, esTetikuri mxridan, icis WeSmariti da mcdari, keTili da boroti, mSvenieri da uSno, sasargeblo da sa-ziano. is irCevs Tavis moqmedebas, amiT zogads ufardebs konkretuls, erTeuls. yvelafris Semoqmedi erTi mTliani subieqti _ adamiania da ara erTmaneTisagan gaxleCili ltolva da goni.

marTalia, ar arsebobs ucvleli goneba, igi istori-ulad cvalebadia, magram, Tavad goni, rogorc midrekileba da adamianis adamianad arsebobis unari mudmivi, ucvleli, maradiulia. yovelives centria adamiani _ persona da mas ar Wirdeba Tavisi arsebobis axsna-gamarTlebisaTvis gare instanciis Semotana.

vfiqrob, rom, m.Seleris filosofiur anTropologiuri koncefciis mTavari nakli antiistorizmi da antievolu-cionizmia. maSin roca, es principi Zalze mniSvnelovania adamianis, rogorc goniTi arsebis dafuZnebisaTvis. magram, m.Seleris arCevani sxva aRmoCnda. misi moZRvreba Tavisi arsiT ZiriTadad Teonomuria da Tavsdeba filosofiur _ religiur anTropologiaSi.

III. h. plesneri _ biologiuris da gonis ad-

gili adamianis struqturaSi

helmund plesnerma m. SelerTan erTad, ara mxolod

dasabami misca axal filosofiur mimarTulebas, aramed

kidec gansazRvra misi Sinaarseuli mxare. mis koncefciaSi

Camoyalibebulia filosofiuri anTropologiis programa,

ZiriTadi meTodologiuri principebi, Teoriuli postu-

latebi, romlebmac Semdgomi ganviTareba hpoves sxva anTro-

pologebis SromebSi.

plesnerma gansxvavebiT Selerisagan (romelic mis Semo-

qmedebaSi anTropologiuri periodis dadgomisTanave garda-

icvala) mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovreba filosofiur

anTropologiur problemebis kvlevas miuZRvna.

plesneris filosofiuri anTropologiis yuradRebis

centrSia adamianis mTlianobis problema. pirveli principi

am koncefciisa aris, adamianis specifikuri, bio-fsiqologi-

uri gansakuTrebuloba. plesneri uaryofs winaswar mocemul

msoflmxedvelobriv ganwyobas an raime pragmatul mosaz-

rebas. misTvis, mTavari e.w. anTropologiuri struqturaa.

m. Selerma SesaniSnavad icoda rodesac, erTmaneTs

upirispirebda adamiansa da cxovels amiT fuZndeboda fi-

losofiuri xedva adamianis problemisa da ara zoologia

104 105

an fizikuri anTropologia.

plesneri eTanxmeba azrs, rom adamiani bunebis produq-

tia. is ibadeba da kvdeba, aqvs sxeuli, Tavisi agebulebiT,

funqciebiT, warmoSobis wesiT. magram, adamianis arsebis

gasagebad, aucilebelia biologiuri yofis farglebs gareT

gavideT. rogorc, plesneri wers: ìs (adamiani) bunebiT

arabunebrivia~(61,85).

cxovelisagan adamianis Zireuli gansxvaveba plesnerisaT-

vis savsebiT cxadia. amas adasturebs is faqti, rom, marto

adamiania enis mqone arseba. ena araa mxolod Setyobinebis,

sxvebTan urTierTobis saSualeba. Setyobineba futkrebs

da delfinebsac ZaluZT. ena, pirvel yovlisa, raimes Tqmaa.

cxovelebs ar aqvT ena, amitom, ar SeuZliaT raimes Tqma,

metyveleba. ukve aristotelem gansazRvra adamiani, rogorc,

zoon logon. azri, rom cxovels adamianisagan gansxvavebiT

arafris Tqma ar SeuZlia jer kidev herderma gamoTqva.

plesneri, rogorc vxedavT, eTanxmeba mas.

ena gulisxmobs abstraqcias, swrafvas erTeulidan zoga-

disaken. erTeuli warmodgenebis abstraqciis gziT miiReba

cnebebi, sityvebi cnebebis gamomxatvelia.

ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT es sakiTxi h.plesneris

mTavari Sromis organulis safexurebi da adamiani~-s safuZ-

velze, romelic gamoica 1928 wels (amitom, zogi avtori

SelerTan erTad filosofiuri anTropologiis Semqmnelad

helmut plesners miiCnevs).

plesneri aRniSnavs, rom kantis wminda gonebis kritika~

Seexeboda mxolod bunebis Semswavlel mecnierebebs .gonis

Semswavleli mecnierebani kants ar ganuxilavs, radgan, misT-

vis mecnieruloba maTematikur SemowmebadobasTan iyo gai-

givebuli. rogorc cnobilia, kantma ikvlia Tu rogor aris

SesaZlebeli maTematika da maTematikuri bunebaTmecniereba.

mas ar dauyenebia sakiTxi gonis mecnierebaTa _ istoriis,

fsiqologiis, enaTmecnierebis da sxv. SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.

plesneris mizania am xarvezis daZleva. igi dilTais

filosofiaze dayrdnobiT cdilobs filosofiuri anTro-

pologia daukavSiros hermenevtikas (gagebis Teorias). ple-

sneris TvalsazrisiT, bunebismecnierebasTan erTad arsebobs gonis mecniereba, romelic, Seiswavlis ara bunebis ucvlel kanonebs, aramed, Tavisufali goniT dajildoebul adamians. adamians cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT aqvs goni. is, rogorc

106 107

gonis unaris mqone arseba, Tavisufalia. gegmavs da moqmedebs, tkbeba da itanjeba. qmnis xelovnebas, religias, sociumis wevria, samarTlisa da eTikis Semqmnelia. maSasadame, Semoqmedi, kulturis Semqmneli arsebaa. gonis arsebobas adamiani gamo-hyavs wminda biologiuri arsebobis sazRvrebidan. adamianis gansakuTrebul adgils plesneri mis goniT unarSi xedavs. am Teziss, plesneris Tanaxmad, adasturebs gonis mecniereba _ filosofiuri anTropologiis dasayrdeni.

adamianis samyaros, plesneris azriT, gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia sicocxliT dajildoebul arsebaTa Soris. cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT adamiani ar aris wminda biolo-giuri arseba, mas aqvs goni, rasac cxoveli moklebulia. da am unariT, adamiani aris gamomgonebeli, kulturis Semqmneli, rac niSnavs biologiuri yofnis sazRvrebidan gasvlas. goni aTavisuflebs adamians bunebiseuli aucileblobidan, bunebis iZulebisagan. goniT mopovebuli Tavisufleba bunebriv moTxovnebs upirispirdeba da xSirad imarjvebs kidec masze. adamianis arsi, plesneris Tanaxmad, ucvlelia, igiveobrivia. cvalebadia istoriaSi gamovlenili arsis SesaZleblobani.

zemoT dasaxelebul naSroms, avtori, filosofiuri anTropologiis zogadi meTodologiuri sakiTxebis kvleviT iwyebs. plesneris mixedviT, yovel dros misi wamyvani cneba aqvs. amitom, igi istoriulad cvalebadia. ase magaliTad gon-ebis adgili XIXs-is filosofiaSi sicocxlem daikava. isev sakvlev filosofiur problemad iqca uamravi miviwyebuli sakiTxi. mag. gonebis mimarTeba sicocxlesTan, SemecnebaSi apriorulisa da empiriulis urTierToba da a.S.

sicocxlis filosofiis wina planze wamowevas erT-gvarad ubiZga mecnierebis ganviTarebam. adamiansa da mis kulturas bunebasTan meti aRmoaCnda saerTo, vidre, aqamde egonaT. mecnierebam daasabuTa, adamiani, rogorc biologiuri arseba bunebrivi warmoSobisaa, da amis axsna scada empiriuli meTodiT. adamianis cnobiereba, inteleqti da Tavad sindisis

arsebobac ki evoluciuri ganviTarebis Sedegad CaiTvala.magram, ZalaSi darCa meore aprioristuli~ nakadic, igi

kantis gzas agrZelebda, romlis TvalsazrisiTac, ara marto adamianis cxovreba, aramed, Tavad realobac garkveuli azriT, adamianis konstruqciad iqna miCneuli. Tumca, rogor midis aprioruli formebis matarebeli es `Semoqmedi~ adamiani konkretul arsebobasTan, kvlav dilemad rCeboda. orive mimarTuleba erTi sferodan meoreSi gadasvlisaTvis naxtoms saWiroebda, ar iyo uzrunvelyofili homogenuri gadasvla erTi ganzomilebidan meoreSi.

a.bergsonma sicocxlis Sesamecneblad intuiciis cneba moiSvelia, magram, goneba, inteleqti gaaufasura. goni, berg-sonisaTvis zedmet cnebad iqca da misi filosofiidan ganidevna. intuitivizms, plesneris azriT, ar ZaluZs adamiani ganixilos, rogorc, goniT-istoriuli sinamdvilis subieqti.

meores mxriv, neokantianurma skolam gonismecniere-baTa filosofiis Seqmna scada. Tu kantisaTvis mecniereba maTematizirebuli bunebismetyveleba iyo, h.kohenma da maTma mimdevrebma kantis Teoriul filosofiis nacvlad eTika da esTetika wamoswies win da isini gonismecnierebaTa meTodze moZRvrebebad aqcies. h.rikertma kulturis filosofiisTvis logikis reforma moiTxova. Sedegad, aqac meTodologiuri dualizmi miviReT. bunebismecnierebebisaTvis sxva logikaa (meTodologia) saWiro, gonismecnierebebisaTvis ki sxva.

erTaderTi, plesneris azriT, vinc mixvda, rom aucilebe-lia dualizmis gadalaxva, iyo v.dilTai. problemis gadaWra mas gonismecnierebis obieqtis, misi struqturis analizis meSveobiT surda.

gonismecnierebebSi, Semecnebis sagani da Semecnebis subieqti erTia. Semecneba aq gancdis gagebiT xorcieldeba. subieqti sakuTar Tavs imecnebs, gageba aris sicocxlis Zala, sicocxlis ZalasTan kontaqtSi mosvla. meTodis TvalsazrisiT ki, fsiqologiis nacvlad gonismecnierebaSi

108 109

hermenevtika Semodis da zogadi folosofiuri logikis centrSi eqceva. Tu neokantianelebi gonismecnierebebSi bunebasTan kontaqts ver amyarebdnen, dilTaim es moaxerxa, gonismecnierebis obieqti, swored, bunebasTan kavSirSi Cans sruli saxiT.

buneba da goniTi samyaro erTmaneTzea mimagrebuli, isini erTmaneTs apirobeben, erTmaneTisgan iReben kvalificirebasa da axsnas. maTi centraluri gadanaskvis adgili ki adamiania, romelic ubralod ki ar aris, aramed cocxlobs, flobs WeSmarit sicocxles, rogorc istoriuli arseba. goni istoriul realobas fenomenaluri yofierebis formisgan aTavisuflebs, adgens ra amiTve cdis adgils da daniSnulebas, riTac erTi didi napralic amoivseba: gadailaxeba winaaRm-degoba empirizms da apriorizms Soris.

Semecnebis sagani da subieqti adamianuri cxovrebis sferos miekuTvnebian, romlis obieqtivaciebic, qcevasa da SeqmnilSi gamoxatuli, garedan ki ar aris motanili, ar-amed, sicocxleSi moZraoben. sococxles, Tavis mxriv, axasi-aTebs TviT-transcendentireba, romlis Sedegebi kvlav mas ubrundeba, masSi miiReba da gaixsneba.

rac axalia ase gagebul sicocxleSi, misi cnebis cdiT dafuZnebis azria. swored, es gamorCa mxedvelobidan intu-itivistur sococxlis metafizikas (a.bergsoni). dilTaisTan sicocxle WvretiT da gonebiT, fantaziiTa da STagrZnobiT Semecnebadi sinamdvilea, sakuTar Tavze cdis SemZle. `si-cocxle gaigebs sicocxles~.

es subieqt-obieqturoba realizdeba ara spekulatiu-rad agebul sistemaSi, romelsac hegelTan vxedavT, aramed, gamoixateba imiT, rom, sakuTar Tavs, rogorc istoriuls, cdis sagnad aqcevs, maSin roca, hegelTan istoria subieqt-obieqturobis realizaciis pirobaa. calke arc cdas, arc spekulacias ar ZaluZs moaxerxos adamianis TviTdadgena da sicoclis ganmarteba.

Tu hermenevtikosebs surT sicocxlis cdis SesaZle-blobis gageba, maSin maT ar SeuZliaT cdiT Semoifarglon, cdis cnebebiT imuSaon. amas ki mivyavarT fenomenologiuri deskrifciis moTxovnamde, mxolod, is uzrunvelyofs sagnisa Tu movlenis arsis Wvretas, Tanac, nanaxis yovelgvari on-tologizaciisagan Tavisufalia.

gonismecnierebaTa Teoria, plesneris azriT, SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod filosofiuri anTropologiis saxiT. mxolod, adamianis arsze moZRvreba iZleva substrats da saSualebas zogadi hermenevtikisaTvis. filosofiuri anTropologia da misi centraluri Tema, fsiqo-fizikurad neitralur pirovneba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes gagebuli iqnas mxolod adamianis, rogorc cocxali arsis gagebis fonze. filosofiuri anTropologiam unda Seqmnas cnebiTi aparati mTeli im sferosaTvis, romelSic adamiani imyofeba. amas verc erTi calkeuli mecniereba ver SeZlebs.

aseTi midgomis didi miRweva isicaa, rom Tu adre mec-nierebaSi Semecneba Wvretis gareSe xorcieldeboda, huser-lis gavleniT, Wvretis roli wamyvani gaxda. maTematizaciam obieqtebTan misvlis gza gadaketa. fenomeni daikarga da mxolod axla, fenomenologiis wyalobiT isev aRsdga.

amgvarad, filosofiuri anTropologiis sagani aris adamiani, ara rogorc mecnierebis obieqti, ara rogorc cnobierebis subieqti, aramed rogorc sicocxlis subieqti da obieqti, istoriuli, konkretuli, cocxali erTianoba `TavisTavad da TavisTvis myofi~. sibrtye, saidanac adamianma yovelTvis axlidan unda gamoscados Tavi, garkveuli daZab-viT. igi aris goniTi moRvaweobis sarbieli, sadac, erTmaneTs ejaWveba adamianis dacemac da triumfic. amgvarad, eqsisten-cis konfliqti, uromlisodac adamianis arsebobis gaazreba SeuZlebelia, mniSvnelovania filosofiuri meTodisTvisac. e.i. filosofiuri anTropologia moiTxovs iseT Semecnebas, romelic adamianis yofierebis am orgvar aspeqts arc au-

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qmebs da arc aSualebs, aramed, Zireuli poziciidan ikvlevs.plesneri, goniTisa da sxeulebrivis mimarTebis prob-

lemis dasmas droSi moiTxovs da cdilobs Tavi aaridos sakiTxis metafizikur gadaWras. iseve, rogorc, bevrisaTvis, misTvisac sxeuli bunebriv determinacias eqvemdebareba, goni ki Tavisuflebis sferoa. magram, plesners ar dahyavs erTi meoreze, arc neitralur mesameSi cdilobs saerTo Ziris Ziebas. mas sakiTxi Semecnebis Teoriul planSi gadahyavs, moixmars kantis sqematizms da kiTxvebze `rogor SeuZlia gons gare samyarodan miRebuli STabeWdilebebi Tvisobriv mravalsaxeobaSi aRiqvas~ da `rogor zemoqmedebs sxeuli gonze~, upasuxebs: grZnobadi Sinaarsi gonis CareviT gagoniT-deba, goni ki, grZnobadi maTiT xdeba. grZnobadi da goniTi erT sibrtyeze ganixileba.

yoveli sagani, aRqmuli mis sagnobriv bunebaSi, avlens sivrciT sazRvrebs. es sivrciTi SemosazRvra sagnis Tvise-bebis Zireuli erTianobaa. mainc, sagani am TvisebaTa jami rodia, is atarebs Tvisebebs da ara piriqiT.

fenomenis SemTxvevaSi, mimarTuleba ori gvaqvs: sagnis garSemo da sagnis SigniT. oRond, `garSemo~ da `SigniT~ sivrciTi predikatebia mxolod metaforuli azriT. namd-vil sivrciTs ganzomilebas xeliTac Seexebi. rac Seexeba sagnis makonstruirebel momentebs, is sulac ar emTxveva sivrciT momentebs. ase mag. substanciuri birTvis mimarTeba Tvisebebisadmi arasivrciTia. es iTqmis rogorc fizikur sxeulze, aseve fsiqikur movlenazec. Tumca, sagnis amgebi momentebi da sivrciTi momentebi WvretaSi arc gamoiyofian, maT azrovneba hyofs. TviTon sivrciTi sxeulis Suagulic ar aris `Suaguli~, arc misi peroferia ar aris `mxareebi~. azrovnebaa, rom, Suagulsa da periferias ganasxvavebs.

xSirad, substancias TvisebaTa erTobliobad gansaz-Rvraven. sagnis substancia is ki ar aris, risganac Sedgeba. subatancia aris cneba, romelic win uswrebs cdas da cdis

sferos upirispirdeba. substancia codnis kategoriaa, gan-sjiTi cneba, ris gamoc Wvretad ver iqceva. is gansjiTi cnebaa, sulerTia, mis mimarTebas Tvisebebisadmi apriorulad gavigebT Tu empiriulad.

orgvari aspeqti qmnis nivTis, sagnis, sxeulis Wvretis suraTs, magram, rogorc WeSmariti piroba, ikargeba misiT ganpirobebulSi. sagnebi maTi orgvari aspeqtiT ar vlinde-bian, aramed, am ormag aspeqtSi. Wvretis sxeulebrivi sagani, romelic principulad gayofili gare-Siga mimarTebaSi, ro-gorc misi yofierebisadmi kuTvnili, sagnobrivad Cans, aris cocxali. cocxali materialuradac da formaluradac gansxvavdeba aracocxalisagan.

sicocxlis gagebis ori Teoria ibrZvis _ meqanizmi da vitalizmi. meqanizmi, sicocxles fizikuri da qimiuri faqtorebiT xsnis, vitalizmi ki, romelic, dRevandeli saxiT, saTaves m.driSisgan iRebs, sasicocxlo nivTierebasa da Zala-sac cnobs, cocxali e.w. enteleqiasac avlens, vTqvaT TviT-regulaciaSi da ganviTarebaSi. enteleqia ar exeba cocxalis sidides, wonas, fers, aramed cocxals, rogorc mTels. driSi iyenebs kantis kategoriaTa deduqciis xerxs da organu-lisTvis mTlianobis cnebas mimarTavs. swored, mTlianobis kauzaloba da ara jamis kauzalobaa organizmisTvis, misi organizaciisTvis specifikuri. magram, ara organulsac aqvs e. w. geStalti, ase miaCnda kolers. magram, driSisTvis araorganuls aqvs erTianoba da ara mTlianoba. organulSi, nawili mTelzea damokidebuli. araorganulSi, raodenobrivi cvlileba dinamiuri cvlilebis saxes iRebs, organulSi ki cocxali arsidan modis.

Tu rogoria organulis geStalti, unda gairkves misi Siga-gare gansazRvrulobidan. geStalti Tu orgvari aspeqti? Sinagansa da garegans, am or mimarTulebas Soris, neitraluri zonaa, rac aris `sazRvari~. sazRvari ki iqaa, sadac aris Tavic da kidec. sagnis sazRvaria misi kide, riTac,

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is raime sxvas emijneba. amiT ganisazRvreba sagnis geStalti, konturi. plesneri aq analizurad msjelobs.

es sazRvari, amave dros, sivrcis sazRvaric unda iyos da sagnobrivad movlenaSic gamoCndes, agreTve, rogorc, aspeqtis sazRvari, romelSic erTmaneTSi garduvali ori mxare Cans. am moTxovnidan gamomdinareobs, rom, organulis formis saz-Rvari, rogorc geStalti, mis farglebs scildeba, radgan, ar eteva masSi.

magram, cocxalis sazRvari ar unda gavigoT, rogorc, sazRvari sxeulsa da mis gareT myofs Soris. is raRacnai-rad orad~ iyofa. cocxalSivea sazRvari, amitom, aris masSi gadasvlac. Sinagani da garegani erTianobaSia. amas ki cda ver miwvdeba, radgan, cda ver wvdeba cocxalis mTlianobas, esaa cocxalis gamovlenis Ziri (da ara mizezi).

amitom, meqanizmi da vitalizmi calmxrivi moZRvrebebia. vitalists Tvalwin udgas namdvili, romelic WvretisaTvis jer kidev ar aris Ria. piriqiT, meqanisti mimaluli fenis reduqcias cdilobs, magram, ar iTvaliswinebs TvisebaTa dauyvanadobas. meqanistTa da vitalistTa kamaTi iqamdec ki midis, rom, sakamaTo sagani maTTan sxvadasxva ontiur done-zec ki aRmoCndeba.

empiriul-biologiur mecnierebas sicocxlis kat-egoriebi cdidan, cocxalze dakvirvebidan gamohyavs da ara kantiviT, transcendentaluri deduqciis meSveobiT. biologi `cocxlobis~ niSnebze miuTiTebs, CamoTvlis maT. magram, es niSnebi raRac sxvaze miuTiTeben, isini indikatorebia, raRacis gamovlenani, warmavalni. cocxlobas~ ki aprioruli niSnebic aqvs, romlebic movlenis konstantur uku-fenas qmnian.

mocemulia `mTlianoba~ da `cocxali sagani~. aseTi sagnidan analizuri gziT sxva arsebulni ar miiRebian. erTaderTi, rac SeiZleba movimoqmedoT, mocemuli sididi-dan `cocxali arseba~, esaa sazRvris principis Sesabamisad yofnis Sinagani pirobebi veZeboT.

erTis mxriv gvaqvs, rac gveZleva, meores mxriv ki, rac sxvisi meSveobiT vlindeba. dasabuTebadi geStalti ze-ge-Stalturi mTlianobiT Cans. cocxlobis fenomeni eyrdnoba sxeulis mimarTebas misi sazRvrisadmi, rac SesaZlos xdis pasuxs. amiT aigeba organuli modelis aprioruli Teoria.

avtori cdilobs kantis tipis katagoriaTa deduqcias organulSi mounaxos adgili. organulis kategoriaTa aseTi deduqcia xorcieldeba ara sazRvris realizaciis saqmis viTarebidan, aramed, misi realizebis Tvalsazrisidan. es ki sicocxlis filosofiis centralur nawils qmnis.

es bio-kategoriebi apriorulni, ara logikurad da-fuZnebulni Canan. realizebis sawyisi gzebi TavisSi da TavisTvis, ara-realizebadi saqmis viTarebis gamomaaSkarave-belia. kategoriaTa panlogizmsa da racionalizmebze xom laparakic zedmetia.

raxan, sicocxle eyrdnoba sxeulis mimarTebas misi saz-Rvrisadmi, materiis- geStaltisadmi, `Sevsebisa~ _ `kidis~ cnebebSi vlindeba. kide, araorganulsa da organulSi erTi ar aris. maT Soris gansxvaveba fenomenalurad gasagebia da empiriulad gasageb gansxvavebas ar emTxveva.

Tu mivyvebiT am Tavisebur mimarTebas materiis formis-admi, sadac, materia gaformebul sisavsed warmogvidgeba, mivalT mimTiTebel niSnamde, rac aucilebeli deduqciiT miiReba. ase moinaxeba `cocxlobis~ kriteriumi, Tundac, ar arsebobdes maCvenebeli niSani cdaSi. am Tvisebis matarebeli cocxalia. yoveli cocxali avlens plastikurobas (elas-tiurobas, moqnilobas da a.S.), romelSic mTelis Semosaz-Rvris simaxvilec sazRvris konturTa gadaadgilebadobas Tanxvdeba. yoveli cocxali Tavs avlens, rogorc, aramyaroba myarSi, erTdroulad statikurad da dinamikuradac, amitom, cocxali ritmulad icvleba.

cocxalis moZraobasac Tavisi niSani aqvs, romelic, tendenciiT xasiaTdeba da mkvdar bunebaSi ar gvxvdeba. es

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aris tendencia raimes Sesrulebisa, moZraobisa. aracocxali arafers ar asrulebs. mkvdari sxeuli yovelmxriv aris de-terminirebuli, misi forma miyveba mis Sinaarss. cocxalSi ki, Cans ganvlili faza, raxan, Ziri tendenciaSi devs, rac, determinaciis uaryofis niSania. moZraoba aseTi aqvs, magram, SeiZleboda sxvanairic yofiliyo. esaa Tavisufleba formis winaaRmdeg da misi Sinagani tendenciiT aixsneba.

cocxalis iracionaluroba, da spontanuroba, midrekileba SesaZleblobaTa uamravi rigidan gaakeTos arCevani, aixsneba, rogorc Tavisufleba formis winaaRmdeg.

cxadia, plesneri ar cnobs biologiur determinacias. misTvis determinacia mxolod fizikuri mniSvnelobisaa. ukve iTqva, rom, sazRvari TviTon sxeuls aqvs. sxeuli aris sakuTari Tavisa da sxvisi sazRvari.

cocxali arsebobs or mimarTulebaSi, Sinagansa da gare-ganSi. mas aqvs ori mimarTuleba transcendirebisa: sakuTar Tavs gareT da sakuTar TavSi, orsave SemTxvevaSi gadasvla~ gvaqvs. es ori mimarTuleba ki erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba.

e.i. organuli sxeuli xasiaTdeba `pozicionalobiT~. swored, amiT gansxvavdeba is araorganulisagan.(61,49)

ra aris pozicionaloba? materiisa da gonis, subieqtisa da obieqtis, masalisa da formis mimarTebis sakiTxi, raRac neitralurSi ki ar wydeba, aramed, TaviseburebaSi, rasac, plesneri pozicionalobas eZaxis. cocxals aqvs sazRvari, kidec imyofeba sxeulSi da gamoyofilicaa misgan. amaSi md-gomareobs pozicionalobis buneba. es yovel cocxals exeba.

cocxali garemos upirispirdeba da mimarTebaSia garkveul velTan. misi pozicionaloba Cans imaSi, rom, igi ubralod sagani ki ar aris, aramed arsebaa. sivrceSi adg-ils ki ar avsebs, aramed TviTon aqvs adgili. amiT, misi adgili sxva adgilebTan mimarTebaSia. cocxali rom moZravia, es aprioruladac sarwmunoa. misi yofierebis xerxi aris procesi. pozicionalur bunebas ekuTvnis is, rom, cocxali

xdeba, aris sakuTar Tavs gareT da mis SigniT. gadasvla ki aris qmnadoba, gadasvliT moixsneba sazRvari. gadasvla xdeba imaSic, rac TviTon ar aris da imaSic, rac Tavadaa. esaa organulis yofnis wesi. sazRvars gacdena da sazRvarSi CarCena erTdroulad xdeba. qmnadobaSi, procesSi isini er-Tiandebian. dgoma da gadasvla qmnadobis momentebia da maT sinTezis saxiT aerTianebs. es aris procesi. procesi rodia sicariele maT Soris, rac ukve aRar aris da rac jer ar aris. piriqiT, Seicavs gadasvlis konstants. cocxali pro-cesSia, is procesSi icvleba.

calke sagnis geStalti ki misi izolirebiT xdeba, rac Cans formis kanonis tipTan kavSiriT. es aris individi, romlis cnebac empiriulad ar miiReba.

cvlilebiT miiReba axali geStalti. sakuTar TavSi dgoma da sakuTari Tavis gareT gasvla erTiani procesia, oRond, wre ki ar miiReba, aramed winsvla. esaa ganviTareba. masSi aris harmonia momxdarsa da mosaxdens Soris. Tanxmoba ki miRweva formis ideiT. ganviTarebaSi myofs formis idea win aqvs. amis piroba cocxalis amosavali ara-mzadyofnaa. cocxali mza saxiT ar Cndeba, arc arsebobs. plesneri izi-arebs driSis azrs enteleqiaze. enteleqia, (causa finalis) miznisken swrafva, win uswrebs ganviTarebas. ganviTareba SeiZleba zrdiTa da diferencirebiT. magram ganviTareba bolos bunebrivi sikvdiliTac mTavrdeba.

sakuTari Tavis sakuTari Tavisagan gamoyofiT aris sxe-uli sakuTar TavSive, Tavis SigniT da gareT myofi. aseTi gansazRvrulobis gamo aqvs mas pozicionaluri xasiaTi.

cocxali mTelia. mas aqvs Suaguli, birTvi, magram, aqvs nawilebic, organoebic. mTeli gansazRvravs nawilebs da ara piriqiT. mTeli rodia am nawilTa jami, is yvela nawilSi imyofeba. cocxalis konstituciuri niSnebi, iyos Tavis ga-reTac da SigniTac anu misi pozicionaluri buneba gasagebs xdis imas, rom, drosa da sivrceSi imyofeba. metic, cocxalSi

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dro-sivrce erTianobas qmnis. cocxals aqvs organizacia. organizacia aris cocxalis

erTianobis TviTgaSualeba misi nawilebiT. mTeli ar aris aq nawilTa jami. is yovel nawilSi erTis saxiT vlindeba. nawili avlens mTels, mTeli gaSualebulia nawiliT. organo erTgvari dabrkolebaa sicocxlisa, raxan uSualo process aSualebs. magram, amave dros, am gaSualebiT emsaxureba kidec sicocxles.

avtori exeba sxva Tvisebebsac. Seguebas, gamravlebas, memkvidreobas da seleqcias. organuls aqvs safexurebi. es-enia: mcenaris, cxovelisa da adamianis safexurebi. mcenaresa da cxovels Soris Semdegi gansxvavebaa: mcenare Ria formaa sicocxlisa, cxoveli _ Caketili. es kompensaciis formebia. mcenare ufro dividia, cxoveli _ individi.

cxovels aqvs centri, Suaguli. masSi aris sxeulica da tanic. (Leib) es orgvari aspeqtia. sxeuli centrsac moicavs, tani ki dakavSirebulia centrTan. am orgvari aspeqtiT cxoveli distanciaze imyofeba sakuTari sxeulisagan, saku-Tari Tavisgan(Selbst). pozicia orgvaria: sxeulad yofna da sxeulSi yofna.

ramdenadac cxoveli aris, is mimarTebaSi dgas àq-axlasTan~. magram, cxovels es àq axla~ ar eZleva, yoveli cxoveli SesaZlebelia misi centriT. risTvisac, sakuTari sxeuli da ucxo Sinaarsia mocemuli. is garemos pirispir dgas. aRiqvams am dapirispirebas da reagirebs centridan, riTac spontanurad aqtivobs.

spontanuroba niSnavs Caketili formis pozicionalobis niSans. spontanur aqtSi, ki wanamZRvari arCevanis SesaZle-blobaa, raxan SesaZleblobaTa mTel siuxvesTan aqvs mas saqme.

cxovelisaTvis sagani aris garemoSi sensomotoruli funqciis wris korelati, agznebis wyaro. magram, aseT `sa-gnebs~ ar aqvT sagnobrivi buneba, radgan, isini rogorc grZnobebs, aseve cocxalis mTeli vitaluri sistemis mimarT

relatiurni rCebian. cxovels ki aqvs sagnis suraTi, aRiq-vams sagans, romelTa struqturasac misTvis motoruli mniSvneloba aqvs da Tavis qcevasTan mimarTebiT `cxoveli maTSi azrs debs~.

adamiani cnebas qmnis abstraqciiT, ideaciiT. es aris grZnobadisgan ganTavisufleba, cnebis CarCos sicarieleSi asvla, raxan, cxovels es negatiuri, sicariele ara aqvs, arc ZaluZs ideacia, cnebis Seqmna. zogadica da erTeulic icis mxolod adamianma.

cxovelis organizaciis sazRvrebi imaSia, rom individis-Tvis misi sakuTari yofiereba dafarulia, radgan, poziciona-luri centrisadmi mimarTeba ar gaaCnia. maSin roca, garemo da sakuTari sxeuli, romlebic mas eZlevian, pozicionaluri Suagulisadmi, absolutur aq-axla~ mimarTebaSi imyofebian. misi arseboba àq-axlaSi~ kidev erTxel raxan ar aris mimarTebaSi, amitom, SesaZlo mimarTebisTvis aRarc arsebobs ufro sapirispiro punqti. ramdenadac cxoveli aris, àq-axlaSi~, cxoveli cxovrobs misi Suagulidan, mis SuagulSi, magram ar cxovrobs, rogorc, TviTon es Suaguli. Sinaarsebi garemodan eZleva da sakuTar Tavs ar ganicdis.

sruli refleqsuroba cxovelis doneze ar arsebobs. mas centri uqmnis arsebobis sayrdens, magram, cxovels ar eZleva, refleqsuroba mxolod adamianis SesaZloblobaa.

cocxali Tavisi pozicionalobis centriT ganicdis da moqmedebs. magram ra pirobebia saWiro, rom, is mas kidec moeces? cxadia, Zireuli piroba, rom pozicionalobis cen-trs, romlis distanciazec sakuTari tanisadmi yoveli mocemulobis SeasaZlebloba devs, aqvs sakuTari Tavis dis-tancia. TviTon pozicionalobisadmi distanciis Txovnaa saWiro. mocemuloba vinmesTvis mocemulobas niSnavs. TviTon pozicionalobis centrisadmi distancia aris piroba misi mocemulobisa. es imas SeuZlia, visac yvelaferi eZleva. vinc àq-axlaSia~ Caketili, ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavisadmi

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distanciis qona. xedvis unari mxolod Tvals aqvs, Tvalis naxva ki isev Tvals SeuZlia. aseTia swored sakuTari Ta-visgan gamoyofili sicocxlis refleqsuroba. aqac cocxali àq-axlaSi~ cxovrobs. masac aqvs centri, magram, ukve misi arsebobis centraluroba cnobierdeba. mas aqvs sakuTari Tavi , icis sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, amCnevs sakuTar Tavs. dgeba ra sakuTari Tavis ùkan~, Sinaganobis Sekrebis wertilSi, xdeba mayurebeli, moZravi subieqtis polusi. am usasrulo refleqsiiT sakuTar Tavze, miiRweva garesamyaros, Sidasa-myarosa da cnobierebis dayofa.

visac ZaluZs distancia pozicionaluri centrisgan, mzeris mibruneba sakuTar Tavze, sakuTari Tavisagan dis-tancireba, massa da gancdas Soris Casvas naprali da iyos napralis orsave mxareze. es aris adamiani.(61,291)

adamianma, rogorc, cocxalma arsebam, Tavisi arsebobis SuagulSi mdgomma, icis es Suaguli, ganicdis mas da amitom, gadis kidec mis gareT. is ganicdis absolutur aq-axlasTan~ kavSirs, garemos mTel konvergencias, aseve sakuTari tanisas misi poziciis sapirispirod, ris gamoc, aRar aris masze mijaWvuli. ganicdis sakuTar ltolvebs, impulsebs, icis rodis aris maTze mijaWvuli, icis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, da SeuZlia SeebrZolos am damabrkolebel mxares.

cxovelis sicocxle aris centruli, adamianisa _ eqs-centruli. is eqscentrulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom, sakuTari centrulobis darRveva mainc ar SeuZlia.eqscentruloba aris adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli forma garemos pirispir misi frontaluri dgomisa. rogorc me, romelic mTel uku-mimarTvas, cocxali sistemis sakuTari Tavisadmi SesaZlebels xdis, adamiani dgas ara ubralod aq-axlaSi, aramed, ùkan~, sakuTari Tavis ukan, uadgilod , araraSi. is araraSi galxveba, droiT-sivrciT arsad-arasodes-Si.~ adamiani dgas sazRvarze da amitom, sakuTari Tavis miRma, romelsac, rogorc cocxali, sazRvravs da ganicdis, magram, ZaluZs ganicados Tavisive

gancdac. is xedavs sakuTar Tavs da Tavis xedvasac~ xedavs.adamiani aris naprali, raxan, cxovrobs, rogorc go-

nisa da sxeulis erTianoba. magram, erTianoba ar faravs am orgvar aspeqts da rodia momrigebeli mesame, xidi, romelic harmonias apirobebs. adamiani swored es napralia. sammagad daxasiaTebuli individi ki, iwodeba personad (Person). is subieqtia sakuTari gancdisa, aRqmisa da qcevisa, man icis da mas surs. personis arseboba ararazea dafuZnebuli.

magram, eqsistencialobiT araviTari organizaciis axali forma ar miiReba, ris gamoc, adamiani sxeulebrivad cxoveli rCeba. amitom, adamianis fizikur niSnebs, mxolod empiriuli Rirebuleba aqvT, adamiani ar aris dakavSirebuli raime gansazRvrul formasTan, is dakavSirebulia mxolod centralizebuli organizaciis formasTan, romelic misi eqscentrulobisTvis baziss iZleva.

ormag distanciaSi sakuTari sxeulisadmi, anu, Tavis centrSi, TviT-yofierebisgan gamoyofili adamiani imyofeba samyaroSi, romelic Seesatyviseba misi poziciis sammag bunebas _ gare-samyaroSi, Siga-samyaroSi da Tana-samyaroSi.

nivTebisagan Sevsebuli garemo iqceva sagnebiT avsebul gare-samyarod da sivrciT-droiT ganfenilobas avlens. masSi aris adamiani tanic, sferos SuagulSi. sadac, man icis ze-viT, qveviT, marjvniv, marcxniv da a.S. da sxeulic, romelsac maTematikur-fizikuri axsnis saSualebiT gavigebT. sxeuli da tani, Tumca, ar qmnian materialurad gaTiSul sistemebs, mainc ar Tanxvdebian. aseve, erTi da igive ar aris garemo da gare-samyaro.

sakuTari Tavisadmi distanciiis dros, adamians eZl-eva sakuTari Tavi, rogorc Sinagani samyaro. Sinagani aris gareganis sapirispiro tanisgan gamoyofili. xolo, rac Seexeba sxeuls, mkacri gagebiT, is arc ki unda iwodebodes garedmyofad. mxolod garemosTan, gare-samyaroSia CarTuli gareT myofi samyaro. ase Seesatyviseba, sapirispiro azriT,

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mas Siga samyaro anu samyaro ` tan~-Si, is, rac TviTon aris cocxali. masSic aris orgvari aspeqti. eqscentrulobis kanoni misi arsebobis orgvar aspeqts gansazRvravs rogorc cnobierebas da gancdas.

eqscentruloba, romelsac, gare samyaro (buneba) da Siga samyaro (goni) eyrdnobian, gansazRvravs, rom individma sakuTar TavSi individualuri~ da zogadi~ me unda ganasx-vavos. sakuTari me-s eqscentruli poziciis formiT, adamians garantirebulad eZleva Tana-samyaros realoba. Tanasamyaros elementebi, personebi specifikur substrats ar iZlevian, romelic materialurad gare da Siga samyaros aRemateba. misi Tavisebureba aris cocxloba umaRles, eqscentrul for-maSi. Tanasamyaro aris sxva pirTa samyaro. masSi pirovnebis goniTi buneba eyrdnoba sakuTari me-s Cven-formas.

Cven-forma fiqciaa, igi aris pirovnebis Sinagani arse-boba, cnobiereba ki _ pirovnuli arsebobis eqscentrulobiT ganpirobebuli aspeqti, raSic, samyaro aris mocemuli. goni piriqiT, sakuTari poziciis formiT Seqmnili, arsebuli sferoa da ar qmnis realobas, magram mainc realizdeba Tana-samyaroSi, sadac, Tundac, erTi adamiani arsebobdes.

realuria Tana-samyaro maSinac, roca, erTaderTi adamiania am qveynad, raxan, is eqscentruli poziciis formiT garan-tirebul sferos qmnis, romelic pirvel, meore, mesame pirSi, yoveli gamoyofisas erTs da mravals ZirSi moaTavsebs. ase aris is wminda `Cven~ Tu goni. raxan, adamiani aseve aris goni. mas aqvs goni. imdenad, ramdenadac, adamiani cocxalia da cocxlobs. goni aris sfero, romlis ZaliTac, Cven rogorc pirni (pirovnebani) vcxovrobT, swored, imitom, rom, Cveni poziciis formas Semoinaxavs. goni arc inteleqtia da arc cnobiereba, aramed, wanamZRvari sinamdvilis konstituciisa, romelic, mxolod maSin adgens da axorcielebs sinamdviles, roca, misi kostituciis principebisagan damoukideblad, cnobierebis aspeqtSi sakuTari Tavis makonstruirebeli

rCeba. swored, cnobierebisgan gadaxriT asrulebs eqscen-truli sferos kanons. is aris subieqt-obieqti, adamianis TviTSemecnebis garantia. amitom, ar aris marTali hegeli, roca, subieqtur-obieqtur da absolutur gonze msjelobda. goni subieqt-obieqturobis mimarT neitraluria. goni, mx-olod, adamianis eqscentruli poziciis formasTan erTad mocemuli sferoa. sakuTari Tavisa da gare samyaros obieq-tivaciis SesaZlebloba gons eyrdnoba. goni obieqtivirebis wanamZRvaria.

rac Seexeba Tana-arsebobas, is unda gavigoT Cveulebrivi azriT, rogorc, socialuri garemo. cxovels ara Tu Tana-sa-myaro, Tana-arsebobac ara aqvs. misi organizaciis forma aris koncentruli, ara eqscentruli, ris gamoc, Tana-mimarTebaSi poziciis gaSla ar ZaluZs.

cxoveli cxovrobs uSualod, adamianisaTvis ki codna is faqtori aRmoCnda, romelmac masSi uSualoba mospo. is xedavs sakuTar siSiSvles da cdilobs xelovnuri sagnebis meSveobiT icxovros. adamiani aris maSin, roca, cxovrebas eweva, marTavs Tavis cxovrebas. is xarvezs Seivsebs ara bune-brivi gziT, aramed, xelovnuriT. amitom aris adamiani bunebiT `xelovnuri~. ori aspeqtis mqonem, wonasworoba darRveulma unda moaxerxos `raimed iqces~, aRadginos wonasworoba. swored eqscentruloba ubiZgebs aqeTken. amis gamo qmnis adamiani iaraRsa da kulturas.

kulturis Sesaxeb bevri Teoria arsebobs. zogi mas RmerTis nebas miawers, fsiqoanalizi, daTrgunvili ltol-vis kompensaciis saWiroebiT xsnis, nicSe-Zalauflebisadmi swrafviT, plesneris azriT, kultura aRmocendeba mxolod winaswar mocemuli sicocxlis formidan, romelic, adamians aqvs. eqscentruloba, eqsistenciis forma, wonasworobis Zieba, swrafva imisken, rom, rac aris, imaze meti iyos, ZiriTadi `stimulia~ kulturis Seqmnisa.

xelovnuroba adamianis bunebaa, misi arsis Sesatyvisi.

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adamianis yvela qcevas, mdgomareobas, Semoqmedebis produqts Tan sdevs xelovnuroba. xelovnuri samyaros SeqniT modis adamiani sakuTar TavTan SesabamisobaSi. bunebaze aRmatebul sferoSi moipovebs is meore samSoblos.

konfliqti bunebasa da gons Soris, arssa da jerarss Soris, determinaciasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, mudam Tan dayveba adamians. es konfliqti qmnis adamianis arsebobis wess.

adamianma unda Seqmnas, rom iarsebos. misi zneoba, TuDZa-lauflebisadmi swrafva, aris sicocxlis TviTdadgena. ma-gram, ise ar gavigoT, TiTqos cxoveli uSualod arsebobs da adamiani gaSualebulad. zogjer adamianic uSualod arsebobaa, oRond, man icis am uSualobis Sesaxeb, rac aris kidec gaSualeba.

maSasadame, plesneris TvalsazrisiT, adamianis arsi gansakuTrebiT naTlad vlindeba eqscentrulobaSi. eqscen-trulobis ZaliT, adamiani sakuTar Tavs ganicdis rogorc pirovnebas. Tavis garemos aRiqvams rogorc sagnobrivs. in-dividi, rogorc pirovneba, wers plesneri: `subieqtia Tavisi gancdis, aqciis, iniciativis. man icis, mas surs. misi arseboba dgas ararsis winaSe (61,85).

amitomaa ZiriTadi cneba adamianis gagebisaTvis ple-snerTan eqscentrulobaa. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom, eqscen-trulobis cneba, metad gadatvirTulia SinaarsiT. is ada-mianis yofierebis wesicaa, kulturis Seqmnis pirobac, da SeiZleba ubralod, adamianis erT-erT Tvisebadac gavigoT. Tu mxolod vitalobis sferoTi SemovifarglebiT, gonsa da sxeuls Soris maradiuli ufskruli iarsebebs. maT So-ris mourigebloba da wonasworobis aRdgenis mudmivi cda plesneris Tvalsazriss biologistur Teoriad darCenis saSiSroebas uqadis.

plesnerisaTvis, adamiani samyarosTvis `Ria, gaxsnili arsebaa~. igi ar aris damokidebuli garemoze. misi qcevebi, garemosTan mimarTebebi aSkarad adamianuria (plesneri spe-

cialur Sromasac ki dawers sicili da tirili~, romelic am problemas exeba). sicili da tirili, plesneris Tanaxmad, adamianis sxeulis gamosaxulebaa. rogorc, gamosaxulebis garkveuli saxe, saerToa adamiansa da cxovels Soris. cxovelic gamoxatavs Tavis Sinagan mdgomareobas, Sinagans gareganSi, magram, sicili da tirili mxolod adamians Seu-Zlia. am fenomenis safuZvelSi myofi eqscentruli mimarTeba subieqtisa Tavis `gareganTan~ cxovelebTan ar gvxvdeba.

e.i. eqscentruloba plesnerisaTvis, pirvel yovlisa, aris damokidebuleba sakuTari arsebobisadmi. eqscentrulo-biT inarCunebs adamiani wonasworobas. igi aris mimarTeba mimarTebebisadmi. pirovnuli èqscentri~, romlis meSveo-biTac adamiani Seimecnebs samyaros, sagnebs, sakuTar sxeuls, sakuTar gancdebs plesnerisaTvis aris `me~, romelsac aqvs gasagnebis da wonasworobis unari.

amitom aris adamiani plesnerisaTvis `Ria arseba~. igi principulad uaryofs adamianis bunebis yovelgvar Teoriul fiqsacias, mis gaazrebas ara istoriulad. adamiani, plesneris mier, gaigeba TviTSeqmniT da SemoqmedebiT. igi aris Zala da centri SemoqmedebiTi qmnadobisa.

Tumca, mis TvalsazrisSi bolomde naTeli ar aris Tu sadaa meTodologiur ganwyobasa da adamianis konkretul specifikur gamovlenas Soris sazRvari. bolos da bolos, adamianis damfuZnebeli principia èqscentrulobis~ cneba, romelic, aranaklebi normatiuli principia, vidre, Seleris goni. plesnerTan, miuxedavad misi didi survilisa, ar Cans araviTari sxva principi, romelic, adamianis, rogorc organu-li mTelis~ axsnas SeZlebda. adamianis eqscentruloba~ mx-olod specifikuri formaa misi qcevisa. saboloo angariSiT, igi saerTo filosofiuri principia, radgan, universaluria. miTumetes Tu gavixsenebT imasac, rogori gulmodginebiT akritikebda plesneri biologistur, bihevioristul tenden-ciebs adamianis arsis gasagebad. aseve, misTvis Seuwynarebeli

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iyo evolucionisturi kocefcia, romlis mixedviTac, adamiani gaiazreba, rogorc, umaRlesi safexuri organuli samyaros ganviTarebisa.

yvelaze didi mniSvneloba plesneris Tvalsazrisisa, Cemi azriT, meTodologiur principSia, im azris naTelyofaSi, rom, adamianis arsis wvdoma `Ria sakiTxia~. aseTi midgomiT gamoricxulia imis saWiroeba, raTa Seiqmnas erTaderTi zogad filosofiuri Rirebulebis pretenziis mqone koncefcia adamianis Sesaxeb. Tumca amiT filosofiuri anTropologia ar Tavisufldeba imisagan, rom, ar ikvlios adamianis arsis problema.

IV. a.geleni _ adamiani rogorc `naklovani~

da moqmedi arseba

arnold geleni daibada laifcigSi 1904 wels. misi saxeli cnobili gaxda 36 wlis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli Tx-zulebis wyalobiT. wignis saxelwodebaa adamiani, misi buneba da adgili samyaroSi~. gelenis kalams ekuTvnis agreTve, `namdvili da sinamdviles moklebuli goni~ da Tavisuflebis problemisadmi miZRvnili Txzuleba `nebis Tavisuflebis Teoria~. pirveli daibeWda 1931 wels, xolo, meore 1933 wels. mogvianebiT gamoqveynebul werilebSi `cdis cnebis Sesaxeb~(1936w.) da `Sopenhaueris rezultatebi~, igrZnoba inglisuri empirizmisa da amerikuli pragmatizmis didi gavlena. 1940 wlidan profesoria ienis universitetSi, 1947 wlidan ki SpeierSi. 1942 wels wers werils, anTro-pologiis sistematizaciis Sesaxeb~, romelSic mokled gad-mocemulia misi anTropologiuri Tvalsazrisi. 1961 wels gamosca wigni sociologiis da anTropologiis narkvevebi~, 1969 wels `morali da hipermorali~. gardaicvala 1976 wels hamburgSi.

a.gelenis TvalsazrisiT, adamiani arasrulyofili, nak-

lovani arsebaa. igi jer kidev ar aris gansazRvruli~. fi-losofiuri anTropologiis amocanaa adamianis specifikuri arsis kvleva. Tanac, es mizani ise unda iqnes miRweuli, rom, gaTvaliswinebuli iyos ZiriTadi moTxovna _ filosofiuri anTropologia mecnierebaa da ara rwmena.

Tavisi Sromis, ànTropologiis sistematizaciis Ses-axeb~, SesavalSi geleni aRniSnavs: `Tu gvinda filosofiaSi davinaxoT mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb, maSin mis upirveles miznad iseve rogorc saerTod mecnierebisa, unda davsaxoT Sedegis miReba. Cveni amosavali unda iyos debuleba _ mec-niereba adamianis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia~(20,156).

yoveli mecniereba a.gelenis TvalsazrisiT, wamoayenebs hipoTezebs, romlebic mtkicdeba faqtebiT. mecnierebam Tavisi cnebebi unda Seadginos faqtebis safuZvelze da ara piriqiT _ cnebis Sesabamisad gamoiyvanos faqtebi. filosofiuri anTropologia ar unda iyos metafizika, unda eyrdnobodes cdas, momxdar situaciebs. mxolod, am SemTxvevaSi iqneba is mecniereba.

avtors aseve kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, rom, fi-losofiuri anTropologia filosofiuri mecnierebaa. is filosofiuria e.i. Tuki Cven ganvixilavT adamianis calkeul niSnebs an Tvisebebs _ specifikurad adamianurs am gziT ver vipoviT. adamians, cxadia aqvs sxeulis Taviseburi aRnagoba, magram, anTropoidebic savsebiT msgavsi aRnagobis mqoneni arian. arseboben cxovelebi, romlebic ageben xelovnur sacxovreblebs an sxvebTan erTad cxovroben. gavixsenoT WianWvelebi, Taxvebi, spiloebi an kioleris cdebi SimpanzeTa inteleqtis gamosakvlevad (22,18).

Tu adamianis Sesaxeb ar gvaqvs zogadi, mTliani e.i. filosofiuri Tvalsazrisi, maSin anTropologia iqneba biologiuri, zoologiis bolo Tavi da ar iarsebebs da-moukidebeli anTropologia. e.i. arc adamians ar eqneba specifikuri arsebobis wesi.

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a.gelenis filosofiuri koncefcia mimarTulia adamianis naturalisturi gagebis winaaRmdeg. mas miaCnia, rom, adamiani ganxiluli unda iqnes, rogorc anTropo-biologiuri arseba, romelic win wamowevs sxeulis Taviseburebas, magram, aseve mniSvnelovania adamianSi moqmedi yvela Zala sxeulebrivi Tu goniTi anTropologiuri TvalsazrisisaTvis.

filosofiuri anTropologia, romelic anTropo-biolo-giuri TvalsazrisiT xelmZRvanelobs, ganixilavs adamianis yvela ZiriTad niSans, gamarTuli siaruliT dawyebuli, mo-raliT damTavrebuli. es niSnebi qmnian sistemas. mizezis sakiTxi aq gamoricxulia, mizezobrivi kavSiri adamianis ZiriTad niSnebs Soris ar arsebobs. inteleqti ar aris enis mizezi, gamarTuli siaruli ar aris inteleqtis mizezi an piriqiT. mizezobriobis princips adamianis ZiriTad niSnebs Soris cvlis sxvagvari formulireba: A-s gareSe ar aris B, B-s gareSe C, C-s gareSe D, da a.S. roca wre ikvreba da iTqmis, rom D-s gareSe ar arsebobs A. P gansaxilveli sistema dasrulebulia, Tanac, metafizikis `mizezobriobas~ eTqmeba àra~. totaluri gageba miRweulia, Tundac erTi `mizezis~, metafizikuri daSvebis gareSe. (20,165)

gelenis Tanaxmad, adamiani `rogorc aseTi~, rogorc mTeli, ar aris bunebasTan cxoveliviT Seguebuli. cxoveli specializebulia, grZnobis organoebi garemo pirobebis Sesa-bamisi aqvs da amCneves mxolod imas, rac, sicocxlis Senar-Cunebas, vitalobas emsaxureba. mas instinqtebi karnaxoben Tu rogor unda moiqces garkveul situaciaSi.

avtori ixsenebs herders, romelic jer kidev XVIII

saukuneSi werda cxovelTa sferoze, dRevandeli terminiT _ garemoze.

a.gelens Tavis wignSi mohyavs iakob iqsqiulis erTi magaliTi, romelic, kargad aCvenebs, rom, samyaro cxovelisaT-vis viwrovdeba da garemos saxes iRebs. tkipas ar aqvs mxedveloba da smena. aqvs mxolod, sinaTlis, ynosvis da temperaturis SegrZneba. tkipa zedapiris meSveobiT grZnobs sinaTles, Tbilsisxliani cxovelis moaxloebas _ ynosviT. is eufleba Tavis msxverpls, temperaturis SegrZnebis saSu-alebiT. poulobs bewviT naklebad dafarul adgils da a.S.

Zneli SesamCnevi araa, rom, cxovelebi gacilebiT ukeT arian Seguebulni garemos, vidre adamianebi. cxovelebs ar esaWiroebaT tanisamosi, bunebam ìzruna~ maTze da misca bewvi. cxoveli mdidaria instinqtebiT, rTul situaciaSi Cavardnils Tandayolili instinqti karnaxobs gamosavals. yovel cxovels aqvs sruliad garkveuli funqciis Semsrule-beli, Tavisi garemos Sesatyvisi _ specializebuli organo. magaliTad, xeze mcxovreb maimunebs aqvT uaRresad ganviTa-rebuli kidurebi. isini advilad cocaven xeebze, marjved gadadian totidan totze, Tavdacvisa da TavdasxmisaTvis iyeneben torebs, aqvT basri kbilebi da a.S. am mxriv, adamiani CamorCeba nebismier cxovels, radgan, nakleb specializebulia.

Tavisi koncefciis Seqmnisas, geleni upirispirdeba or Tvalsazriss: erTi mxriv im moZRvrebebs, romlebic adamianis arsebis gagebas cdiloben RmerTis cnebis moSveliebiT, xolo meore mxriv, moZRvrebebs, romelTac am problemis gadawyvetis gasaRebi cxovelis cnebaSi egulebaT.

fundamentur TxzulebaSi, àdamiani misi buneba da ad-gili samyaroSi~, geleni mesame gzas irCevs. adamiani aRiwereba da ganimarteba, mxolod, adamianis yofierebis gamomxatveli cnebebiT. adamiani bunebis sruliad Taviseburi produqtia, misi yofiereba arsebobisagan gansxvavebulia. amitom, gelenis azriT, misi Seswavlisas ar SeiZleba Teologiis an biolo-

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giis Tvalsazrisze dgoma. es Seswavla, Sromis avtoris azriT, unda eyrdnobodes cdas, faqtebs,procesebs, romlebic yvelasTvis misawvdomia da Semowmebadi, e.i. iyos mecnieruli da ara metafizikuri, magram, swored filosofiuri _ ada-mianis mTlianobas unda exebodes.

geleni adarebs erTmaneTs cxovelsa da adamians. cxoveli morgebulia Tavis garemosTan. mgels aqvs Tavisi specifikuri garemo, Tevzs _ Tavisi, frinvels Tavisi da a.S. roca, cxovelis winaSe raime amocana dgeba, Tandayolili instinqtis meSveobiT gadawyvets mas. cxovelis organoebi im specifikuri garemos Sesatyvisia, sadac binadrobs. tkipa ver gaZlebs okeanis siRrmeSi, Tevzi – mTis kalTebze. tki-pas an Tevzs aqvT specializebuli organoebi, romlebic, maT saSualebas aZleven iarsebon TavianT garemoSi. yovel cxovels aqvs yvelaferi is, rac garemoSi arsebobas uzrunve-lyofs. amitom, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom, cxoveli dasrulebuli, Camoyalibebuli arsebaa. misTvis damRupvelia ucxo garemo. cxoveli ar aris elastikuri arseba. misi instinqtebi, spe-cializebuli organoebi ar icvlebian.

cxovelisagan savsebiT gansxvavebulia adamiani. am gan-sxvavebas gelenis azriT, kargad gamoxatavs fridrix nicSes erTerTi daxasiaTeba. nicSem Tavis TxzulebaSi, sikeTisa da borotebis miRma~, adamians uwoda `jer kidev daudgeneli cxoveli~. gelens moswons nicSes gamoTqma. jer erTi, ar dadgenila ra aris adamiani, meore _ arseba _ adamiani ara-sodes ar aris dasrulebuli, Camoyalibebuli, SeCerebuli~. adamians ar aqvs specifikuri garemo, mis amocanebs buneba, sakuTari sxeulebrivi meqanizmebi ver wyvets. is ar aris bolomde gansazRvruli mocemuloba.

adamiani Raribia instinqtebiT, mas ar aqvs specilize-buli organoebi, mag. adamianis ybis struqtura ar iZleva pasuxs Tu riT ikvebeba, mcenareuliT Tu xorceuliT. adamians ar aqvs bewvis safari, romelic sicivisagan daicavda. ar aqvs

gare zemoqmedebisagan Tavdasacavi saSualeba, vTqvaT javSani. arc swrafad gadaadgilebisaTvis aucilebeli Zlieri fexebi. ar aqvs ieriSis misatanad gamosadegi xelebi an kbilebi. ar axasiaTebs grZnobaTa organoebis simZafre, daxvewiloba. e.i. cxovelTan SedarebiT, igi TiTqmis ganiaraRebulia bunebrivi monacemebiT.

am wanamZRvrebidan gelens gamoaqvs erTaderTi daskvna. adamiani naklovani arsebaa. geleni ixsenebs, rom, jer kidev herderi werda adamianis naklovanebis Sesaxeb. herderis azriT, adamiani ar aris unaklo manqana, maSasadame, naklovani bunebrivi arsebaa. es nakli unda daiZlios. saSualeba ra Tqma unda buneba ver iqneba. rCeba erTi gamosavali, nakli Tavad adamianma unda daZlios. adamiani Riaa samyaros mimarT. man sakuTari Tavi unda dasaxos amocanad da iseTad gadaiqces, rom, cxovreba SeZlos (man unda Seqmnas Tavisi samyaro). adamians moqmedeba Wirdeba, sxvagvarad, ganadgureba elis. adamiani moqmedi arsebaa, esaa gelenis moZRvrebis erTerTi mTavari qvakuTxedi.

swored, adamianis yofierebis naklovanebasa da am nak-lovanebebis damZlev gegmazomier moqmedebaSi, romlis Sedegia sinamdvilis Secvla _ kultura, xedavs geleni adamianis yofierebis Taviseburebas.

axla vikiTxoT. aris Tu ara adamiani naklovani arseba, rogorc amas gelenis koncefcia amtkicebs? uaryofiTi pasuxi am kiTxvaze naTeli iqneba Tu adamians mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT, Tu Cvens winaSe warmosdgeba adamiani, rogorc mTeli da ara misi romelime nawilis struqtura.

adamiani cxovelisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom, misi struq-tura yvelaze maRali elementis saxiT Seicavs gons _ in-teleqtualur aqtTa, nebis aqtTa, grZnobaTa erTobliobas. gonis mqone arsebas instinqtebis siRaribe da specializebul organoTa ganuviTarebloba bevrs verafers aklebs. ufro metic, isini adamians, garkveuli azriT, xelsac ki SeuSlidnen.

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swored, is faqti, rom adamians ar aqvs gansazRvruli erTad-erTi funqciis Semsrulebeli specializebuli organoebi, ar aqvs ganviTarebuli instinqtTa meqanizmi, amis wyalobiT, SeuZlia Tavi daaRwios bunebriv yofas da imoqmedos TviTon, Tavisi gonebis Tavisufali arCevanis mixedviT.

mivmarToT magaliTs: adamianma sakuTari gonebis daxmare-biT moaxerxa iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, rom, SeuZlia iarsebos nebismier garemoSi: xmeleTzec, wyalSic, haerSic, cxel da civ garemoSic, tyeSic, velzec, miwisqveSac, mTebzec. speciali-zebuli organoebiT SeiaraRebuli instinqtebiT mdidari cxoveli aseTi plastikuri ver iqneboda. cxoveli iRupeba, roca, misi garemo icvleba, adamiani ki egueba da iguebs Ta-vis garSemo arsebul sinamdviles. amis saSualebas iZleva goni, romelsac SeuZlia moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad Seqmnas arabunebrivi, xelovnuri samyaro (garemo).

cxadia, goni sxeulis naklTa kompensaciis mizniT ar warmoSobila. naklovani sxeulis mqone arseba veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver iarsebebda. goni Tavidanve arsebobda, rogorc, adamianis erT erTi ZiriTadi unari. marTalia, Tavdapirvelad, is naklebad iyo ganviTarebuli, magram, SeuZlebelia adamianis arseboba gonis gareSe, Tundac, goni primitiuli iyos. ada-mianis gonis siZlieris fonze uferuldeba da mniSvnelobas kargavs specializebul organoTa arseboba da instinqtis simdidre. Tu cxoveli Raribia instinqtebiT da moklebulia specializebul organoebs, is naklovania, magram, adamiani am unarebis gareSe, gonis arsebobis gamo, sruliadac ar aris `naklovani arseba~, swored, gonis arseboba avlens adamia-nis yofierebis Taviseburebas, mis upiratesobas cxovelTa samyaros mimarT.

a.gelenis debuleba _ adamianis naklovanebis Sesaxeb, gamarTlebas ipovis, Tu adamiani mxolod cxovelis sxeulia, romelsac emateba goni, goneba, azrovneba. tradiciulad, marT-lac ase iyo warmodgenili. adamiani aris cxovelis biolo-

giis mqone arseba, romelsac, daerTvis axali fenomeni _ goni. Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisebi am debulebis sawinaaRmdegoa. irkveva, rom, ukve adamianis sxeuli ar SeiZleba gavuigivoT cxovelis sxeuls, adamianis Tavisebureba mxolod imaSi ki ar mJRavndeba, rom, mas aqvs goni. adamians ukve sxeuli aqvs Taviseburi. arsebaa, romelsac aqvs sxeuli da goni. sxeulic goniT gansazRvruli specifikur adamianuri aqvs. goni da sxeuli mWidro kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan: gonis organizaciis rogorobas, Seesabameba sxeulis organizaciis mkacri rogoroba da piriqiT. amitom, rac, cxovelis sxe-ulis mqone arsebisaTvis naklia, adamianis sxeulisaTvis sruliadac araa nakli.

moviyvanT erT magaliTs: Sveicariel mecniers, a.portmans ar miaCnia naklad, rom, adamiani ubewvoa. man kargad icis tradiciuli Sexeduleba, romelic, adamianis siSiSvles naklad aRiqvams da am Tvalsazriss ar iziarebs. SiSveli kani aRqmis, Semecnebis damatebiTi iaraRia. bewvi SeuSlida adamians samyaros saganTa SegrZnebas, aTvisebas. amitom, bewvis ararseboba naklad ki ar unda CaiTvalos, aramed, adamianis biologiis, sxeulis Taviseburebad, romelic, adamians upi-ratesobas aZlevs cxovelTan SedarebiT.

a.portmanma yuradReba miaqcia adamianis biologiis sxva Taviseburebebsac. axladdabadebuli adamiani usus-uria, umweoa. saWiroebs gansakuTrebul movla-patronobas. a.portmanis azriT, es unda aixsnas imiT, rom, adamiani droze adre ibadeba. sxva ZuZumwovrebs biologiuri funqciebi ukve dedis sxeulSi uyalibdebaT. es viTareba aZlevs maT saSuale-bas, axaldabadebulni advilad da swrafad Seeguon garemos da minimaluri daxmarebiT SeZlon sicocxlis gagrZeleba. sul sxvgvaria adamianis specifika. adamianis funqciebi ver aswreben srulqmnas dedis sxeulSi. adamiani Camoyalibdeba, mxolod, adamianTa garemoSi aRzrdis Sedegad, kulturis SigniT. amitomaa, rom, igi ufro plastikuria, vidre sxva

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cxoveli. es viTareba, a.portmanis Tanaxmad, gansazRvravs adamianis gansakuTrebul adgils cxovelTa samyaroSi.

adamiani ibadeba sami ZiriTadi SesaZlebeli unariT. es-enia: gamarTuli siaruli, metyveleba da gonieri moqmedeba. axaldabadebul adamians aqvs or kidurze dgomis SesaZle-bloba, mxolod, igi unda aRizardos kulturis garemoSi, sxva adamianTa Soris. Tu adamiani dabadebidanve moxvda sxva ara-goniT garemoSi, magaliTad, mgelTa Soris, maSin gamoricxulia, rom, SeZlos vertikalurad dgoma. aseT situaciaSi, adamiani oTx kidurze siaruls swavlobs. gamarTuli mdgomareoba adamianisaTvis mibaZvis, swavlebis Sedegia, xelovnuri unaria. radgan, adamianis organoebi Camouyalibebelia, mas daswavlisa da aRzrdisaTvis meti dro esaWiroeba, vidre cxovels.

adamiani ibadeba sxva unariTac. esaa metyveleba. cxoveli gamoscems bgerebs, magram, arasodes ar iyenebs sityvas, rogorc niSans. cxovelebs ar aqvT ena. ena, metyveleba wminda adami-anuri unaria. adamiani eufleba enas, adamianur tradiciebs, romelic kulturis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementia.

portmanis azriT, dedis sxeulSive viTardeba SesaZle-bloba mesame unaris _ gonieri moqmedebisa. cxoveli mi-jaWvulia Tavis garemoze, adamiani ki obieqtad aqcevs gare samyarosa da sakuTar Tavs, aqvs distancirebis unari. iaraRs iyenebs, rogorc Simpanze aseve adamiani, magram, erTi da igive iaraRis gamoyeneba, gonieri moxmareba sxvadasxva situaciaSi, mxolod, distancirebis unaris mqone adamians ZaluZs.

e.i. Zalze didia goniTi faqtoris gavlena adamianis sxeulis ganviTarebaze. a.portmanis ZiriTadi Tezisi swored isaa, rom, adamiani adamianuria, specifikuria, yvela ZuZumwovri-sagan gansxvavebulia. adamiani, aRniSnavs portmani, sicocx-lis sruliad gansakuTrebuli formaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom, adamianSi SeiZleba vipovoT mravali niSan-Tviseba, romelic, mas Zlier amsgavsebs cxovels. adamiani struqturirdeba sruliad Taviseburad. adamianis biologiaSi aucileblad

vxedavT arabiologiur sawyisebsac. adamianis gageba mxolod wminda biologiuri gziT SeuZlebelia.

adamiani _ goniTi arseba _ kontaqtSia sxva adamianebTan. radgan, kulturis garemoSi ibadeba, swavlobs, aRizrdeba, eufleba tradiciebs, ganicdis socializacias. igi simwifes aRwevs maSin roca, kulturis arsebul dones gaiTavisebs. adamiani istoriuli arsebaa da sruyofisaTvis Wirdeba adamianuri samyaros aTviseba. es samyaro ki biologiuri memkvidreobiT ar miiReba.

axladdabadebuli cxovelebi, fiqrobs a.portmani, fr-invelebis analogiurad ori tipisaa: budeSi myofi da budi-dan gaqceuli. budeSi myofni is cxovelebi arian, romlebsac, naklebad aqvT ganviTarebuli specialuri organoebi, tvini. es naklovaneba budeSive unda moixsnas. aseTebi arian, magali-Tad, kodala, mgalobeli frinvelebi, kverna, mRrnelebi, mwerTa mWamelebi. maTi grZnobis organoebi dabadebisTanave ar moq-medeben. budidan gaqceulebi ufro kargad arian Seguebulni Tavis garemos. maT bude ar esaWiroebaT. aseTebia, magaliTad, qaTami, ixvi, maimuni, Cliqiani cxovelebi, Jirafi, veSapi, se-lapi. isini male toveben dedis wiaRs (budes), radgan aqvT specializebuli aRnagoba an maRal organizebuli _ tvini.

romel kategorias ekuTvnis adamiani _ budeSi myofia is, Tu budidan gaqceuli? adamianze ver vityviT, rom, budi-dan gaqceulia, radgan igi ususuria. is dabadebisTanave ar aris mzad damoukidebeli arsebobisaTvis, magram, gansxvavdeba budeSi myofTagan, amitom, mas SeiZleba vuwodoT ara pirve-ladi, aramed, `meoradi budeSi myofi~.

axla ismeba kiTxva: rogor inarCunebs arsebobas es naklovani, biologiurad Seuguebeli arseba? f.Sileri Ta-vis werilSi, `graciasa da Rirsebis Sesaxeb,~ werda, rom, `buneba cxovelsa da mcenares ara mxolod aZlevs daniS-nulebas, aramed, Tavadve asrulebs mas. adamians ki is aZlevs daniSnulebas da Tavad adamians akisrebs misi Sesrulebis

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movaleobas.~(iqve gv. 32)a.gelens mohyavs herderis mosazrebac. adamiani, aRniSnavs

herderi, aRar aris bunebis xelSi arsebuli manqana, misi mizania sakuTari Tavis gardaqmna. a.gelenis azriT, adamiani, naklis mqone arseba, moklebuli iqneboda yofierebas, ver gardaqmnida sakuTar Tavs, rom ar yofiliyo moqmedi, moRvawe arseba. savsebiT sworia a.mani, roca ambobs, adamianis gele-niseuli gagebis centraluri cnebaa `moRvaweoba~.

ra aris moRvaweoba? am kiTxvaze a.geleni zustsa da amomwurav pasuxs iZleva. anTropologiis sistematizaciaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `moRvaweoba unda gvesmodes rogorc sinamd-vilis windaxeduli, winaswar gansazRvruli, gegmiani cvli-leba, xolo, amgvarad Secvlil an axladSeqmnil `faqtebis erTobliobas, amisaTvis aucilebel saSualebebTan erTad . . . unda ewodebodes kultura.~(20,160) moRvaweobas a.geleni ganixilavs, rogorc adamianis arsebiT niSans. Tu visurvebT adamianis gansazRvrebas unda vTqvaT, rom, is aris `moRvawe arseba~.

cxoveli cxovrobs Tavis garemoSi, da myar kavSirSia bunebasTan, buneba instinqtebis meSveobiT ukafavs gzas cxovelis yovel saxeobas. moRvaweoba niSnavs imas, rom, adamiani bunebisagan gamoyofilia, distancias ikavebs mis mimarT. `jer kidev Camouyalibebeli cxovelis winaSe dgeba amocana gaarkvios sakuTari Tavi, amisaTvis, mas unda hqondes garkveuli pozicia sakuTari Tavis mimarT, moRvaweoba, ro-melic, gelenis mixedviT, gareT mimarTuli poziciis aqtebia. rogorc moumzadebeli, Seuqmneli~ is eqvemdebareba discip-linas, romelic garkveul saxes aZlevs mas: is aris riskiani arseba, win iyureba, cxoveliviT mibmuli ki ar aris awmyoze, aramed zrunavs xvalindel dRezec. (20,164)

moqmedeba,moRvaweoba gulisxmobs qcevas, da adamianis biologiur naklovanebebs Seavsebs imiT, rom, bunebisadmi mis uaryofiT, Seuguebel mimarTebas dadebiTad Secvlis. es

miiRweva moRvaweobis Sedegad Seqmnili kulturis wyalo-biT. esaa erToblioba adamianis mier gardaqmnili sagnebisa, `meore buneba~, romelSic cxovrobs adamiani. cxoveli cxov-robs garemoSi, adamiani ki kulturis sferoSi. im rols, romelsac, cxovelisaTvis garemo asrulebs, adamianisaTvis kultura warmoadgens. arsebiTad mcdaria _ wers geleni _ laparaki adamianis garemoze biologiuri azriT. adamianTan misi aRnagobis araspecializebulobas Seesabameba samyaros Riaoba, mis fizikur uunarobas adamianis mier agebuli meore buneba~(20,164) radgan, adamians ara aqvs Tavisi specifi-kuri garemo, ar aris mibmuli Tavisi organoebiT romeliRac erT ubanze, is plastikuria, SeuZlia icxovros nebismier adgilze: polusze, ekvatorze, tyeSi, wyalze, miwaze, xeobaSi, mTaSi, stepebSi da a.S.

filosofiaSi, ZvelTaganve arsebobda moZRvreba, romelic, adamians ori gansxvavebuli modusis_ sxeulisa da sulis _ gaerTianebad Tvlida. sxeuli miCneuli iyo materialur, ganfenil substanciad. am ori, urTierTgansxvavebuli sawyisis gaerTianeba mudam problema iyo. sxeulisa da sulis du-alizms zogjer sxeulis an sulis monizms upirispirebdnen, magram, es cdebi unayofo aRmoCnda.

axal droSi, dualisturi pozicia daikava me-17 saukunis didma filosofosma dekartma. man aRiara ori substancia: azrovneba da ganfeniloba, suli da sxeuli. filosofosTa mTeli Taobebi ikvlevdnen am problemas.

cxadia, a. gelensac aiteresebs aRniSnuli sakiTxi. mis SromebSi, am kuTxiTaa gakritikebuli m.Seleri. sqema, ro-melic, jer kidev aristoteles mier iqna Seqmnili, Seler-Tanac meordeba garkveuli saxiT: es aris warmodgena, rom, bunebaSi arseboben instinqtis mqone dabali arsebebi, ufro maRali ganviTarebis cxovelebi, romlebsac aqvT Cveulebebi, mexsiereba, da ufro maRlebi praqtikuli inteleqtis mqoneni da umaRlesi _ sakuTar TavSi mTeli samyaros damtevi _

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adamiani, romelic Tavisi adamianuri goniT mikrokosmosia. SelerTan goni upirispirdeba sicocxles. es ki gelenis azriT, dualizmis Secvlili saxea: sxeulisa da sulis du-alizmis adgils ikavebs sicocxlisa da gonis dualizmi.

gamosavali, gelenis azriT, mxolod erTia: davtovoT problema yovelgvari Semdgomi kvlevis gareSe. igi winaaR-mdegia dualisturi metafizikuri Teoriebisa, isini, gelenis sityvebiT: SeiZleba savsebiT gamovtovoT, radgan, Cveni mizania empiriuli anTropologiis Seqmna da ara varT valdebuli vekamaToT moZvelebul metafizikur debulebebs...~(20,155)

geleni arc empiriuli dualizmis hipoTezas ganixilavs: misTvis, droSi dualizmis problema saerTod ar arsebobs. Cven unda vipovoT aTvlis wertili, romelic arsebobs fizikuri da fsiqikuri mxareebis, `sxeulsa da sulze~ ufro adre, manamde, vidre maTi gansxvavebis SesaZlebloba iarsebebda. adamianis bunebis gasagebi yoveli debuleba unda iyos fsiqofizikurad neitraluri.

gelenis azriT, moRvaweobis cneba warmoadgens aTvlis am punqts, anu amosaval wertils. àdamianuri, cnobierad Sesrulebuli moRvaweoba, - wers a. geleni, - rogorc pro-cesi Tavis realur mimdinareobaSi, gancdis TvalsazrisiT, aris sruliad ganuyofeli, problemamdeli gansakuTrebuli urTierToba~(20,160). moRvaweobis procesSi yvelaferi gaerTianebulia, ar arsebobs gansxvaveba Sinagansa da garegans Soris, ar arsebobs refleqsia, sakuTari Tavze dakvirveba: adamiani moRvaweobs, moqmedebs, ufro gvian, refleqsiis, sa-kuTar TavTan mobrunebis wyalobiT, Sinagani fazebi fiqrisa, gadawyvetisa SeiZleba gansxvavdes gareganisagan, magram, Tvi-Ton moRvaweobis dros es refleqsia gamoricxulia.

a.geleni mTlianad eTanxmeba m. Seleris azrs, rom adamiani Riaa samyarosadmi, magram, Seleris am debulebaSi uaryofiT momentsac xedavs. diax, adamiani Riaa samyaro-sadmi, is wvdeba ara mxolod garemos, aramed yvela sagans.

am azriT, samyaros Riaoba dadebiTi movlenaa, magram, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom, zogi STabeWdileba sruliad zedmetia. maSasadame, a. gelenis mixedviT, samyaros Riaoba zedmeti STabeWdilebebiT datvirTvasac gulisxmobs. datvirTvas unda mosdevdes gantvirTva. ase Semodis a. gelenis filosofiur anTropologiaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba _ gantvirTva.

gantvirTva, avtoris Tanaxmad, adamianis sicocxlis gan-sxvavebul sferoebSi iCens Tavs.

igi aanalizebs gantvirTvis cnebas sicocxlis gansxvave-bul sferoebSi. jer kidev adamianis moqmedebis motoruli donezec kargad Cans gantvirTva. bavSvis moZraobas mravali varianti aqvs, ufro gvian, TandaTan xdeba moZraobis avto-matizeba. arsebuli variantebidan SeirCeva mxolod zogi-erTi _ sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli. SerCevis procesSi cnobierebis roli ganuzomlad didia. mxolod cnobierebis saSualebiT movipovebT sicocxlisaTvis saWiro unarebs. cxovrebis SedarebiT mogviano etapze cnobiereba zedmeti xdeba. moqmedeba gadaiqceva aracnobierad. saerTod, Cveni moqmedeba da sasicocxlo procesebi Tavidanve aracnobieria: Cven aracnobierad vsunTqavT da vinelebT sakvebs, vxedavT, gvesmis an vazrovnebT.

a.gelenis Tanaxmad, Tvali gantvirTavs xels _ Cven dis-tanciaze vxedavT imasac, rac mopovebulia uSualod Sexebis gziT, mag, sigluves, sidides, simkvrives da sxva. am SemTxvevaSi, aRqma iZleva sagnis TvisebaTa daxasiaTebas. magram, Tvalisa da xelis garda arsebobs kidev ena. es ukanaskneli, gele-nis TvalsazrisiT, gantvirTavs aRqmas, awmyos situaciaze mibmulobisagan, mxolod àq~ da àxla~ yofnisagan. sityva zogadia da masSi ar igulisxmeba mxolod konkretuli sa-gani, konkretuli ès~.

mecniereba da teqnika, enas, samyarosa da adamians Soris mdebare fenomenis – yofierebis dakonkretebaa: isinic gant-virTvas emsaxurebian. mecniereba, iqneba is sabunebismetyvelo

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Tu gonis – samyaroSi orientirebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. mecnierebas eyrdnoba teqnika (xelovnurad Seqmnil fenomenTa erToblioba). teqnikis sagani bunebis sagnebisagan absolutu-rad gansxvavebulia: bunebaSi versad ipoviT RerZis garSemo mbrunav borbals. teqnika cvlis adamianis organos, ametebs mis bunebriv Zalas da amiT organoTa gantvirTvas aRwevs. organoTa Secvlis SesaniSnavi magaliTia iaraRi. Tofi, Toxi, manqana, tanisamosi, raketa da a.S.

amrigad, gelenisaTvis iseve, rogorc, filosofiuri anTropologiis sxva warmomadgenlebisaTvis, mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros Tu ra aris Tavad adamianis yofiereba~. geleni saWirod ar miiCnevs Zveli metafizikuri dayofis analizi moaxdinos adamianis sulisa da sxeulis Sesaxeb. yoveli debuleba, romelsac Cven gamovTqvamT adamianze `fsiqofizi-kurad~ neitraluri unda iyos. Cven unda daveyrdnoT iseT Teorias, romelic axlos iqneba faqtebTan. Cveni amosavali wertilia _ wers a.geleni _ moqmedeba. adamiani Tavs gai-azrebs cxovelmyofelobis (moqmedebis) procesSi. adamiani sakuTar Tavs sulac ar ganicdis, rogorc dualisturad gayofil mocemulobas.

adamianis mTeli organizacia SeiZleba gavigoT moq-medebis safuZvelze. moqmedebis cnebaSi- geleni gulisxmobs sinamdvilis winaswar dagegmil, gansazRvrul Secvlas. iqneba es ganxorcielebuli sagnobrivi saSualebiT Tu warmosaxvis ZaliT. moqmedeba da samyaros dagegmili Secvla erToblio-baSi gvaZlevs kulturas.

`moqmedeba~, kultura~ Tanaarseboba~ fsiqofizikurad neitraluri cnebebia, romlebic, win uswrebs adamianis nebi-smier daxasiaTebas. es aris adamianis arsebis sakiTxi. am cnebaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia avagoT mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb.

adamiani, moqmedebisas, aqtiurobis dros, angariSs uwevs garemos, meore mis msgavss, aseve garkveul pozicias ikavebs

sakuTari Tavis mimarTac. rom moaxerxos Tanaarseboba sxva adamianebTan mis garemomcvel samyaroSi, unda gaakontrolos Tavisi survilebi da interesebi. amitom, igi iZulebulia gegmazomierad Secvalos Tavisi Sinagani mdgomareoba raime saxelmZRvanelo dominanturi ideiT, romelic upasuxebs Tanaarsebobis (sazogadoebis) moTxovnebs.

gelenis azriT, umjobesi iqneba Tu am konteqstSi maregulirebel cnebad SemovitanT TviTkontrolis, disci-plinis (Zucht) cnebas _ moralis cnebis nacvlad. radgan, fsiqofizikurad ufro neitraluri cnebaa.

aseve, arasworia adamianis substanciurad dayofa, roca miiCneven, rom, adamiani nawilobriv ekuTvnis fizikur samyaros, nawilobriv ki, sulier (moralur) samyaros. geleni afar-Toebs Teziss da Semdeg saxes aZlevs: adamiani aris moqmedi da amasTanave disciplinirebuli arseba. is, rom, adamiani aris disciplinirebuli (mowesrigebuli) arseba da qmnis kulturas, mas ganasxvavebs nebismieri sxva cocxalisagan da iZleva mis gansazRvrebas.

adamianis sicocxlis pirobebic igivea, rac sxva cocxal-isaTvis. igi, rogorc gvari, ar iwyebs cxovrebas gamorCeul garemoSi. adamiani sxvagvari sistemaa. misi konstitucia iseTia, rom, SeuZlia gonieri, dagegmili moqmedebebi gan-axorcielos. mas SeuZlia `yvelgan cxovreba~. amitom, ar cxovrobs garemoSi, aramed, mis mierve Seqmnil xelovnur samyaroSi. mis winaSe gaSlilia usazRvro realoba, romlis konstruirebac Tavad unda moaxdinos. amitomaa, rom, adamiani arsebobs ara sasicocxlo garemoSi, aramed, mTlian samyaroSi. is Tavis garemos aRiqvams, rogorc nawils, raRac mTelisas da axdens samyaros interpretacias. Tavisi warmosaxvis unaris meSveobiT mas aqvs msoflmxedvelobiTi orientacia. xSirad gaiazrebs iseT faqtebsa da movlenebs, romelTac sulac ar aqvT mniSvneloba misi praqtikuli arsebobisaT-vis. igi, Semoqmedi arseba, kulturis binadaria, organulad

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araspecializebuli arseba _ adamiani Ria samyarosadmi. mas aqvs unari ganviTareba gegmazomieri regulaciisa, interpre-taciisa, axali kombinaciisa.

cxoveli cxovrobs garemomcvel samyaroSi, romelic aris fizikuri, praqtikuli an misTvis grZnobadad mniSvnelovani. cxoveli arsebobs SesaZlo Sinaarsebis seqtorSi~. da spe-cializebulia. adamiani ar aris biologiurad specialize-buli arseba. am azriT igi primitiulia. adamianma samyaroSi arsebobis pirobebi Tavad unda moipovos. adamiani biolo-giurad savsebiT samarTlianad aRiwereba, rogorc moulod-nelobis veli~. adamiani Tavis moqmedebebSi mudmivad xvdeba sakuTar Tavs. mudmivad aRmoaCens Tavs, rogorc amocanas da problemas. man unda Seqmnas sakuTari arsebobis wesi, igi mudam mizania Tavisi cxovrebisaTvis.

Tu adamiani, gelenis TvalsazrisiT, morfologiurad primitiuli da araspecializebulia, samagierod, mas aqvs gansakuTrebuli organo nebismieri miznisaTvis~. esaa tvini, romelic maRalganviTarebulia. amitom, adamiani asec SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT: `specializebuli gonieri arseba.~

adamiani, rogorc moqmedi arseba sruliad sxva kanonzo-mierebebs emorCileba. flobs kombinaciebis udides marags, raTa SesabamisobaSi movides garemosa da situaciebis usaz-Rvro mravalferovnebasTan. igi ar aris mibmuli, Seguebuli gansazRvrul garemosTan, erTxel da samudamod fiqsirebuli qcevis garkveuli wesiT, aramed, plastikuri, Semqmneli arsebaa da araa `dabadebidan~ amgvarad mocemuli.

biologiurad igi arasrulyofili arsebaa, moumzadebe-lia garemoSi arsebobisaTvis. samyaros Riaoba pirvel yov-lisa isaa, rom, CvenSi mxolod sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli STabeWdilebebi ki ar Semodis, aramed, uamravi zedmeti STabe-Wdilebac. adamiani datvirTulia mizanSeuwoneli garegani gaRizianebebiT, Sinagani aRgznebebiT. amitom, aseT datvirT-vas aucileblad Wirdeba gantvirTva, zedmetis moSoreba.

adamianma sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT unda moaxerxos zedmetis moSoreba. am procesSi Zalze didia cnobierebis roli, mxolod, cnobierebis daxmarebiT moipovebs adamiani sicocxlisaTvis aucilebel unarebs. raRac etapis Semdeg, SedarebiT mogvianebiT, zogierTi moqmedeba gadadis ukon-trolo reJimSi da adamiani yvela moqmedebas ukve cnobierad aRar warmarTavs. regulireba aracnobierSi gadadis, adamiani moqmedebs avtomaturad.

gelenis azriT, adamianis udidesi, sakuTrivi monapovaria metyveleba, romelic, aRqmas gantvirTavs àq~ da àxla~ _ awmyo situaciaze mijaWvulobisagan. garda amisa, sityva zoga-dia, masSi ar igulisxmeba mxolod konkretuli ès~ sagani. e.i. adamiani flobs transformaciis~ gansakuTrebul unars, romelic saboloo angariSiT moqmedebis, Semoqmedebis unaria.

amgvarad, adamiani bunebis unikaluri proeqtia, gansxvave-buli yvela sxva biologiuri, cocxali arsebisagan. gelens surs wina planze wamoswios adamianis specifikuri biolo-giuroba da misi meSveobiT axsnas adamianis qcevis, moqmedebis mTeli amplituda, gamarTuli siaruliT dawyebuli, zneobiT damTavrebuli. adamianis gamokvleva, misi azriT, ar SeiZleba mizezobriobis principiT, radgan igi mTliani sistemaa. misi arsis gagebac mxolod am mTlianobaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba. geleni Tavs ikavebs adamianis genezisis problemis ganxil-visagan. igi uaryofs adamianis anTropoidebidan warmoSobis ideas. aseve, misTvis miuRebelia cxovelTa inteleqtidan, komunikaciis unaridan adamianis inteleqtisa da enis axsnis versia. misi bioanTropologiuri Tvalsazrisi cdilobs upasuxos mxolod erT kiTxvas _ ra saSualebiT axerxebs adamiani uzrunvelyos Tavisi arseboba.

a.geleni, iseve, rogorc, sxva filosofos-anTropolo-gebi, emyareba im Tezisis WeSmaritebas romliTac adamianis yofiereba dafuZnebulia sruliad sxva principze, vidre nebismieri cxovelisa. cxovelis sicocxle daprogramebu-

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lia misi biologiuri organizaciiT, meqanizmebiT mibmulia Tavis sasicocxlo garemoze, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia mx-olod àmgvari, am saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli arsebobis wesi~. adamians ki, imis gamo, rom, biologiurad ar aris gansazRvruli da mibmuli garemos raime specifikur ubanze, Tavidanve uxdeba Tavisi adgilis gansazRvra samyaroSi. es moqmedeba amitomaa gelenis filosofiuri anTropologiis mTavari principi àdamiani moqmedi arsebaa~. igi Tavad aris mflobeli da gamkargavi Tavisi unarebis da SesaZleblo-bebis. àdamiani ki ar cxovrobs, aramed warmarTavs Tavis cxovrebas~_ambobs geleni. igi plastikuri arsebaa, Semoqmedia da amis ZaliT qmnis samyaros, xelovnur garemos. adamianis biologiuri mdgomareoba gansazRvravs mis SemoqmedebiT bunebas. a. gelenis koncefciis ZiriTadi Tezisi SeiZleba amgvarad gamoiTqvas: adamiani biologiurad arasrulyofili arsebaa, radgan, Zalze cudad aris SeiaraRebuli instinqtebiT. biologiuri arasrulyofilebis gamo, bunebam ganapiroba misi Riaoba samyarosadmi, gansazRvra adamianis adamianoba imiT, rom, igi ar gansazRvra, rogorc cxoveli.

rogorc ukve iTqva cxoveli mkacrad da viwrod, re-gionaluradaa mijaWvuli gansazRvrul garemosTan, maSin roca, adamiani ar aris erTmniSvnelovnad determinirebuli garemos mier. igi araCveulebrivad plastikuria, aqvs mara-diuli unari swavlisa, gagebisa, sicocxlisunariani moqmedi arsebaa. radganac, daudgeneli da ganusazRvrelia, Tavad Seqmnis sakuTar Tavs. sakuTari Tavis dadgena adamianis upirvelesi amocanaa. am amocanis Sesruleba adamianis aq-tiurobas, moqmedebas moiTxovs. igi Tavad marTavs sakuTar cxovrebas, romelic yovelTvis Seicavs risks. rom iarsebos, man unda Seqmnas biologiuri garemos Semcvleli kultura. kultura, gelenis TvalsazrisiT, aris gardaqmnili buneba, xelovnuri nivTebis erToblioba. `kulturis samyaro _ es aris adamianis samyaro~.

adamianis unari araspecializebisa saSualebas iZleva, rom, bunebis determinacia transformirebuli iyos kultu-ris determinaciaSi. amgvari movlena ki axal horizonts xsnis adamianis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli arsebisaTvis. adamiani ukve Tavisi biologiuri organizaciiTaa `bunebiT arabunebrivi~, `bunebis gansakuTrebuli proeqti~.

a. geleni yovelTvis frTxilad udgeboda metafizikuri wesrigis Semotanas Tavis sistamaSi da xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom, misi filosofia empiriuli mecnierebaa~, romlis mizania naTeli gaxados adamianis yofierebis gamovlenis sxvadasxva fenomenebi.

adamianis arsis gasaazreblad aucilebelia sicocxlis biologiuri cneba. adamianma moaxerxa Tavis gadarCena, imitom, rom, aqvs specifikuri biologiuri organizacia, struqtura. gelenis koncefciiT, goni sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianis sicocxlis SemnarCunebeli, (igi sicocxles emsaxureba kul-turis SeqmniT), sicocxlis ganmamtkicebeli iaraRi.

marTalia, a.geleni cdilobs gaeqces filosofiur-meta-fizikur formulirebebs, magram, misi mTavari Tezisebi, rom àdamiani biologiurad Seumdgari, arasrulyofili arsebaa~ da àdamiani moqmedi, Semoqmedi arsebaa~ aris, rogorc, mec-nieruli faqtis konstatacia, aseve filosofiuri Tezisic, romliTac ganisazRvreba adamianis arsi.

adamianis mTlianobis gagebis es meTodi, kerZod, misi Semecneba, adamianis gansakuTrebulobaze miniSnebiT, metad gavrcelebuli meTodia saerTod filosofiur anTropolo-giaSi. mTavari da mniSvnelovani Sedegi, romelic, SeiZleba miviRoT a.gelenis filosofiur-anTropologiuri koncef-ciidan aseTia: adamians aqvs specifikuri sxeulebrivi orga-nizacia, bunebrivad imisaken mimarTuli, rom, samyarosadmi Ria iyos da am ganusazRvrelobis safuZvelze Seqmnas kultura, raTa gadarCes da iarsebos.

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V. e. roThakeris kultur-filosofiuri

anTropologia

erix roThakeri daibada 1883 wels profhaimSi, 1929 wlidan bonis universitetis profesoria. misi ZiriTadi Sromebia: `gonismecnierebis logika da sistematika~, `fi-losofiis istoria~, `pirovnulobis fenebi~, `kultur-anTropologiis problemebi~, filosofiuri anTropologia~. gardaicvala 1962 wels.

erix roThakeri mixail landmanTan erTad aris damwyebi filosofiuri anTropologiis im mimarTulebisa, romelic, kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis saxeliTaa cnobili. es mimarTuleba ZiriTadad iziarebs biologiuri anTropolo-giis Teziss _ adamianis yofiereba arsobrivad gansxvavdeba cxovelis yofierebisagan. cxovels ar moeTxoveba sakuTari Tavis garkveva, is savsebiT Camoyalibebuli da garkveulia. adamianma Tavad unda gansazRvros da ganaxorcielos Tavisi yofiereba, Tavisi arsi. miuxedavad imisa, rom, adamiani cudadaa Seguebuli bunebasTan, naklovani arsebaa, mainc moaxerxa Tavis gadarCena, radgan, aqtiuri, moqmedi arsebaa.

adamians ar SeuZlia Tavis realizacia mxolod biolo-giur garemoSi, misi organoebi ar arian specializebulni. raTa iarsebos, man unda imoqmedos, Seqmnas kultura _ xe-lovnuri garemo, romelic Secvlis biologiur garemos. kultura meore bunebaa da mxolod masSi SeuZlia adamians arseboba.

is rom, adamiani àraspecializebuli cxovelia~, `Seum-dgari arsebaa~, kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis amosavali wertilia, saidanac daiwyo gaadamianebis procesi, rodesac adamiani iqca `samyaros Ria arsebad~.

raTa gasagebi gaxdes kultur-filosofiuri anTropo-

logiis pasuxi adamianis arsis Sesaxeb, ganvixiloT e.roThakeris cnobili Sromebi filosofiuri anTropolo-gia~, `kultur-anTropologiis problemebi~, `pirovnulobis fenebi~, romlebic naTel warmodgenas Segviqmnian aRniSnuli filosofiuri disciplinis Sesaxeb.

daviwyoT `filosofiuri anTropologi~-iT. mTavari kiTxva, romelzec unda gvipasuxos filosofiurma anTro-pologiam e.roThakeris azriT, Semdegia: riT gansxvavdeba adamiani cxovelisagan?(70-18).

Tu Cven gavixsenebT Tvalsazrisebs, riTac ase mdidaria adamianis kvlevis istoria, adamianis winaswari gansazRvreba SeiZleba am saxis yofiliyo: mxolod adamians SeuZlia iyos `distanciaze~, maSin roca, cxoveli `wamieris~ tyvea. ro-Thakeri ixsenebs goeTes azrs: `mxolod adamians SeuZlia wams misces xangrZlioba~(iqve). mas aqvs mogonebis, gaxsenebis unari. cxoveli cxovrobs instinqtebis, ltolvebis saSu-alebiT. igi mijaWvulia ltolvaze, situaciaze. magram, es misi gansazRvrebis erTi mxarea. arsebobis amgvari wesis gamo cxoveli saimedodaa daculi, mas ar aqvs WeSmariti gancda SiSisa.(iqve)

gavixsenoT Seleris gansazRvreba: adamiani biologiu-rad sicocxlis dezertiria. metafizikurad ki, uaris Tq-mis SemZle arseba. marTalia, misi Ziri sicocxleSia, magram SeuZlia sicocxle gaaCeros. rodesac, Seleri laparakobs cxovelisa da adamianis msgavseba gansxvavebaze, msjelobas iwyebs sicocxlis cnebidan amosvliT. igi sicocxleze laparakobs, rogorc, fsiqo-vitalur mocemulobaze. magram sad gadis zRvari adamiansa da cxovels Soris? Cven si-cocxlis samefoSi vcxovrobT da vicnobT mraval cocxal arsebas, romlebic, ara marto cocxali, aramed, mgrZnobiare arsebanic arian. am tipis cocxals, garda TviTmoZraobisa, TviTformirebisa da TviTdiferenciisa, aqvT gancdis unaric.

yoveli cocxali Tavis sicocxles `SigniT~ atarebs

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(misi TviToba masSivea). gansazRvrul ganwyobaSi cocxali yovelTvis kargad an cudad grZnobs Tavs, SeboWilia an Tavisufalia (SelerisaTvis mTeli organuli samyaro gan-sulierebulia. mas aqvs safexurebrivi aRnagoba. adamiani gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas mxolod maSin aRwevs, rodesac, sicocxlis yvela safexurs gaaerTianebs da bio-fsiqikur samyaros mTlianobad aRiqvams).

roThakeri ixsenebs Seleris koncefcias, romlis mixed-viT, pirveli safexuria aracnobieri, uSegrZnebo, uwarmodgeno grZnoba, gamoxatuli cnebaSi `drangi~. rodesac grZnoba da ltolva jer kidev ganuyofelia, es aris moZraoba `ken~ (Hin-zu) da iqedan~ (Von-weg), amasTan, umartivesi moZraoba sicocxlisa, romelSic vlindeba uobieqtivo sixaruli da tanjva. grZnobis drangi qmnis mcenareuli sicocxlis arss. is cxovelSicaa da adamianSic. drangi matarebelia winaaRmde-gobis gancdisa. meore safexuria instinqti _ Tandayolili erTeulisaTvis saWiro mizanSewonili da sasargeblo qceva. mesame _ `mneme~ anu asociaciuri mexsiereba. mag: umartivesi mcocavi arsebac arCevs, rom, marcxniv wasvla tkbilia~, mar-jvniv ki mtkivneuli~. meoTxe _ praqtikuli inteleqti. es aris axali situaciis Sesatyvisi azriani qceva. swored, am safexuris axsnaSi gansxvavdeba mkvlevarTa Tvalsazrisebi. zogis SexedulebiT, praqtikuli inteleqti mxolod adamians aqvs, sxvebi, maRalganviTarebuli cxovelebis qcevebSi xedaven mas. (maT Sorisaa Seleric).

aseve fiqrobs Tavad roThakeric. magram, ar eTanxmeba evo-

lucionistebs (darvini, Svalbe, koleri), romlebic uaryofd-nen arsebiT gansxvavebas adamiansa da cxovels Soris, raxan cxovelsac aRmoaCnda inteleqti. isini adamians ZiriTadad miiCnevdnen mwarmoebel arsebad (Homo Faber) da mxedvelobaSi ar iRebdnen mimarTebas, romelic, adamians aqvs samyaros Zir-Tan. esaa metafizikuri mimarTebis unari. Tu Cven adamianis mxolod amgvar gansazRvrebas vaRiarebT, maSin adamiansa da cxovels Soris gansxvaveba mxolod xarisxobrivi yofila (Seleris cnobili magaliTi Simpanzesa da edisonis Sesaxeb, Tu mas mxolod teqnikosad ganvixilavT maT Soris, marTalia, Zalzed mniSvnelovani, magram, mainc mxolod xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba yofila da sxva araferi.).

maSin roca, Selerisa da roThakerisaTvis Homo Faber- i, romelsac aqvs praqtikuli inteleqti, jer kidev ar aris sakuTriv adamiani. arsebiTi gansxvaveba, Tvisobrivi sxvaoba sxva donezea mosaZebni. aseTi mniSvnelovani, Tvisobrivad axali mocemulobaa enis arseboba. cxovels ar aqvs intuicia. Simpanze mxolod `mxedveli~ cxovelia. is, magaliTad, ver xedavs nivTis simZimes~, adamianis grZnobebs Soris ki myari kavSiria. cxovels ar ZaluZs gaiazros teqnikuri situacia, ver Wvrets sagnis viTarebas. misTvis yvelaferi ltolviT aris determinirebuli. ltolvisagan Tavisufali cda ar aqvs. mas ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis grZnoba, gancda.

adamianis inteleqtis primatis saCveneblad, roThakeri Tavis wignSi, pirovnebis fenebi~, Semdeg azrs aviTarebs. cxov-els ar aqvs erTiani sivrcis cneba. ar SeuZlia abstrahireba. maSin roca, adamiani optikur STabeWdilebebs sagnis Tvisebad gardaqmnis da axdens mis abstrahirebas mTeli suraTidan. cxoveli ver mowydeba mTels da ver gaacnobierebs mas. igi tyvea Tavisi awmyos STabeWdilebebisa (roThakers mohyavs cnobili magaliTebi cxovelTa fiziologiidan). cxovels ar aqvs unari dagegmos momavali.

cxovels ar SeuZlia, miuxedavad imisa, rom, mas SesaZloa

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aqvs Siga suraTebi, es suraTebi àmoiRos~ awmyodan. cxov-els, marTalia aqvs optikur-motoruli mexsiereba, magram, maTi arc sagnebad, arc cnebebad identificireba ar ZaluZs. cxovelis `qceva~, pirvel yovlisa, gviCvenebs, rom, ganviTa-rebis umaRles safexurze myofsac ki ltolva gansazRvravs. qcevebi yovelTvis mibmulia awmyoze. am tipis qcevebSi gadamwyvetia specifikur-cxoveluri moZraobis struqtura, stimulis forma da ara inteleqti. adamiansa da cxovels Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba ukve `sicocxlis~ donezea.

amgvarad, m.Selerisagan gansxvavebiT, e.roThakeri fiqrobs, rom, praqtikuli inteleqti, romelic aqvs adamians, ukve arsobrivad gansxvavebulia cxovelis praqtikuli intele-qtisagan. aseve miaCnia gelens, misTvisac gansxvaveba arso-brivia. rogorac ar unda ganviTardes cxovelis inteleqti, es cvlileba ar Seexeba mis ZiriTad konstitucias.

roThakerisaTvis adamianis sicocxle cxoveluri ki araa, aramed, gansxvavebulia. adamiani aris cocxali da amasTanave aqvs gonis specifikuri adamianuri unari. is axali principi, romelic, adamians adamianad aqcevs, sicocxlis sawinaaRm-dego principia, axali arsia, da sicocxlis evolucias ar emyareba. Zveli berZnebi mas `gonebas~ uwodebdnen. Seleri ar iyenebda am cnebas, mas gonis cnebiT cvlida, radgan, goni misi azriT, ideebze _azrovnebis~ gverdiT moicavs Wvretis~ gansazRvrul saxesac. es aris pirvel fenomenTa da arsebiT SinaarsTa Wvreta, aseve, emociebisa da nebiTi aqtebis gansa-kuTrebuli klasi. amgvarad xasiaTdeba goni. goniTi aqtis centri ki pirovnebaa (70,30).

roThakeris TvalsazrisiT, Seleri adamians cxovelisagan imiT ganasxvavebs, rom, mas aqvs goni da aris pirovneba. Sel-erisaTvis, goni sicocxlis gareT myofia, eqsistencialuri daukavSireblobaa organulTan, Tavisuflebaa sicocxlis zewolisagan. adamiani goniTi SemecnebiT sagnebad aqcevs garesamyaros nivTebs, sakuTari Tavis fiziologiur da

fsiqologiur unarebs. adamians SeuZlia dakvirveba, mxolod mas aqvs sivrcisa da drois kategoriebi.

roThakeri gansakuTrebiT gamohyofs im garemoebas, rom, Seleris goni _ samyaros, sakuTari fizikisa da fsiqikis sagnad qcevis aqtTa centri, ar SeiZleba iyos samyaros nawili. mas ar SeuZlia hqondes garkveuli sad~ da roca~. igi garemosagan Tavisufalia. amrigad, Seleris pirovneba aRemateba sakuTar Tavs da samyaros goni ar SeiZleba gaxdes sagani, igi wminda aqtualobaa. (iqve)

cxovelis yoveli qceva, yoveli reaqcia, romelsac is asrulebs, yvelaze `gonieric~ ki aixsneba cxovelis nervi-uli sistemis fiziologiuri moqmedebidan. misi fsiqika instinqtebs, ltolvis impulsebs da aRqmebs eqvemdebareba. rac ltolvisa da instinqtisaTvis saintereso araa, is arc moicema, xolo, rac mocemulia cxovelisaTvis, mocemulia mxolod, rogorc, winaaRmdegobis bio-fsiqikuri centri.

sul sxva kanonzomierebaSia CarTuli goniTi arseba. adamianis mimarTeba (qceva) `motivirebulia~ wminda ` so-sein~-iT, sagnad qceuli Wvretisa da warmodgenis kompleqsiT, romelic principulad damoukidebelia adamianis organizmis fiziologiuri da fsiqikuri impulsebisagan. adamianis qceva aris ra erTxel konstituirebuli, bunebiT usasrulod ga-farToebadia, radgan, `saganTa samyaro~ farTovdeba. adamiani Tavisi gonis meSveobiT moqmedebs Ria samyaroSi.

cxoveli mxolod imas aRiqvams, rac, misTvis biologiu-rad mniSvnelovania. adamianis aRqma farToa. igi aRiqvams ara mxolod sagnebs, aramed, Tavis ltolvebsac. adamians aqvs sagnobriobis unari. es imas niSnavs, rom, igi saganTa so-sein-idan gansazRvruli rCeba da ara saganTa da-sein-idan Seviwroebuli. amiT axerxebs adamiani saganTa gancdas da maT Semecnebas, maSin roca, cxoveli ganicdis mxolod vitalur winaaRmdegobebs da mdgomareobebs. cxoveli xedavs da ismens, Tumca, man es ar icis. cxovelis fsiqika funqcionirebs, ma-

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gram, refleqsiis unari TviTcnobiereba ar aqvs. (iqve gv.39)Tavad goni, substratis gareSea da wminda aqtualobaa.

gonis yofiereba misi aqtebis Tavisufal ganxorcielebaSia. gonis centri, `persona~ arc sagnobrivi da arc nivTieri yofiereba ar aris, aramed, mudmivad TviTganmxorcielebel aqtTa wesrigia. persona arsebobs mxolod mis aqtebSi da maTi meSveobiT. aseTia Seleris gonis roThakeriseuli daxasiaTeba.

roThakeris TvalsazrisiT, biologiuri anTropologi-isaTvis, gansxvaveba adamiansa da cxovels Soris, adamianis anatomiuri agebulebis Taviseburebaa. didi moculobis tvini, gamarTuli siaruli, kanis mier pigmentebis dakargva, Tmis safaris gaiSviaTeba. amitom uwoda gelenma adamians àraspecializebuli arseba~, naklovani cxoveli~. marTalia, kani ver icavs adamians mtrisa da sicivisagan, magram, aqvs SegrZnebis unari, mniSvnelovani grZnobis organo. adamians Tavis msgavs maimunebTan bevri saerTo aqvs. mag. biologebma aRmoaCines Simpanzes 396, da gorilas 385 saerTo niSani adamianTan, maSin roca, sakuTriv adamianuri mxolod 312-ia.

ukve preistoriul adamians axasiaTebs cxovelisagan ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. mag. mxolod adamiani icnobs iaraRs, iyenebs Tanmimdevrulad da ara SemTxveviT. maimunmac SeiZleba gamoiyenos joxi iaraRad, magram, joxs ar Seinaxavs sxva SemTxvevisaTvis, kidevac rom daWirdes. maimunisTvis joxi ar aris iaraRi, radgan, ara aqvs codna masze.

adamiani qmnis iaraRs (b.franklinis ganmartebiT, adamiani iaraRis mkeTebeli cxovelia). iaraRis Seqmna bevrad mniS-vnelovani niSania, vidre, iaraRis gamoyeneba. amitomaa, iaraRi adamianis preistoriis mTavari kriteriumi. adreuli adami-anic ki cnobierad amuSavebs qvas, xangrZlivi gamoyenebisaTvis.

iaraRis mniSvneloba adamianis gaadamianebis procesSi karga xania cnobilia. ase mag. jer kidev, 1877 wels, e.kapma iaraRs organos proeqcia uwoda. es azri gaiziara spenser-

mac. man iaraRs adamianuri organos xelovnuri gafarToeba uwoda. kapma, roThakeris azriT, viTarebis mxolod garegnuli mxare SeniSna. kerZod, is, rom, iaraRi Seenacvleba adamianis organos. joxi _ gagrZelebuli xelia, qva _ ufro magari muSti, saWrisi _ kbilebs Caanacvlebs. magram, man ver SeamCnia iaraRis sxva Tviseba Secvalos kidec adamianis organoebi. radgan, iaraRi adamianis sxeulis gareTaa, misi saSualebiT organos gamorTvac ki xdeba. es azri naTeli xdeba maRal-ganviTarebuli iaraRebis SemTxvevaSi.

maSin roca, cxovelis organoebi, garemos Seguebisas, ufro srulyofilni xdebian (amas moiTxovs filogenezi) da amiT es saxeoba inarCunebs sicocxles, adamianis orga-noebi iaraRis gamogonebiT ukeTesni ar xdebian. Tvali ar umjobesdeba saTvalis an teleskopis gamoyenebiT. telefoni ar aumjobesebs yurTasmenas, tansacmeli _ kans, sabeWdi manqana _ mexsierebas. ufro piriqiT, Cveni organoebi sustdebian kidec iaraRis gamoyenebis Sedegad.

bunebrivi SerCeva mTavrdeba iaraRis srulyofiT. civi-lizaciis ganviTareba eyrdnoba sxeulis am gamoTiSvas. adami-ani batondeba dedamiwaze swored iaraRis, teqnikis meSveobiT.

roThakeri ixsenebs spensers, romelmac, adamianis ada-mianuri (socialuri) ganviTareba biologiurze ufro mniSvnelovnad CaTvala. am Tezisis marTebulobas iziarebs vundtic. igi, civilizaciis mTel monapovars (ena, saxelmwifo, mecniereba, teqnika da sxva) ukavSirebs individTa TanamS-romlobas, rac, ar aris biologiuri movlena.

bunebis marwuxebisagan Tavis daxsnas adamiani cdilobs ekonomiuri, sameurneo moRvaweobiT. yvelaferi es iaraRia farTo azriT. maSasadame, adamiani aris arseba, romelic qmnis xelovnur sagnebs, iaraRebs. amiT igi Tavisufldeba. bunebis iZulebisagan, qmnis sazogadoebas da tradiciis saSualebiT codnas memkvidreobiT gadascems. adamianma swored, iaraRis wyalobiT gadaarCina da Seinaxa sakuTari gvari. amitom

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aris kacobriobis istoriisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvelobis iaraRis Seqmna. alsbergis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac imow-mebs roThakeri, pirveli biZgi adamianis gaadamianebis gzaze, xelis saSualebiT Seqmnili iaraRi iyo. mis mier Seqmnili iaraRis gareSe adamianis arsi mouazrebelia. arakoreqtulia alternativis maZiebelTa kiTxva, iaraRis Seqmna Tu tvini? isini erTmaneTs gulisxmoben, isini erTmaneTiT viTardebian.

roThakeris azriT, specifikur adamianuria ara mxolod iaraRi, aseve, cecxlis cnobieri gamoyenebac. mxolod, ada-mianma SeZlo cecxlis gamoyeneba cxovrebis pirobebis gas-aumjobeseblad. adamianma gaigo cecxlis mniSvneloba. arseba, romelic cecxliT Tbeba, masze imzadebs sakvebs, an cecxlis meSveobiT igeriebs mters, cxovrobs sxva mis msgavsTan erTad, ukve aRar aris cxoveli. cecxlis SenaxvisaTvis aucilebeli gaxda azrovneba, adamiani ametyvelda, kerasTan Camoyalibda jgufi, ojaxi. e.i. adamianobisaken gza Semdeg fazebs gadis: iaraRis Seqmna, cecxlis gamoyeneba, adamianTa urTierToba _ sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba. (68,83)

roThakers mohyavs vainertis Tvalsazrisi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. bolo gamyinvarebis dros (daax.60000 wlis win) Cndeba Homo sapiens-i. mas ukve aqvs Tanamedrve adamianis anatomia, flobs maRalganviTarebul saWriss. aris monadire da Semgrovebeli, gamogonebuli aqvs mSvildisari. adamians Zalze adre uyalibdeba `msoflmxedvelobac~ _ bunebisa da sicocxlis axsnis survili. es ukve Cans pirvelyofil adamianTa mxatvrobasa da qandakebaSi, magiur ritualebSi, kultsa da miTebSi. adamianebma daiwyes micva-lebulebis damarxva, Tanac, ceremoniiT. isaxeba primitiuli religiuri warmodgenebi. TandaTan Camoyalibda Sromis danawileba, vaWrobis Canasaxi. Zv. w. I aTaswleulidan, ukve daiwyes liTonis damuSaveba. Cndeba cxovrebisa da meurneobis dRevandelis msgavsi formebi.

adamiansa da cxovels Soris gansxvavebis dasadgenad

roThakeri iSveliebs ara marto istoriul-evoluciur Teoriebs, aramed, biologiur Tvalsazrisebsac mimarTavs. aseTia magaliTad, holandieli anatomis, bolkis anTrop-ologiuri koncefcia. man erTmaneTs Seadara adamianisa da maimunis biologiuri Tvisebebi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom, maTi embrionebi Zalze axlos dganan erTmaneTTan, rasac, ver vityviT zrdasrul maimunze. viTareba sruliad eTanxmeba evoluciis Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamiani maimunisagan ar warmoSobila, magram, hyavdaT saerTo winapari.

roThakerisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, bolkis TeoriaSi, specializaciisa da retardaciis cnebebia. mai-munis winapari Tavdapirvelad iseTi specializebuli ar aris, rogorc, Semdgom etapze, roca, ukve xeze cxovrobs. es winapari adamianis msgavsi iyo. specializacia _ SeguebiTi winsvlaa, magram, aseve xels uSlis sxvagvarad ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas.

xolo adamianis SemTxvevaSi, araspecializebulia mravali organo. vTqvaT, yba da kbilebi an wina kidurebi (romelic ar aris specializebuli, ise rogorc, magaliTad, lomis TaTi). aseve araspecializebuli organoa kani, SemgrZnebi organoa misi zedapiri.

retardacia niSnavs Sekavebas, daxanebas, Seferxebas. Sem-TxveviTi ar aris, maimunis embrioni ufro gavs adamianis embrions, vidre zrdasruli maimuni adamians. es imitomaa, rom, adamiani morfologiurad aris Sedegi maimunis im embrionisa, romelic Seferxda da winsvlac SeCerda. am embrionis ganvi-Tareba garkveuli stadiidan Senelda, retardireba ganicada. retardirebis process vxvdebiT, agreTve, bavSvis ganviTa-rebaSi. is ufro xangrZlivia, vidre, sxva ZuZumwovrebis SemTxvevaSi.

roThakeris TvalsazrisiT, adamiansa da cxovels Soris gansxvavebis Seswavlis axali fazaa portmanis gamokvlevebi. man yuradReba miaqcia Cvilis uunarobas, umweobas da mis nel

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ganviTarebas cxovelis naSierisagan gansxvavebiT.biologiurad arsebobs ZuZumwovarTa ori forma: bude-

Si msxdarni~ da `budidan gaqceulni.~ `budeSi msxdarni~ mcire xniT imyofebian dedis sxeulSi. budidan gaqceulni~ swrafad toveben budes. maT aqvT maRali organizacia, rTuli tvini, sxeulis specializebuli aRnagoba, isini dedis sx-eulSi ufro didxans imyofebian.

Cvili bavSvi metad umweoa, magram, miuxedavad amisa, aqvs moZraobis Tavisufleba. Cvili `nawilobriv budeSi myo-fia~, nawilobriv `budidan gaqceuli~. SeiZleba, mas ewodos `sekundaruli budeSi myofi~, romelsac potenciurad aqvs `budidan gaqceulis~ yvela unari. (portmanis am gamokvlevas mimarTavda a.gelenic).

roThakeris Tanaxmad, gansxvaveba `budeSi msxdomTa~ da `budidan gaqceulTa~ Soris, portmanis mier detalurad iqna Seswavlili. am kvlevam cxadad aCvena, is rTuli gza, romli-Tac viTardeba adamiani, sruliad Taviseburi da gansakuTre-bulia. mxolod, adamianisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. port-manis mixedviT adamiani ufro adrea dabadebuli, vidre, amas moiTxovs normaluri viTareba. Tu gamoviyenebT biologiur kriteriums, maSin cxadi gaxdeba, rom, is Tormeti TviT gvian unda ibadebodes. swored, amitomaa, axaldabadebuli Cvili aseTi umweo. magram, aseve faqtia, jer kidev dedis sxeulSi misi nervuli sistema da grZnobis organoebi ganviTarebis maRal dones aRwevs. adamianis sami unari _ gamarTuli dgoma, ena da teqnikuri moqmedeba _ ukve embrionSi mzaddeba. es sami unari mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.

maSasadame, adamiani ukve anatomiurad, ontogeneturad, fiziologiurad, dabadebulia specifikur-adamianuri qcevi-saTvis, socialuri kontaqtisaTvis. is cxovrobs adamianTa sazogadoebaSi, masTan urTierTobs, izrdeba, swavlobs, iT-visebs tradiciebs swored, sazogadoebis SigniT. adamianis somaturi ganviTareba xangrZlivia, da sruldeba 19 wlis

asakSi, maSin rodesac, sami wlis iremi ukve zrdasrulia, gorila ki 7 wlisa.

roThakeris azriT, portmanma gvaCvena, rom adamianis fsiqikur-goniTi ganviTareba biologiurad didad aris gansazRvruli. portmanis SexedulebiT, adamiani gansxvavdeba Cveulebriv cxovelebisagan, romlebic iwodebian `budeSi msxdomebad.~ e.i. adamiani ar aris `budeSi msxdomTa~, ase vTqvaT, pirveladi warmomadgeneli. magram, mas marTlac bevri aqvs saerTo budeSi `pirvelad msxdomebTan~. swored, ami-tom, ixmara maT mimarT portmanma termini `sekundaruli~ - `meoradi~.

roThakeri ase xedavs problemis arss: Selerisa da gelenis Tanaxmad, cxovelis swrafva, misi `drangi~ mijaWvu-lia garemosTan. adamians ki SeuZlia distancireba: mas ara aqvs garemo. adamianis distancirebis cnebas roThakeri mka-crad gansazRvravs: adamiani flobs unars ganTavisufldes mijaWvulobisagan, romelic axasiaTebs cxovels midrekile-bebis mimarT. es ganTavisufleba aris mxolod uaryofiTi piroba dadebiTi unarebisa. adamiani jer erTi mWvretelia, da sinamdvilis gamsagnebeli. garda amisa, sagnad aqcevs sakuTari `me~ da aseve abstraqciisa da cnebebis Seqmnis unariTac aris dajildoebuli.

roThakeris Sexeduleba, garkveuli azriT, iqsqiulis Tvalsazrisis aRdgenaa: adamians aqvs garemo.

rogoria adamianis garemo?cxovelis garemo wminda biologiuria, subieqturia,

radgan, cxovelis yoveli saxeoba subieqturia. adamians Tavdapirvelad eZleva samyaro, romelic, mogvianebiT vi-wrovdeba da garemod gadiqceva. es ar aris biologiuri garemo, magram, mainc garemoa, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT: kulturuli garemoa, da Tavad adamianis SemoqmedebiTi moR-vaweobis Sedegia.

suraTis naTlad warmodgenisaTvis, roThakeri, mimarTavs

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landSaftis aRweris magaliTs. am aRweriT miRebuli su-raTi, anTropomorfulia. Cveni sityvebi cvlian suraTs ukve ontiuri mxriT. adamianis gareSe landSaftis suraTi ar arsebobs. ar arsebobs zRvis Tu mdinaris napiri, mTa, tye, gamoqvabuli da a.S.

am landSaftSi modis da saxldeba adamiani. axla, ambobs roThakeri: xdeba absoluturad saocari, zRapruli ram: ada-miani qmnis Tavis samyaros. adamiani cxovrobs im garemoSi, rac, Tavad misi mzeriT da eniTaa pirvelqmnili. naprali kldeSi, qvaTa sruliad neitraluri warmonaqmni gadaiqceva gamoqvabulad, e.i. cxovrebis adgilad, TavSesafrad im arsebisa, romelsac gamoqvabulSi urCevnia binadroba, vidre tyeSi. `gamoqvabuli~, rogorc aseTi, arsebobs mxolod TavSesafris maZiebeli adamianisaTvis.

e.roThakeris Tanaxmad, gamoqvabulis cnebis analogiuria sxva bevri cnebac. cxoveli, romelzec nadiroben, mxolod maSin arsebobs, roca arsebobs monadire. is monadiris arsebo-basTan aucilebel mimarTebaSia. roThakeri CamoTvlis uamrav sxva termins, romelTac swored adamianis arsebobiT aqvT gamarTleba, adamianis gareSe ki, kargaven Tavis mniSvnelobas. roThakeris azriT, landSafti, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli danaw-evrebiT, CvenTvis _ adamianebisaTvis punqtebiT, mimarTulebaTa orientirebiT da a.S. cxadia, mxolod CvenTvis SeiZleba ar-sebobdes. es landSafti cxovelebisaTvis sxvagvaria. amitom aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba dabadebaSi~ moTxrobil ambavs adamianis mier nivTebisa da yovelive Seqmnilis saxeldebis Sesaxeb. saWiro iyo msgavsTa sinTezi, gaerTianeba, saxel-deba, ris gareSec ar gveqneboda CvenTvis saerTo _ cxadad danawevrebuli samyaro. adamianis gareSe ar arsebobs arc yure, arc gamoqvabuli, arc mTa da a.S. isini Semoqmedebis produqtebi arian. sagnebi arseboben TaviTavad, isini Cvenze moqmedeben da Cven maT ganvmartavT, varqmevT saxelebs. amiT, maT rodi vimecnebT, `Semecneba~, sityvis mkacri azriT, am

SemTxvevaSi ar gvaqvs.`me ar gamovdivar _ wers roThakeri, _ arc gulubryvi-

lo realizmis~, arc `fenomenalizmis~ winaaRmdeg, piriqiT: e.w. sinamdvile marTlac gamocanas warmoadgens zustad isea, rogorc aris~ (iqve gv.61). xe, magaliTad, sruliad damoukidebelia Cveni azrovnebisagan, da Cveni azrovnebis ZaliT ar arsebobs: is ise arsebobs, rogorc arsebobs, ma-gram, Cven vxedavT xis erT aspeqts, Cven xesTan vcxovrobT da ar SegviZlia SemoqmedebiTad ar vmoqmedebdeT. Cvengan damoukidebeli samyaro arsebobs, is ar aris movlena, magram, is aris adamianTan axlo myofi, gasagebi, nacnobi samyaro, is araa adamianis mier axsnili samyaro. axsna adamianis Semo-qmedebiTi aqtia. da Cndeba maSin rodesac, Cven win raRac axali, sruliad ucxo, aqamde aRmouCenili raimea. adamia-nis mier axsnis Semdeg, is TavisTavad gasagebi xdeba, iseTi gasagebi, rom, misgan abstrahireba Zneli saqmea... swored am `TavisTavad gasagebobas~ ebrZvis filosofia.

roThakeris azriT, aRwerili landSafti mimarTebaSia adamianTan. aseve, is ver gaigeba Cveni sxeulis agebulebis gareSec, Cveneuli idea mTis Sesaxeb mimarTebaSia Cveni fexebis simoklesTan.

amgvarad, roThakeris Tanaxmad, erT mxarezea saidum-loebiT savse buneba, xolo meore mxareze _ adamiani, ase da amgvarad agebuli organizmiT, am tipis organoebiT. adamiani Zalze gansxvavdeba cxovelisagan, maTi samyaro ki _ adamianebis samyarosagan. adamiani qmnis landSafts. unda ganvTavisufldeT savsebiT ukritiko gulubryvilobisagan, romlis mixedviTac yvelaferi rasac ganvicdiT, rasac vxedavT, TavisTavad gasageb mocemulobad vTvliT, Tumca landSafti _ (es napiri, yure, klde, gamoqvabuli, mTa, tye) adamianis Semo-qmedebiT saxeldebulia. adamianis gareSe es fenomenebi ar arseboben. sityva aris raRac movlenis axsna da fiqsireba.

roThakeris azriT, es niSnavs imas, rom, adamiani raRac

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iluziurs qmnis, igi gamomgonebelia. realuri procesebi arseboben adamianisagan, cocxali arsebebisagan sruliad damoukideblad, isini arian ise, rogorc arian. xe arsebobs Cems gareSe da sruliadac ar aris damokidebuli Cemze, Cem azrebze. magram, xe, klde, TavisTavad~ ar aris xe~ da klde~. Cven vcxovrobT am gulubryvilo samyaroSi, magram, is ar aris moCveneba. `kargi suni~ azriani gamoTqmaa, atomebs ki suni ar aqvT. mTeli Cveni cxovreba miemarTeba gulubryvilo realistur samyaroSi, igive SeiZleba iTqvas istoriaze.

uazrobaa imis Tqma, rom iulius keisris winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba atomTa samyaroSi moxda. am SeTqmulebis adgili iyo `gulubryvilo~ samyaro, romelic adamianis gareSe ar arsebobs. is ar arsebobs, iseve, rogorc, adamianis gareSe ar arsebobs `yure~, `gamoqvabuli~, `nakaduli~da sxva.

amrigad, CvenTvis sruliad gasagebi unda iyos roThakeris terminologia: asaxsneli, gansamartavi, idumalebiT savse aris `sinamdvile~, xolo axsnili, gagebuli, ganmartebuli aris `samyaro~. Tu am ZiriTad terminebs sworad ver gavigebT, roThakeris Tvalsazrisi miuwvdomeli darCeba. àdamiani axsnis Tavis samyaros _ vkiTxulobT roThakerTan _ e.i. axsna mimarTulia sinamdvileze da es sinamdvile aCvenebs adamianis garkveul saxes.~ (70,72)

Seleri da geleni, _ aRniSnavs roThakeri, _ `samyaros~ uwodeben imas, rasac me sinamdviles~ varqmev. ibadeba kiTxva: gvaqvs Cven samyaro am sityvis Seleriseuli gagebiT? dis-tancirebis unaris mqone adamians ZaluZs ki Seimecnos sa-myaro, rogorc is aris TavisTavad, Tu igi cxovelTa garemos analogiiT iseve cxovrobs garemoSi, marTalia sxvagvarSi, adamianurSi, magram, mainc garemoSi.

roThakeris Tanaxmad, arsebobs mkacri korelacia, Sesabam-isoba or movlenas Soris. erTia _ adamiani da misi mdgo-mareoba, meore _ samyaros suraTi. situaciidan gamomdinare, Tavisi mdgomareobis gamo, adamiani yvelafers rodi xedavs.

imis mixedviT, rac SeimCneva, dainaxeba samyaroSi, aigeba sa-myaros suraTi. suraTi Tavad aris sinamdvilis ganWvretiTi xatovani kvali.

roThakers mohyavs erTi klasikuri magaliTi: tye sru-liad sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba aRiqvan gansxvavebuli mdgo-mareobisa da profesiis adamianebma. vTqvaT: metyevem, monadirem, devnilma, glexma Tu mogzaurma. Secdomaa vifiqroT, rom, es asociaciebi exeba tyes, rogorc aseTs. tye rogorc aseTi, rogorc sagani, usicocxlo ConCxia, `wiwviani tye~ ki ukve konkretuli mocemulobaa. ase magaliTad, Tu devnilisaTvis tye TavSesafaria, turistisaTvis saseirno, dasasvenebeli adgilia.

`nicSe, _ wers roThakeri, _ am mimarTebebs naTlad xe-davda, igi werda: bankiri fiqrobs saqmeze, qristiani codvaze, qaliSvili Tavis siyvarulze. yovel adamians aqvs sakuTari mdgomareoba, sakuTari profesia, sakuTari interesebi da Se-sabamisi TvaliT uyurebs samyaros, xedavs mis gansazRvrul mxares da ver amCnevs sxvas.

xom ar aris aq aRwerili mimarTeba im mimarTebis igi-veobrivi, razedac laparakobs iqsqiuli? roThakeri tyuilad rodi ixsenebs iqsqiuls, romlis azriTac, yovel cxovels Tavisi sakuTari garemo aqvs: WriWinas samyaroSi arseboben mxolod WriWinas misawvdomi nivTebi, xoWos samyaro _ mx-olod xoWosia. iqsqiuli fiqrobda, rom, adamiansac zustad aseTi biologiuri saxis garemo aqvs.

roThakeris Tvalsazrisi, didad gansxvavdeba iqsqiulis Tvalsazrisisagan. roThakeris mixedviT, cxovelis yoveli saxeoba Tan atarebs Tavis garemos. radgan, cxovelis yoveli saxeobis organoebi, instinqtebi, moTxovnilebani Tandayolilia,ucvlelia, aseve Tandayolili da ucvlelia cxovelis garemoc. cxovelis Tandayolil biologiur struqturas Seesabameba Tandayolili garemo. Zroxas, aRniS-navs roThakeri, Tavisi saxeobis Sesabamisi qcevebi aqvs, is

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arasodes ar isurvebs ilustrirebuli gazeTis gacnobas.sul sxvagvaria adamianis qceva, romlis zustad dasaxa-

siaTeblad roThakeri iyenebs or cnebas: is laparakobs potenciur da praqtikul qcevaze. potenciurad, e.i. SesaZle-blobis saxiT, metyeves SeuZlia monadire gaxdes, metyeves es SesaZlebloba aqvs, magram, praqtikulad, e.i. faqtiurad is cxovrobs rogorc metyeve, amas aiZulebs misi profesia da ara biologiuri faqtori. radgan, adamianis qceva araa gansazRvruli biologiurad, mas, rogorc roThakeri aRniS-navs, ZaluZs dadges ufro maRla, vidre, misi mdgomareobaa, misi profesiaa, misi moTxovnilebaa. adamians yovelive es SeuZlia potenciurad. praqtikulad ki, adamiani moqmedebs Tavisi mdgomareobis, profesiis Sesabamisad. realurad metyeve cxovrobs metyevis samyaroSi, mSenebeli _ mSeneb-lis samyaroSi. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, Cven vlaparakobT ara biologiurad Tandayolil mimarTebebze, aramed, naswavl, navarjiSeb, profesiul mimarTebebze. cxovelis sicocxlis stili biologiurad Tandayolilia, adamiani ki Tavad qmnis sicocxlis stils.

adamianis gancdis sagani da rogoroba, fiqrobs roThakeri, yoveldRiur enaSi daileqeba. enas didi mniSvneloba eni-Weba samyaros suraTis Seqmnis dros. vTqvaT, erTi eTnosis warmomadgenlebs cxenTa feris gamoxatvisaTvis, aqvT orasi dasaxeleba, maSin roca, mxolod oTxi dasaxeleba aqvT mce-naris. isini cnoben mxolod im mcenareebs, romliTac cxeni ikvebeba. sxva mcenareebi maT ar ainteresebT. afrikelTa erT toms udabnos yavisferis xuTasi-rvaasi elferis dasaxeleba SeuZlia. sxva tomis enaSi vipoviT palmebis saxeobebis ormocdaaT-samoc saxelwodebas.

es faqtebi adastureben, samyaros suraTis Seqmnaze did gavlenas axdens interesi. Tu cxenis feris mravalferovan dasaxelebebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia erTi eTnosis (vTqvaT guaCos) cxovrebaSi, es imas niSnavs, rom, cxeni metad

mniSvnelovani arsebaa am kulturisaTvis. adamianebi pirvel yovlisa imecneben im sagnebs, romelTac, maTTvis mniSvneloba aqvT. rac Cven savsebiT ar gvainteresebs, aRniSnavs, roThakeri, rac Cven arafers gvamcnobs, imas, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi bolos vamCnevT. sinamdvilis suraTSi raime nivTi maSin monawileobs, Tuki yuradRebis Rirsi xdeba.

es faqti, roThakeris mixedviT, sruliad ar niSnavs, TiTqos, adamianebi sagnebs mxolod saWiroebis niSniT amCneven. vTqvaT imas, rac gvixsnis materialuri gaWirvebisagan. ufro marTebuli iqneba Tu `saWiroebis~ nacvlad vilaparakebT `mniSvnelobis ~ Sesaxeb. adamianisaTvis mxolod ekonomiuri viTareba rodia mniSvnelovani, misTvis aseve mniSvnelobis mqonea eTikuri, religiuri Tu mecnieruli interesebi. re-ligiuri motivi mravali omis mizezi gamxdara, iseve, rogorc, wminda ekonomiuri interesi qceula ara erTi dapirispirebis mizezad.

roThakeris azriT, samyaros cxovrebiseuli suraTi yovel kulturas Tavisi aqvs. es suraTi didadaa damokide-buli am kulturis SemqmnelTa yofaze. Secdomaa imis fiqri, rom, sxvadasxva kulturaTa sxvadasxva sferoebi erTnair doneze arian ase magaliTad, Zvel berZenTa ZiriTadi interesi filosofia da xelovneba iyo. am dargebSi maT gasaocar warmatebas miaRwies. Zvel berZenTaTvis kosmosis Semecneba gacilebiT mniSvnelovani saqmianoba iyo, vidre is teqnikuri Sedegebi, romlebic aqedan SeeZloT mieRoT.

sxvagvaria Zveli ebraelebis damokidebuleba samyaro-sadmi. maT ar hqondaT filosofia. èbraelebi _ wers ro-Thakeri _ iyvnen religiuri geniosebi, isini filosofiisa da mecnierebis gareSe cxovrobdnen. (70,80) es faqtebi kulturaTa gansxvavebulobaze metyvelebs. aseve, romaelTaT-visac filosofia ar iyo pirvel sazrunav saganTa Soris. romaelis interesi, upirvelesad, mimarTulia Zalauflebasa, samarTalsa Tu moralze.

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sxvadasxva kulturebi, sxvadasxva xalxebi samyaros gansxvavebul suraTebs qmnian. Tu erTi kulturisaTvis dam-axasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli interesi ama Tu im problemis mimarT, es sulac ar metyvelebs imaze, rom, am kulturas sxva interesebi ar aqvs. es, upirvelesad, niSania am kulturaSi am xedvis, am problemis dominantobisa. ase magaliTad Tu Zveli berZnebisaTvis mniSvnelovania iseTi cnebebi, rogori-caa kosmosi~, logosi~, eidosi~,`sazomi~, forma~, erosi~ da a.S. romaelisaTvis mTavari sul sxva cnebebia, magaliTad, `Rirseba~, `Zalaufleba~, `samarTlianoba~, `pieta~ da a.S.

es mdgomareoba imis dasturia, fiqrobs roThakeri, rom yoveli kultura Taviseburad xedavs samyaros. igi eTanxmeba Selers, diax, adamians ar aqvs biologiuri garemo, is mar-Talia cxovrobs garemoSi, magram, igi ar aris Tandayolili, amitom, biologiuri ki ar aris, aramed es garemo kulturis qmnilebaa.

e.roThakeri sagangebod gaxazavs im cnebebs, romlis meS-veobiTac axal droSi aigeba samyaros suraTi. es cnebebia: codna, energia, Zala, Zalaufleba. renesansis Semdgomi peri-odidan adamianis mTavari mizani xdeba dedamiwis aTviseba. codna iqca Zalad, dro _ fulad. Zveli berZeni ase ar azrovnebda, misi interesi sxvagvari iyo samyarosadmi.

maSasadame, arsebobs mkacri korelacia gancdil samyaros agebulebasa da Sinaarss Soris. iseve, rogorc, cxovelisaTvis ar arsebobs landSafti, aseve adamianic garkveul viTarebaSi ver amCnevs imas, rac mas ar exeba, rac misTvis umniSvneloa. Semecnebis dros unda movaxdinoT seleqcia, amitom, Semec-nebuli ufro Raribia, vidre sinamdvile.

cxoveli damokidebulia Tavis garemoze, Tavis garemos, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,Tan daatarebs. Selerisa da gelenis Tanaxmad, adamians aqvs ara garemo (is Tavisufalia garemosa-gan) aramed, samyaro. adamiani Riaa samyaros mimarT, mas aqvs distancia samyarosadmi.

e.roThakerisaTvisac principulad da potenciuradac adamiani Riaa samyarosadmi. diax! cxovels aqvs garemo, ada-mians _ samyaro. magram, adamianebi cxovroben praqtikulad. konkretuli cxovreba _aRniSnavs roTakeri _ aris praqti-kuli. amitom, adamianebsac aqvT garemo, Tumca, cxovelebisagan gansxvavebuli.

Tu vamtkicebT, rom, adamiani Riaa samyarosadmi da amave dros adamians aqvs garemo, warmoiSveba siZnele, problema. am problemas ver gadawyvets Tvalsazrisi, romelic erTma-neTs uigivebs vTqvaT, konkretul adamians da filosofoss, an konkretul adamians da bunebis mkvlevars. distanci-reba adamianis universaluri, mouSorebeli niSania. yvela normalurma adamianma icis, rom me-sa da samyaros Soris garkveuli manZilia, rom sakuTari Tavi da samyaro ar aris erTi da igive.

es distancireba xdeba adamianisa da cxovelis gan-sxvavebis safuZvelze. cxovels amoqmedebs Tandayolili da ucvleli biologiuri ltolva, adamians _ interesi, romelic aramdgradia, cvalebadia. moqmedebis mizezia ara wminda biologiuri, aramed, eqsistencialuri. cxovelis myar, Tandayolil ucvlel garemos cvlis adamianis gafarToebadi cvalebadi garemo.

problemis daZlevis mizniT, roThakeris azriT, aqcenti unda gadavitanoT adamianis arsebaze. Seleris Tanaxmad, cxovels aqvs mimarTeba garemosTan, adamians ki samyarosTan, radgan, goniT dajildoebulia adamiani da ara cxoveli. Tu adamianis gonis winaSea ara garemo, aramed samyaro, ma-Sin sruliad gaugebari unda iyos samyaros gansxvavebul suraTTa arseboba. samyaros gansxvavebul suraTTa uSualo simptomia ena. misi saSualebiT samyaros suraTi yovelTvis konkretulia, praqtikulia. da amave dros gansxvavebuli, erTeuli, konkretuli adamianis Sesatyvisi. is rac iTqva kerZo, erTeul adamianze, SeiZleba vTqvaT sxvadasxva kultur-

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aze. sxvadasxva xalxs, sxvadasxva kulturas gansxvavebuli interesebi, da damokidebulebebi aqvT da es interesTa da mimarTebaTa sxvadasxvaoba maTi cxovrebis stilSi aisaxeba da kulturaSi gamovlindeba. rogorc gansxvavdeba erTma-neTisagan erTeuli adamiani, ise gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan sxvadasxva xalxis kultura.

gansxvavebis arseboba adamianis istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegia. myar, kulturul formebze uaris Tqma kacobrio-bisaTvis im totis moWras hgavs, romelzec, Tavad zis. es aris mudmivi kavSiri goniT tradiciasTan.

adamiani moqmedi arsebaa. es debuleba filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia, adamiani Tavadve warmarTavs Tavis cxovrebas, qmnis momavlis eskizebs, pro-eqtebs. gamudmebiT swavlobs, miiswrafis srulyofisaken. imis gamo, rom, ar aris bunebiT `dadgenili~ arseba, igi Tavad adgens sakuTar Tavs. damoukidebeli moqmedebiT moipovebs sakuTar yofierebas (Dasein).

goniTi fenomeni, romelic, idealistebisaTvis myari pirveladi, sakuTar TavSi namdvili, bunebrivi mizezebiT auxsneli mocemulobaa, pozitivistebisaTvis sxvagvarad asax-sneli fenomenia. yvelaferi rasac adamiani qmnis, sabolood emsaxureba adamianis TviTSenaxvas. aseTia zneobrivi wesebi, religiac ki, romelic, sazogadoebis gadarCenas emsaxureba. azrovnebac da eTosic imave mizans emsaxureba. inteleqti, ena aseve gamosayeneblad morgebuli, adamianis Semnaxavi, gadamrCeni instrumentebia. isini gansazRvrulia sicocx-lis samsaxurisaTvis, saSualebania miznisaTvis. genezisis safuZvelze, iqneb gasaziarebeli iyos es Sexeduleba, magram, anTropologebi aq ar Cerdebian da miiCneven, rom, rodesac xdeba saSualebebis emansipireba, im viTarebidan risTvisac Seiqmna, gamoTavisufldeba da iqceva TviTmiznad, swored ma-Sin iqceva is kulturad. TviTmizani xdeba azrovneba, zneoba, rwmena, xelovneba, religia, filosofia. amiT anTropologia

Sinaarsobriv Tanxmobas aRwevs idealistebTan, visTvisac goniTi samyaro TviTmizania, pirveladia. maSin roca, pozi-tivistebisaTvis igi meoradia.

ra Tqma unda, bunebaze gabatoneba da sxeulis floba upirveles amocanaa, raxan adamiani naklovani arsebaa (roThak-eri ixsenebs gelens). amas adamiani axorcielebs ukve azri-ani, maRal Rirebulebaze mimarTuli qceviT da ara mxolod utilitaristuli mizniT, rogorc, TviTmizans. cxovelTan xdeba mxolod bunebrivi ltolvis dakmayofileba da am gziT sicocxlis gadarCena. adamians ki aqvs azriani distancia sagnebisadmi. es azrianoba misi xerxia. mas SeuZlia samyaros almacerad, ironiiTac ucqiros uSualo saWiroebis gareSe, sargeblianobis gareSe, miznis gareSe. swored, misi amgvari unarebidan amoizarda adamianuri arsebobis wesi, romelic, sxvadasxva interesebiT aris ganpirobebuli. imis gamo, rom, adamianma naklovani arsebobidan~ moaxerxos Tavis gadarCena, gonieri arseba xdeba da amisaTvis sakuTari xerxi aqvs. es xerxi cxovelis qcevis msgavsad, saWiro Sedegze rodia mimar-Tuli. is ar emsaxureba mxolod wamier, uSualo sicocxlis Senaxvas, aramed, qmnis raRac àrasaWiros~ anu miznisagan Tavisufals. is sagnobriv, mizanSewonil amocanas svams, ro-gorc TviTmizans, raTa Tavisi damoukidebeli samyaro aagos. hqondes sakuTari garemo, mizanmimarTuli kosmosi, kultura da civilizacia. adamians cxovrebiseuli Rirebulebani Ta-visiT ki ar eZleva, aramed, Tavad qmnis gegmazomierad..

filosofiur anTropologiaSi, termini, adamiani aris `ganmtvirTveli~ arseba, a.gelenma daamkvidra. amave cnebas ixilavs roThakeri Tavis wignSi. igi miuTiTebs, rom, cxove-li aqtivobs, moqmedebs aqtualuri situaciis gamowvevis sapasuxod. xolo, adamiani axerxebs Tavi aaridos uSualo vitalurad mwvave situaciebs, Seakavos aRzneba da ganaxor-cielos is moqmedeba, romelic sworad miaCnia, sxvagvarad ifunqcios. adamians aqvs: xedvis, metyvelebis Tu warmodgenis

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uzarmazari sivrce, romelic, savsea simboloebiT. adamians SeuZlia raRac survilebis Sekaveba, Seferxeba, maTi araaq-tualizeba. gare samyaros marTvis unarTan erTad arsebobs adamianis sxva aranakleb mniSvnelovani unari _ kontroli sakuTari qcevisa.

adamianis moqmedebis struqtura SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc refleqsuri, anu cnobierebis iseTi unari, romelic `damiznebulia~ SesaZlo amocanaze, romelic adamianis gareT devs da Semdeg miemarTeba sakuTar Tavs anu sakuTar `me~-s. ase fiqrobs roThakeri.

gelenis Tvalsazrisze miTiTebiT roThakeric fiqrobs, rom, Cveni nebismieri moqmedeba, moZraobis kombinacia mra-valsaxaa da mravalferovani. cxovelsa da adamians Soris gansxvaveba senso-motorikaSic devs. adamians aqvs Tavisi specifikuri kombinaciebi aRqmisa da moZraobisa. is rom, adamiani gansakuTrebuli eskizia bunebisa, Cans elementarul fsiqikur fazebSi da TviT umdables _ SegrZnebebis donezec ki. adamians plastikuri bunebis gamo Ria aqvs horizonti. igi gaxsnilia samyarosadmi, SeuZlia ltolvis gandevna da uaryofa. adamians aseve SeuZlia distancireba ara mxolod gare movlenebidan, aramed sakuTari Tavidanac.

filosofiuri anTropologiis am mimarTulebis kerZod kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis warmomadgenlebi Tavs arideben tradiciul klasikur-metafizikur problemebs. geleni mag. filosofiur anTropologias empiriul filoso-fias uwodebs da Tavis miznad isaxavs axali mecnierebis Seqmnas adamianis Sesaxeb.

kidev erTxel gavixsenoT filosofiuri anTropologiis umniSvnelovanesi cneba `goni~, romelic roThakerisaTvis ar warmoadgens damoukidebel realobas. is aris moqmedeba, aqtTa Sesruleba an aqtTa garkveuli wesrigi, gansaxorcie-lebeli wyoba. gonis cneba moicavs mWvretel, mgrZnobel da moazrovne aqtebis erTobliobas. adamianisaTvis, swored am

aqtebis wyalobiT xdeba Ria da misawvdomi RirebulebaTa samyaro. Cven mxolod gonis meSveobiT viciT, rom varT am aqtebis Semsrulebeli pirovneba. ase fiqrobs roThakeri.

amitom imsaxurebs tradiciuli racionalizmi da ide-alizmi roThakeris kritikas. igi iziarebs eqsistenciali-stebis paToss aRniSnul sakiTxze. Zalze xSirad, idealebi da normebi, romlebsac warmmarTvelad miiCneven, ar muSaobs~ erTeulisaTvis, kerZo adamianisaTvis. es `maRali~ ideebi ufro TavSesafris rols asruleben, sadac, adamiani Tavs daculad grZnobs. isini zedroulni, zogadni, usasruloni arian, maSin roca, me _ adamiani var grZnobadi, droSi myofi arseba da xSirad sxvadasxva interesebi mamoZravebs.

sxva kuTxiT SevxedoT, da ganvaviTaroT es azri. Tamamad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom, kirkegoric imaves ityoda Seleris gonze, romelic, ZiriTadad RirebulebaTa skalaa. misi meS-veobiT aigeba maRali, adamianuri samyaro, radgan, kirkegori-saTvisac ufro Rirebuli, centraluri punqtia subieqtis Tavisufleba. (msgavseba eqsistencialistebTan), vidre, gonis obieqturoba. erTeuli Tavisuflebas poulobs sakuTar TavSi, rogorc, gaurkvevlobas da ara raRac myar punqts. Tu am myari punqtis Zieba Tavisuflebis dasafuZneblad um-niSvnelovanesia idealizmisaTvis, eqsistencialistebi masSi xedaven safrTxes, gaurkvevlobas, SfoTis da cdunebis risks. ase mag: sartris azriT, swored myari ideebi auCinareben adamians, vinaidan aiZuleben erTeuls daeqvemdebaros zogads, maradiuls. anTropologebis Tezisi, (mag: Seleri, geleni), rom, adamianSi miiRweva safexuri, romelzec cnobiereba sakuTar Tavs sagnad aqcevs, eqsistencialistebisaTvis sakamaTo de-bulebaa .

maTi msjeloba amgvaria: me bunebisagan ar viqmnebi, ro-gorc `me – TviTon~ me vaxden refleqsias sakuTar Tavze, me var sakuTari Tavisagan transcendenturi. me mxolod ase unda moviqce, rom, vipovo sakuTari Tavi, magram, me sakuTar

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Tavs vpoulob ara rogorc myar mocemulobas Tu myar pirovnebas, aramed, rogorc, gaurkvevlobas arCevanis zRvarze myofs, gadawyvetilebaTa mudmivi pulsirebis velSi. adamianma unda moaxerxos wonasworobis SenarCuneba. igi mudam riskavs, yovelTvis Tavidan svams kiTxvas. pasuxi, gadawyvetileba mudmivad gaurkvevlobis winaSe gvayenebs da me ver mSvelis udroo, maradiul zogadze miTiTeba, e.w. ideali. (ase emarTeba haidegeris man-s).

me – TviTon~ ar gamoikvleva arc fsiqikaze, arc gonze an transcendentalur me-ze zogadi moZRvrebiT. is individu-alur YTviTrefleqsiaSia, radgan, ar arsebobs eqsistenciis `dazainis~ raime sistema. arsebobs mxolod `logikuri~, zogadi sistema. ar arsebobs iseTi sistema, romelic, ada-mianis cxovrebas amowuravs da zedroulad moawesrigebs. vinaidan, Sinagani cxovreba ar flobs uwyvet yofierebas, me-m, romelic arsebobs movlenaTa da interesTa mudmivad cvalebad velSi, yovelwamierad unda miiRos gadawyvetileba, raTa TavisTavTan mivides.

amis gamo, iasperss, romelic ZiriTadad eqsistencze fi-losofosobs da ara imdenad `me~-ze anu `TviT~-ze, miaCnia: eqsistenci (`me-TviT~) saerTod ar aris kvlevadi obieqti. masze ar SeiZleba arsebobdes mecnieruli codna, radgan ver vipoviT sagnobriv da zogad cnebebs, obieqtivirebuls kauza-lobis kategoriebSi. amitom, TviTcnobiereba am azriT, arc kia codna. me SemiZlia mxolod gamovaRviZo es eqsistenci.

transcendentalur cnobierebasac mis mravalferovan refleqsiaSi (`romlis Sedegadac saerTod gveZleva me), ar ZaluZs Segviyvanos eqsistenciaSi. eqsistencia saerTod aris niSani, miTiTeba, adamianis iarliyi, romelic is TviTon aris. da am me-TviTonSi~ ver SeiWreba anTropologia. eqsistenci cnebiT codnas ar eZleva, adamiani mxolod gzaa. igi ar aris mudmivad gansazRvruli mocemuloba.

eqsistencialuri filosofiisaTvis adamianis arsi ar

devs arc adamianis samyaros, rogorc, mTlianobis Semmecnebel unarSi, arc sicocxlis samyarodan goniT sistemaSi gadas-vlis unarSi, aramed, mis unarSi arsebobdes `TavisuflebaSi rogorc riskSi~.

Zvel idealizmSi Tavisufali~ raRac sxvas erqva. gavix-senoT i. kantis ganwyoba. Tavisufali anu ltolvebisagan ganTavisuflebuli var maSin, roca, mivyvebi zogad wesebs. roca, adamiani miyveba ltolvebs, romelTa marTva ar SeuZlia, igi CarTulia bunebrivi kauzalobis rigSi. magram, miuxedavad amisa, aseTi arseba mainc Tavisufalia, raxan, misTvis mniS-vnelobs eTikuri da logikuri wesebi. rodesac, qceva ukve aRar imarTeba bunebrivi kanonebis mixedviT, is ganisazRvreba gonebis kanonebiT. gonebis kanonebi, aseve aCerebs individis TviTnebobas. amgvari idealisturi ganwyobis mwvervalia hege-lis Tvalsazrisi, misi debuleba, rom, zogadi goni moqmedebs CemSi, roca, me goniTad anu gonebis mixedviT vmoqmedeb. es zogadi gonia, mTavari moqmedi piri da subieqti samyaros istoriisa.

rodesac, sworad vazrovneb maSin CemSi azrovnebs ara kauzalur-biologiur-fsiqologiuri agregati, aramed, Tavad logika, amitom, rogorc biologiuri arseba, veqvemdebarebi Cemi moqmedebis logikas, romlis safuZvelic zogadi (obi-eqturi) gonia. azrovneba, logikuri kanonebis Tanaxmad da zneobrivi qceva, eTikuri kanonebis Tanaxmad, mTlianad Ta-visufalia ltolvebisagan, droulobisagan, drangiT savse Tu asociaciurad moqmedi bunebrivi cTomilebebis SemTx-veviTobisagan. distancia, gaTvalsaCinoeba, obieqtivireba, mx-olod adamians SeuZlia da igi mkacrad imijneba yovelgvari cxovelurisagan. racio-goneba gvaTavisuflebs drangisagan. Seleris moZRvrebaSic Cans es moTxovna, kerZod damorCileba zogadi wesebisadmi anu RirebulebaTa skalis dacva.

roThakeri yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxva gansxvavebazec. adamiansa da cxovels Soris gansxvavebaa, ara marto azrovne-

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baSi, aramed, WvretiT warmodgenebSic. bavSvi xatavs Sinagani sixarulis gamo, radgan, igi mzadaa am tipis aqtiurobisaT-vis. adamians, SegrZnebebis polusidan (romelic cxovelsac aqvs) SeuZlia mibrundes mWvreteli polusisaken. cxoveli ltolvisa da moZraobis erTianobaa, misi samyaro sxeulis samyaroa. es jer kidev ar aris nivTTa samyaro. cxovelis STabeWdilebani gafiltrulia~ seleqciurad. isini gamoi-Wrebian~ ltolvis Sesatyvisad. (sasiamovno da usiamovno).

adamianSi ki piriqiT, Tumca, SegrZnebebis unarebic aqvs, magram, masSi WvretiTi elementebi (romlebic, cxovelebsac gaaCniaT. amis gareSe cxovels ar eqneboda sinaTlisa da Crdilis STabeWdilebani) emansipirdebian da aRematebian SegrZnebebs. amitom, adamiani cxoveliviT, mxolod, gamovle-nili sxeulis samyaroSi ki ar cxovrobs, aramed, sxeulebrivi suraTebis samyaroSic. (iseTi gansxvavebebic ki rogorebicaa àxlos~ da `Sors~ xatovani bunebisaa.) cxovelis Wvreta damokidebulia mizidvasa da ganzidvaze. misi gancda vera-sodes moipovebs damoukideblobas, rac, saSualebas miscemda Sinagan suraTTan Seedarebina STabeWdileba, romelic gaaTa-visuflebda gancdilis warmodgenis mier aRZruli drangis ukumoqmedebisagan. cxovels ZaluZs xelovnuri TavSesafris da budis ageba, moZraobebisa da xmebisaTvis mibaZva, magram, arc erT cxovels ar SeuZlia im suraTis warmoqmna, rac nanaxi aqvs, maSin roca, adamiani Zalze advilad aqcevs STabeWdile-bebis Sinaarss warmodgenad. cxovels ar aqvs geStaltisa da suraTis gagebis unari.

roThakeri imowmebs klagesis Tvalsazriss, rom, gan-sxvaveba adamiansa da cxovels Soris jer kidev Wvretis unarSi gamovlindeba. misi azriT, Zvel adamians ukve aqvs ena da SeuZlia xatva. Semdeg, is aRwevs `promeTeseuli adamianis~ safexurs anu ukve funqciobs `gonis~ Canasaxi. magram, klagesis azriT, es goni jer kidev Rrmadaa Cazrdili sicocxleSi. adamiani azrovnebs simbolurad, miTebis saSu-

alebiT, mogvianebiT xdeba misi Camoyalibeba heraklesebur moqmed adamianad. es ukve namdvili goniTi adamiania, adamiani dRevandeli gagebiT.

Semecnebis unarTan erTad adamians uviTardeba esTeti-kuri unaric, imis gamo, rom, aqvs Wvretis unaric. amgvarad, klagesi sxva gziT mivida imave daskvnamde, rogoric miiRes portmanma da gelenma _ adamians samyaroSi aqvs biologiu-rad gasxvavebuli adgili~.

ìnteresi aRebs samyaros kars~_ aRniSnavs roThakeri. rac ar gvainteresebs, is maqsimum SevamCnioT, magram, es sru-liad ar niSnavs rom adamiani mxolod sasargeblozea mimar-Tuli. sasargeblos warmatebiT Caenacvleba mniSvnelovani.~ adamians garda praqtikulisa, religiuri, filosofiuri, eTikuri, da Teoriuli interesebic aqvs.

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT samyaros suraTi, romelic adamianis kvleviTa da azrovnebiT moicema da sa-myaros suraTi, romelSic, adamiani praqtikulad cxovrobs. mag. berZeni filosofosebi samyaros imecnebdnen teqni-kuri warmatebebis miRwevis miznis gareSe. Tumca, hqondaT araerTi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis aRmoCena, magram, Zveli berZnebisaTvis aseTi interesi meorexarisxovani iyo. buneba maTTvis wminda mocemulobas warmodgena. CvenTvisac Cveuli axali drois tendencia, bunebis Seswavla, Cveni nebisadmi misi daqvemdebarebis mizniT _ berZnebisaTvis ucxoa. isini, mowodebiT da cxovrebis stiliT, upirvelesad, filosofosni da xelovanni iyvnen.

specifikuri saxisaa romaelTa filosofiac. maTi gaaz-rebis obieqtia politikuri Zalaufleba, saxelmwifo, eTika, ojaxi, qoneba. didi yuradReba eqceva samarTlis Seqmnas. e.i. am gansxvavebul interesebSi Cans samyarosadmi garkveuli msoflmxedvelobiTi midgoma.

amgvarad, adamianic, iseve, rogorc cxoveli, amCnevs TavisT-vis mniSvnelovans (anu risi SemCnevac SeuZlia). sinamdvile

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TavisTavad amouwuravi saidumloa. sinamdvilis calkeuli fragmentic ki usasrulod intensiuri mravalferovnebis mqonea. unaSTod verafers ver amovwuravT, amitom axdens adamiani seleqcias. yovelTvis raRac Seumecnebadi rCeba am sinamdvilidan. magram, yovelTvis rCeba SesaZlebloba sinamdvilis gafarToebisa, axali codnis mopovebisa. aq arcTu umniSvnelo rols asrulebs fantazia. sanam, adami-ani sinamdvilis gardaqmnas cdilobs mopovebuli codnis safuZvelze, mas Tavis warmodgenaSi fantazia enacvleba. mTels am msjelobaSi, Tu mivyvebiT roThakers, mTavari isaa, rom, elementaruli kiTxvebis gareSe, yuradRebis gar-eSe, Tvalsazrisis gareSe, arc aRqma ar arsebobs. aseve Tu raime CvenTvis mniSvnelovani ar aris, arc Semecnebis aqti xorcieldeba. ukve, grZnobaSi da ara mxolod Wvretasa da azrovnebis formebSi, devs yovelgvari codnis transcenden-talurobis piroba. mniSvnelobis debuleba, Tanabari Zalisaa sagnobriobis debulebisa.

racionalistebis klasikuri debuleba ambobda: `cno-bierebis gareT arc yofiereba arsebobs.~ Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT biologiur-emociuri, eqsistencialuri ganaTebis gareSe, arc Semecneba ganxorcieldeba. kacobriobis mTeli Taobebis mier mopovebuli codna, mxolod, mcire kunZulia sinamdvilis okeaneSi. magram, mTavari isaa, rom, adamians Za-luZs sinamdvilis Semecneba _ ambobs roThakeri (70,150).

praqtikulad, adamiani cxovrobs fenomenTa samyaroSi, romelsac igi interesis Sesabamisad irCevs. adamiani garemos qmnis Tavisi interesebis Sesatyvisad. gavimeoreb ukve naTq-vams: Tu cxoveli mijaWvulia ltolvaze, drangze, garemoze da Tavis garSemo atarebs am garemos, adamiani, rogorc, Selers da gelens miaCndaT, Tavisufalia drangis artaxebisagan. e.i. drangisagan ganTavisufleba negatiuri gamoTqmaa pozitiurad gamoiTqmulisa. rogorc `samyarosadmi Ria~, adamians Seu-Zlia saganTa Dasein-i anu maTi winaaRmdegoba frCxilebSi

Casvas da Sosein-ze gaamaxvilos yuradReba. e.i. mas SeuZlia sinamdvilisadmi distancireba. amitomaa adamiani mkvlevaric da ara mxolod praqtikosi. mas SeuZlia Semecneba ubralod cnobismoyvareobis gamo, codnis wyurviliT.

amiT dasturdeba, rom, adamiani distanciuri arsebaa. magram principulad SeuZlia sagnisadmi distancirebasac aRematos. SeuZlia arsebuli samyaros transcendentirebac. SeuZlia movlenis miRma gamoimuSavos TavisTavadi nivTis idea. saerTod, samyaros ideac aqvs. misTvis samyaro garemos saxiT vlindeba. e.i. adamianma Tavidanve airCia filosofo-sobis gza, aki Zvel saberZneTSi filosofia daiwyo imis aRmoCeniT, rom, aris erTiani ucvleli yofiereba da cva-lebadi movlenebi. samyarosadmi distancireba adamianisaTvis moucilebeli niSania da axasiaTebs adamians ar mxolod filosofosobis dros.

kidev erTxel gavixsenoT filosofiuri anTropolo-giisaTvis mniSvnelovani ramdenime momenti: 1.cxovelis Tan-dayolili drangis nacvlad, adamianTan Cndeba interesi, ufro Sors mwvdomi, moZravi, vidre drangi. (roThakers aq Semoaqvs eqsistencialuri interesic, romelic, ar aris biologi-uri.) 2.cxovelis myari struqturis nacvlad _ adamianis `cxovrebis stili~ (cxovelTan garemo mimarTebaSia mis struqturasTan. adamianTan cxovrebis stilTan.) 3.cxovelis gaqvavebul garemos upirispirdeba adamianis gafarToebadi, moZravi samyaro.

rogor davasabuToT es? upirvelesad, gavecnoT adamianis realur moqmedebebs. (radgan, ar gadaviCexoT metafizikaSi). adamianebi ZiriTadad ise azrovneben, rogorc cxovroben. ase mag. mesaqonle xalxi ZiriTadad atarebs mesaqonlis Sesaty-vis gancdas da gamoxatavs mas. zRvaosani xalxi _ ZiriTa-dad, zRvasTan dakavSirebul gancdebs. cnobierebis Sinaarsi aisaxeba enis leqsikur maragSi (mniSvnelovan Sedegs miviRebT am TvalsazrisiT Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT anTropologiur

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da enaTmecnierul monacemebs) _ samyaros suraTi enis sin-taqsur wyobaSic Cans. SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi vilaparakoT `TviT gamoxatvaze~, `TviTgamoTqmaze~ e.i. sintaqsSi Cans samyaros suraTis zogadi konturi, ConCxi anu formaluri mxare. mas ki gamoavlenen ganwyobebi, azris struqturebi, Wvretis sqemebi, dinamikuri moZraobebi da sxva (67,157).

dRes, Zalze gavrcelebulia azri, rom, adamiani isto-riuli arsebaa. roThakeris SexedulebiT, ìstoriuli~ krebiTi cnebaa. amitom, yuradRebas amaxvilebs mosazrebaze: namyo adamianis konstituciuri faqtoria. kacobriobas, yovel ers Tu individs aqvs sakuTari biografia. istoria fonia, sadac, mimdinareobs adamianis cxovreba. adamianebi, individTa jgufebi avlenen obieqtivaciis unars enaSi, sxvadasxva socialur organizaciebSi. maTSi mocemulia azrovnebis, grZnobis, qcevis da sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis gamokveTili formebi. obieqtivaciis adamianuri unaris gamo yalibdeba garkveuli Cvevebi, zne, wesebi, adaTi, romlebic meordebian da myardebian. moZrav, cvalebad cxovrebiseul movlenebSi isini xdebian gansazRvruli, Zireuli fenomenebi. am fenomenebs, n.hartmanma hegelis gavleniT òbieqturi goni~ uwoda.

Tavad roThakeri, aRniSnul cnebas iSviaTad xmarobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom, iziarebs azrs gamyarebuli formebis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb. iqneba es qristianuli, budisturi si-yvaruli, Tu antikuri erosi. sainteresoa, rom, am grZnobebma, emociebma, azris msgavsad formis saxe miiRes. mTeli tradi-cia amgvari gamyarebuli formebia da sxva araferi. adamiani mudmiv mimarTebebSia tradiciebTan. isini marTalia icvleba, magram, Zalze Znelad.

azris sailustraciod roThakers mohyavs enis magaliTi. ena cocxali organizmia, mudmivad moZraobs, ganicdis cv-lilebebs, es yovelTvis aisaxeba metyvelebaSi. samagierod, metad myaria bgerebis arseboba enaSi, isini Zalze nela an TiTqmis ar icvlebian. aseve, nakleb cvalebadia mag. enis

gramatikuli formebi, romlebic, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ucvlelia. gamyarebuli formebi naklebad emorCileba revo-luciur suliskveTebas. kacobriobis istoriaSi arsebobs myari, ucvleli sidideebi, romelTa meSveobiT, istoriuli ganviTareba uwyvetobas inarCunebs. axali epoqa amoizrdeba Zvelidan, miuxedavad, socialuri kataklizmisa, Tu politi-kuri cvlilebisa.

gamyarebul formebze uaris Tqma, uaris Tqma kultur-aze, romelic aerTianebs adamianTa jgufebs, erebs, regionebs, hgavs im totis moWras, romelzec vsxedvarT. amitom aris goniTi tradiciis, kulturis Senaxva adamianisaTvis umniS-vnelovanesi movaleoba, romlis daviwyebac, armovlac daan-grevs adamianobis vels da daeSveba arsebobis pirvelyofil safexurze.

goniTi tradicia kargad Cans enaSi. isev roThakers moviSvelieb. samyaros suraTSi aRibeWdeba is, rac, ama Tu im enis mqone subieqtebis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva, fiqsirdeba da sinamdvilis farTo panoramidan amoirCeva. masSi kargad Cans ama Tu im kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, gan-sxvavebuli sxva kulturebis simboloebisagan. igive SeiZleba gveTqva xelovnebazec, tradiciul samarTalze.

individualuri Tu jgufuri istoriis analizi aCvenebs, rom namyo axdens konstituciur zemoqmedebas awymoze. awymos struqturaSi Zalze didia enobrivi, religiuri, filosofi-uri Tu mecnieruli tradiciis roli.

kargadaa cnobili, mecnieruli azrovneba viTardeba samyaros axsnis periodidan, roca, logosi gamoeyo miToss. moxda sxvadasxva sferoTa racionalizacia, magram, adamianTa azrovnebam mainc Semoinaxa miTiuri fena.

roThakeri ixsenebs, rogor Secvala axal droSi koper-nikis heliocentrulma sistemam, ptololes geocentruli sistema. Sedegad, samyaros sruliad sxva astronomiuli su-raTi miviReT. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom, dRes CvenTvis mze

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sulac aRar aris RvTaeba, da Cveulebrivi varsvlavia sxva varskvlavTa Soris, enam mainc Semoinaxa misi miTiuri xedva, iseve, rogorc, `guls~ yovelTvis ar vxmarobT anatomiuri azriT da arc mTvares dahkargvia odindeli `mistikuri Saravandedi~ idumalebisa. ase ar iqneboda samyaros suraTi mxolod radikalurad racionalizebuli rom iyos.

adamianisaTvis Zalze axlobelia da uyvars miTiur-poeturi geStaltebi, rac Cveni grZnobadi STabeWdilebebis korelatebia. adamians ar surs, samyaros suraTi mxolod mkacrad racionalizebuli iyos.

Zvel, tradiciiT mdidar enebs aqvT rogorc Zveli, aseve axali fenobrivi Sreebi. ena savsea logikuri da miTosuri elementebiT. Zalmosilebis mxriv, Zveli iseTive Zlieria, rogorc axali. rodesac aRtacebuli varT varskvlavebiT moWedili cis silamaziT, maSin sulac ar vazrovnebT as-tronomiviT.

dRevandelma adamianma, marTalia, didi doziT dahkarga dramis, romantizmis ena, radgan, igi CarTulia cxovrebis teqnikur, dinamikur ritmSi. mas TiTqosda aRar calia myari adamianuri RirebulebebisaTvis Tu gancdisaTvis. misTvis sakmarisi aRmoCnda banaluri xelovneba, (terminic ki gaCnda `masobrivi kultura~. XX saukunem Seqmna `sanax-aobis kulti~). namdvili, Rirebuli xelovnebis SeqmnisaTvis aucilebelia adamiani àmoerTos~ sicocxlis dinebas da maRali esTetikuri interesiT miemarTos sinamdviles.

anTropologiurma kvlevebma kargad uCvena, mxolod ada-mians aqvs distanciaze yofnis unari. roThakeri am azris gasamyareblad moixmobs herman vainis gamokvlevas, romlis Tanaxmad, adamiani cxovelisagan gansxvavdeba `refleqsuro-biT~. mag: ZaRls aqvs gaxarebis unari, magram ar icis rom uxaria. adamianTan ki gancdas Tan axlavs codna.

vainis daskvnebi exmianeba Selerisas Selers miaCnda, rom adamianisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari unari drangisagan ganTavi-

suflebaa da aqvs sagnobrivi cnobiereba, rogorc gare, aseve Siga samyaros mimarT. àdamians sakuTari Tavi xelTa aqvs, igi damkvirvebelia~. roThakeris TvalsazrisiT, amgvari xedva SeiZleba miviCnioT filosofiuri anTropologiis saboloo safexuradac.

is, rom, adamians sakuTari Tavi eZleva, amiT igi Tavis Tavsac afuZnebs, qmnis, adgens. roThakeri ixsenebs plesneris magaliTsac, iseve rogorc, msaxiobi TamaSobs Tavis rols, aseve SeuZlia adamiansac gaiTamaSos sakuTari Tavi, sakuTari yofiereba da agrZelebs plesneris Tvalsazrisis citire-bas. TamaSi cxovelsac SeuZlia, magram, adamiani ar TamaSobs mxolod amwuTierad, igi sakuTari yofierebis (cxovrebis wesis) moTamaSea. me~ _ rogorc pirovneba gaxsnis~ sakuTar Tavs, rogorc sxvisTvis, aseve sakuTari TavisTvis, sakuTar mocemulobaze aRmatebiT tovebs igi cxovelis dones da moipovebs Tavisuflebas. bunebas me~ ar aqvs, RmerTi mTli-anad me~-a, adamiani ki dgas maT Soris da avlens Tavis me-s. adamiani ar emTxveva imas, rac aris.

adamianisaTvis sxeulis formebi, temperamenti, niWi Tu warmomavloba SemTxveviTia da Zalze kargad icis, imis gamo, rom, adamiani distanciuri arsebaa. plesnerisaTvis igi iseTia, rogoradac sakuTar Tavs gaigebs.

adamians SeuZlia gare da Siga samyaroebis gamokvleva, aseve misi grZnobis obieqtad qceva. SeuZlia sakuTari Ta-vis hoyofac da uaryofac, misiT aRtacebac da SezizRebac. adamianma icis, mas ara mxolod sxeuli aqvs, aramed, igi masSi warmodgeba, misiT avlens mimarTebebs garemosTan, mas SeuZlia sicocxlis mdinarebas daupirispirdes, moaxdinos arCevani. adamiani cxovrobs droSi, dgas sakuTar Tavsa da sagnebs Soris. adamiani distanciis unariT midis ara mx-olod sagnamde, aramed, sagnobriobamde. ara mxolod arse-bulamde, aramed yofierebamdec. distancia Semecnebis garda RirebulebiT, ideis, idealis mimarTac funqcionirebs. metic,

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es eTikur-religiuri metafizikuri distancia uerTdeba kogniturs da misi safuZvelic ki xdeba.

adamians aseve aqvs usasrulos idea, is gaxsnilia us-asrulobisadmi da SeuZlia samyaros trascendentireba am gziT. usasrulobis ideas emateba mavaldebulebeli ideebi sikeTis, WeSmaritebis da sxva Rirebulebani. Tavisuflebis ideis gareSe adamians ar eqneboda Rirebulebebze mijaWvu-lobis gancda. cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT adamians aqvs gacnobierebis unari, imis gancda, rom, igi Tavisufalia an tyvea. absolutze ideis gareSe arc sasrulo mogvecemoda. sazRvris gadalaxvis ideis gareSe, arc sazRvris gancda gveqneboda. am korelaciebSi kargad Cans ideisa da adamianuri gancdis urTierTqmedeba.

Sedegi am msjelobisa igivea, rac zemoTac davinaxeT. adamianis cxovelisagan ZiriTadi gansxvaveba Tavs iyris distancirebis TavisuflebaSi, raimesadmi pirispir dgomis unarSi. iqneba es movlena Tu RirebulebiTi moTxovna.

magram, realurad es arc ise martivad xorcieldeba _ fiqrobs roThakeri. adamiani miuxedavad, imisa, rom, mas aqvs gancda Tavisuflebisa, aqvs samyaros idea, masze mainc didia garemos dawola da safrTxe Caiketos empiriul mocemulobaSi. amis ara erTi magaliTi gvaqvs, rogorc, kerZo adamianis pirad cxovrebaSi, aseve istoriaSi (iqneba es inteleqtualuri upatiosneba, mcirediT dakmayofileba, zneobrivi dacemis xarjze keTildReobis mopoveba. amitom iyo, rom, amgvar viTarebaSi adamianis CaZirvas fixtem da haidegerma upirovno adamiani _ Man-i uwodes). yoveldRiu-rad SeiZleba Cven TavSi aRmovaCinoT inerciisadmi minebeba, inertuloba, sizarmace, azrovnebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis uunaroba, simamacis nakleboba. yovelive es adamianisaTvis Zalze Cveuli mdgomareobaa, magram, anTropologiisaTvis jer kidev ar aris gadamwyveti.

roThakers, azris ufro metad naTelyofisaTvis Semoaqvs

adamianuri garemos cnebac. zemoT aRwerili mdgomareoba Seesabameba adamianis arsebobas garemoSi, rogorc grZnobadi, individualuri arsebisa. samyaroSi arsebobas adamiani iwyebs maSin roca, iwyebs azrovnebas, refleqsias. Tavisuflebis ideis meSveobiT, bunebrivi SemTxveva bediswerad iqceva. cxovels ar SeiZleba hqondes bediswera, raxan, ar aqvs SesaZleblobani amgvarad Tu imgvarad cxovrebisa. adamians ki aqvs erTianobis, identobis, zogadobis, mTlianobis ideebi, romelTa meSveobiTac adamiani gadalaxavs pirovnuli ganc-dis zRurbls.

adamiani garemoSia maSin roca, ar fiqrobs imaze, imis Sesaxeb, rom, am garemos ukan imaleba raRac mTeli, romlis aspeqtic garemoa. ver vityviT, rom samyaro garemos uswrebs. mTeli emateba, avsebs garemos, magram, masze ar daiyveneba. adamianis uZlieresi unari transcendenturobisa garemos Sinaarseuli gancdiT ar icvleba. Cven Cveulebriv ganvicdiT garemos, sulerTia vxdiT Tu ara mas gasagebs, gavdivarT mis gareT Tu ara.

ase uaxlovdeba roThakeri gadamwyvet punqts, romelic cxadyofs adamianis kavSirs garemosTan. ismis kiTxva, gvaqvs ra wminda gasagnebis unari, ratom veqceviT garemoSi? Cven xom gaxsnilebi varT samyaros mimarT, maSin ra gvaiZulebs garemoSi yofnas? pasuxi, roThakeris azriT, SeiZleba amgvari iyos: es aris adamianis, rogorc bunebrivi arsebis qceva, romelic adamians garemosaken ubiZgebs.

Cven ara mxolod vimecnebT sagans cnebiTi sistemis meS-veobiT, aramed, vmoqmedebT, viqceviT. qceva ki SeiZleba mxolod gansazRvruli TvalsazrisiT, gansazRvruli poziciidan. es gardauvalia. amiT xdeba samyaros suraTis Seqmna.

marTalia yoveli qceva situaciaSi xorcieldeba, magram, yovelTvis situaciiT ar aris nakarnaxevi. adamianic cxove-liviT, situaciaSi moqmedebs. im gansxvavebiT, rom, SeuZlia situaciis gaanalizeba, masSi goniTi SeWra, Tumca, ar SeuZlia

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situaciidan amoxtoma. situacia metad mZime da rTuli kerZo faqtia. Cven ar ZalgviZs cocxali situacia srulad movxsnaT. situacia ki, igive garemoa. garemo situaciebisagan Sedgeba. samyaro situaciebisagan Tavisufalia. me mxolod situaciaSi vanxorcieleb qcevas. cocxali myarad imyofeba situaciaSi anu is dinamikuria, mudam CarTulia garemoSi an qmnis situacias Sinagani aqtivobiT. cxoveli mTlianad situaciis tyvea, mas ar SeuZlia misi moxsna, fenomenebis daSla, mTavrisagan meorexarisxovanis gamoyofa, sagnad qceva.

magram adamiansac yovelTvis ar SeuZlia, yvelafris gasagneba. amitom, xSirad rCeba situaciis tyved. adamiani yovelTvis ver axerxebs win aRudges drangs, garegan Tu Sinagan iZulebas, cdunebebs. situacia icvleba imis mixedviT Tu rogor ganicdeba situacia. swored, gancda qmnis situa-cias. situacia yovelTvis praqtikulia, yoveli situacia aris qceviT garemos modifikacia. adamiani sxeulebrivi arsebacaa, romelic, mudam situaciis dawolas, gavlenas ganicdis. konkretuli adamiani sasruli arsebaa, arsebobs gancdil sivrcesa da droSi, magram, rogorc sasrul arsebas aseve SeuZlia daisaxos mizani da miaRwios mas, es ki cota rodia. adamiani mudam cxovrobs biocentruli gancdisa da eqscentruli Semecnebis zRvarze. mas ara mxolod qceva aiZulebs raime TvalsazrisiT moqmedebas miznis misaRwevad, aramed, SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobac. distancireba, marto garemos miRma gasvliT ar miiRweva. aramed, Tavad am garemoSic. ara mxolod eqscentrulad, aramed realobaSic.

roThakers amjerad imis Tqma surs, rom gansxvaveba adamiansa da cxovels Soris Cans ara mxolod azrovnebaSi, aramed, ukve Wvretis procesSi. e.i. adamianuri specifika isaa, rom, igi aris mWvreteli, moazrovne da mnebeli ar-seba. cnebiT dones adamiani aRwevs, maSin roca, sicocxles àCerebs~. adamiani istoriulad sakmaod didxans cxovrobda gonis gareSe anu refleqsuri azrovnebisa da nebis gareSe.

magram, imTaviTve gansxvavdeboda adamianuri Wvretis unari cxovelis SegrZnebisa da aRqmisagan. SegrZneba yovelTvis mimarTulia winaaRmdegobaze. is imarTeba drangis mier, ada-miani gadalaxavs cxovelur drangze mijaWvulobas, magram, alternativas ar ayenebs drangsa da sagnobriv azrovnebas Soris. ara azrovneba, aramed, Wvretis unari enacvleba drangs. (amitomac ar SeuZlia cxovels xatva. radgan, xatvis unari Wvretis sferoSi devs. cxovels ar SeuZlia geStaltisa da monaxazis izolireba.)

sinamdvilis qvaliteturi buneba jer gancdili unda iyos, Wvretac erTgvari ganxilvaa sinamdvilis. swored, es aris adamianis esTetikuri unari. Cven gvaqvs ara mxolod praqtikuli STabeWdilebani, aramed, maT miRmac SegviZlia raRacis `danaxva~, `mosmena~, maTiT gataceba. adamiani aTaso-biT wlebi cxovrobda, manam, sanam, cnebiT azrovnebas mimar-Tavda. magram, mTavari unari, unari Wvretisa masSi imTaviTve arsebobda. amitom moaxerxa adamianma, rogorc biologiurma arsebam, dasabami mieca sruliad sxvagvari arsebobis wesi-saTvis, romelic ukve aRar eteva `sicocxlis~ farglebSi da wminda anTropologiuria.

ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT roThakeris Tvalsaz-risidan, mokled SevajamoT ukve naTqvami: miuxedavad imisa, rom adamiani cudadaa Seguebuli garemosTan, naklovani arsebaa, mas aqvs unari Tavad gansazRvros sakuTari Tavi, ganaxorcielos Tavis yofiereba. sakuTari Tavis gansazRvra ki moiTxovs aqtiurobas, moqmedebas. adamianis araspeciali-zeba~ upirvelesad vlindeba mis aradeterminirebulobaSi. is plastikuria, ar aris mibmuli Tavisi organoebiT sinamdvi-lis romelime erT ubanze. SeuZlia Tavis qcevis xerxebis gansazRvra, amitom aris is Semoqmedi. raxan mas es ZaluZs, e.i. Tavisufalia, aRar imarTeba instinqtebiT. distancire-bulia ara mxolod garemosadmi, aramed, sakuTari Tavisadmi. igi refleqsuri arsebaa. e.i. adamianis arsia Semoqmedebis

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(Seqmnis) unari. am SemTxvevaSi, es cneba ra Tqma unda ix-mareba farTo anTropologiuri konteqstiT. moqmedeba ada-mianisaTvis aucileblobaa, misi yofierebis Zireuli Tvise-baa. cxovelisaTvis bunebrioba misi standartia. adamiani ki garkveuli riskis fasad cxovrobs. igi Tavad aZlevs sakuTar Tavs garkveuli arsebobis wess da formas. man sa-kuTari ZaliT unda moaxerxos TviTdadgena, sakuTar TavSi unda Seqmnas adamiani.

roThakerma, imisaTvis, rom, gadaelaxa tradiciuli dapir-ispireba vitalur-biologiuri da goniT mxareebs Soris da moexsna am sferoebis absolutizacia, Semoitana Semoqmedeb-iTi istoriulobis~ cneba. maSasadame, am koncefciis Tanaxmad, adamiani ganisazRvreba, rogorc istoriuli, SemoqmedebiTi arseba, romelic Tavad qmnis Tavisi gvaris cxovrebis wess, romlis meSveobiTac iqmneba igi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli arseba _ kulturis subieqtic da obieqtic. kerZo adami-ani Tavisi pirovnuli aqtivobiT modis TanxmobaSi Tavisi gvaris centralur garkveulobasTan, gansazRvrulobasTan. es aris adamianis specifika. adamiani Tavadve irCevs Tavis cxovrebis paradigmas.

adamiani cxovrobs im garemoSi, romelic Tavad misi mzeriTa da eniTaa pirvelqmnili. igi mudmivad imyofeba gadawyvetilebaTa pulsirebis velSi. àdamianis arsi is ki ar aris, rom mas SeuZlia samyaros obieqtivireba, misi Sem-ecneba an is, rom aqvs sicocxlis samyarodan goniT samyaros sistemaSi gadasvlis unari, aramed, is, rom igi arsebobs Tavi-suflebaSi, rogorc riskSi, da ganwirulia SemoqmedebisaTvis (moqmedebisaTvis).~ (70,191).

maSasadame, adamiani arsebobs saidumlo iracionalur eqstremalur sinamdvileSi, saidanac unda moaxdinos samyaros konstruireba, romelic misi samyaro iqneba. am konstruire-biT iqmneba axali xelovnuri samyaro, kulturuli sivrce, adamianis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis Sedegi. adamiani ar

izRudeba Tavisi bunebrivi arsebobis wesiT. igi mxolod Tavisi pirovnuli aqtivobiT modis TanxmobaSi adamianis ZiriTad, centralur gansazRvrulobasTan. adamiani mudmivad moZraobs da Tavad adgens sakuTar adgils, sakuTar rangs. igi axdens sakuTari Tavis proeqtirebas.

amitom, amboben, rom adamiani `TavisuflebisaTvis gan-wirulia.~ misTvis es Tavisufleba ZRveni da normatiuli cneba ki ar aris, romelsac miiRebs an ar miiRebs, aramed, aucilebeli mdgomareobaa. Tavisufleba arsebobs adamianis daudgenlobis, ganusazRvrelobis ZaliT. adamiani maSinac Tavisufalia, roca araferi icis am Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, uaryofs mas an ar iyenebs.

maSasadame, roThakeris kultur-anTropologiuri Tval-sazrisiT, adamiani aris gansakuTrebuli, TviTmyobadi, sakuTari yofierebis ganmsazRvreli arseba, romelic aris Semoqmedi, kulturis Semqmneli da misiT Seqmnili. kulturis meSveobiT adamiani Tavisufldeba aramyari mdgomareobisagan. aZlevs ra formas sakuTar Tavs. TviTSeqmnis unariT igi principulad gansxvavdeba sxva yvela arsebulisagan.

VI m.landmani _ adamiani, rogorc kulturis

subieqti da obieqti.

kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis erT-erTi mniS-vnelovani warmomadgenelia mixail landmani _ germaneli filosofosi, romlis wvlili e.roThakerTan erTad metad didia filosofiuri anTropologiis, rogorc filosofiis damoukidebeli disciplinis CamoyalibebaSi. biologiuri da religiuri anTropologiebisagan gansxvavebiT, m.landmanma scada sxva meTodologiuri safuZvlebiT aexsna adamianis mTlianobis problema, gadaelaxa adamianis empiriuli sa-gnobrivi mxarisa da goniTi subieqturobis dapirispireba,

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epova maTi erTianobis safuZveli. inteligibelur da fenom-enalur~ samyaroebs Soris gaTiSulobis aRmofxvris mizniT, m.landmans iseve, rogorc e.roThakers, Semoaqvs SemoqmedebiTi istoriulobis~ cneba.

misi TvalsazrisiT, adamianis biologiuri ganviTarebis istorias ar aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba adamianis adamianad qcevaSi, misi bunebis gasagebad. gansxvavebiT biologiur-filosofiuri anTropologiisagan, romelic adamianis arsis gagebas afuZnebs istoriul-evoluciuri Teoriis saSualebiT e.i. gadamwyvetad miiCnevs adamianis biologiuri ganviTarebis istorias.

biologiur-anTropologiuri koncefciiT, adamiani aris aqtiuri arseba, romelic Tavisi biologiuri ara-specializebis gamo, iZulebulia moawesrigos yofiereba, Seqmnas cxovrebis axali modeli, axali struqtura, moaxdinos realobis organizeba, misi gaformeba. Tu bio-anTropologiisaTvis _ vTqvaT a.gelenisaTvis, es aqtiuroba ganpirobebulia `biologiuri mdgomareobiT~, kultur-anTropologiisaTvis is motivirebulia vitalur-eqsisten-ciuri moTxovnilebiT. aqcentirebulia, absolutizirebulia adamianis SemoqmedebiTi buneba. Tu a.gelenisaTvis kultura warmoadgens adamianis biologiis Tavisebur epifenomens, m.landmanisaTvis kultura aris Sedegi adamianis Semoq-medebiTi aqtivobisa. am koncefciiT, adamianis biologiuri ganviTarebis istoria ukana planze gadadis, radgan, adamianis arsis gasagebad is arc iseTi didi mniSvnelobisaa.

m.landmani sruliad emijneba e.w. `fizikalistur az-rovnebas~, romlis mixedviTac, axali modificirebuli Zvelia. avtori xelmZRvanelobs sxva principiT _ yovel movlenas aqvs imanenturi mniSvneloba. yovelive gagebuli unda iqnas Tavis Tavisagan. landmani uaryofs mizez-Sedegobrivi gan-viTarebis evoluciur Teorias adamianis bunebis gasagebad. misTvis, aseve miuRebelia adamianisa da cxovelis SedarebiTi

analizi, rodesac adamians gansazRvraven, rogorc ìnstin-qtebiT cudad SeiaraRebuls~ an àraspecializebul~ ar-sebas. adamiani da cxoveli TavisTavad warmoadgenen yofi-erebis specifikur formas: isini arseboben Tavisi sakuTari cxovrebis wesiT da maTi arsebobis wesi ar gamoiyvaneba erTmaneTisagan.

Zalze sqematurad, SeiZleba amgvarad gadmoices land-manis kultur-filosofiuri koncefcia. Sevecdebi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT es Tvalsazrisi, risTvisac visarge-bleb m.landmanis ZiriTadi TxzulebiT ` Philosophische An-thropologie~ da masTan erTad iseTi mniSvnelovani naSromebiT rogorebicaa _`Der Mensch als schöpfer und Geschöpf der Kultur~, `Das Ende des Individuums~.

ganvixiloT pirveli naSromi: landmani, iseve, rogorc mravali sxva moazrovne, Txzulebas iwyebs Sesaswavli sagnis raobis garkveviT. igi upirvelesad cdilobs mimarTebis dad-genas filosofiur anTropologiasa da sxva arafilosofiur anTropologiebs Soris da gamoTqvams Teziss, rom filoso-fiuri anTropologia adamians ucqers rogorc problemas da eZebs adamianis yofierebas anu imas Tu riT gansxvavdeba adamiani yvela sxva arsebulisagan~(48,3).

m.landmani iziarebs plesnerisa da gelenis Tvalsazriss, rom adamiani aris arseba, romlis mizani sakuTari Tavis Se-qmnaa. es exeba rogorc kerZo individs, aseve xalxebs, erebsa da adamians saerTod. igi Tavad ganagebs sakuTar yofierebas. adamiani ara mxolod cocxlobs, aramed, cxovrobs kidec (anu mmarTvelia sakuTari cxovrebisa). e.i. SeiZleba davaskvnaT: adamiani ar aris dadgenili, gansazRvruli arseba. man Tvi-Ton unda moaxerxos es, magram, rogor? vinaidan, adamiani aqtiuri TviTdamdgeni arsebaa, ar SeiZleba iyos gulgrili sakuTari yofierebis mimarT. adamianis moqmedebebi savsea sxvadasxva impulsebiT da motivaciebiT. yovelTvis rodi arsebobs erTgvarovani nimuSi, xati, ris mixedviTac unda

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Seqmnas adamianma sakuTari Tavi. aseve, adamiani evoluciuri, istoriuli arsebaa droSi da uCndeba axali interesebi, axali sazrisebi.

movixmoT istoria: mainc, ra kavSiri SeiZleba iyos ada-mianis gvaris TviTSeqmnasa, istoriuli-kulturul etapebsa da pirovnebis TviTgaformebas Soris. is codna, rac adamians eqmneba sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, ra Tqma unda araa Tavisufali im konkretuli velisagan, romelSic igi iqmneba. Tu gavix-senebT kacobriobis istorias, amis TvalsaCino magaliTebs mravlad vipoviT. ase mag. Zv. berZnebisaTvis adamiani gonieri arsebaa da es maT racionalobaze aqcentis gadatanas niSnavs. adamiani Rirebulad gonebaze dayrdnobiT iqceva. berZnuli eTikis Tanaxmad, goneba upirispirdeba ltolvebs, Tu ada-mians gamarjveba da sakuTari saxis Seqmna surs man garemos meSveobiT unda moaxerxos ltolvebis daTrgunva. adamianis gageba mxolod amgvarad iqneba SesaZlebeli. qristianobisaT-vis, adamianis yofierebis centri ara amqveyniur realobaSi, aramed, imqveyniur cxovrebaSi Zevs. es modeli ganapirobebs mTeli Sua saukuneebis ara marto adamianis arsebas gagebas, aramed, saerTod cxovrebis wess. im periodSi, amqveyniuri cxovrebis institutebi ar iyo myari da avtonomiuri, aramed, efuZneboda imqveyniurs, transcendenturs da amitom, eqvemdebareboda eklesias. samyaros centrad gaazrebuli iyo RmerTi da mis mier Seqmnili adamiani.

axal droSi ki, adamianis usazRvro interesebi, miswrafe-bani SesabamisobaSi movida samyaros usasrulobis ideasTan, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada im epoqis kulturaSi progresisa da momavlis rwmena. e.i. adamianis warmodgena sakuTar yo-

fierebaze garkveul wilad ganapirobebs Tavad yofierebasac, zemoqmedebs masze. igi gaxsnili arsebaa, romelic Tavadve qmnis sakuTari cxovrebis stils da marTavs mas. amgvarad, adamiani martivad ki ar arsebobs, aramed, maradiulad svams kiTxvas Tavisi arsebobis Sesaxeb. garkveuli azriT, anTro-posi anTropologiasac gulisxmobs. adamiani mudmivad iWreba Tavis garemoSi, aformebs mas da qmnis sakuTar interpre-tacias.

gavixsenoT, rogor xdeboda adamianis TviTSeqmna. adamia-nis cxovrebis Tanmxlebia refleqsurobis unari, maT aqvT msoflmxedveloba, sakuTari Tvalsazrisi samyarosa da adami-anze. es aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre, moazrovnis abstraq-tuli azrovnebis unari. yovel religiaSi da xelovnebaSi Cans adamianis raRac suraTi. is, rom adamians samyaroSi aqvs gansakuTrebuli adgili, kargad Cans antikur, qristianul da saerTod, dasavlur religiur Tu humanistur tradiciebSi.

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan, filosofiuri anTro-pologia dainteresda adamianis metafizikiT, rac niSnavda Semdegs: adamiani ganixileboda ara mxolod Semecnebis subieqtad, aramed, yofierebis subieqtad. adamiani ekuTvnis arsebulis sferos, oRond, igi gansakuTrebuli arsebulia. filosofiuri anTropologia gaazrebul iqna fuZemdeblur disciplinad gonisa da kulturis mecnierebebisaTvis.

filosofiur anTropologiuri kvlevis dros adamiani aRiarebulia rogorc gansakuTrebuli yofiereba sxva arse-bulTa Soris, man unda mogvces raRac myari codna adamianis Sesaxeb. magram, es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom, am TvalsazrisiT adamiani erTxel da samudamod garkveuli arsebaa.

m.Selerma, rogorc ukve viciT, Tavis leqciebSi adamiani da istoria~ gamohyo anTropologiis xuTi tipi. garkveuli azriT, es aris kacobriobis TviTcnobierebis istoria. anu is Tu rogor warmoidgenda adamiani sakuTar adgils yofi-erebis wesrigSi. ase magaliTad, religiur anTropologias

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Semoaqvs adamianis, rogorc istoriuli arsebis gageba. mar-Talia, es gageba gazavebulia wminda religiuri dogmebiT, magram, adamiani cvalebadia droSi, igi icvlis saxes: adamiani qristemde da qristes Semdeg, adamiani naturaluri da go-niTi, adamiani swor gzaze mdgomi da gzas acdenili, adamiani dakarguli da xsnis momlodine, samyaros Svili da RvTis Svili (adamisa da qristesi).

adamianis dualisturi buneba misi adamianad qcevis ori faza, kargad Cans berZnul azrovnebaSi. Tavdapirveli adamiani jer kidev ar aris dasrulebuli, igi mxolod kulturis meSveobiT xdeba dasrulebuli raobis mqone. renesansis epoqaSi adamianma axali TviTgancda SeiZina, es iyo upirve-lesad damoukideblobis gancda. adamians amieridan surs, rom ara marto wevri iyos RvTis sauflosi, aramed, sakuTari cxovrebis baton-patronic.

axali drois erTerTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia mecnieruli codnis gafarToeba-gaRrmaveba. adamiani wminda racioze dayrdnobiT cdilobs samyaros axsnasa da gagebas, rac TandaTanobiT aviwroebs religiis moqmedebis sazRvrebs. ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan Zlierdeba adamianis avtonomi-urobis Tezisi. am tipis azrovnebis ukiduresi memarcxene xazia l.foierbaxi. misTvis, RmerTi adamianis mier Sedge-nili proeqtia, misi warmosaxvis nayofi. foierbaxis azriT, adamianuri goni obieqtivirdeba RmerTis cnebaSi. RmerTi sxva araferia, Tu ara ukuRma Setrialebuli da sagnobrivad dadgenili adamianis fantaziiT damoukideblad warmodgenili adamianis arsi. RmerTis yovlad Zlieroba adamianis Zli-erobis survilidan aRmocendeba, samarTlianoba _ adamianis moraluri grZnobebidan. RmerTis sikeTe _ Cvens zneobaSia mosaZebni. RmerTis meSveobiT vxedavT Cven Tavs iseTebad, rogorebic gvinda, rom viyoT. RmerTis codna, sakuTari Tavis codnaa. Teologia faruli anTropologiaa. RmerTi aris Cemi pirveli azri, goneba _ meore azri, xolo adamiani _

mesame. (48,25)aseTia m.landmanis TvalsazrisiT l.foierbaxis damokide-

buleba religiisadmi. igi religiuri grZnobebisadmi savsebiT indiferentulia. magram, foierbaxis filosofiis Sefasebis dros ar unda daviviwyoT is momentic, rom misTvis mTavari ar aris RmerTis gauqmeba da mis adgilze adamianis moaz-reba. misi moZRvreba inarCunebs qristianul suls, radgan RmerTis `yovladoba~ adamianis àmaRlebulobidan~ modis. foierbaxi Tu akritikebs religias, mxolod imis gamo, rom, misi gagebiT, es ukanaskneli ar cnobs adamianis damoukidebel, WeSmarit Rirsebas da mas sidiades aclis. adamians unda hqondes imedi, fiqrobs l.foierbaxi, rom Tavis Rirebul, raRac survilebs am qveynad Tavadve ganaxorcielebs sxva instanciis Carevisa da daxmarebis gareSe. (aq ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes fr.nicSe _ `RmerTi mkvdaria, axla Cven gvinda, rom zekaci cocxlobdes.~)

kvlav gavixsenoT kantis Teoriulad dausabuTebeli RmerTi, romelic postulatia moraluri samyarosaTvis. sa-myaros religiuri suraTi ara marto Teocentrulia, aramed, anTropocentrulic.

tradiciuli anTropocentrizmis gadalaxvaSi didi roli Seasrula kopernikis astronomiulma modelma, romlis mixedviTac, rwmena imisa, rom adamiania samyaros gvirgvini, friad saeWvo gaxda. xolo, brunos samyaros usasrulobis TeoriiT SesaZlebeli aRmoCnda samyaroSi adamianis adgilis sxvagvari gaazreba.

XVIII saukuneSi, racionalistebis, kerZod, laibnicis TvalsazrisiT, samyaro kvlav RmerTis mier Seqmnil mizan-Sewonil wesrigad gamocxadda.

yvelaze didi dartyma axal droSi, anTropocentrizmis Teoriam biologiidan miiRo. kerZod, C.darvinis evoluciuri Teoriisagan. adamianma dakarga privilegirebuli mdgomareoba samyaroSi, igi aRar moiazreba rogorc gamorCeuli, erTad-

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erTi da ganumeorebeli arseba.XVIII, XIX saukuneebSi, moxda ori sapirispiro Tval-

sazrisis _ adamiani arasrulyofili, boroti arsebaa da adamiani srulyofili, keTili arsebaa _ erTgvari sinTezi e.w. ganviTarebis TeoriaSi. adamiani velurobidan, arasru-lyofilebidan progresis gziT midis srulyofilebisaken. codviT dacemidan _ wyalobisaken. am Teoriis sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi ganaviTara J.J.rusom. rogorc, bibliuri Tval-sazrisiT, adamiani wminda Cndeba Semoqmedis xelidan, Semdeg, codviT dacemiT gauaresda. aseve rusosTan, codviT dacemaa~ kacobriobis moCvenebiTi winsvlaa `civilizaciaSi~. amitom, adamiani unda daubrundes samoTxis msgavs sawyis viTarebas `bunebas~. amgvarad, rusosTan qristianuli samsafexurovani anTropologia _ Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba, Secodebis md-gomareoba da wyalobis mdgomareoba _ samyaroseul samosSi exveva.

miuxedavad am msgavsebisa, aqcentebi sxvadasxvagvaradaa ganawilebuli. qristianobisaTvis Secodebis mdgomareo-ba cxovrebis sakuTrivi realobaa. sawyisi mdgomareoba ubralod Soreuli mogonebaa, metafizikuri sizmari, awmyo-saTvis TiTqmis umniSvnelo. aseve wyalobis mdgomareobac, rogorc individisaTvis, ise kacobriobisaTvis dapirebad rCeba. piriqiT, rusosaTvis civilizacia Secodebis mdgo-mareobaa, efemerulia, saSualoa or mdgomareobas Soris, mxolod droSi aRmocenebuli da aucileblad gadalaxvadi. sakuTriv, mniSvnelovani da ganmsazRvreli adamianisaTvis aris ara mankieri, warmavali civilizacia, aramed, misi adreuli bunebis srulyofileba. amitom, aqvs adamians Sinagani Zala, moipovos es uZvelesi safexuri. Tu qristianobisaTvis xsna mxolod RvTis wyalobiT SeiZleba, winsvlis TeoriiT saSinlad dacemul adamiansac SeuZlia sakuTari ZalebiT zeaRsvla, anu mas ZaluZs `TviTxsna~.

reformaciaSi, kerZod m.luTerTan grZeldeba pavle mo-

ciqulisa da avgustines xazi. codviT damZimebuli adamianis gamoxsna, gaTavisufleba SeiZleba ara zneobrivi damsaxure-biT, aramed, rwmeniT (Sola side). Cveni gonebiT RmerTs ver mivwvdebiT. luTerisa da kalvinisaTvis adamiani codviT dacemulia, naTeli RmerTis bneli polusia. aqedan modis garkveuli winaaRmdegoba reformaciasa da mistikas Soris. Tumca, oriveSi Zlieria rwmenis gancda. mistika RmerTs pou-lobs sakuTari sulis siRrmeSi, reformaciisaTvis ki, RmerTi maradiulad transcendenturia. luTeris protestantizma ara marto kaTolicizmi uaryo, aramed, erazmis humanizmic, romelic fuZndeba adamianis Sinagan Tavisuflebaze. es human-isturi rwmena miiCnevs, rom adamians sakuTari ZaliT Zalze bevris miRweva SeuZlia. am Tvalsazrisma Tavis dasruleba hpova XVIII saukuneSi e.w. goeTes xanaSi, geniis kultsa da Tavisuflebis idealizmSi. am mimarTulebis ukiduresi punq-tia imis moTxovna, rom adamianma yvelafers sakuTari ZaliT miaRwios. RvTis wyalobaze moZRvreba TiTqos Semobrunda, RmerTi Tavad xdeba adamianis wyalobaze damokidebuli. Zveli moZRvrebiT, samyaro ori principis _ keTilisa da borotis brZolis asparezia. am kosmiur wreSi adamians Tavisi adgili aqvs. man keTilis mxare unda daiWiros da gaxdes RmerTis TanamebrZoli. amitom ityvis mogvianebiT Seleri: `RmerTs uCemod erTi wamiTac ar SeuZlia arseboba~.

axali drois koncefciebSi, umaRlesi Rirebuleba devs ara transcendenturSi, maradiulSi, imqveyniuris rwmenaSi, aramed, miwierSi, warmavalis sidiadeSi. amqveyniuri arseboba sulac ar aris samzadisi maradiuli qveynisaTvis. cxovrebas Tavad aqvs imanenturi azri. adamiani samyaros Rirseulad, samarTlianad unda aformebdes.

adamianis gagebis religiuri koncefciebis garda, ar-sebobs sxva Tvalsazrisebic. magaliTad, adamiani, rogorc goniTi arseba. m.landmani erTmaneTisagan mijnavs subieqtur goniT anTropologias da obieqtur goniT anTropologias.

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ganvixiloT Tu ras gulisxmobs igi am cnebebSi.Tu qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis WeSmariteba

religiur grZnobaSia mosaZebni, sul sxvaa Zveli berZnuli xedva. adamianis Semecnebas isini cdilobdnen ara RmerTis meSveobiT, aramed, sakuTari Tavidan, misi goniTi unarebidan. adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa, romelsac aqvs goneba. gonebis meSveobiT xdeba ara marto SemecnebiTi aqtis ganxorcieleba, aramed, misi eTikis dafuZnebac. usazRvroa ndoba sakuTari gonebisadmi, adamianma unda misdios im sikeTes, romelsac gonebac daadasturebs.

gonebiT mcxovrebi adamiani WeSmaritad individualuri adamiania. goneba win unda aRudges aramarto garedan Tavs moxveuls, aramed, adamianis SigniT myof negatiur Zalebsac. esaa brma ltolvebi da miswrafebani. amgvari Tvalsazrisi karga xans iyo mniSvnelovani mravali moazrovnisaTvis. (eTikuri qceva _ gonebisagan momavali movaleobis gamar-jvebaa grZnobad midrekilebebze _ i.kanti). berZnebisaTvis _ adamianis gansakuTrebuloba modis iqedan, rom igi gonebis mqonea. adamianuri logosi samyaros logosis Canasaxia.

XIX saukuneSi, maSinac ki, rodesac gonebasTan erTad aRiarebuli iqna ara goniTi fenac aucilebeli sasicocxlo funqciis matareblad _ gza gaexsna axal anTropologias. sul sxva Zalebi gamocxadda adamianis warmmarTvelad. magram, gonebis anTropologias arasodes Seuwyvetia Tavisi arse-boba. dResac, rodesac Tanamedrove anTropologia adamians acxadebs `samyarosadmi Ria~ arsebad, gansxvavebiT garemoze mijaWvuli cxovelisagan, gonebis anTropologia ar hkargavs Tavis Zalas da mniSvnelobas.

istoriulad Zalze mWidroa kavSiri gonis anTropo-logiasa da gonis metafizikas Soris. magaliTad, hegelTan, samyaros ZirSi devs ararefleqsuri, yru, sakuTari Tavis armcodne goni. araorganuli, organuli da kulturuli doneebi safexurebia, romlebzec aracnobieri goni TandaTan

fxizldeba da maRal dones aRwevs. bolos ki asrulebs sab-oloo mizans, sakuTari TavTan identificirebas. germanuli idealizmis mixedviT, samyaros goni TviTcnobierdeba ada-mianis filosofiur gonSi.

dualistur TeoriebSi detaluradaa ganxiluli ada-mianis orbunovneba, romelsac Tan sdevs situaciis kon-fliqturoba. adamians yovelTvis uxdeba arCevanis gakeTeba, amitom aris igi gauTaveblad krizisul mdgomareobaSi. magram, racionalizmisaTvis orive principi Tanabari Rirebulebis rodia. goneba umaRlesia. rodesac gonebas ver mivyvebiT, Cveni sisustis bralia, rogorc sokrate fiqrobda, es imitom xdeba rom WeSmarit codnas ar vflobT. aqedan gviCndeba rwmena am gaorebis warmavlobisa. da survili misiT gamowveuli tanjvisagan odesme gaTavisuflebisa. rogorc platonisaTvis, idea aqcevs sagans imad, rac is aris, aseve goneba gvaqcevs Cven adamianebad. danarCeni ki amqveyniur tanjvaSi gvagdebs. Tanamedrove anTropologia cdilobs ori samyaros Teoria sxvagvarad gadalaxos. is wamoayenebs somaturisa da goniTis uRrmesi erTianobis postulats. Tavis droze racionalizms empirizmi daupirispirda, romlisTvisac yovelgvari Semecneba aRqmiT iwyeba. aRqmisa da Semecnebis unari cxovelsac ki aqvs, fiqroben magaliTad loki da hobsi. magram, es ar aris sakmarisi, raTa moixsnas cxovelsa da adamians Soris arse-buli gansxvaveba. (lokis skolidan iRebs saTaves cxovelTa fsiqologia).

grZnobadi samyaros axlebur gaazrebas vxvdebiT e.w. romantikosebTan. metad mniSvnelovani gaxda samyaros esTe-tikuri da istoriuli Wvreta. mgrZnobeloba azrovnebasTan erTad gaxda adamianis erT-erTi umTavresi unari (Seleris ìntencionalobis~ msgavsi), romelsac nicSe instinqts daarqmevs. gansjis refleqsTan erTad CvenSi aris Semoqmedi instancia. adamiani imdenad SemecnebisaTvis ar aris mowode-buli, ramdenadac SemoqmedebisaTvis. adamianisaTvis sicocxle

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ufro mniSvnelovani da pirveladia, vidre Semecneba. goni sicocxlis interesebs unda daeqvemdebaros, radgan, gonebas determinati aqvs mis gareT, iqneba es materia, sicocxle, socialuri sinamdvile Tu kultura. amgvari Tvalsazrisi XIX saukuneSi SemuSavda.

fizikalisturi, meqanisturi materializmi, aramxolod materialur bunebas, aramed, yvelafers raodenobrivi, meqanis-turi principiT xsnis. es Sexeduleba, romelsac safuZveli Cauyara demokritem da epikurem, kvlav aqtualuri gaxda dekartesTan. misi azriT, Cvenc cocxalni, raxan sivrciT samyaros vekuTvniT, veqvemdebarebiT meqanikis kanonebs, magram, ganfenilobasTan erTad adamians azrovnebac aqvs. cnobiereba ki Tavisi kanonebiT imarTeba. ase, rom, dekarti meqanistia Cveni sxeulis axsnisas da ara gonisa.

Tumca, Tanmimdevrul meqanistebs es dualizmi uxerxu-lobas uqmnida. maT undodaT metafizikosebi yofiliyvnen da gonis axsna sivrciT-materialuri xerxebiT surdaT. adamiani gagebuli unda yofiliyo monisturi xedviT. amitom gansaz-Rvres is, bunebis nawilad da ~rafinirebuli buneba~ uwodes.

materiis analogiiT Seecada sulis problemebis kvlevas j.loki. romlis naazrevs agrZeleben iumi, mili, herberti, verneri da vundti, (eqsperimentul fsiqologiis Semqmneli). Tu meqanicistebisaTvis garesamyaro sxeulebiT savse sivrce iyo, suli am fsiqologiam miiCnia warmodgenebiT gajere-bul Sinagan sivrced. rogorc sxeulebi, bunebis kanonebis Sesabamisad, miizidebian da ganizidebian sivrceSi, aseve aso-cirdebian warmodgenebic, asociaciis kanonebis mixedviT. ase gaCnda sulis meqanika. magram, XX saukunis fsiqologiam uaryo sulisa da sxeulis msgavsebis Tvalsazrisi da amiT àsociaciis fsiqologia~ Seicvala gagebiTi fsiqologiiT~ (48,42).

es Teoria ar iTvaliswinebda fenomenologiur debule-bas, rom ar SeiZleba reduqciis gziT aixsnas sicocxlis

gamovlenis sxvadasxva fenebi, rom aq mTavaria `kategori-aluri siaxle~.

rogorc ukve iTqva, meqanisturi gonis Teoriis gver-diT warmoiSva biologisturi koncefciac, ori gamokveTili mimarTulebiT: erTi, meqanicizmis msgavsad, cdilobs goni si-cocxlis saxeobad gamoacxados (o.konti), roca fsiqologia dahyavs biologiaze. an hekeli, romelic adamians organuli cilis ganviTarebis mwvervals uwodebs. es biologizmis ufro frTxili formebia. maTTvis goni ar aris sicocxle, aramed, sicocxlis msaxuria. gons ara aqvs mizani sakuTar TavSi. gonis moqmedebis mizani sulac araa obieqturi WeSmaritebis povna, Tavad WeSmaritebisaTvis, rogorc amas berZnebi miiCnevdnen. goni sicocxles orientaciaSi unda miexmaros, raTa, sicocxlem usafrTxod iarsebos.

magaliTad, pragmatikosebTan (jemsi, diui) goni sicocx-lidan aRmocendeba da direqtivebs uSualod misgan iRebs. is im WeSmaritebis wvdomas cdilobs, romelic sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelia. WeSmaritebis Zveli klasikuri mniSvneloba rogorc obieqtis adeqvaturi reproduqcia, iluziuria. aqe-dan modis adamianis suraTis klasikuri variantis simdidre. homo sapiens-dan Cndeba homo faber-i. mas goneba mxolod imisTvis Wirdeba, sagnebSi, movlenebSi amoicnos is Tvise-bebi, rac daexmareba misTvis mniSvnelovani nivTis SeqmnaSi. azri, rom samyaro, goniTia, jer kidev Sopenhauerma uaryo. samyaroca da adamianic goniTi ki ar aris, aramed nebaa. nebaa, rac inteleqts warmoSobs. neba, Tumca brmaa, magram gonze Zlieria. inteleqti mas moqmedebis gzas unaTebs. igi mxolod `motivis Suamavalia~. nebas intensiobisaTvis iluziebi Wird-eba, romliTac mas inteleqti amaragebs. Sopenhaueris gonis gageba individualistur-fsiqologisturia. gansazRvruli yofiereba misTvis erTeulis nebaa. Semecnebisaken ltolva sulac ar aris adamianis buneba. adamiani vitaluri arsebaa. Sopenhaueris Semdeg axali anTropologiis ganviTarebaSi

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mZlavri impulsi Semoitana nicSem. Tu Sopenhaueris in-teleqti nebis Cakvlas moiTxovs, nicSes azriT, neba ki ar unda uarvyoT, aramed vhoyoT. Cven unda gvsurdes neba e.i. sicocxle. sicocxles mizani Tavis TavSi aqvs. Semecneba arc sicocxlis SekveTaa da arc misi aucilebloba. gonis yvela produqti mxolod `simptomebia~ masSi gamovlenili sicocxlisa. e.w. Teoretikosic `fatalisturad misi in-stinqtebis tyveobaSi~ imyofeba da qmnis iseT TavisTavad samyaros, romelic mas subieqturad Wirdeba. sicocxlis interesebi Semecnebas sulac ar uSlis xels (rogorc es platonistebs hgoniaT). ufro metic, sicocxlis inter-ess SeuZlia azrovnebis stimulireba, problemebis dasma. am ideas mogvianebiT Seleric gaiziarebs. SemecnebiTi midrekileba sicocxlidan modis. aseve sicocxlidan modis rwmenis dogmebic da sicocxlis moTxovnebs misdevs. ase mag: nicSes Tvalsazrisic, iseve rogorc marqsisa, sabolood social-biologizmia. mxolod, marqsisaTvis es uTanasworoba gadalaxvadia da mizans warmoadgens, nicSesaTvis ki uTanas-woroba bunebrivia. sazogadoebis yoveli fena mis Sesabamis morals qmnis. marqsma goni flobis tendenciaze daafuZna, nicSem Zalauflebis nebaze, froidi saamisod sxva didi Zalis mqone sqesobriv ltolvas iyenebs. misTvis libidoa adamianis pirveladi mamoZravebeli, magram, es libido yov-elTvis rodia cnobieri. Cven kultura, tradicia gvaiZulebs aRvkveToT ltolva, romlis dakmayofileba ar SegviZlia. zogjer, maT gacnobierebasac ki ver vbedavT, magram amis gamo isini rodi qrebian, aramed, aracnobierSi ganidevnebian. aseve Cadian aracnobier kompleqsSi~ sulieri travmebic~. Cveni cnobiereba eyrdnoba masze bevrad Zlier aracnobiers da misiT imarTeba. Tumca es Cven xSirad ar viciT da gveCveneba, rom racionaluri motivebiT vmoqmedebT. farulad Cvens qcevebs gansazRvraven aracnobieri meqanizmebi da swrafvani. arsebiTi mamoZravebeli cnobierebis zedapirze ar Cans, is

aracnobier siRrmeSi imyofeba. swored, amitom ewoda am moZRvrebas `siRrmis fsiqologia~.

aracnobieris mniSvnelobas da Zalas jer kidev roman-tizmis periodSi miapyres yuradReba. aracnobieris simdidre jildo, wyalobaa SemoqmedisaTvis _ ase fiqrobs herderi. froidi iyenebs nicSes termins da gons ltolvis sublima-cias~ uwodebs. kulturis zegavlenis wnexis qveS moqceuli energia eZebs gamosavals, gardaiqmneba Semoqmed energiad da gamomJRavndeba religiaSi, filosofiaSi, xelovnebaSi. goni sibneleSi mdgomi libidos epifenomenia da meti araferi. goni ara mxolod Sinaarss iZens sicocxlisagan, aramed Za-lasac, intensiobasac da impulssac.

landmani ar eTanxmeba gonis amgvar gagebas da svams kiTxvas. mainc rogor Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs me-20 sau-kunis filosofia gonis Sesaxeb? rogor moqmedebs is? da aseT pasuxs iZleva. 1) mraval cnebaTa logikuri kavSiri (subsumpcia, gansazRvreba, daskvna) 2) erTeulis Semecnebac ar dgas cnebiTi Semecnebis win. 3) saganTa arsebobis mizezis Zieba. 4) cxoveli mijaWvulia mocemul myar formebze. ada-mians ki SeuZlia analizi da sinTezi mocemuli sinamdvilisa, elementebad daSla, maTi kvlav dakavSireba.

Cveni codna yovelTvis rodi flobs mis sagans. goneba sagans sakuTari aqtivobiT moipovebs. mas ki amisaTvis es-aWiroeba meTodi, iaraRi sagnebSi ufro Rrmad Sesasvlelad. gonebas ar aqvs erTxel da samudamod mocemuli myari codna. man kvleva-ZiebiT unda gaafarTvos da gaiRrmavos is. am saqmeSi arc Tu mcire roli ekisreba fantazias, warmosax-vas. (vTqvaT mecnierebaSi hipoTezis daSveba). adamiani Sem-mecnebeli arsebaa, radgan, mxolod igi flobs abstraqtuli, logikuri azrovnebis unars, garda amisa, aqvs warmosaxvis unari, fantazia.

Tavad Semecnebis unaric, adamianisaTvis ufro Soreuli, pirveladi unaridan iZens Zalas _ esaa unari Seqmnisa, Semoq-

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medebisa. Cveni goneba upirvelesad Semqmnelia, gamomgonebelia da mxolod amis Semdeg Semmecnebeli. Cven mxolod imiT ki ar gamovirCeviT rom samyaros obieqtur suraTs vwvdebiT, aramed, umniSvnelovanesi unariTac _ ZalgviZs samyaros age-bac. ase SevqmeniT religia, filosofia, samarTali, xelovneba. gonieri adamiani amave dros gamomgonebeli, Semqmneli arsebaa. da rogorc azrovnebis, aseve yvela kulturuli miRwevis safuZvelic. Semoqmedi goni qmnis safuZvels Semecnebis winsvlisaTvis. axali drois anTropologiuri subieqti Semmecnebeli ki ara, Semoqmedi subieqtia. ase fiqrobs m.landmani. (Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad visaubrebT daskvniT TavSi).

amgvarad, subieqturi gonis anTropologiisaTvis adamiani TiTqosda dualisturi arsebaa. mas aqvs goneba da somaturi buneba. Sesabamisad, adamians, rogorc goniT arsebas swavlobs filosofia, fsiqologia da yvela sxva `goniTi mecniereba~, xolo, adamianis cocxal mxares, biologia da medicina. am codnis sinTezma unda mogvces adamianis sruli suraTi.

magram, adamianis adamianad qcevaSi orive mxares erTnairi Rirebuleba ar aqvT, mxolod goniTobaa Cveni adamianobis Ziri, sakuTriv adamianuri. biologia ki Semdeg axsnas gvTavazobs: adamiani, upirvelesad cocxali arsebaa, gonebac genetikurad da funqciurad sicocxlezea damokidebuli. amiT, biologia cdilobs gadalaxos anTropologiuri dualizmi, oRond, naturalizmis bazaze _ fiqrobs m,landmani.

amitomaa, rom gonis anTropologia da bio-anTropologia adamianis mimarTebas cxovelTan sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilavs. pirvelisaTvis goni adamianis niSandoblivi specifikaa, xolo bio-anTropologiisaTvis adamiani organuli samyaros wevria. misi inteleqtic genetikuria. (es viTareba ganxiluli gvaqvs wina TavebSi. kerZod, rodesac gadmovcemdiT plesnerisa da gelenis Tvalsazrisebs).

biologizmi gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda XIX

saukunis meore naxevridan, rodesac, gamoica darvinis Sroma `saxeobaTa warmoSoba~ (1859w.). mogvianebiT _ àdamianis gaCena~ (dabadeba) _1871w-s. misi mimdevrebis (haqsli, fogti, hekeli) naSromebis Sedegad ki anTropologia zoologiis nawili gaxda. darvinizmma moicva mTeli mecniereba. is ukve aRar iyo mxolod biologiuri doqtrina, aramed, msoflmxed-velobriv movlenad iqca.

magram, es gavlena ar yofila sayovelTao. darvini mka-crad gaakritika nicSem. mas mtrulad Sexvdnen konserva-toruli midrekilebis mqone moazrovneni. ra Tqma unda, igi ar miiRo eklesiam (sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom oponentebi bevrs verafers aRwevdnen kontr-argumentebiT da ubralod dogmas upirispirebdnen darvinis moZRvrebas).

maSin mecnierul azrovnebas ZiriTadad ganviTarebis idea asazrdoebda. iseve, rogorc, mogvianebiT fenomenologiam da geStalt-fsiqologiam deskrifciul-morfologiuri Tval-sazrisi danerga.

evolucionistebis azriT, ganviTareba aRmavali gziT svlaa. maRali dablisagan Cndeba, diferencirebuli martiv-isagan, goniTi bunebrivisagan. yvela axsna materializmamde midioda. Tu aqamde adamiani ganviTarebis mowme iyo, axla masSi CaerTo da gonebis wyalobiT ganviTarebis mwvervalze aRmoCnda.

SeiZleba vifiqroT, ambobs m.landmani, rom darvinizmis aseTi sayovelTao aRiarebis mizezi, ufro fsiqologiuria, vidre, mocemuli TvalsazrisiT mecnieruli Rirebulebis aRiareba. ras gulisxmobs landmani?

misTvis adamiani ZiriTadad kulturis matarebeli (xelovnuri samyaros) arsebaa. xolo kultura, yovelTvis raRac moTxovnebs ayenebs. am iZulebis gamo, adamianSi Cndeba protestis grZnoba. darvinamde es mdgomareoba kargad gaac-nobiera rusom. suraTi, romelic evolucionisturma Teoriam SesTavaza kacobriobas qmnida. adamianis pasuxismgeblobisa-

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gan gaTavisuflebis iluzias (aba, ra pasuxi unda moTxovo maimunisagan warmoSobil arsebas). amis gamoa, rom adamiani raRacnairad egueba totalur sistemas, romlis mTavari sacduria socialur aspeqtSi adamianis gaTavisufleba gadawyvetilebis miRebis pasuxismgeblobisagan. amitom hyavda bevri momxre da TanamgrZnobi totalitarizms. filosofiu-rad arsebiTi uaryofa am Teoriisa axleburi azrovnebis saSualebiT moxerxda.

dRes, ukve ise mtkivneulad aRar ganicdeba adamianis biologiuri genezisi, radgan, Zalze mkveTria gansxvaveba ada-miansa da cxovels Soris. fizikalisturad moazrovneni XIX saukuneSi Tvlidnen: raxan, adamiani cxovelisgan gaCnda, is safuZvelSive cxovelia. Tanamedrove goniT anTropologebs ki aqcenti ganviTarebaSi produqtulze gadaaqvT. axali, Tavis SedegSi isaa, rac dasawyisSi jer kidev ar iyo. adamiansa da cxovels Soris saerTo qmnis zogad fons. maTTvis saerToa ara cxoveluri, ara adamianuri, aramed, neitraluri organuli, oriveSi sxvadasxva mxridan gamovlenili.

a.bergsonis SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis~ Semdeg, naklebad miaCniaT, rom organul samyaroSi ganviTareba, winsvla raime miznis mqonea. piriqiT, XX saukuneSi ganviTarebis Teoriebi yvela sferoSi pluralisturia. ase SeiZleba èrTobidan~ `sazogadoeba~ gaCndes. magram, es ar aris Zvelis moxsnis, ukugdebis procesi. winasac, `dabalsac~ sakuTari sazrisi aqvs da is araa mxolod safexuri. axalic ar gaiazreba raRac universaluri mimarTulebis `gzad~, da Tavisi axali mimar-TulebiT moZraobs. fenomenebi erT xazze ki ar lagdebian Tu wesrigdebian, aramed arseboben, dganan TavisTvis. aseTi gagebiT ganviTarebis kauzaluri kvleva dRes gadalaxulad unda CaiTvalos. Tu amgvarad mivudgebiT aRniSnul problemas, adamianisa da cxovelis mimarTeba Semdeg saxes miiRebs: es ar aris ubralo winsvla. adamianic da cxovelic TviTmyo-badi, heterogenuli arsebebia. sakuTar TavSi dasrulebulni,

erTmaneTze dauyvanadi. amitom, adamianis gaCenis problema aRar aris ise mtkivneulad aqtualuri, rogorc hekelTan Canda (`yvela kiTxvaTa kiTxva~). dRes, mTavari problemaa yoveli arsebis, mis awmyoSi, dRevandel mdgomareobaSi yofnis analizi. amitom, cxovelsac ar unda SevxedoT ise, rogorc, jer kidev adamianad ar qceuls, aramed rogorc TavisTavads, sakuTari kanonebiTa da dasrulebuli formiT arsebuls.

Cven sakmaod vrclad visaubreT holandieli anatomis bolkis e.w. daxanebis, SeCerebis~ hipoTezaze, rodesac vixi-lavdiT roThakeris Tvalsazriss. aq mxolod kidev erTxel gavixsenebT, rom adamianTan goneba vlindeba, rogorc aucile-beli korelati araspecializebisa. organuli formebis cv-lilebebis nacvlad, adamiani moZraobs da viTardeba goniT doneze. mas garedan miRebuli impulsebis gareSec SeuZlia TavisTavs wauyenos gamowveva, Seicvalos cxovrebis stili, miaRwios TviTgardaqmnas.

dResdReobiT cnobilia isic, rom, Cveni agebuleba bi-ologiis donezec adamianuria. adamianis somaturi da go-niTi Tvisebebi erTmaneTis gareSe araa. amitom, miuRebelia sabunebismetyvelo da gonismecnieruli anTropologiis erTmaneTisagan gaTiSva. isini erTmaneTis gverdiT viTardeba. adamiani aris mTlianoba da masze mecnierebac mxolod erTi SeiZleba iyos. mag. portmanis Tvalsazrisi aramarto miuTiTebs sxeulsa da gons Soris Sinagan koordinaciasa da SeWraze, aramed, metic, am kordinaciaSi upiratesobas gons miakuTvnebs. goni ubralod ki ar emateba sxeuls, aramed, sxeuli Tavidanve goniTaa determinirebuli da mxolod misiT aixsneba. adamiani goniT imarTeba, Semdeg, subieqtur gons analizis dros cvlis da fonad edeba obieqturi goni _ kultura. yoveli individi izrdeba am kulturis Sig-niT. man unda aiTvisos kultura, radgan, dabadebiT mzamza-reulad araferi ar eZleva, garda swavlis, Seqmnis unarisa. misi mimarTeba samyarosadmi universaluria, da axasiaTebs

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`samyarosadmi Riaoba~. adamiani samyaroze ubralod ki ar reagirebs, aramed, moqmedebs. mas aqvs wminda goniTi intere-sebi. surs rac SeiZleba meti Rrma da obieqturi codna hqodes samyarosi, raTa Seqmnas Tvisobrivad sxva realoba.

yovelive zemoTTqmulidan, rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros adamianis arsi m.landmanis koncefciis mixedviT? upirvelesad, albaT unda iTqvas: razedac aqamde laparakobda landmani, SeiZleba CaiTvalos kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis Sesavlad, sistematizaciad, radgan, avtori ZiriTadad mimar-Tavda adamianis gagebis istoriulad arsebul koncefciebs, axdenda maT analizs, dajgufebas. landmanis azriT, mxolod kultur-filosofiur anTropologias SeuZlia mTliani adamianis gageba ise, rom, ar moaxdinos sxvadasxva mxareebis abstrahireba. adamianis samyaro aris mis mierve Seqmnili anTropologiuri sivrce _ kultura.

m.landmanisaTvis `SemoqmedebiTi evoluciis~ cneba dablidan maRlisaken moZraoba ki araa, aramed, pluralisturi, TavisTavad Rirebuli mocemuloba. adamianis samyaro misi kulturaa, romlis meSveobiTac aixsneba adamianis mTliano-bis problema.

raSi vlindeba adamianis araspecializeba~? upirvelesad imaSi, rom, adamiani samyarosadmi Riaa~, da aris aradetermini-rebuli arseba. adamians Tavad SeuZlia gansazRvros qcevis xerxebi. amitoma igi plastikuri, Semoqmedi arseba. raxan aseTia, e.i. Tavisufali arsebaa. Tavisufalia instinqtebiT marTvisagan da Tavisufalia sakuTari Tavis ucvleli TviT-gansazRvrisagan. (am konteqstSi m.landmani `Tavisuflebis~ cnebas iyenebs farTo anTropologiuri azriT da ara esTe-tikuri Tu eTikur-politikuri mniSvnelobiT, rogorc, adre iyo miRebuli filosofiaSi.).

adamianis araspecializeba niSnavs mis srul SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebasac. Semoqmedeba raime moqmedebiT ar ifargleba da rogorc aucilebloba, adamianis yofierebis Zireuli

Tvisebaa. maSasadame, adamiani aris Semqmneli, gamomgonebeli, Ria, sakuTar TavSi usasrulo, moZravi, moqmedi, ganviTarebadi da axali yofierebis Semqmneli arseba.

adamians aucileblad Wirdeba sakuTari Tavis gamyareba, realizeba, amitom, moqmedebas garkveuli miznisaken mimarTavs, aZlevs ra sakuTar Tavs garkveul formas. adamiani mudam riskis winaSea, radgan, riskavs Tavisi cxovrebiT. (cxovels ar SeuZlia Tavis biologiur mocemulobas gamoeTiSos, mas aRematos an ufro dabla daeSvas). cxovelSi gvaris yvela egzemplari erTmaneTis msgavsia. adamiani ki Tavisufalia, gvaris biologiuri `wnexisgan~. igi ukve Tavisi mocemu-lobiT aris gansakuTrebuli individi da bunebiT ki ara, kulturiTaa ganpirobebuli. adamiani Tavisi personaluri aqtivobiT unda movides TanxmobaSi adamianis centralur gansazRvrulobasTan, raTa gaxdes da iyos adamiani.

adamiani mudam gzajvaredinzea, Tavad irCevs Tavisi cxovrebis paradigmas. es jer kidev antikuri periodis filosofiuri azrovnebisaTvisaa cnobili. magram, antikuri periodis avtorebTan aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi mxolod eTikur sferoze vrceldeba da ara zogadad anTropolo-giur mocemulobaze. is, rom, Cven gvaqvs gadawyvetilebis Tavisufleba, filosofiaSi gaazrebuli iqna mxolod axal droSi, roca daiwyes adamianis gansakuTrebuli adgilis Zieba samyaroseul wesrigSi. adamiani aRmoCnda erTaderTi arseba, romelic moZraobs, moqmedebs da Tavad adgens sakuTar rangs. igi TviTgansazRvrebadi arsebaa.

am Tvalsazriss mogvianebiT eqsistencialistebic gaimeoreben: adamiani Tavad qmnis sakuTar Tavs. is ar cxov-robs bunebis mier mocemuli kanonebiT. igi Tavad axdens sakuTari Tavis proeqtirebas, àdamiani Tavad gamoigonebs adamians~(sartri).

m.landmanis koncefciiT, biologiuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis istoria ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc gan-

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viTarebis erTi mTliani mimarTuleba, radgan, isini TavisTavad arsebulia. aseTia landmanis tipologiuri meTodi, romli-Tac ganixileba biologiuri da kulturuli sivrceebi. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianis istoria aris TavisTavad Rirebuli da Tanaswori kulturebis pluralizmis istoria. isini erTmaneTze ar daiyvaneba da arc erTmaneTiT aixsneba.

Tu biologiuri anTropologiisaTvis adamiani upirveles yovlisa aris cocxali arseba, romlis realuri mocemuloba biologiuri xasiaTsaa. kultur-filosofiuri anTrop-ologiisaTvis, kerZod, landmanisaTvis, adamianis mTlianobis gasaRebi kulturaSi, mis goniTobaSia. adamianis somaturi da goniTi mxareebi msWvalaven erTmaneTs, isini erTmaneTiT kordinirdebian. somaturi mxare ki ar aformebs, an qmnis gons, aramed, goni aformebs tans~. buneba ar qmnis adamianis amgvar somatikas. is Tavad iqmneba adamianis aqtivobiT gansaz-Rvrul pirobebSi. landmanis azriT, adamiani imTaviTve isea gansazRvruli, rom iyos sulieri arseba da misi somaturi dabadeba ar aris kanonzomiereba, bunebrivi (biologiuri) sicocxlidan axsnili.

m.landmans surs adamiani gaigos, rogorc kulturis Semoqmedi da misgan Seqmnili arseba. kultur-filosofiurma anTropologiam, romelsac obieqturi gonis anTrpologiasac uwodebs, unda gadalaxos subieqturi gonis anTropologia. pirveladi fenomeni obiqturi gonia da individualuri pirovnuli me. ìseve rogorc kantTan _ wers landmani _ Cveni Semecneba xorcieldeba aprioruli formebiT. aseve Cveni TviTgancdac da yofierebac obieqturi gonis meSveobiT arsebobs. am transcendentalurobis wyalobiT varsebobT Cven da vqmniT Cvens Tavs~(48,71)

adamiansa da cxovels Soris Zireuli gansxvavebis povna fizikur-cxovelur doneze SeuZlebelia. imis Tqma, rom cxovels is Tvisebebi aqvs, xolo adamians es, ar aris sak-marisi adamianis arsis gasarkvevad. adamians, garda misTvis

umTavresi, Seqmnis unarisa, aseve aqvs Seqmnilis SenarCunebis, misi Senaxvisa da tradiciad qcevis unari.

m. landmani afarToebs hegelis terminis, òbieqturi gonis~ Sinaars da am cnebiT mTel sakacobrio kulturas gaiazrebs. obieqturi kultura misTvis aris kulturuli sivrce, adamianuri samyaro, romelic eZleva kerZo adamians mzamzareul mocemulobad da rasac Tavad, sakuTari Zalisx-meviT ar qmnis am wuTierad. kultura aq iseT realobad ganixileba, romelic ukve arsebobs garkveuli yofierebis saxiT ama Tu im individis gareSe. adamiani sakuTari aqti-vobiT erTveba yofierebaSi, iTvisebs mas, xdeba am kulturis mflobelic, Semqmnelic da gadamcemic.

adamiani unikaluri arsebaa im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi Zalze didia Semoqmedebis potencia. amitom aris, rom, adamiani ara mxolod aTvisebisa da translaciis obieqtia, aramed, marad aqtiuri Semoqmedi subieqtic. is ara mxolod ìara-Ris Semqmneli cxovelia~, axali realobis _ kulturuli samyaros Semqmnelicaa. mxolod am xelovnur samyaroSi, kulturul sivrceSi SeuZlia adamians adamianuri arseboba. TavisTavad kulturac ar arsebobs misi Semqmneli adamianis gareSe. adamiani da kultura _ simbiozuri damokidebulebaa. maTi gaTiSva, erTmaneTisagan mowyveta angrevs orives.

cxovelis romelime egzempliari, miuxedavad imisa, gaiz-rdeba sxva mis msgavsTa garemoSi Tu izolaciaSi, iseTive xdeba, rogorsac misi biotipi moiTxovs. adamiani ki sru-lyofil adamianad yalibdeba mxolod maSin, Tu misi gvarisaT-vis niSandobliv garemoSi gaizrdeba. adamiani, rogorc kul-turuli arseba saWiroebs aRzrdas. aravin iwyebs mTlianad Tavidan~. kacobrioba moxucicaa da axalgazrdac. adamiani modis garkveul mza yofierebaSi, mas xvdeba gansazRvruli qcevis, tradiciis da zneobis normebi. adamiani pirovneba xdeba imiT, rom monawileobs, eziareba ze-individualurs, misi subieqturi moTxovnilebis miRma mdgom kulturul

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Rirebulebebs /obieqtur gons/. adamiani, misi specifikidan gamomdinare, aseve istoriuli arsebaa, `win midis~. igi is-toriis Semqmnelicaa da masze damokidebulic.

m. landmani adamianis Semoqmedebis cnebas iyenebs farTo anTropologiuri azriT. rogorc ukve iTqva, masSi ar igu-lisxmeba Seqmnis, Semoqmedebis mxolod esTetikuri unari. adamianis Tviseba iyos Semoqmedi, aqtiuri, moqmedi subieqti, anTropologiuri da kulturfilosofiuri principia. adami-anebi qmnian kulturas da kidec yalibdebian misi meSveobiT. realuri adamiani mxolod sakuTari Tavidan rodi gaigeba, aramed, im kulturuli fonis meSveobiT, romelic winaswaraa mocemuli. adamiani aformebs kulturas da Tavadac form-deba mis mier.

realurad ar arsebobs maradiuli kulturis erTi raime sanimuSo suraTi. aseve ar arsebobs aseTi saxe adamianisa. am azriT, adamiani da kulturebi cvalebadi fenomenebi arian, magram, adamiani yovel kulturaSi mis Sesatyvis erT jerarsul geStaltis farglebSi Tavsdeba. cvalebadoba niSania, kulturisa da arsiseuli maxasiaTebelia adamianis. anu adamianis yofiereba cvalebadia. igi dabadebiTve istori-uli arsebaa. istorias adamianis adamianad qcevaSi bunebaze naklebi wvlili ar miuZRvis.

m. landmanis TvalsazrisiT, kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis mTavari miRweva isaa, rom adamianis gagebas cdilobs, kulturis samyarodan misi izolirebis gareSe. adamiani da kultura ganixileba, rogorc mudmivad cvalebadi, ganaxlebadi. adamianis samyaro misi kulturaa.

CemTvis savsebiT gasagebia da misaRebi avtoris mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adamiani kulturis Semqmneli da kulturiT ganpirobebuli arsebaa. magram Tu adamiani mudmivad cvaleba-di arsebaa, raSiRa mdgomareobs misi konstituciuri arsi? rogor unda ganvsazRvroT igi? xom ar aris igi mxolod istoriul procesebze damokidebuli, misiT gansazRvruli

arseba, rogorc dilTai ambobda: àdamianis tipi yalibdeba da erTiandeba istoriis procesSi.~

Cemi azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis saxe istori-ulad aseTi cvalebadia, mainc arsebobs adamianis ucvleli Ziri istoriis miRma. yvela istoriuli saxe, forma, warmavali da cvalebadi, romelsac igi iZens ganpirobebulia `raRac erTiT~. swored, `raRac am erTidan~ amosvliT SegviZlia simravlis Semecnebac da gagebac. is, rom, adamiani Seumdgari, amorfuli arsebobidan aZlevs saxes, formas sakuTar Tavs, aris misi mTavari unari, unari TviTSeqmnisa. masSi maradi-ulia SemoqmedebiTi unari. Tu saerTod arsebobs adamianis buneba, mas aqvs arsi (da Cemi azriT swored rom aqvs). igi unda veZeboT ara SinaarsiseulSi, aramed, yovelgvar Si-naarsze win mdgom konstituciaSi. ara SedegSi, aramed, Sede-gis maCvenebel procesSi (adamianis fenotipi mis genotips aRemateba). instinqtebi, romlebic cxovelis qcevas marTaven, misi gvaris bunebrivi mocemulobaa, sakuTrebaa, rasac wminda biologiuri xaziT, memkvidreobiT Rebulobs. amitom, cxoveli zustad iseve iqceva, rogorc misi winapari. adamianis qceva ki imarTeba Tavad adamianis mier Seqmnili da mis mierve SeZenili kulturiT. e.i. adamians aqvs kulturis Seqmnis, konservirebis (Semonaxvis) da translaciis (gadacemis) wminda goniTi unari.

amgvarad, adamiani Semoqmedi arsebaa. misi namyo aqtual-uria awmyoSic. is aqac funqciobs, meordeba. adamiani axdens reproduqcias da swavlobs. aseve Seqmnis da Semoinaxavs axals, romelsac momavals gadascems. adamiani, marTalia, CarTulia kulturul tradiciaSi, magram, mas aqvs unari miagnos, aRmoaCinos axali. adamiani, rogorc individi, Car-Tulia kulturul konteqstSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mainc sakuTari Tavis amaraa, Tavisufalia. man Tavad unda gaikvalos sakuTari gza, gaakeTos arCevani, Seqmnas Tavisi cxovreba. adamiani mudam distancirebulia ara mxolod

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bunebis mimarT, aramed, im kulturul konteqsTanac, romelSic igi arsebobs. amitom aris, rom kulturuli tradiciidan raimes uaryofs, raimes iRebs da Tavad xdeba axali tradi-ciis fuZemdebeli. amitom miiCnevs kultur-filosofiuri anTropologia adamians samyarosadmi Ria arsebad, romelic mudam mzadaa SeqmnisTvis, SemoqmedebisaTvis. adamianis arsis amgvari gageba, rom adamianis samyaro misi kulturaa, Cemi azriT, kultur-anTropologiuri koncefciis mTavari da mniSvnelovani Sedegia.

VII d uznaZis anTropologiuri Tvalsaz-

risi

dimitri uznaZis saxeli upirveles yovlisa, fsiqolo-gias ukavSirdeba. igi cnobilia rogorc qarTuli fsiqolo-giuri skolis fuZemdebeli. mxolod specialistTa viwro wrem Tu icis, rom misi moRvaweoba filosofiiT daiwyo da ramdenime TanamoazresTan erTad dasabami misca Tanamedrove profesiul filosofias. man filosofiuri ganaTleba ger-maniaSi miiRo. 1909 wels daamTavra laifcigis universiteti da imave wels, q.haleSi daicva sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze _ `vladimer soloviovi _ misi Semecnebis Teoria da metafizika~, romelic imave wels wignad daistamba.

saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg igi agrZelebs muS-aobas filosofiaSi. periodul presaSi aqveynebs werilebs sxvadasxva filosofiur Temebze.pirveli werili, romelic 1909 wels daibeWda gazeT `droebaSi~ iyo `baraTaSvilis liris motivebi~ (mogvianebiT d. uznaZe kvlav miubrunda n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebas da wers Sesaval werils misi leqsebis krebulisaTvis (1922w.) 1910 wels, `saxalxo gazeTis~or nomerSi qveyndeba d. uznaZis Sroma ìndividu-

aloba da misi genezisi~. imave wels, aRniSnuli gazeTSi ibe-Wdeba ra aris Semecnebis Teoria~. 1911 wels iqve qveyndeba `gandgomilobis problema ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilSi~. 1914 wels, imave gazeTis ramdenime nomerSi aqveynebs òmis filosofias~.

1915 weli _ Jurnali `megobari~ _ `cxovrebis raoba~, iqve 1916 weli _ `cxovrebis raoba da aRzrda~. 1918 weli _ Jurnali _ `promeTe~ _ òrganuli msoflmxedveloba~. 1919weli _ Tbilisis universitetis moambe _ `laibnicis petites perceptions-Ta adgili fsiqologiaSi~. 1920 wels daibeWda monografia ànri bergsoni~.

1921 wlis Semdeg, dimitri uznaZes filosofiur Tema-tikaze erTi Sromac ki ar gamouqveynebia. misi interesi mTlianad moicva fsiqologiam. CemTvis Zalze Znelia real-uri mizezis dasaxeleba, ris gamoc d. uznaZem filosofiidan fsiqologiaSi gadainacvla, iyo es Sinagani, inteleqtualuri moTxovnileba Tu garegani iZuleba (Cveni azrovnebisaT-vis rogori maprovocirebeli TariRia 1921 weli, albaT yvelasaTvis naTelia. erTi ramis ki Rrmad mjera: dimitri uznaZes rom gaegrZelebina muSaoba filosofiur Tematikaze, yofiliyo amis ufleba da saSualeba, dRes Cven sul sxva filosofiuri memkvidreoba gveqneboda da dimitri uznaZis adgilic sxva iqneboda qarTul filosofiaSi).

am werilebis gacnobis Semdeg, CvenTvis naTeli xdeba is ZiriTadi filosofiuri Temebi, romlebic d. uznaZis yuradRebas imsaxurebs. esaa Semoqmedebis problema, ada-mianis cxovrebis arsi, sicocxlis sazrisi, filosofiisa da xelovnebis mimarTeba, sicocxle da sikvdili, rogorc filosofiuri problema da sxva.

amrigad: dimitri uznaZisaTvis filosofiis amosavali debulebaa _ adamiani aris aqtiuri Semoqmedi arseba da am unaris saSualebiT igi qmnis axal samyaros, adamianis sacxovriss _ kulturas. adamians mxolod kulturis wi-

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aRSi SeuZlia Tavisi adamianobis realizeba. adamiani, rogorc cocxali arseba, arsebobs universumSi. misi upirvelesi mizania SeinarCunos sakuTari arseboba, amitom aucileblad Wirdeba orientireba. adamianis winaSea kaleidoskopuri sinamdvile _ buneba mravalferovani movlenebiT, cvalebado-biT, nivTTa warmoSobiT da mospobiT. adamiani iZulebulia gadaWras mis winaSe warmoSobili sxvadasxva problema. man unda gaigos, daadginos Tavisi adgili samyaroSi. erTaderTi adamiania cocxalTa Soris, romelic ver eteva~ biologiur arsebobaSi. amgvari arseboba misTvis sakmarisi araa da amitom, qmnis specifikur, anTropologiur realobas gansxvavebuli wesiT arsebuls.

kacobriobam dRemde ganviTarebis iseTi gza ganvlo, rom metafizika(filosofia), religia, xelovneba, mecniereba Sesa-Zlo pasuxebia im problemebze, romlebic mas awuxebs. es aris pasuxebi sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT, sxvadasxva kuTxiT, sxvadasxva elferiT. es aris Zireuli sferoebi, romlebSic naTlad Cans adamianis, rogorc inteleqtualuri arsebis Zala da Rirseba. yovelive amaSi vlindeba adamianis Semoq-medebiTi unari.

e. i. dimitri uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, adamiani aris aqti-uri, mTliani subieqti, CarTuli garkveul istoriul pro-cesSi da am gzaze TandaTanobiT qmnis ara mxolod adamianur samyaros, aramed, Tavadac ufro adamianuri xdeba (dRevandel anTropologiur terminebs Tu moviSveliebT, adamiani gadis humanizaciisa da hominizaciis gzas). igi Tavisi gvaris ga-darCenas, ukvdavebis uzrunvelyofas mxolod kulturuli samyaros meSveobiT Tu moaxerxebs.

raTa ufro kargad gavecnoT d. uznaZis filosofiuri analizis stils, sanimuSod aviRoT romelime Tema _ vTq-vaT, sazrisis problema. maS ase, am erTerT uniSvnelovanes filosofiur problemas d. uznaZe ixilavs Semdeg SromebSi: òmis filosofia~, `cxovrebis raoba~, `cxovrebis raoba da

aRzrda~.adamiani cocxali arsebaa, igi emorCileba sicocxlis

kanonzomierebas. ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba. adamianma ro-gorc cocxalma arsebam, upirvelesad sakuTari sicocxlis uzrunvelyofa unda SeZlos. imisaTvis, rom icocxlos, ar-seboba unda SeinarCunos. e.i. `Seeguos~, `moergos~, garemos. anu adamianis Tavdapirveli interesi praqtikulia, magram, vinaidan igi sxva cocxalisagan gansxvavebiT Raribia~ bune-brivi monacemebiT, man unda àamuSaos~ goneba. jer-jerobiT es mxolod `praqtikuli gonebaa~, romelsac sruliadac ar ainteresebs ama Tu im mdgomareobis, movlenis arsis Semecneba. misTvis sakmarisia mxolod codna Tu ra sargeblobis an zianis motana SeuZlia ama Tu im movlenas, garemos da rogor gamoiyenos igi Tavis sakeTildReod e.i. am doneze adamia-nis interesi mimarTulia mxolod praqtikuli miznisaken. aseT pirobebSi adamiani movlenaTa zedapirze rCeba. aqedan gamomdinare, mag; sikvdilis faqti aris daboloeba, dasas-ruli Cveni grZnobadi (praqtikuli) cxovrebisa. (d.uznaZe aq laparakobs adamianis teqnikur inteleqtze). magram, adamiani ar aris mxolod cocxali arseba. mas ufro meti surs, vidre misi grZnobadi, sxeulebrivi sicocxlea. mas ar akmayofilebs movlenaTa zedapiruli Sefaseba da misi mis-adageba sakuTar praktikul miznebTan. adamiani intuiciurad grZnobs, rom es ar aris namdvili~ cxovreba. arsebobs sxva metafizikuri sinamdvile _ RirebulebaTa samyaro. adamianis cxovrebaSi aris raRac iseTi mdgomareoba, gansakuTrebuli

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wami, rodesac igi arRvevs praqtikuli, yoveldRiuri arse-bobis sazRvars, Tavisufldeba `sicocxlis borkilidan~ da imdenad Tavisufldeba, rom SeuZlia uaric ki Tqvas Tavad sicocxleze. esaa TviTmkvlelobis faqti. aseTive fenomenia brZolaSi meomris sikvdili. miuxedavad imisa, miviCnevT Tu ara kacis kvlas udides borotebad, am dros Cvens Sefase-baSi Semodis RirebulebaTa sxva sistema, romelic `garda Rrma adamianuri TanagrZnobisa, mowiwebis da pativiscemis gancdisa~, CvenSi badebs eWvs àdamianis sicocxlis, rogorc umaRlesi Rirebulebis~ mimarT. e.i. Cven adamianuri rwmena~ gveubneba: adamianur cxovrebaSi arsebobs iseTi SemTxvevebi, raRac ufro `maRali~ da mniSvnelovani, vidre `Cveni kerZo, piradi sicocxle~. amgvari rwmenis Tanaxmad, `Cveni daniS-nuleba TviTon sicocxleSi, maSasadame, mis gafarToebasa da gaRrmavebaSi, rodi unda veZeboT. ufro piriqiT, sicocxle mxolod saSualebaa, romlis meoxebiTac xorcieldeba is umaRlesi daniSnuleba, adamianis arsebobas rom sarCulad udevs. am TvalsazrisiT, cxadia, sikvdili da sicocxle am daniSnulebisaTvis sul erTia, igi zogjer sikvdils moiTxovs da zogjer sococxles~ (73,276).

maSasadame, uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, `Cveni arsebobis azri TviT Cveni sicocxlis farglebSi ki ar unda veZioT, aramed mis gareT da masze maRla~ (iqve). am azris dasturad uznaZe adamianTa istoriul cxovrebasac ixsenebs. STamomavloba qeds ixris im adamianTa winaSe, vinc raRac Rirebuli Seqmna, mTeli cxovreba emsaxura maRal adamianur idealebs da ar misdevda mxolod `praqtikuli cxovrebis mowyobas, pirad gancxromas~. metaforulad rom vTqvaT, ganagrZobs uznaZe, Cveni istoriuli warsuli aris ganuwyveteli muSaoba `raRac didi Senobis asagebad~. adamianebs dabadebiTve aqvT es adamianuri daniSnuleba da mizani. amrigad, Cveni movaleoba imTaviTve gansazRvrulia. Tu am movaleobas mivsdevT maSin Cvens adamianur vals aRvasrulebT, xolo Tu am Senobis

asagebad muSaobas gavurbivarT an saerTod sisuleled da sigiJed vTvliT amgvari Senobis agebas maSin Cven aRarc varT adamianuri samyaros Semomqmedni da Zalian advilad gagvriyaven. `gviviwyeben, ugzoukvlod vqrebiT sxvaTa mex-sierebidan da saerTod adamianuri cxovrebis istoriidan~ (iqve. gv. 281). `ra aris es Senoba? kacobriobis saukeTeso nawili mTel ZalRones rom axmars? Cven mas kulturuli Semoqmedebis saxeliT aRvniSnavT~ (iqve).

amrigad: adamiani, imisaTvis rom sazrisi mianiWos Tavis arsebobas, unda gavides~ biologiuri arsebobidan, amaRldes yoveldRiur, Cveulebriv vitalur moTxovnilebaTa veli-dan da Seqmnas xelovnuri, kulturuli samyaro, romlis obieqtic da subieqtic Tavad iqneba. `kulturis Seqmna _ aseTia adamianis cxovrebis mizani da daniSnuleba~ (73,285). am TvalsazrisiT d.uznaZe emijneba sicocxlis filosofias, radgan, mas adamianis arsis dasadgenad Semoaqvs SefasebiTi, RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba, eZebs cxovrebis sazriss. es ki goniTi anTropologiuri xedvaa.

dimitri uznaZe Tavs ar miiCnevs religiur moazrovned. piriqiT, sadac amis saSualeba aqvs yvelgan aRniSnavs am faqts. arsad, filosofiur problemebze msjelobis dros ar mimarTavs RmerTis cnebas da aRniSnavs: `cxovrebis saz-risis Cveneuli gegma miwieri arsebobis ganmtkicebaa, misi uaRresobis aRsarebaa, misi mimdinareobis kurTxevaa da misi mniSvnelobis gaabsoluturebaa.. `dabadebis~ mixedviT, RmerTma imiT daasrula Tavisi Semoqmedebis procesi, rom man adamianis arsebaSi saukeTesod Seariga suli xorcs, aq-tiuroba pasiurobas. samagierod, mTeli danarCeni msoflio ganusulierebuli datova. da amiT TiTqos imTaviTve gansazRvruli daniSnuleba misca adamianis arsebobas.~ da amgvarad, ganagrZobs d. uznaZe _ Cveni daniSnuleba RvTisagan dawyebuli saqmis dasrulebaa. RvTisagan dawyebuli msoflio Semoqmedebis gangrZobaa. da Tu es asea, maSin cxadia, Cven

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gamudmebul fusfuss, dauRalav Sromas mniSvneloba hqonia. Cvens droul cxovrebas Rrma azri da am ukanasknels kidev religiuri Rirebuleba. (iqve gv. 286).

me sagangebod moviyvane es sakmaod didi moculobis fragmenti, imitom, rom, CemTvis Zalze Znelia daveTanxmoT d. uznaZis TviTSefasebas. Tu am TvalsazrisiT davakvirdebiT mis Semoqmedebas, sapirispiro suraTs aRmovaCenT. gamiWird-eba qarTvel filosofosebSi sxva masze ùfro qristiani~ moazrovnis povna, romlisaTvis ase axlobeli, aseTi Rirebuli iqneboda qristianuli morali, qristianuli kultura, is filosofiuri problemebi, romlebic d. uznaZis yuradRebis centrSia da maTi gagebac savsebiT Tavsdeba qristianul msoflmxedvelobriv modelSi. Tavad is Temebic, romlebic zemoT sagangebod gamovyaviT, qristianuli azrovnebis mieraa Semotanili. iqneba es sazrisi problema, istoriuloba da sxva. d. uznaZes araCveulebrivad swams da sjera adamianuri samyarosi~, gonierebis~, maRali daniSnulebis,~ Rirebule-baTa samyarosi~, `Rirsebis~ da a.S.

d. uznaZe SeiZleba ar iyo eklesiurad morwmune, sakuTar Tavs ar miakuTvnebda marTlmadidebel mrevls, magram, igi rom dasavluri, reformacia gavlil qristianuli kultu-ris niadagze dgas, Cemi azriT, amis dasturia mTeli misi filosofiuri Semoqmedeba. (misTvis xom ase ucxo darCa im periodis germaniaSi, da ara mxolod germaniaSi esoden popularuli nicSes filosofia).

naTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar unda iyos Zneli davin-axoT: d. uznaZis Tvalsazrisi Zalze axloa filosofiur-anTropologiur koncefciasTan da arc paralelebis moZebna gagviWirdeba. kerZod is, rom adamiani aris specifikuri arseba, romelmac sakuTar unarebze dayrdnobiT unda SeZlos Tavisi arsebobis uzrunvelyofa. imisaTvis, rom icxovros, man unda Seqmnas xelovnuri samyaro, romlis obieqti da subieqtic Tavad iqneba. es ki mxolod kreator, goniT ar-

sebas xelewifeba.rac Seexeba sazrisis problemis dadgenas; d. uznaZe sa-

gangebod ixilavs iseT SromebSi, rogorebicaa: pirovnebisa da cxovrebis azri~, eri, rogorc cxovrebis sazrisis subieqti~, `xelovani (Semoqmedi) da cxovrebis raoba~. uznaZisaTvis amosavali debulebaa:

adamiani ar aris mxolod sicocxlis matarebeli fizi-kuri arseba, igi sulieri arsebacaa. (`sulier cxovrebaSi~ d.uznaZe gulisxmobs àdamianis SemecnebiT, grZnobiT da nebiT formebs~).

adamianis sicocxlis principad _ d. uznaZis azriT _ suliereba unda miviCnioT. empiriulad adamianis arse-boba SeiZleba or doneze ganvsazRvroT: erTia sulier anu goniT movlenaTa samkvidro da meore fizikur movlenaTa samflobelo.

ra aris is Zala, iaraRi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianma SeZlo amgvari cxovrebis Seqmna? _ kiTxulobs d. uznaZe. da Tavadve amgvarad pasuxobs: pirveli, rac adamianze dak-virvebisas TvalSi mogxvdeba, isaa, rom igi cocxali arsebaa, romelic sicocxlis cikls emorCileba. adamianma upirve-lesad sakuTari sicocxlis, arsebobis SenarCuneba unda moax-erxos. `moergos~ garemos. sxva cocxalisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani metad `Raribia~ bunebrivi monacemebiT, magram, aqvs uzarmazari upiratesoba _ goneba. da swored imisaTvis, rom ukeT Seeguos garemos, moaxerxos Tavisi gvaris gagrZeleba, unda aamuSaos goneba _ cnobiereba.

pirveli, rac adamians sakuTari sicocxlis uzrunve-lyofaSi exmareba e.w. `praqtikuli gonebaa~. am safexurze adamianisTvis mxolod imis codnaa sakmarisi, Tu ra sarge-blobis an zianis motana SeuZlia misTvis ama Tu im movlenas, garemos da rogor unda warmarTos igi Tavis sasargeblod.

magram, fizikuri arseboba ar aRmoCnda adamianisaTvis sakmarisi. es ar aris asparezi, sadac adamiani moaxdens

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sakuTari Tavis Cvenebas da realizebas. adamianis fizi-kuri arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis udidesi roli akisriaT SegrZnebebs, romelTac Tan axlavs umartivesi grZnoba. am safexurze, adamiani, rogorc sulieri arseba, maqsimalurad pasiuria. gonebis, fsiqikis ra unaria romelic sulier cxovrebas àamoZravebs~, warmarTavs? aseTi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis mqone fenomenia adamianis neba mTel fsiqikuri cxovrebis safuZveli. masSi Cans yvelaze naTlad adamianis arsi _ misi aqtivoba. swored, Tavisufali nebidan wamosuli aqtivoba aris adamianuri cxovrebis warmmarTveli.

neba wminda aqtivobaa, dausrulebeli ltolvaa. amitom, adamianis cxovreba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc nebis miznisaken mimarTva, miswrafeba. Cveni cxovrebis yovel wuTs, erTi romelime gansazRvruli moTxovnileba gvaiZulebs iseTi raime ganvaxorcieloT, movimoqmedoT, rac erTgvarad dagvik-mayofilebs survilebs, sulier mRelvarebas dagvicxrobs, dagvamSvidebs, sulierad gagvawonasworebs. aseT rames Cven `Rirebulebas~ vuwodebT.

d. uznaZes Semoaqvs Rirebulebebis ierarqiuli skala. `Rirebuleba SeiZleba mravalgvari iyos, rodesac mas miznad Cveni fizikuri organizmis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba aqvs dasaxuli, am SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs e.w. fizikur RirebulebasTan~, rodesac man Cveni inteleqtualuri, esTe-tikuri, eTikuri an religiuri moTxovnilebani unda daak-mayofilos. maSin Cvens winaa inteleqtualuri, esTetikuri, eTikuri Tu religiuri `Rirebulebani~ (73,228). swored, mravalgvari Rirebuleba aris is mizani, romliskenac mudam iltvis adamianis neba. magram, Secdoma iqneba vifiqroT _ agrZelebs msjelobas d. uznaZe _ rom, adamianma sakmarisia raime gansazRvrul Rirebulebas miaRwios da amiT misi neba dacxres, SeCerdes, piriqiT ganaxorcielebs Tu ara adamiani Rirebulebis romelime saxes, maSinve misi neba axali saxis Rirebulebisaken iwyebs ltolvas. kacobriobis mTeli is-

toria adamianis nebis am saocari Tvisebis utyuari mowmea.amgvarad, adamianis neba, misi moqmedeba RirebulebaTa

cvlaSi mJRavndeba. Cven miviswrafviT Cveni moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisaken da amiT vqmniT raime gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas: vTqvaT, vwvdebiT WeSmaritebas, vaxorcielebT sikeTes Tu vqmniT xelovnebis nawarmoebs. kacobriobis mTeli istoria SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc ganuwyveteli Sroma, brZola maRali adamianuri RirebulebebisaTvis. es brZola imitomac aris Zneli da saxifaTo, rom adamianis cxovrebas win eRobeba mravali, garegani da Sinagani xifaTi. Sinagani winaaRmdegobaa is, rom adamiani aris sxeulebrivi, adamianuri TvalsazrisiT pasiuri arseba, romelic sakuTarma SemoqmedebiTma unarma unda gaaaqtiuros. am ukanasknelisaT-vis impulsis mimcemi adamianis Tavisufali nebaa. is akeTebs arCevans pasiur fizikur arsebobasa da aqtiur SemoqmedebiT cxovrebas Soris.

mxolod adamianis sicocxle ki araa Tavisi bunebrivi moTxovnilebiT pasiuri da Semaferxebeli, aramed, misi meore adamianTan aseTi mimarTebac uazroa da umizno. e.i. ar SeiZleba adamiani darCes mxolod fizikur velSi. adami-ans Tavis cxovrebaSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Seaqvs azri da mniSvneloba Tu igi moaxerxebs mimarTebebis àwyobas~ garkveuli wesis, miznis da Rirebulebebis Sesatyvisad.

sad aris adamianis asparezi? _ kiTxulobs d. uznaZe _ da pasuxobs: zogadad Tu vilaparakebT, esaa kacobrio-bis ganviTarebis gza, erisaTvis _ sakuTari istoria, xolo pirovnebisaTvis _ cxovrebis monakveTi, romelSic is arse-bobda da qmnida. Tanamedrove adamiani Tavisi ganviTarebiT sakacobrio istoriis produqtia. man Tavisi arsebobis grZel gzaze adamianis amgvari tipi Seqmna, cxovrebis aseTi wesi daamkvidra. amitom, SeiZleba vTqvaT: adamianis istoria sxva araferia, Tu ara misi bedis matiane.

kacobriobis mTeli istoriuli cxovreba SeiZleba

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warmovidginoT, rogorc ganuwyveteli Sroma, brZola, ara mx-olod arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis, aramed, maRali adamianuri Rirebulebebis dasamkvidrebladac (sxvagvarad igi, albaT, verc gadarCeboda). da es aris swored adamianis cxovrebis arsic da sazrisic.

maSasadame, d. uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, adamiani aris aq-tiuri, gonieri, Tavisufali nebiT dajildoebuli Semoqmedi arseba, romelic Tavis realizebas axdens mis mierve Seqmnil kulturis samyaroSi. iqneba es konketuli adamiani, ufro rTuli erTeuli_ eri, Tu kacobrioba. adamianis arsebobis istoriaze garedan dakvirvebiT, is, erTi SexedviT, uazrod mogveCveneba Tu mis gasagebad ar SemovitanT aqtiuri subi-eqtis amgvar gaazrebas. wesi, azri, mizani masSi (cxovrebaSi) Tavad adamians Seaqvs, ramdenadac igi (adamiani) mas (cxovre-bas) Tavisi miznis Sesabamisad gardaqmnis. da maSin mTeli istoria gagebuli iqneba, rogorc aseTi gardaqmnis procesi, qaosSi sazrisisa da miznianobis damkvidreba~ (73,301).

cxovrebis ZiriTadi azri yofila adamianis Semoqmedeba, xolo moqmedebas safuZvlad udevs Tavisufali neba. is berketia romelic amoqmedebs adamianis pasiur arsebobas, mianiWebs mas sazrissa da mniSvnelobas. adamiani sakuTari gvaris ukvdavebis uzrunvelyofas mxolod kulturis sa-SualebiT Tu SeZlebs. `kulturis Semoqmedeba_ aseTi unda iyos adamianis cxovrebis mizani da daniSnuleba~ (73,285).

gavagrZeloT d. uznaZis im publikaciebis mimoxilva, romlebic CvenTvis saintereso problemebs exeba. rac kidev erTxel daadasturebs azrs, rom avtoris yuradReba ZiriTa-dad mipyrobilia filosofiur-anTropologiuri sakiTxebi-sadmi. axalma epoqam gaamwvava adamianis yofierebis sazrisis Zieba. d.uznaZis gagebiT, filosofia upirvelesad anTrop-ologiuri unda iyos. misTvis adamiani Semoqmedi arsebaa. man sakuTari ZalisxmeviT moaxerxa adamianuri samyaros Seqmna. filosofiiTa da mecnierebiT adamiani ikmayofilebs samyaros

gagebis da Semecnebis interess.d.uznaZisaTvis filosofiuri refleqsia iwyeba im re-

alobis daSvebiT, rom adamiania kulturis Semoqmedi. misi damokidebuleba filosofiuri problemebisadmi, SeiZleba iTqvas, kultur-anTropologiuria. filosofiuri Tu mxat-vruli teqstis analizi ZiriTadad am WrilSi xdeba.

qarTveli moazrovne filosofiuri koncefciis asagebad Semdeg gzas mimarTavs: filosofiis istoriidan da mx-atvruli literaturidan (ZiriTadad poeziidan) iRebs misTvis saintereso masalas da aanalizebs filosofiur-anTropologiurad.

am azris naTelsayofad, ganvixilav d. uznaZis pirvel werils, romelic man saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg ga-moaqveyna gazeT droeba~- Si 1909 wels _ n. baraTaSvilis liris motivebi~.d. uznaZis SexedulebiT, metafizika yvelaze axlos poe-ziasTan dgas, radgan is, upirvelesad, swored cnebaTa

poeziaa. rogorc poeziaSi, aseve metafizikaSi Zalze mniS-vnelovania Semoqmedis pirovnuli `me~. igi wers: `samyaros metafizikuri suraTi mxatvruli suraTia da is rogorc wesi, warmoiSoba adamianis uRrmesi Sinagani arsidan, mTeli misi raobidan, misi xasiaTidan~. poeziaSi adamiani kidev ufro axloa Tavis SemoqmedebasTan. `poeziaSi adamianis

arseba mTlianadaa Caqsovili~ (73,86).rogorc filosofosisaTvis, aseve mwerlisaTvis ZiriTadi amocanaa adamianuri cxovrebis idumalebis gageba. gansx-vaveba mxolod gamosaxvis formaSia. pirveli amis miRw-evas filosofiuri gziT _ Teoriis (cnebis) meSveobiT

cdilobs, xolo meore _ mxatvruli saxeebiT.xelovani Tavisi SemoqmedebiT qmnis axal sinamdviles,

axal samyaros, romelic avlens Semoqmedis msoflmxedv-elobas. adamianis àdamianad SeqmnaSi~ udidesi mniSvnelo-ba aqvs inteleqtualur da esTetikur Rirebulebebs. Tu

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es asea maSin CvenTvis, vinc raimes daweras vapirebT, umniS-vnelovanesia gavacnobieroT, rom upirvelesad unda viz-runoT adamianis Zireuli moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisaT-vis _ esaa inteleqtualuri da esTetikuri moTxovnebi. amis miRweva Znelia filosofiaSi. ase magaliTad, kantisa da hegelis Txzulebani metad Rrmaa da mniSvnelovani fi-losofiisaTvis, magram, maTi gavlena ZiriTadad am dargis specialistebze vrceldeba, Tumca, filosofiis istoria icnobs iseT moazrovneebsac, romlebic gacdnen filoso-fiis sauflos da maTi gavlenis sferoc ufro farToa (platoni, Sopenhaueri, nicSe). maTi Sromebi ara mxolod Rrmaa filosofiurad, aramed, formiTac mSvenieria (d. uznaZe erTmaneTisagan mijnavs akademiur, sistemur fi-losofias da metaforul, Tavisufal filosofias).

davubrundeT werils `n. baraTaSvilis liris motivebi~, romlis daweris sababad qceula 1909 wels quTaisSi gamarTuli sajaro leqcia `sulieri drama nikoloz

baraTaSvilisa~ (samwuxarod, ver mivakvlie leqciis te-qsts, CemTvis aseve ucnobia momxsenebelic).

rogorc d. uznaZe aRniSnavs: leqciaSi ZiriTadi yuradRe-ba gamaxvilebulia baraTaSvilis poeziisaTvis erT-erT ZiriTad Temaze _ amaoebisa da maradisobis problemaze. leqciis avtoris azriT, amaoebisa da maradisobisaken

miswrafebis warmoSobis mTavari impulsi garemos zegav-lenidan modis, Tumca, erTi da igive garemodan SeiZleba sxvadasxva miswrafeba, gancda daibados. garemos zegav-leniTve Cndeba Cveni gonebisaTvis miuwvdomeli, ganu-

Wvreteli, raRac iracionaluri grZnoba. amitom, rogorc filosofosebi ityodnen, aq mxolod metafizikis adgilia. raime problemis gadaWris mcdeloba ki adamianuri az-

rovnebis uZlurebis niSania.magram arian Seudrekeli Semoqmedni, romelTac ar aSinebT kacobriobis saWirboroto sakiTxebi da

cdiloben iracionaluri racionalurad gardaqmnan. ge-nialuri Semoqmedi absolutia, ganumeorebelia. misi

Zlierebis wyaro misive bunebaa, xolo sababi misi sulieri aqtivobisa, fsiqikis gaRviZebisa, aris garemo. igi realiz-

deba sivrcisa da drois zegavleniT.amgvarad gadmoscems d. uznaZe leqciis Sinaarss. misTvis miuRebelia am gziT svla. jer erTi imitom, rom Tu av-torisaTvis metafizikuri azrovneba adamianis uZlurebis gamoaSkaravebaa, uznaZisaTvis piriqiT, Zlierebis utyuari niSania (adamianis azrovnebas rom ar hqondes midrekileba metafizikurobisaken, maSin filosofia saerTod ar iarse-

bebda). mTavari Secdoma amgvari azrovnebisa Semdegia: adamianis cxovreba gagebulia, rogorc garemoTi gansazRvruli. adamianis grZnoba da azric am garemomcveli samyaroTi unda iyos ganmartebuli , romelSic Tavad cxovrobs. d.uznaZe ar iziarebs avtoris fizikalistur, meqanicis-tur princips, romlis mixedviTac genialuri adamiani da misi gonebrivi simdidre mudmivi mocemulobaa. gonebas ar SeuZlia realizeba Tu masze ar imoqmeda, zegavlena ar moaxdina garemom. igi iRviZebs, aSkaravdeba mxolod gare-

mos zegavleniT. amgvarad, garemo prioritetulia.Tu es marTlac asea _ svams kiTxvas uznaZe _ maSin indi-vidis genialoba ris `maqnisia~, sadRaa misi genialoba Tu igi araraobaa ugaremod? `nuTu mxolod imaSi, rom igi

gansakuTrebiT saxierdeba garemos zegavlenis qveS? nuTu mxolod am Tavisebur reaqciaSi? (`n. baraTaSvilis liris

motivebi~).aseTi damokidebuleba garkveviT warmoaCens garemos pirve-ladobas, fsiqikis pasiurobas (uznaZe fsiqikas da cno-bierebas sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT xmarobs) da swored

esaa amgvari azrovnebis mTavari Secdoma, romlis mixedviT, fsiqika statikuria da aqtiuri xdeba mxolod raimes

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zegavleniT.d.uznaZisaTvis fsiqika aqtiuria da ara statikuri. fsiqi-kis arsia aqtiuroba, Semoqmedeba, igi usasruloa `Semoqmed azrTa sferoSi~. magram, ramdenadac igi mdidrdeba bune-brivi elementebiT _ SegrZnebebiT, grZnobebiT, ltolvebiT, imdenad ordeba adamianis fsiqika. igi aerTianebs Semoqmed gonebas da pasiur grZnobebs. ramdenadac adamiani Semo-qmedia, absolutia, imdenad aqtiuria, magram, ramdenadac

grZnobadicaa, SegrZnebebis mqonea, imdenad SemosazRvrulia, SezRuduli, drouli da pasiuria~. (iqve).

swored, amitomaa adamianSi mudmivi brZola am or mxares Soris. esaa adamianis drama, drama gardauvali da mud-mivi, uznaZis azriT, msoflio istoriuli ganviTarebis Sinaarsi. drama Tavs iCens yoveli adamianis bunebaSi.genialoba amis gacnobierebaa. genialoba niSnavs Zlier SemoqmedebiT unars da uRrmes mgrZnobelobas. da bara-TaSvilis sulieri dramac sxva araferia, Tu ara erT-

erTi kerZo saxe saerTo adamianuri dramisa. aseTi suli mZafrad ganicdis adamianis mokvdaobas, yoveldRiurobiT Tavmobezrebas, wuTisoflis amaoebas, romlebic ase boWaven, zRudaven adamianis Semoqmedi gonebis swrafvas. es grZno-ba adamianisaTvis Sinagania, arsebiTia da momdinareobs misi bunebis àraCveulebriobidan~. d.uznaZem kargad icis, rom amis mizezi ar SeiZleba iyos garemo-pirobebi, socialur-politikuri cxovreba. amitom mcdaria Tvalsazrisi, ro-melic cdilobs garemo pirobebidan mizezobrivad axsnas romelime xelovanis msoflmxedveloba, misi SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba. adamianis cxovrebis tragizmi ar gamomdinareobs adamianis yofidan. aseve, es yofa araa im impulsis aRmZ-

vreli, adamianSi rom aRviZebs sakuTari yofierebis tragi-kulobis SegrZnebas.

d. uznaZis Rrma rwmeniT, araraobis SegrZneba, masze ama-Rlebis survili da ltolva (miswrafeba) maradisobi-

saken adamianis arsebaSi `marxia~. adamiani ara mxolod SegrZnebebis mqone fizikuri arsebaa, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, moazrovne, Semoqmedi arsebaa. im mizeziT, rom

adamiani mokvdavia, masSi gamZafrebulia amaoebis grZnoba. adamianma kargad icis, misi cxovreba CarTulia sicocx-lis ciklSi da gansazRvrulia droSi. magram, aseve icis, rom igi Semqmneli, Semoqmedi arsebaa da garkveuli azriT, imeorebs universumis saswauls, qmnis sakuTar cxovrebas, sakuTar Tavs. (dRevandel termins Tu moviSveliebT, d. uznaZe kultur-anTropologia. misTvis adamianis gagebis, misi raobis dadgenis gasaRebi kulturaSia, im xelovnur samyaroSi, romlis Seqmnac adamianma TviTon moaxerxa saku-

Tari ZalisxmeviT).adamiani rom universaluri arsebaa da ver xerxdeba misi Caketva mxolod fizikuri arsebobis velSi, gansakuTrebiT sacnaurdeba genialur SemoqmedebaSi, sadac mkafiod Cans

adamianuri arsebobis dramatizmi.amitom ambobs dabejiTebiT d. uznaZe, rom n. baraTaSvi-lis Semoqmedebis gagebisaTvis umniSvneloa socialur-politikuri foni, romelic im drois saqarTveloSi iyo. poetis sulieri dramis gasaRebi mis sulier wyobaSia. Semoqmedis goneba Seudrekelia, Zlieria, da Tavisuflebi-sken miiltvis. misi arsebobis wesia: ar iyos aravisgan da arafrisagan gansazRvruli, Seqmnili, aramed, Tavad iqces Tavisi cxovrebis Semqmnel, Semoqmed sulad da amiT sa-kuTari Tavi aqcios absolutad. amave dros, n. baraTaS-vili faqizi mgrZnobelobiT dajildoebuli lirikosia. mas Zalze kargad esmis, rom kavSiris gawyveta droulTan, amqveyniurTan rogori mtkivneulia, magram es aucileblad unda moxdes, radgan, `miwieris` daTmobis gareSe ar mox-erxdeba `sulis absoluturi qrolva~. swored es dapiri-spireba, romelic mudmivadaa genialur SemoqmedSi, iwvevs mis Sinagan gaorebas, daZabulobas da Sinaarsia `sulieri

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dramisa~. baraTaSvilma kargad icis, yvela ver gauZlebs, ver gadaitans am `gamomSvidobebas~, magram, Tavad mas sx-

vagvarad ar SeuZlia cxovreba. mis `genialur gons~ swams da swyuria `saboloo gamarjveba~.

yovelive zemoT Tqmuls Tu ganvazogadebT _ ganagrZobs d.uznaZe _ SegviZlia gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sawi-naaRmdego daskvna miviRoT. baraTaSvili pesimisti ki ara, optimisti Semoqmedia. misTvis mniSvnelovani da Rire-bulia adamianis imgvarad yofna, roca igi SeZlebs uari Tqvas grZnobad survilebze da gaabatonebs absolutur

suls anu maRal adamianur Rirebulebebs. e. i. adamians SeuZlia gavides `grZnobadobis farglebi-dan~ da eziaros maradiuls. amas igi axerxebs Semoqmedi gonebis meSveobiT. aseve maRali adamianuri grZnobaa es-Tetikuri tkboba, roca adamiani gaemijneba sakuTar Cveu-lebriobas, yoveldRiur Wir-varams, absolutur amaoebas. ase igi maRldeba, uerTdeba ganusazRvrels da amgvarad

absolutdeba. esTetikuri tkbobis procesSi gansakuTreb-uli ZaliT moqmedebs adamianis SemoqmedebiTi unari. am

dros vTavisufldebiT xorcieli vnebebisagan. esaa sulis Tavisuflebis asparezi. Tavisufleba ki niSnavs Seurige-

blobas yoveldRiurobasTan, CveulebriobasTan. adamianuri cxovrebis optimizmi saZiebelia adamianis

`maRal bunebaSi~ da mis unarSi `gavides~ grZnobadi àm-sofliuri yofidan~ da SeuerTdes maRal Rirebulebebs, maradiul idealebs. ai safuZveli baraTaSvilis mso-

flmxedvelobisa, romelic yvelaze kargad gamoCnda mis leqsebSi _ `merani~ da `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~.

d. uznaZis azriT, yovelive es niSandoblivia ara mxolod baraTaSvilios SemoqmedebisaTvis, aramed, saerTod ada-mianis arsis gagebis gasaRebia. e.i. misTvis adamiani aris specifikuri arseba, fizikur-grZnobadze ar daiyvaneba.

adamiani ufro metia, vidre sicocxle. igi Semoqmedi arse-

baa, swored esaa misi Tavisebureba. n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis ganxilvac d. uznaZes

swored am azris naTelsayofad sWirdeba. e.i. is,rom ada-mians aqvs Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebuli unari, romliTac aRemateba ara marto yvela sxva cocxals, aramed sakuTar Tavsac, rogorc cocxal arsebas. maradiuli brZola ada-mianis am or mxares Soris aris kacobriobis mTel isto-riisa, da kulturis mamoZravebeli. adamianuri cxovrebis progresi ki sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianis SemoqmedebiTi Zalis gamarjveba mis SemzRudav, SemboWvel biologiur

mxareze.amave problemebis analizs miuZRvna dimitri uznaZem

Sroma `gandgomilobis problema ilia WavWavaZis `gande-gilSi~, romelic 1911 wels `saxalxo gazeTis~ or no-

merSi (N483,484) gamoaqveyna. maSin uznaZem miznad daisaxa, qarTul azrovnebaSi Semoetana literaturis èsTetikuri da filosofiuri kritika~. es moTxovna mas savsebiT gac-nobierebuli aqvs da kidec axorcielebs Tavis werilebSi,

romlebic imdroindel presaSi ibeWdeboda.maS ase, d. uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, xelovnebis, mxatvruli literaturis Sefaseba ori mimarTulebiT unda xde-bodes. esaa `kritika esTetikuri da kritika filoso-fiuri~. esTetikuri kritika ZiriTadad nawarmoebis

konkretul saxes utrialebs da arkvevs Tu ratom iqca is xelovnebis nimuSad Tu ram gamoiwvia, ra iyo mizezi

Cveni esTetikuri gancdis, esTetikuri tkbobis. jer kidev romantikulma filosofiam icoda, rom esTetikuri gancda adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi erTerTi uZlieresi gancdaa (amitom ambobda Sileri: adamiani mxolod maSin aris namd-vili adamiani, rodesac igi esTetikur tkbobas ganicdis). filosofiuri analizis dros ki mkvlevari yuradRebas miaqcevs ara konkretuls, aramed zogads, im farul ten-denciebs, romelTac SeeZloT mieRoT amgvari konkretuli

226 227

forma. marTalia, arc ise advilia, aRniSnavs d.uznaZe, erT-maneTisagan mkveTrad gavmijnoT esTetikuri (literatu-

ruli) da filosofiuri analizi, magram, mainc vecadoT da sanimuSod filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT wavikiTxoT ilia

WavWavaZis cnobili poema `gandegili~.erTi SexedviT, poemis dedaazris gadmocema metad martivi saqmea. ZiriTadi kolizia, gandegilis sulisa da xorcis moTxovnaTa dapirispirebaa, da isic, rom, gandegili ver uZ-lebs am winaaRmdegobas da msxverplad ewireba mas. e.i. es aris nawarmoebi pirovnuli tragediis Sesaxeb, adamianis Sesaxeb, romelmac uaryo amqveyniuri cxovreba, amqveyniuri survilebi, magram, am soflis daTmoba bolomde ver SeZlo

da damarcxda. es problema ara mxolod kerZo, aramed zogadi xasiaTisaa da masze ufro vrclad vimsjelebT.adamiani yvelaze rTuli arsebaa yvela sxva cocxalTan SedarebiT. es iTqmis rogorc mis fizikur, sxeulebriv

mocemulobaze, aseve, misi cxovrebis sxva ufro mniSvnelo-van mxareze _ sulier cxovrebaze (sulier cxovrebaSi avtori moiazrebs adamianis specifikur SemoqmedebiT un-ars). sulieri cxovrebis niSandoblivi Tvisebaa aqtivoba, Semoqmedeba. am TvalsazrisiT, sxeuli inertulia, pasiuria. amis gamoa, rom adamianis cxovrebis specifikad sulieri cxovrebaa miCneuli. adamianis arseba amitom ganisazRvreba orgvari xasiaTiT. erTia sulieri, aqtiuri moqmedi samya-

ro, xolo meore _ fizikur movlenaTa samflobelo.magram, saintereso isaa, _ SeniSnavs uznaZe, _ rom, aqtivo-basa da pasiobas Soris gansxvaveba mxolod sulisa da

sxeulis sxvadasxvaobas ar exeba. is SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT Tavad fsiqikur movlenaTa Soris da esaa swored, rac su-

lier movlenaTa Soris amgvar viTarebas amkvidrebs.ismis kiTxva: romel sulier movlenebs SeiZleba akldes aqtivoba da ufro pasiuri iyos? naTqvamidan gamomdinare, pasuxis gacema ar unda gagviWirdes. Cven ukve viciT, rom

adamiani Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT fizikurad pasiuri arse-baa, amitom, nakleb aqtiuri iqneba is movlenebi, romlebic ufro mWidro kavSirSia adamianis fizikur mxaresTan. kerZod, esaa SegrZnebebi. (gavixsenoT m.Seleris _ mneme)

adamianis biologiuri konstituciis gaTvaliswinebiT, yve-la tipis SegrZnebas Tavisi Sesabamisi organoc aqvs. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom yovel SegrZnebas Tan axlavs grZnoba _ grZnoba siamovnebisa da usiamovnebisa. magram, am saxis grZnoba, sxeulTanaa mibmuli da pasiuria. sul sxva movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamianis nebas

vexebiT. adamianis neba, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, safuZvlad udevs mTel adamianur aqtivobas, mis Tavisuflebas. nebas araferi aqvs saerTo adamianis biologiur mxaresTan. ada-miani, rogorc sulieri arseba, swored, nebis safuZvelze

moqmedebs. is adamianis cxovrebis damdgeni da mamoZravebe-lia. neba aris fenomeni, romelic adgens ara marto ada-mianis arss, aramed, gansazRvravs adamianis individualobas, mis pirovnul `me~-s. ase fiqrobs d. uznaZe. potenciis mixedviT, neba absoluturi, dausrulebeli ltolvaa, aq-tivobaa mTlianad universumisadmi. neba Tavis potenciaSi ganusazRvrelia da swored aq imaleba adamianisaTvis

ZiriTadi xifaTi. faqtobrivad, adamianis cxovrebaSi misi SeCereba, dakonkreteba ar moxerxdeba, Tu ar moviSveliebT `Rirebulebis~ cnebas, vinaidan, adamianis mTeli cxovreba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc miznebisaken nebis mimarT-va. adamiani imgvaradaa mowyobili, rom gansazRvruli

moTxovnilebani mas aiZuleben miaRwios mizans da rode-sac ase xdeba, sulieri mRelvareba cxreba, adamiani wonas-worobas aRidgens. amgvarad, adamianis moqmedebis sazomi

unda iyos `Rirebuleba~, e.i. Cveni moqmedeba SesabamisobaSi movides RirebulebebTan. swored, es mravalgvari Rireb-

ulebaa adamianis moqmedebis stimulic da mizanic. rogorc ki ganaxorcielebs adamiani erTi tipis gansaz-

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Rvrul Rirebulebebs, misi neba maSinve axali tipis Rire-bulebebisaken miaqanebs. amis utyuari mowmea mecnierebis istoria, romelic inteleqtualur RirebulebaTa evolu-ciis procesia. adamiani mudam miiswrafvis ara konkre-

tuli, kerZo saxis Rirebulebisaken, aramed, misi moTxovnaa sruli Rirebulebis, dasrulebuli, absoluturi WeS-maritebis povna (adamiani, marTlac, SeuzRudavi arsebaa

rogorc Semmecnebeli, magram, SeuzRudaoba ar unda gavavr-celoT misi cxovrebis sxva mxareebze).

adamianis cxovrebis specifika, mudam or sibrtyeSi, or velSi arsebobaa, realobaSi da SesaZleblobaSi. igi

gamudmebiT qmnis Tavis samyaros. adamians aqvs biologi-uri moTxovnilebebi (d.uznaZe mas fizikur Rirebule-bebs uwodebs), aseve arabiologiuri, maRali adamianuri

moTxovnilebebi: inteleqtualuri, esTetikuri, eTikuri da religiuri moTxovnilebebi, romlebsac Seesabameba intele-qtualuri, esTetikuri, eTikuri da religiuri Rirebule-bebi. (uznaZe imeorebs i. kantis sqemas) da swored aqaa adamianis arsis dadgenis gasaRebi. maSasadame, d.uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, adamiani aris Semoqmedi arseba. igi Tavad adgens arsebobis wess, qmnis ra kulturul-adamianur

samyaros. aseTi cxovrebis Seqmna adamianma moaxerxa imiT, rom aqvs Tavisufali neba da Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad

SeuZlia moqmedeba.e.i. adamiani aris arseba, romelic gansakuTrebuli Ri-rebulebebis Sesatyvisad eZebs WeSmaritebas, Cadis zneo-briv saqciels an qmnis maRal xelovnebas. adamianis neba, misi moqmedeba ZiriTadad gansakuTrebul RirebulebaTa cvlaSi mJRavndeba, magram, amave dros, nebam unda SeZlos da absoluturi ltolva garkveul sazRvrebSi moaqcios. imis gamo, rom adamians aqvs Tavisufali neba, man ltolva, absoluturi biologiuri aqtivoba garkveul farglebSi unda moaqcios da amiT miaRwios goniT mdgomareobas.

adamianis amgvari cxovrebis wesi momdinareobs misi `bune-brivi SezRudulobidan~. es `zRvardadebuloba~ adamianis arsebobis wesia da ra Tqma unda, rTulad gadasalaxi

winaaRmdegobaa. adamianSi mudmivad arsebobs winaaRmdegoba absolutur ltolvasa da mis sazRvris damdeb Rirebule-bebs Soris, magram adamianis arseba aseTia, `bedisweriT~-aa gansazRvruli. daZabuloba gansakuTrebiT sacnaurdeba genialur pirovnebebSi. am dramatul konfliqts mravali

pirovnuli `me~ Seewira.am Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT Tu gadavxedavT il-

ias poemis mTavari personaJis istorias, CvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba misi cxovrebis tragedia, romelic momdinareobs konfliqtidan SesaZlebelsa da sasurvels Soris. dapiri-spirebidan, adamianis aulagmav biologiur aqtivobas da

mis adamianur Rirebulebebs Soris. adamianis buneba iseTia, rom Tavad sakuTari àdamianoba~ uwesebs zRvars. rode-sac misi nebis mizani gadis adamianuri mizanSewonilobis, keTildReobis, bednierebisa da movaleobis sazRvrebidan,

tragedia gardauvalia.rodesac, adamians ar akmayofilebs adamianuri Rirebule-bani da uCndeba mwveli gancda am Rirebulebebis amaoebisa, igi cildeba RirebulebaTa am sistemas, am samyaros, anu àma sofels~ da mieltvis gansxvavebuls, zeciurs. aseT

dros marcxi gardauvalia. adamians ar SeuZlia adamianuri sazRvrebis garRveva, absoluturi srulyofa, vinaidan, misi Tavisufali nebis adgilsamyofelia cocxali, grZnobadi adamiani. mas ar moasvenebs adamianuri buneba, misi grZno-badi mxare, romlis gauTvaliswineblobac aucileblad

iqceva adamianuri tragediis mizezad. e.i., miuxedavad imisa, rom adamiani goniTi arsebaa, mainc ar SeuZlia àdamianuri

sazRvrebis~ garRveva, sxvagvarad qceva, xolo, yoveli amgvari survili ueWvelad gamoiwvevs Tavad adamianuri

samyaros ngrevas da adamianis `daSlas~.

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d.uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, nawarmoebis amgvari wakiTxva dagvexmareba kargad SevicnoT, ara marto gandegilis

pirovnuli tragedia, aramed, adamianis arsic da poema ar miviCnioT mxolod `mxatvrul-esTetikur Semoqmedebad~ an `qarTvelTa savalalo bedis qomagobad~. unda gavac-nobieroT is faqtic, rom nawarmoebs safuZvlad udevs garkveuli filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, garkveuli

filosofiur-anTropologiuri koncefcia.rogorc ukve araerTgzis aRiniSna, dimitri uznaZis Tval-

sazrisis Tanaxmad, adamianis specifikaa Seqmnis, Semoq-medebis unari. adamiani Semoqmedi arsebaa. bunebis sxva

sagnebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi aris sabolood gauformebe-li, Camouyalibebeli arseba. Semoqmedeba mas aZlevs TviT-dadgenis saSualebas. adamiani axdens Tavisi cxovrebis struqturebis gansazRvras. es TviTgansazRvra aris

swored kultura, Tavad adamianis mier Seqmnili da dad-genili.

adamianuri Semoqmedebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saxea filosofosoba. filosofiis meSveobiT adamiani samyaros

garkveul suraTs agebs, romelic msoflmxedvelobis saxiT vlindeba. adamianis mier samyaros suraTis Seqmna

da am samyaroSi sakuTari Tavis gaazreba garkveuli Semo-qmedebiTi aqtia. metafizikisaken midrekileba adamianis erT-erTi uRrmesi `saidumlo~ unaria. (am konteqstSi d.uznaZe metafizikas da filosofias sinonimuri mniSvn-elobiT xmarobs). filosofia unda eswrafodes gaigos `samyaro, rogorc mTeli mis absoluturobaSi~. yoveli

filosofiis gza mimarTulia samyaros TavisTavadobisaken. mas empiriuli gansazRvruloba arasgziT ar miewereba. filosofiam unda datovos fizikur grZnobadis niadagi da metafizikurSi gadavides. amgvarad, yoveli filosofia Tu mas surs ataros es saxeli, metafizikis gzas unda daadges. filosofiam, rogorc metafizikam win wamoswia

samyaros TavisTavadobis, absolutis gageba da daupirisp-irda grZnobadi samyaros relatiurobas.

adamiani or winaaRmdegobriv sivrceSi arsebobs. esaa e.w. fizikuri, biologiuri done da RirebulebaTa samyaro,

ideaTa sauflo. ram unda moaxdinos am ori diferecire-buli samyaros sinTezi? amas ver moaxerxebs mecniereba, radgan, igi Tavadaa erT-erTi rgoli am diferenciaciaSi. mxolod filosofiaa am mxriv uflebamosili da ver

Seedreba verc erTi sxva dargi.uznaZis azriT, filosofiis mravali sakiTxidan umniS-vnelovanesia `cxovrebis azrisa da miznis problema~.

filosofiuri azrovneba Tavisuflebis ganmxorcielebeli azrovnebaa. am gagebiT filosofia axlos dgas poezias-Tan, is `cnebaTa poeziaa~. adamianis filosofia ver iqneba mowyvetili misi `me~-sagan (sruliad sxva specifikis

mqonea mecniereba). `metafizika Sevsebaa im samyarosi, ro-melic adamianis Semecnebis Semofargluli xedvis winaSe aucileblad warmodgeba. metafizika `cnebaTa poeziaa~, romelmac unda daakmayofilos Cveni moraluri, religi-uri Tu esTetikuri moTxovnilebani~ (73,86). samyaros metafizikuri suraTi mxatvruli suraTia da rogorc aseTi, igi warmoiSoba Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, adamia-

nis uSinaganesi arsebidan, misi raobidan, misi xasiaTidan~ (iqve gv.87). `filosofiis istoria esaa adamianis sulier

ZalTa Semecnebisa da TviTgagebis procesi~ (73,217). maSasadame, dimitri uznaZe adamianis ZiriTad gansaz-Rvrulobas xedavs SemoqmedebaSi, kulturis subieqtad yofnaSi. yovelma Semoqmedma unda Seqmnas, aagos samyaro,

wvdes mis mniSvnelobas, sazriss. es ki upirveles yovlisa xorcieldeba filosofiis meSveobiT. mainc rogoria ada-mianis moqmedebis struqtura? adamiani, rogorc cocxali, arsebobs e.w. fizikur garemoSi da sakuTriv anTropolo-giur samyaroSi. magram, adamiani mainc mTliani subieqtia,

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romelic aSualebs garemosa da adamianis urTierTzemo-qmedebas. is realobaa, romelic arc fizikuria da arc

fsiqikuri. igi uzrunvelyofs biologiur Semgueblobasa da fsiqikur aqtivobas, Semoqmedebas. (is uznaZem aRniSna

specialuri terminiT, romelsac ganwyoba uwoda.) ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, garemosTan urTierTobas

amyarebs ara fsiqika, aramed, misi mflobeli cocxali, re-aluri, istoriulad gansazRvruli aqtiuri subieqti. e.i. d.uznaZem fsiqologiis istoriaSi kargad cnobili ùSua-lobis postulatis~ nacvlad, amosaval principad mTliani subieqti aRiara. uznaZisaTvis adamianis raobis dadgenis gasaRebia adamianis, rogorc aqtiuri Semoqmedi arsebis

gageba.amgvarad, adamiani Tavidanve upirispirdeba Tavis gare-mos. gare Zalebisadmi mimarTebis Tavidan acileba iseve

SeuZlebelia, rogorc adamianisaTvis fizikuri organizmis gareSe arseboba. sicocxle, fsiqo-fizikuri Zalebi Tavisi moqmedebis obieqtad bunebasa da sazogadoebas irCevs. es aris aqtiuri, Semoqmedi Zalis SeWra `pasiur bunebrio-

baSi~, misi realizaciis procesi.imisaTvis, rom ufro naTeli gaxdes am moZRvrebis arsi, gavixsenoT Tu ra kavSirSia ùSualobis hipoTeza~ gan-wyobis TeoriasTan. `hipoTeziT~ saqmis viTareba aseTia: savsebiT gamoricxulia subieqtis mTlianoba. da isea aR-werili, rom qceva subieqtis, pirovnebis, rogorc konkret-uli mTlianobis, arsebiTi monawileobis gareSe xdeba. igi warmoadgens ara subieqtis, aramed, misi calkeuli fsiqi-kurisa da motoruli procesebis urTierTobas garemo-sTan. da rom, igi pirvelad ori wevris uSualo urTier-TobiT ganisazRvreba.~ (àdamianis qcevis formebi~ 72,1). am hipoTezis mixedviT, qcevis analizis dros, subieqti (adamiani), rogorc zedmeti mTlianad yuradRebis miRma rCeba. qceva sxva araferia Tu ara stimuli da pasuxi

masze. uznaZis azriT, qceva aqtivobaa da subieqtis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe misi wvdoma sru-

liad SeuZlebelia.subieqtis aqtivoba niSnavs gare sinamdvilesTan, garemo-sTan mimarTebas. subieqts raime konkretuli moTxovnile-ba uCndeba da igic, am ukanasknelis dasakmayofileblad,

Tavis Zalebs gare sinamdvileze garkveuli mizniT mimar-Tavs da moqmedebas iwyebs. ase Cndeba qceva. rogorc vxe-davT, igulisxmeba subieqtis moTxovnilebis dakmayofile-ba. qceva am Zalebis amoqmedebaa, misi gageba moTxovnilebi-

sa da sagnis gareSe, romelic mas akmayofilebs.Zalebi imitom moqmedeben garkveuli saxiT, rom gansaz-Rvruli moTxovnileba arsebobs, romlis dakmayofilebac garkveul sagans SeuZlia. maSasadame, ra Zalebs amoqmedebs subieqti da rogori iqneba es moqmedeba, es damokidebu-lia saganze, romelic subieqts esaWiroeba da romliske-nac misi Zalebia mimarTuli. moqmedebas, aqtivobas, qcevis ragvarobas sagani gansazRvravs. aqtivoba mudam sagnobriv-ia. usagno moqmedeba yovel garkveulobas moklebuli qao-turi, uazro procesi iqneboda, romelsac qcevas veravin

uwodebda. (iqve gv.5).qcevis procesi uznaZis koncefciiT Semdegnairad gad-

moicema: garkveuli moTxovnilebis mqone subieqti garesa-gnobriv sinamdviles mimarTavs, raTa Tavisi moTxovnileba daikmayofilos. sinamdvile uSualod moqmedebs masze da im sagnis Sesabamisi moqmedebisaken ubiZgebs, ganawyobs misi SesrulebisaTvis. e.i. asrulebs moqmedebas, romelic Seesa-bameba mocemul moTxovnilebas. amis Sedegia, rom subieqti mimarTavs garkveuli tipis qcevas, garkveuli, mizanSe-wonili qcevis aqts. e.i. im Zalebs aamoqmedebs, romelic, swored saWiro sagnis Sesatyvisad unda CaiTvalos da

ise amoqmedebs am Zalebs, rogorc es am sagnis dauflebi-

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saTvisaa aucilebeli. maSasadame, ganwyobis cneba SesaZle-blobas iZleva gavigoT Tu ratomaa qceva mizanSewonili, azriani. e.i. erTsa da imave dros, subieqtsac uwevs anga-riSs da sagnobriv sinamdvilesac. erTsac Seesatyviseba da

meoresac. e.i. adamiani arsebobs universumSi da aucileblad Wirdeba orientireba samyaroSi. adamianis winaSe arsebobs Wreli, kaleidoskopiuri sinamdvile, amitom, adamians bunebrivad uCndeba kiTxva sakuTari substanciuri arsebobis Sesaxeb. igi miiswrafis upasuxos sxvadsxva kiTxvas, romelsac cxovreba usvams. es adamians imitom SeuZlia, rom aqvs

obieqtivaciis unari. realoba mis winaSe auarebel prob-lemur sakiTxs wamoWris. kacobriobis istoriam dRemde ganviTarebis iseTi gza gamoiara, rom metafizika, religia, xelovneba, mecniereba SesaZlo pasuxia am sakiTxebze. mx-olod, sxvadasxva kuTxiT, sxvadasxva aspeqtiT, sxvadasxva

elferiT.adamianis raobis dadgenisaTvis erTerTi mniSvnelovani problemaa imis gageba Tu ra rols asrulebs adamianis CamoyalibebaSi sakuTriv Semoqmedeba, farTo azriT moq-

medeba. gavixsenoT, rom Semoqmedebis Sedegad adamiani obieqturi Rirebulebis, obieqturi mniSvnelobis produqts qmnis. maSasadame, mxolod iseTi arsebisaTvis aris SesaZlebeli, romelsac obieqturi Rirebulebis idea aqvs, romelsac

SeuZlia konkretuli mocemulobis farglebis gadabijeba da am konkretulobaSi arsebuli, nagulisxmevi azris wv-doma. mokled, cnebiTi azrovnebis da obieqtivaciis unaris

mqone arsebas.radganac, uznaZis TvalsazrisiT Semoqmedeba aseTi didi mniSvnelobis faqtoria adamianisaTvis da aseve filoso-fiuri anTropologiis fuZemdebluri debulebaa, amitom, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT am koncefciis mixedviT.

ra aris Semoqmedeba? svams kiTxvas uznaZe. àris igi Sromis erTerTi saxeoba da maSasadame qcevis eqstogenur formaTa Soris unda moTavsdes Tu misi adgili ufro aq, introgenur qcevis aqtTa Sorisaa? mxatvruli Semo-qmedeba yovelTvis raRac nawarmoebis SeqmniT mTavrdeba,

uamisod am aqts Semoqmedebas aravin uwodebda, Semoqmedeba aucileblad gulisxmobs raimes Seqmnas. am Tvalsaz-

risiT, massa da Sromas Soris gansxvaveba ar aris. Tu am azrs imasac davumatebT, rom es nawarmoebi uTuod obi-eqtur Rirebulebesac Seicavs da maSasadame, garkveul moTxovnilebas unda akmayofilebdes, maSin Sromasa da Semoqmedebas Soris yovelgvari zRvari waiSleba.

miuxedavad amisa, sayuradReboa da simptomaturi, rom mxatvrul Semoqmedebas Cveulebriv mainc aravin uwo-

debs Sromas. es saxelwodeba Sromis aqtebs sruliad ar exameba, ar egueba, ise rogorc, ueWvelad uxerxulobas vigrZnobT SemoqmedebiTi aqtisaTvis rom vinmes Sroma ewodebina.~ (iqve. gv.2). albaT, naTeli unda iyos Tu ra specifikasac gulisxmobs SemoqmedebiT cnebaSi avtori. uznaZe Tavisi TeoriiT ecada daedgina Semoqmedebis

specifika. misi azriT, amisaTvis aucilebelia gaimijnos erTmaneTisagan Sroma saerTod da sakuTriv Semoqmedeba, dadgindes maT Soris saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. sxva adgilas, imave SromaSi uznaZe wers: rodesac ada-miani Sromas iwyebs, pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSi aqvs Tavisi Sromis produqti, romelmac uTuod garkveuli

moTxovnileba unda daakmayofilos. moTxovnilebis dakmay-ofilebis unari, wamyvani aspeqtia, romelic mTel SromiT aqts azrsa da Rirebulebas aZlevs. adamiani imitom Sro-mobs, rom garkveuli moTxovnileba aqvs mxedvelobaSi,

romlis dakmayofilebac mxolod garkveuli produqtis SeqmniT miiRweva. amitom, igi (adamiani) iZulebulia,

swored is Zalebi aamoZraos, romelic am moTxovnilebis

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damakmayofilebeli produqtis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas uz-runvelyofen.

uznaZis mizania gviCvenos fsiqologiuri meqanizmi, romelic safuZvlad udevs Semoqmedebis aqts, aCvenos

specifika, romelic aqvs Semoqmedebas da riT gansxvavdeba SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba ara SemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-

bisagan. (aqtivobisagan)e.i. adamiani, upirveles yovlisa aris Semoqmedi. kaco-

briobis istoria, gza romelic dRemde gamoiara adamianma SegviZlia SevafasoT, rogorc ganviTarebis, progresis gza. ganviTarebis gza, rogorc faqti Cven SegviZlia aRmovaCi-noT adamianTa arsebobis, misi cxovrebis ragindara rTuli pirobebis, situaciebis miuxedavad. xSirad xdeba, rom igi didi xniT Cerdeba, raRac mizeziT, raRac dabrkolebiT, magram, saboloo angariSiT progresi mainc xorcieldeba, is Tavisas Svreba. da bolosdabolos Tavis ueWvel faq-tiurobas mainc ar kargavs, magram, saerTod rogor aris ganviTareba SesaZlebeli?(iqve gv.28). ganviTareba ar aris marto momateba-zrda. nivTier organul samyaros axasi-aTebs Rrma pasiuroba. maSin roca, Semoqmedeba gulisx-

mobs da moiTxovs moqmedebas, aqtiur Zalas. maSasadame, am mosazrebiT, ar SeiZleba ganviTarebis aRmoCena nivTier samyaroSi. aracocxal, materialur samyaroSi mxolod

moZraoba-cvalebadobaa da ara ganviTareba.samyaros yofaSi axali momenti wamoiweva win, es aris si-cocxlis amoqmedeba, e.i. roca samyaroSi Cndeba sicocxle. amiT igi ukve Zireulad gansxvavdeba pasiuri umoqmedobis-agan. pasiuri samyaro uZluria TavisTavad raime moqmedeba gamoiwvios. mxolod sulier arsebas, adamians SeuZlia

iyos Semoqmedi subieqti. amasTanave suli (goni), rogorc usazRvro aqtivoba, dausrulebeli swrafviT xasiaTdeba.am azriT, kultura sxva araferia, Tu ara pasiuri momen-tis gasuliereba aqtiuri Zalis meSveobiT. kultura iqm-

neba maSin rodesac, adamiani aamoZravebs Tavis Semoqmedeb-iT Zalebs. kulturuli ganviTarebis procesSi orgvari

mimarTuleba arsebobs. erTi aris gaRrmaveba da srulyofa erTi da imave problemis (es azri ZiriTadad mecnierul Semoqmedebas exeba.) da meore, axali problemebis wamoWra, axali paradigmebis Seqmna. (es aris geniosis moRvaweobis sfero, iqneba is bunebismetyvelur mecnierebaSi, sakuTriv

mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi Tu filosofiaSi.).kulturis TvalsazrisiT, orive mimarTuleba Tanaswori Rirebulebisaa, amitom, ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT orive saintereso da mniSvnelovania. ufro metic, CvenTvis Ta-vad Semoqmedis cxovrebac sayuradReboa imdenad, ramdena-dac, igi Tavisi subieqturi cxovrebiTa da moRvaweobiT garkveulad asaxavs, misdevs im tendencias, rac obieqtu-

rad arsebuli Semoqmedebis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba.xelovneba SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc bunebis mkvdari, aracocxali masalis, SemoqmedebiTi sulis STaberviT ga-sulierebuli realoba. mTeli msoflios gagoniTebis cda, pasiuri nivTierebis ZarRvebSi sulis (gonis) SeWra. esaa ZiriTadi azri kulturuli Semoqmedebisa, aseTia mizani

da daniSnuleba saerTod adamianis cxovrebisa.kultura obiqturi realobaa, magram, vin aris, vin iTvleba mis Semoqmedad. yoveli calke aRebuli pirovneba Tu sxva

romelime ufro rTuli xasiaTis erTeuli.ar SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT imaSi, rom yoveli Semoq-

medeba amqveyniur niadagze ibadeba da izrdeba. maSasadame, is aucileblad gulisxmobs rogorc sulier, ise fizi-kuri xasiaTis erTianobas. aseT erTianobas ki pirovneba warmoadgens, Tavisi gansazRvruli fizikuri da suli-

eri (goniTi) ZalebiT. amitom, cxadia, mxolod pirovnebis cxovrebis farglebSi da pirovnuli Zalebis meoxebiT SeiZleba midevna da ganxorcieleba im Rrma da mniS-

vnelovani miznisa, romelic Cveni cxovrebis azrad davsax-

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eT.magram, adamiani mokvdavi arsebaa. igi arsebobs garkveul sivrceSi, garkveul droSi, garkveuli xangrZlivobiT.

erT dRes, adamianis amqveyniur arsebobas wertili esmis. wydeba misi sicocxle da amiT SeuZlebeli xdeba im dan-iSnulebis ganxorcieleba, risTvisac am qveyanaze movida da swored es iwvevs CvenSi Rrma sinanulis grZnobas. es aris agreTve Cveni SfoTisa da usazRvro SiSis (Zr-wolis) mizezi, sikvdilis moaxloeba. vai Tu sikvdili

male movida da im dros mogviswro, roca jer kidev bevri ram gvqonda gasakeTebeli, roca bevri Cveni rezervi asamo-qmedebeli iyo, uamravi potenciuri momenti eloda ganx-

orcielebas.es aris SiSi imis gamo rom adamiani, sikvdilis Semdeg,

wyvets SesaZleblobas, kargavs unars ganaxorcielos Tavi-si fundamenturi daniSnuleba. zemoT Tqmulidan naTelia: cxovrebis uRrmesi azris ganmxorcielebeli subieqti _

pirovneba yofila.viciT, rom uTvalav STabeWdilebaTa Soris, romelsac

yovel wams ganvicdiT, mkafiod mxolod iseTebs vamCnevT, romelTac CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT.

danarCeni Cveni cnobierebis zRudeTa miRma rCeba, TiTqos isini arc arsebulan. (aq ukve aSkarad Cans uznaZis gan-wyobis Teoriis arsi, romelic goniTi subieqtis aqtiur

damokidebulebas gulisxmobs). erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT filosofiuri nawarmoe-bi da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis nayofi. filosofia mimar-Tulia imisaken, rom moaxerxos cxovrebis faruli dedaZ-arRvis Semecneba, da mTeli adamianuri Zalebis mimarTva mis gansaxorcieleblad. am SemTxvevaSi, adamiani miznis

miRwevas cdilobs logikuri aparatis meSveobiT, cnebiTi azrovnebis doneze. namdvili filosofosi mxolod is

aris, vinc daavadebulia cxovrebis faruli amocanis amox-

sniT, xolo namdvili xelovania is, vinc imave amocanis idumalebiT aris tanjuli.

xelovneba or rames gulisxmobs: realuri sinamdvilis ab-soluturi saxis gancdas da mis sxvisTvis gadacemas. xe-lovneba Sinaganis gansaxierebis formaa, amitom is sinamd-vilis fotografiul reproduqcias rodi iZleva, aramed, sinamdvilis axal formebs qmnis, rogorc xelovanis

pirovnebis ganwyobaTa obieqtivacias. magram Tu mxatvru-li nawarmoebi Semoqmedis intimur gancdaTa obieqtivaciaa, maSin igi arsebuli sinamdvilis gamdidrebaa, axali sinamd-

vilis Semoqmedebaa.mxatvruli Semoqmedebis impulsi xelovanTa ganwyobaSi

da ideis ganxorcielebis survilSia. Semoqmedeba mxolod Seqmnili produqtiT fasdeba. Semoqmedebis process ek-argeba Rirebuleba Tu igi manam wydeba, sanam, xelovnebis

nawarmoebi dasruldeba.samyaroSi Camarxulia ori ZiriTadi principi: principi sicocxlisa da sikvdilisa. maT Soris mudmivi brZolaa, xolo, am brZolaSi gamarjvebulia erTi _ sikvdili.magram, aris meore momentic, adamianis goni protests

ucxadebs sikvdilis meufebas da Seupovrad iltvis ukv-davebisaken. Tumca, realoba am ukanasknelis marcxsac gvamcnobs. erTaderTi gza, riTac individi amqveyniur

ukvdavebas aRwevs, aris Semoqmedeba, xelovneba. swored, xe-lovanis suli igebs sikvdilTan orTabrZolas da maradi-ulobis saufloSi SebrZandeba. igi dedamiwaze amkvidrebs maradiul formebs mxatvruli nawarmoebis saxiT, amgvarad, Tavadac xdeba ukvdavi. rom ar yofiliyo igi, rogorc

individualuri, kerZo piri Semoqmedebisa, arc mis mier Se-qmnili nawarmoebi iqneboda. esa Tu is xelovnebis nimuSi arsebobs mxolod misi Semqmnelis ZaliT, mis Sedegad. da swored Seqmnili produqti, Semoqmedebis produqti

aqcevs adamians ukvdavad.

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rogoria xelovnebis nawarmoebis Sefasebis kriteriumi? aris aseTi azri, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis dafaruli

azris gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli, raTa SesaZlebeli gax-des xelovnuri formis Sefaseba, rogorc am azris gare-

gani gamoxatulebisa.magram Tu nawarmoebis forma mxolod gamoxatulebaa masSi dafaruli azrisa, maSin mas meorexarisxovani el-

ementis roli hqonia miCenili Seqmnil nawarmoebSi. radgan, umTavresi is ki ar aris, rac xatavs, aramed is, rac ix-ateba. maSasadame, Sinaarsi da ara garegani gamosaxva am

Sinaarsisa. magram, xelovneba xom swored imiTaa xelovneba, rom misTvis mTavari mniSvneloba swored garegan formas aqvs, vinaidan, azri da Sexeduleba, rogorc aseTi, mxolod gonebis muSaobis nayofia da ara uSualod mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa. maS Tu garegani formaa umTavresi ZarRvi

xelovnebisa maSin yovlad SeuZlebelia, is mxolod gamoxatuleba iyos faruli Sinaarsisa. albaT, igi metia vidre ubralo gamoxatuleba, Torem, xelovnebaSi mxat-vrul elements gacilebiT naklebi mniSvneloba eqneboda, vidre aramxatvruls. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi an formaa

umTavresi an Sinaarsi. Tu forma maSin Sinaarsis kvlevas adgili ar unda qondes mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebis dros, da Tu Sinaarsia mTavari maSin mxatvruli nawar-moebi uargumentacio debulebaTa kona iqneba mxolod da

moklebuli yovelgvar seriozul mniSvnelobas.analogiisaTvis SeiZleba aseTi magaliTi moviyvanoT. xe-lovnebaSi forma SinaarsisaTvis iseTive rols asrulebs, rogorc filosofiur nawarmoebSi logikuri argumenta-cia. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi gansaxierebuli msoflmxedv-elobis gamokvleva iseve sainteresod da mniSvnelovnad

unda iqnes miCneuli, rogorc gamokvleva yoveli dasabuTe-buli Sexedulebisa.

rogorc filosofiis, aseve mxatvruli Semoqmedebis miza-

nia samyaros faruli Sinaarsis Semecneba. verc filo-sofosi da verc xelovani ver kmayofildeba arsebuli

samyaros yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino saxiT, im saxiT, romelic Cveulebrivi mokvdavisaTvis aris cnobili da misawvdomia

Cveulebrivi xedvisaTvis.Semoqmedi ki miiswrafvis mis wiaRSi dafaruli azris gagebisaken. filosofosic da xelovanic erTnairi da-

JinebiT eswrafian mis wvdomas, xolo wvdomis gza gansx-vavebulia. filosofosi iwyebs arsebuli naTeli forme-bidan da logikuri msjelobis saSualebiT erT ganuwyve-tel inteleqtualur Zafs abams samyaros idumal arsamde. igi TandaTanaobiT mihyveba am Zafs da amgvarad wvdeba

cxovrebis farul azrs. igi imecnebs samyaros. rodesac vmsjelobT, vafasebT filosofosis mier samyaros idumali arsis Semecnebas, am filosofiis logikuri Zafis simagres vsinjavT. Tu es Zafi magaria, e.i. filosofo-

sis logikuri msjeloba mtkicea maSin Cvenc mivyvebiT am Semecnebas da viziarebT samyaros arsis miseul gagebas. xolo, rodesac argumentacia sustia maSin filosofiuri sistemac saeWvo sistemad migvaCnia da is WeSmaritebac,

romelic mas surs ipovos.sruliad gansxvavebul gzas miyveba xelovani. isic Rrma survils ganicdis msoflios faruli arsis gagebisa da gamoxatvisaken. es survili ver kmayofildeba logikuri argumentaciiT. igi pirdapir, logikis dauxmareblad unda miwvdes cxovrebis wiaRSi dafarul idumal arss da Ta-viseburad gaiTvaliswinos. SemoqmedebiT aRmafrenas uwo-deben moments, rodesac xelovani gonebis dauxmareblad,

intuiciurad lamobs cxovrebis arsis wvdomas.filosofiuri azrovnebis Sedegia samyaros gageba, xolo xelovnebis mizania samyaros idumali arsis gancda. wvdeba Tu ara xelovani intuiciiT cxovrebis namdvil arss? xom SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom igi samyaros arsis magier sxva

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rames ganicdis, rogor SeiZleba xelovanis intuiciuri gancdis Sefaseba?

istoriulad ise moxda, rom Semoqmedeba kulturaSi ganivTdda. cnobierebasa da samyaros Soris urTierToba gaxsnili iqna rogorc sagnobrivi moqmedeba, romelic

gardaqmnis garegan bunebas da Tavad adamians. Semoqmedebi-saTvis aucilebelia sulieri Zalebis Tavisufali TamaSi. Semoqmedeba atarebs dinamiur xasiaTs. pirovneba, rogorc Semoqmedi, agrZelebs cxovrebas mxolod imis ZaliT rom sxva problemebze gadadis. e.i. gadaadgildeba sxva sa-gnobriv Sinaarsze. Tavad Semoqmedi pirovneba, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, istoriuli arsebaa. ara mxolod, imitom, rom ganpirobebulia Tavisi epoqiT, aramed, istoriulia

pirovnebis struqturac, misi Sinagani SemecnebiTi Tu es-Tetikuri unari.

mecnieruli debuleba Tu mxatvruli saxe, Semoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdeba. maTSi subi-eqturoba mxolod saxeTa TaviseburebaSi iZleva sxvaobas. orive sinamdvilis SemoqmedebiTi agebaa. xelovneba Semec-nebiTi momentisagan ar aris Tavisufali, aseve Tavis mxriv,

arc mecnierebaa sinamdvilis fotografireba, Seqvs ra mecnierebas subieqturi Sinaarsi samyaros suraTSi.

amgvarad, mxatvruli da mecnieruli Semoqmedeba bunebiT erTia. maT Soris sxvaoba ar gamomdinareobs Semoqmedebis

xarisxidan, aramed, aixsneba Semoqmedebis am saxeebis specifikiT. mecnieruli Semoqmedebis funqciaa bunebaSi,

azrovnebasa da sazogadoebaSi kanonis aRmoCena. filosofiur Semoqmedebas is Tavisebureba aqvs, rom am SemTxvevaSi aigeba axali samyaro. filosofiur Semoq-medebas, erTis mxriv, uzogadesi kategoriebiT operireba, meores mxriv ki, Tavad Semecnebis meTodis kvlevis obi-eqtad qceva axasiaTebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi, filosofiuri Semoqmedeba Tavisi bunebiT emsgavseba ama Tu im tipis

Semoqmedebas.filosofiuri Semoqmedeba aseve gansxvavdeba religi-

urisagan. filosofia sulieri moRvaweobis Taviseburi sferoa. is ZiriTadad aris SemecnebiTi azrovnebis da ara emociuri azrovnebis samyaro. maSin roca, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi wamyvania emociuri momenti. samyaros arsis gancda mudam dasawyisia mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa. xe-lovani Tavis SemoqmedebiT motivad cxovrebis gancdil princips iRebs da qmnis sinamdviles, romelic sruliad

axalia. Semoqmedeba individualuria, magram, es individualoba

ar unda miviCnioT, rogorc damoukidebeli fenomeni, ro-melic araviTar zegavlenas ar emorCileba. niWis, ta-lantis gamovlenisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs epoqis

kulturul-filosofiur dones, imas, rasac samyaros mdgo-mareobas uwodeben.

sinamdvile iseTi, rogorc is aris SemoqmedebisaTvis, mud-miv gamocanas warmoadgens. is usasrulod mravalferova-nia da amouwuravi. xolo samyaro adamianis mier Seqmnili realobaa (naTelia, rom d.uznaZis es azri pirdapir kav-SirSia filosofiuri anTropologiis centralur deb-

ulebasTan.). adamianisaTvis sinamdvilis bolomde Semecneba, miTumetes, misi gamoxatva, gageba, Zalze Zneli, SeuZlebelic kia.

amitom aris, rom adamianisaTvis samyaro yovelTvis rCeba, rogorc idea, romelic mudmivad misaRwevia. (es gansa-

kuTrebiT kargad Cans filosofiasa da mxatvrul Semoq-medebaSi).

maSasadame, yovelgvar Semoqmedebas aqvs anTropologiuri wanamZRvari. adamiani win uswrebs filosofias, mxatvrul Semoqmedebas. adamiani safuZvelia yovelgvari Semecnebisa, yovelgvari Semoqmedebisa. adamiani wamoWris problemebs,

adamiani eWvobs, adamiani moqmedebs.

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SemoqmedebiTi filosofia anTropologiuri filosofiaa. adamiani ar aris fsiqologiuri wanamZRvari filosofi-

uri Semecnebisa. is samyaroseuli wanamZRvaria.Semoqmedeba adamianis TviTSemecnebaa, misi rolis gac-nobierebaa kosmosSi. Semoqmedeba aris gaTavisufleba

garegani iZulebidan.adamiani SemoqmedebiT cdilobs gamoicnos samyaros, yo-fierebis saidumlo. anTropologiuri cnobiereba win

uswrebs ara marto ontologias da kosmologias, aramed, gnoseologiasac. adamianis Semecneba da yoveli adamianuri Semoqmedeba efuZneba im wanamZRvars, rom adamiani Semoq-medi arsebaa Tavisi bunebiT da yofierebis centria.

Semoqmedebis dros xdeba adamianis goniTi Zalebis gaxsna. adamiani SemoqmedebaSi Tavadve aRmoaCens sakuTar Tavs. am dros iqmneba axali samyaro da grZeldeba samyaros Seqm-

nis msgavsi saqme.SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena gasdevs adamianis mTel istorias. SemoqmedebiTi procesis dros Semoqmedi subieqtis Semo-qmedebiTi Zalebi obieqtivirdeba Tavis produqtSi, sab-

oloo angariSiT kulturaSi.Semoqmedeba gauazrebelia, SeuZlebelia Tavisuflebis gar-eSe. Tavisufleba pozitiuria da Sinaarsiani. Tavisufali da Semoqmedi adamiani aramarto bunebrivi arsebaa, aramed, ufro meti. igi ekuTvnis goniT samyaros. Tavisufleba

aris dadebiTi SemoqmedebiTi Zala, romelic arafriT araa ganpirobebuli. Tavisufleba aris Seqmnis Zala araraobi-dan. Tavisufleba Tavis dadebiT gamovlinebaSi Semoqmede-

baa.SemoqmedebiTi aqtis dros adamiani gadis realuri sa-

myarodan da qmnis sxva samyaros, axal kosmoss. Semoqmedeba aris amqveyniuri gardauvalobis gadalaxva. Semoqmedma ge-niosma iseve unda gaimarjvos samyaroze, rogorc wmindan-ma. genialuroba Tavisi arsiT tragikulia. SemoqmedebiTi

genialoba ver urigdeba veraviTar cxovrebiseul pozitiv-izms da utilitarizms.

amgvarad, uznaZis koncefciis mixedviT, adamiani aris mTliani subieqti, romelic Tavisi arsiseuli mocemulo-bis relizacias axdens SemoqmedebiT, qmnis ra axal anTro-

pologiur, kulturul samyaros,

daskvna

adamiani rogorc Semoqmedi, goniTi arseba

Cven ukve ganvixileT filosofiuri anTropologiis ZiriTadi koncefciebi, riT gamoirCeva es mimarTuleba XX

saukunis sxva anTropologiuri Tvalsazrisebisagan?filosofiuri anTropologiis yvela wamyvani moazrovne, upirveles yovlisa, cdilobs gansazRvros da gamoiyenos sakuTari meTodebi adamianis ganxilvisa da axsnisaTvis. es mimarTuleba cdilobs Tavi daizRvios ori ukiduresi Tvalsazrisisagan, iqneba es scientur-racionaluri Tu

eqsistencialur _ antiscienturi.pirveli meTodologiuri principi, romelsac es mimar-Tuleba iyenebs aris e.w. anTropologiuri reduqcia. is mTel kulturas, iqneba es ekonomika, religia, mecniereba, Tu saxelmwifo institutebi, ganixilavs, rogorc adamia-nis Semoqmedebis produqts. aseve Semoaqvs meore prin-

cipi, e.w. organonis principi, romlis mixedviTac adamiani iqmneba mis mierve Seqmnili kulturis obieqturi forme-biT. amgvari ganxilva ki xels uwyobs adamianis mTliano-bis problemis ukeT gagebas. aseve, calke meTodologiur principad unda gamoiyos adamianis cxovrebis konkretuli movlenebis anTropolo giuri interpretacia. kerZod, is, rom adamianis arsebobis wesis analizis dros saTanado

yuradReba unda mieqces arakulturul fenomenebs, rogorc adamianis sxeulebriv grZnobad organizaciaSi, aseve, mis

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mier Seqmnil samyaroSi.amgvari analizis procesSi filosofos-anTropologebi ZiriTadad yuradRebas amaxvileben adamianis specifikur bio-fsiqologiur mocemulobaze da mxedvelobaSi iReben

istoriulobis aspeqtsac.am gziT, sxvadasxva konkretuli mocemulobis bazaze, misi Teoriuli gaazrebis Sedegad miiReba garkveuli pasuxi adamianis, rogorc mTlianobis mqone arsebis Sesaxeb. fi-

losofiur-anTropologiurma mimarTulebam (gansakuTrebiT es kargad Cans bolnovis koncefciaSi) daamkvidra `Ria sakiTxis~ principi, romlis Tanaxmad, adamiani, rogorc

TviTSemqmneli da TviTdamdgeni arseba, ar flobs mkacrad gansazRvrul, myar struqturas. filosofiuri anTropo-logia adamians gansazRvravs, rogorc samyaros centrSi myof aqtiur subieqts, axali anTropologiuri sinamdvi-lis Semqmnels. adamianis am subieqtur yofnaSi moZebnilia safuZveli, romelic apirobebs adamianis Tavisuflebas da mis SemoqmedebiT unars. es aris goniTi aqtivobis faqti.Cemi azriT, filosofiur-anTropologiuri kvleva rom

gamarTlebuli iyos da namdvilad CaiTvalos axal mimar-Tulebad, man unda moicvas mTeli speqtri adamianuri

arsebobis wesisa, misi arsis gagebisa, romelic Sesabamisi iqneba Tanamedrove konkretuli mecnieruli codnis, aseve im moTxovnebis rac dResac mniSvnelovani da aqtualuria

filosofiisaTvis.radgan, filosofiuri anTropologia filosofiuri dis-ciplinaa, unda upasuxos kiTxvas ra aris adamianis arsi. ra aris is, rac adamianSi cvlilebebis miuxedavad, mainc

tovebs ucvlels.ZiriTadi cneba romelsac filosofiuri anTropologiis yvela warmomadgeneli upiratesobas aniWebs, Semoqmedeba

da gonia.adamiani aris Semoqmedi arseba, es definicia erT-erTi

ZiriTadia adamianis, rogorc goniTi arsebis dasadgenad. filosofiur literaturaSi adrec miRebul faqtad iTvleboda, rom adamianis gasagebad erT-erTi aucile-beli piroba, misi, rogorc Semoqmedi arsebis aRiarebaa. rogor ismis es kiTxva filosofiur anTropologiaSi. m.landmani Tavis cnobil SromaSi `filosofiuri anTro-pologia~ sakiTxs amdagvarad ayenebs: ris mixedviT xdeba adamianis arsis gageba? im niSnebiT, romelic yvela adami-anSia ganurCevlad rasisa da kulturisa, Tu es mxolod mosamzadebeli kiTxvaa, imisaTvis, rom gavxsnaT kacobrio-bis (adamianis gvaris) umaRlesi SesaZleblobani, rasac faqtiurad yvela adamiani da yoveli kultura verc aRwevs. sxva sityvebiT: Cven veZebT adamianis arsis uR-rmes punqts. romlis ganxorcieleba gvaZlevs uflebas mas mivaweroT adamianis predikati, Tu Cven veZebT arsis umaRles punqts, mis ideals, romelsac igi xSirad Zalze

CamorCeba(48,11)adamianis Semecneba metad rTul filosofiur problemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba, radgan, Semecnebis subieqti da Sesamec-nebeli obieqti erTi da imave arsis matarebelia. da meo-rec, Tu sagnebis Semecneba SedarebiT àdvilia~ imis gamo, rom sagnebs aqvT myari yofiereba da isini Semmecnebelze da Sesabamisad, Semecnebaze, romelic mis gasagebadaa mimar-Tuli, zemoqmedebas ver axdenen. es sagnebs ar SeuZliaT, ufro zustad, sagnis yofiereba `gulgrilia~ Semecnebis mimarT. (nikolai hartmani). adamiani am mxrivac gamonak-lisia. mas ar aqvs dasrulebuli, ucvleli yofiereba anu uzogadesi struqtura, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT mis bunebriv mxares, romelic myari mocemulobaa. magram, isic cnobilia, rom es simyare jer kidev ar moicavs mTel ada-mians. adamianSi aris sxva ganzomilebac, bunebiT aradeter-minirebuli. esaa adamianis Tavisufali anu SemoqmedebiTi mxare. adamiani Tavad aris Semoqmedi, Semqmneli. is Tavisu-

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flad irCevs da iRebs gadawyvetilebebs.Tu gavixsenebT kacobriobis istorias, aseTi suraTis mow-meni gavxdebiT. Tavdapirvelad, adamiani mxolod agrovebda bunebis sagnebs da maT iyenebda. am dros igi Sors iyo Seqmnisagan, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, garkveuli geo-grafiuli garemosa da klimatis meSveobiT (zegavleniT), adamianma daiwyo gamogoneba, Seqmna. aqedan iwyeba ojaxis

istoria, Seiqmna sazogadoeba, gaCnda ierarqiuli Tu Tanas-woruflebiani movaleoba. Camoyalibda samarTlis normebi, warmoiqmna religia, xelovneba, filosofia, mecniereba, sax-

elmwifo.es winsvla, romelic adamianis cxovrebaSi moxda, mxolod

misi Zalisxmevis Sedegia da verafriT ver avxsniT bunebis SepirobebiT, radgan, yovelive aris sakuTriv adamianuri miRweva, kultura. kultura ki swored isaa, rasac adami-ani TviTon qmnis Tavisuflad. am gagebiT, adamianis defini-cia aseTi unda iyos: _ adamiani aris kulturis Semoqmedi

arseba.is rac aq iTqva adamianis gvarze, Tavisuflad iTqmis da vrceldeba yovel calkeul adamianzec. erTeul adamians aqvs xasiaTi da goniTi midrekilebani. Tu rogori adami-ani unda mas rom gaxdes, Tavad adamianze didad damokide-buli. gvaxsendeba cnobili fraza: `gaxdi is, rac xar~, romelsac kanti Semdegnairad gamoTqvams: `gindodes, ro-gorc xar valdebuli~. am SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba sa-kuTari Tavis Seqmna, sakuTari Tavis meSveobiT (bergsoni), xolo kantis frazaSi meti datvirTvaa adamianis zneobriv

mxareze.arc is faqti unda uarvyoT, rom adamianma istoriulad SedarebiT gvian gaacnobiera, rom igia Semoqmedi sakuTari Tavisa da Tavis kulturisa. odesRac, adamiani mxolod baZavda miTiuri suraTebis cnobierebas da amiT avsebda tradiciul sqemebs. faqtiurad, es yovelTvis pirovnuli

gziT xorcieldeboda da xorcieldeba.Zvel berZnebSi da ufro mkveTrad ki axal droSi kar-gad Cans individualobis anabeWdi. adamianebs sakuTari cxovrebis postulatad cxovrebaSi arCeuli suraTebi

aqvT an sakuTari principebiT agebuli sinamdvile. Semoq-medeba iqca adamianis udides da ZiriTad movaleobad.zemoT Tqmulidan naTeli unda iyos Semdegi azri, rom

adamiani aris Camouyalibebeli (dausrulebeli) arseba, da misi cxovreba sulac ar midis winaswar dadgenili gziT. es cxovreba sanaxevrod mainc Tavad maszea damokidebuli. Semoqmedebis unari aZlevs mas TviTdadgenis saSualebas.o.plesnerisa da a.gelenis azriT, adamiani arsebaa, romlis

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winaSec dgas sakuTari Tavis Seqmnis amocana. igi saku-Tari Tavis Semoqmedia. es exeba rogorc kerZo pirovnebas, aseve xalxebs da maT kulturas. adamians Tavad upyria xelT sakuTari yofiereba. adamiani ara mxolod Ta-

visTavad cxovrobs, aramed, TviTon qmnis da Semdeg marTavs Tavis cxovrebas.

swored es, rom adamiani ar aris dadgenili da sakuTari Tavi unda Seqmnas, gaaformos, qmnis safuZvels TviTSem-ecnebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. adamiani Tavad qmnis Tavis xats, sakuTar Tavs da gansazRvravs imasac, radac unda

iqces.yovelTvis rodi xorcieldeba yvela Semoqmedeba, TviT-gaformeba raime xatis mixedviT, iqneba es cnobieri Tu aracnobieri. Cndeba problema: rogor unda gaviazroT kacobriobis didi TviTSeqmna anu kacobrioba, rogorc

sakuTari Semoqmedebis Sedegi. isev istoria moviSvelioT. ase magaliTad, berZnebisaTvis adamiani iyo gonieri arseba, rac niSnavs mis racionalobaze miTiTebas. igi orien-

tirebulia kulturaze. adamiani unda iqces imad, radac miaCnia sakuTari Tavi. magram, amis ganxorcieleba nacadia mxolod gonebis meSveobiT. berZnuli eTikis Tanaxmad,

goneba upirispirdeba ltolvebs da masze unda moipovos gamarjveba. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianis suraTi gasagebia mxolod gonebis meSveobiT. qristianobisaTvis adamiani aris arseba, romlis yofierebis centri ara amqveyniurSi, aramed imqveyniurSi devs. ase SevdivarT Suasaukuneebis cxovrebis wyobaSi, roca amqveyniuri kulturis sferoebs simyare da avtonomiuroba aklda. piriqiT, isini eqvemde-

barebodnen eklesias, romelic imqveyniur transcendental-urze iyo mimarTuli. axal droSi ki adamiani Tavis us-asrulo miswrafebiT Seesabameboda samyaros usasrulobas, ramac mogvca am drois kulturaSi progresisa da momav-lis rwmena. maSindeli kulturis monapovars, xelovnebis

stils, sazogadoebriv wyobas safuZvlad qristianuli adamianis saxe, nimuSi edo. adamianis Semoqmedeba, misi war-modgena sakuTar yofierebaze erTgvarad zemoqmedebs Tavad yofierebaze. adamiani Tavis SemoqmedebiT Riaa samyarosad-mi, misi moqmedi idea idealad iqceva. adamiani mzadmyofia ganviTarebisaTvis. amgvarad, adamiani sxva arsebaTa msgavsad, ubralod ki ar arsebobs, aramed, Semoqmedia, svams kiTxvas sakuTari Tavis mimarT, aRmoaCens da qmnis sakuTar Tavs.adamianis Rrma bunebas Seesabameba is, rom man sakuTari Tavis Seqmna moaxerxos, iseTi mizniseuli suraTi Seqmnas, radac Semdeg Tavad unda iqces. adamianis dausrulebloba-Si devs misi Semoqmedebis gasaRebi. sakuTari Tavis gageba aswavlis mas Tu rogor unda daasrulos TviTSeqmna, is interpretacia, romelsac adamiani sakuTar Tavs aZlevs. igi ganuyoflad rodi dgas ucvleli sinamdvilis gver-diT, aramed, masSi iWreba, rogorc Semoqmedi da amgvarad

gaigebs sakuTar Tavs. maSasadame, adamiani Semoqmedi arsebaa, romelmac unda

gansazRvros Tavisi cxovrebis struqturebi. swored, es TviTgansazRvra aris kultura, arc RmerTis naboZebi da arc bunebis saCuqari, aramed, adamianuri warmoSobis, Tavad adamianis mier Seqmnili da dadgenili. kulturaTa simrav-le da araerTgvaroba miuTiTebs imaze, rom igi bunebrivi warmoSobis ki ara swored adamianis Seqmnilia. adamiani

Tavadaa kulturis subieqtic da obieqtic.bergsonis sityvebi gavixsenoT: àdamianad yofna niSnavs adamianad xdomas~. adamiani mudmivad qmnis sakuTar Tavs, mudam Semoqmedia. eqsistencialistebi adamianis safuZvels, mis Zireul gansazRvrebas swored adamianis SemoqmedebiT

mousvenrobaSi eZeben.rogorc ukve iTqva, adamianis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

Rrma unaria Seqmnis da Semoqmedebis. Cveni goneba mxolod Semmecnebeli rodia, is aris Semqmneli, gamomgonebeli.

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adamiani mxolod imiT ki ar gamoirCeva sxva cocxalTa Soris, rom samyaros subieqtur suraTs wvdeba, aramed, mas ZaluZs samyaros ageba, Seqmnas religia, samarTali, xe-

lovneba, filosofia, mecniereba. ufro metic axali sinamd-vile, manamde ararsebuli.

maSasadame, Znelia Semoqmedebis niSnis gareSe moviazroT adamianis namdvili buneba. adamiani Semoqmedebis gziT ax-orcielebs Tavis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis, arsiseuli daniSnulebis obieqtivacias. Semoqmedebis procesSi Semo-qmedi gaisagnebs Semoqmedebis obieqtur Sinaarss, Semoq-

medebiT miRweulsa da mis Sedegebs.amgvarad, Semoqmedeba aris zogadi unari adamianuri kul-turis, yofierebis Seqmnisa, Semoqmedeba moqmedebaa Rire-bulebiT sferoSi. kerZod, obieqturi Rirebulebis viTa-rebaTa wvdoma da gamosaxva. SemoqmedebiTi rezultatis obieqtur-RirebulebiTi xasiaTi Semoqmedebis arss ukav-Sirdeba _ Semoqmedeba aris aRmoCena obieqtur Rirebule-biT sferoSi. obieqturi Rirebulebaa is, riskenac iswraf-

vis Semoqmedi.mecnieruli Semoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi es obieqturi Rire-bulebaa WeSmariteba. WeSmariteba Cvens subieqtur Rireb-ulebas ki ar warmoadgens, Cvens neba-survilze ki ar aris damokidebuli, aramed, obieqturia. savaldebuloa CvenTvis.mxatvruli Semoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi aseT obieqtur Ri-rebulebas Seadgens mSveniereba. esTetikuri Sefasebis safuZvelSi igulisxmeba mSveniereba, rogorc obieqturi Rirebuleba, radgan, esTetikur moRvaweobas, Tavad mxat-vrul Semoqmedebas, swored es SefasebiTi momenti gansaz-

Rvravs, amitom, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis safuZvladac esTetikuri Rirebuleba gvevlineba. WeSmariti xelovani swored am mSvenierebis pirvelaRmomCeni da xorcSemsxme-

lia.aseTive RirebulebiTi xasiaTi aqvs Semoqmedebas iseT

sferoSi, romelTac, pirobiTad praqtikul sferoSi Sei-Zleba vuwodoT Semoqmedeba. aq igulisxmeba politikuri,

teqnikuri, samxedro da sxva amgvari moRvaweobani.praqtikuli maT SeiZleba ewodoT Teoriuli (mecni-

eruli) da esTetikuri moRvaweobisagan gansasxvaveblad. magram, ufro Rrmad Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom aqac goniTi moRvaweoba igulisxmeba. sanam e.w. `praqtikuli moRvaweoba~ goniTis, obieqturi Rirebulebis donemde ar amaRlebula, mas Semoqmedebad ver CavTvliT. teqni-kuri gamogoneba SemoqmedebiTi miRwevaa. aRmoCenisaTvis

saWiroa SemoqmedebiTi Zieba, mizandasaxuli moqmedeba, misi miRweva da imis gacnobiereba, rom aRmovaCineT obieqturi Rirebulebis mqone sagani, gamonakliss arc praqtikuli moRvaweobis sfero Seadgens. magram, udavoa, obieqturi Rirebulebis sferoSi unda viyoT, raTa Cveni monapovari Semoqmedebis produqtad Sefasdes. Semoqmedebis realuri procesi subieqtur da obieqtur RirebulebaTa erTobli-

vi moqmedebis sferoa.ganvmartoT, ra gvesmis RirebulebaTa sistemaSi. cnobilia, rom Rirebuleba gulisxmobs Semfasebel subieqts (indi-

vids an individTa raime erTobliobas).obieqtis Rirebuleba gulisxmobs, rom Semfasebeli subi-eqti da Sesafasebeli sagani Tu movlena sxvadasxvaa.

ganarCeven obieqtur da subieqtur Rirebulebebs. subieq-turia Rirebuleba, Tu mas Rirebulebad aRiarebs mxolod subieqti, iqneba es individi, sazogadoebrivi jgufi, Tu

ufro farTo klasi. maT yvelas aerTianebs sargebliano-bis niSani. obieqturia WeSmariteba, roca, arc erT subieq-

tze Tu subieqtTa jgufze araa damokidebuli.ismeba kiTxva, RirebulebaTa am struqturaSi romel ele-ments ukavSirdeba Semoqmedeba? subieqturi Teoriebis mixedviT, yvela Rirebuleba aucileblad gulisxmobs

momxmarebel subieqts da amdenad ar arsebobs obieqturi

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Rirebulebani. is, rac obieqturi Rirebulebis saxiT warmogvidgeba sinamdvileSi, mxolod intersubieqturi

Rirebulebaa, saerToa yvela subieqtisaTvis. sapirispiro Tvalsazrisze dgas obieqtivizmi, romlis mixedviT, sagnebs

da movlenebs RirebulebiTi niSani aqvT TavisTavadac, subieqtTan Tu subieqtTa garkveul jgufTan mimarTebis gareSec. pirveli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Semoqmede-ba aris subieqtis (individis Tu individTa jgufis)

moTxovnilebis interesebis dakmayofilebasTan dakavSire-buli moqmedeba, romelic warmatebiT wyvets amocanas, adre gadauWrels. meore Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, Semoqmedeba aris axlis mikvleva mxolod obieqturi Rirebulebis sferoSi.subieqturi gagebis miRebas aZnelebs is, rom Semoqmedebad raimes mxolod imis gamo ver CavTvliT, radgan subieqtur RirebulebaTa sferos ganekuTvneba. SeuZlebelia adamianis iseTi qceva miviCnioT Semoqmedebad, romelic subieqtis momentalur biologiur Tu socialur moTxovnilebebs

akmayofilebs mxolod.subieqtivisturi Sexeduleba zRvars Slis subieqtur da obieqtur RirebulebaTa Soris da subieqturze daiyvans yovelives. magram, aseT viTarebaSi, obieqturi Rirebule-bebis gasubieqturebis SemTxvevaSi, sruliad gaugebaria Semoqmedebis Tavisebureba. Tavis mxriv, verc obieqturi Tvalsazrisi aRwevs mizans. obieqtivisturi Sexedule-bebis mixedviT, Semoqmedebas marto obieqturi Rirebule-bani gansazRvraven da subieqti mxolod pasiuri Sems-

rulebelia.raealurad Semoqmedeba, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, yovelT-vis aris dakavSirebuli subieqtur RirebulebebTan. mas sawyiss subieqturi stimuli aZlevs da misi produqtic subieqtis raime moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas emsaxure-ba. Tavad obieqturi Rirebulebac, subieqtis qcevis moti-vad rom iqces, unda gaSinagandes, subieqtiseuli gaxdes.

magram, subieqtivisturi koncefciisagan gansxvavebiT, Semo-qmedeba aucileblad unda miemarTos obieqtur Rirebule-

bas.subieqturi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas Semoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi adamiani mxolod imis meSveobiT axerxebs, rom Tundac droebiT an raime arsebiTi aspeqtiT mainc

mowydeba subieqtur RirebulebaTa, moTxovnilebaTa tyveo-bas da obieqtur RirebulebaTa samyaros mimarTavs. (namd-vil zneobriv, esTetikur Tu sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis

mqone sxva princips aRmoaCens, wvdeba WeSmaritebas.).amrigad, subieqturi motivi garedan marTavs SemoqmedebiT qcevas Semoqmedebis procesSi is Camocilebul unda iqnes,

radganac, Tavad subieqturi Rirebulebis realizacia, individis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba aq SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu manamde obieqtur RirebulebaTa sferoSi ar

gadavitandiT Cvens moqmedebas. Semoqmedeba aris aRmoCena obieqtur RirebulebaTa

sferoSi, xolo es ukanaskneli aucileblad gulisxmobs cnobierebas, Semoqmedi subieqtis mier RirebulebiTi vi-Tarebis gacnobierebas. aqedan albaT is debuleba gamom-dinareobs, rom mcdaria azri Semoqmedebis aracnobieriT axsnisa. Tumca, gadaWriT arc imis Tqma SeiZleba. rom

aracnobieri ar monawileobs Semoqmedebis procesSi (mag: anticipacia gulisxmobs: sabolood Sedegi winaswarve

garkveuli saxiT aris cnobierebaSi warmodgenili, magram, garkveuli azriT, igi aracnobieri impulsebidan ikvebeba.).ra kavSirSia saerTod Semoqmedeba da adamianuri kul-tura? ra kavSiria Semoqmedebasa da anTropologiur

progress Soris? Tu Semoqmedebis obieqtur Rirebulebas daveyrdnobiT, da amave dros gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ka-cobriobis progresi kulturis, obieqtur RirebulebaTa sferos zrdas niSnavs, maSin analitikurad miviRebT: Semo-qmedeba aucileblad istoriuli progresia. magram, isic

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xom cnobilia, civilizaciis ganviTareba, teqnikuri gamo-gonebisa da Teoriuli Semecnebis zrda yovelTvis rodi uwyobs xels zneobriv progress Tu ekologiur sijan-

saRes, piriqiT, zogjer maT daqveiTebasac iwvevs.es qmnis erTgvar aporias, Semoqmedeba TiTqos progresu-

licaa da regresulic. gamosavals ar warmoadgens sakiTx-is iseTi gadaWra, romlis Tanaxmad, iaraRis Seqmna, misi gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba Semoqmedebad CaiTvalos, rogorc uaryofiT RirebulebasTan dakavSirebuli moqmedeba. ase rom iyos maSin ar dagvrCeboda arc erTi SemoqmedebiTi miRweva, ramdenadac SeuZlebelia iseTi rezultati war-movidginoT, risi gamoyenebac ar SeeZlos negatiur Zalas.

sad aris am winaaRmdegobidan gamosavali?SeiZleba es gamosavali RirebulebaTa ierarqiul aRna-gobaSi gveZebna. adamianis arsebobis saboloo miznis da

yvelaze arsebiTi mxaris dadgena Tu SeiZleba maSin Rire-bulebaTa Sesabamisi sfero skalis TavSi moeqceoda, dan-arCenebi ki subordinaciulad ganlagdeboda, aseT SemTx-vevaSi, erT sferoSi miRweuli progresi sabolood imiT Sefasdeboda ras iwvevs igi umTavres sferoSi, progress Tu regress. magram, kulturaSi aseve kargad SeiniSneba

SefardebiToba da ierarqiis moZravi xasiaTi.yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan SeiZleba erTi daskvnis gamo-tana. Semoqmedeba TavisTavad progresad unda miviCnioT, adamianis pirovnebis da gvaris gamoTavisuflebad anTro-pologiur sivrceSi manamde arsebuli SezRudulobisagan. magram, kulturis kerZo dargebis ganviTarebas is SeiZle-ba garkveul pirobebSi ewinaaRmdegebodes kidec, Tumca, ara Tavis Sinagani bunebiT, aramed, masTan dakavSirebuli sxva

momentebiT. adamians, ganviTarebis ra donezec ar unda imyofebodes,

Wirdeba erTian sistemaSi gaiazros samyaro da TavisTavi am samyaroSi. amrigad, aq saqme gvaqvs garkveul Semoqmedeb-

iT aqtTan, samyaros Signidan ganaTebasTan (dilTai).Semoqmedebis, gagebis es procesi subieqtis mier garkveu-

li poziciidan xorcieldeba, garkveuli horizontidan. da radgan aseTi pozicia da horizonti droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba, amitom msoflmxedvelobanic gansxvavdeba erTma-neTisagan. adamianis Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad gansazRvruli modeliT fuZndeba. filosofosebi asxvaveben individualur-yoveldRiur da Teoriul msoflmxedvelobas. pirvelis mixedviT, yovel adamians aqvs samyaros garkveuli gageba, warmodgena cxovrebaze, am sinamdvileSi Tavis rolsa da daniSnulebaze.

yoveldRiuri cnobierebisaTvis, msoflmxedvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gaucnobierebloba an naxevrad cnobieri xasiaTi, individualoba, romelsac zogadobis pretenzia ar aqvs. is yalibdeba zne-Cveulebebis, tradiciebis saxiT da misi gamovlenis umaRlesi formaa cxovrebiseuli sibrZne~.

msoflmxedvelobis meore formaa Teoriuli msoflmxed-veloba. es aris azrTa da SexedulebaTa sistema samyaroze da adamianis adgilis Sesaxeb samyaroSi. isini gamosaxvis Sesabamisi saSualebebiT gamoiTqmeba religiaSi, xelovnebasa da filosofiaSi.

dilTai (1898 wels daibeWda misi Txzuleba `mso-flmxedvelobaTa tipebi da maTi gamovlena metafizikur sistemebSi~) erTmaneTisagan mijnavs adamianuri moRvaweobis, Semoqmedebis or sferos, msoflmxedvelobasa da mecnierebas. misi azriT, samyaro da maT Soris adamianic SeiZleba dan-axuli da ganxiluli iqnes e.w. garedan xedvis poziciidan. e.i. adamianma uari unda Tqvas sakuTar interesebze, yovelive subieqturze da obieqturad gansajos sinamdvile, daadginos faqtebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs transcendentalur subieqtTan, romelic mecnierebis sferos agebs da pretenzia aqvs Tavisi codnis zogad mniS-vnelobaze. magram, samyaro da adamiani SeiZleba danaxuli

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iqnes Signidanac e.i. subieqtis gancdili gamocdilebis, misi Sinagani goniTi urTierTkavSiris prizmaSi. (swored es aris, rasac sakuTriv Semoqmedebas veZaxiT) sxva sityvebiT, adamiani jer cxovrobs, moqmedebs da mxolod Semdeg Seimecnebs, amitom, sinamdvilisadmi misi mimarTeba uwinares yovlisa Rirebule-biTia. dilTai adamianis ZiriTad gansazRvrulobas xedavs moRvaweobaSi, SemoqmedebaSi, kulturis subieqtad yofnaSi.

adamianis Semoqmedebis Sedegia religia, xelovneba, fi-losofia. xelovnebis yoveli nawarmoebi aris samyaros xedva, samyaros mTlianobis arekvla gancdaSi, xolo, roca Semoq-medebiTi damokidebuleba samyarosadmi cnebaSi Camoyalibdeba, aRmocendeba filosofia.

dilTai cdilobs gonismecnierebis (rogorc adamianis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi Sedegis) mecnierulobis kriteriumis dasadgenad bunebismecnierebisagan gansxvavebuli gza eZios. aseT kriteriumad mas esaxeba òbieqturobis~ cneba.

dilTais azriT, zogadmniSvneladoba~ da obieqturoba~ erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. òbieqturobis~ cnebaSi Cven gvesmis WeSmariteba Semecnebisa Tavis saganTan Sesabamisobis azriT. WeSmaritebis igive ganmartebidan codnis zogad mniSvnelo-baze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, roca Semecnebas viRebT, rogorc sinamdvilis wminda arekvlas, rogorc cariel asaxvas. aq igulisxmeba Semmecnebeli subieqtebis erTgvaroba.

gonismecnierebaSi uwanamZRvro Semecneba SeuZlebelia. codna SeiZleba adamianTa garkveuli wriT Semoifarglos, magram iyos obieqturi, saganTa viTarebis Sesabamisi e.i. WeSmariti. WeSmaritebis es gageba ar unda avurioT subieq-tur TviTnebobaSi an WeSmaritebis pragmatistul gagebaSi. obieqturobis, rogorc gonismecnierebis mecnierulobis kri-teriumis dadgeniT dilTaim niadagi moamzada Semoqmedebis (msoflmxedvelobis) tipologiisaTvis.

dilTais azriT, yoveli Semoqmedeba, romelic ayalibebs msoflmxedvelobas, Seqmnis samyaros, unda axsnas sicocx-

lis saidumloeba, amitom, maT erTi da igive agebuleba aqvT. is unda miwvdes samyaros mniSvnelobas, sazriss da amisda mixedviT dgindeba ideali _ umaRlesi sikeTe, sicocxlis ZiriTadi principi. dilTais debulebaa, rom msoflmxedv-eloba Seesabameba misi Semqmnelis pirovnebas.

imisda mixedviT Tu Semoqmedeba ra tips ganekuTvneba, yalibdeba msoflmxedvelobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: a. natu-ralizmi, b. Tavisuflebis idealizmi, g. obieqturi idealizmi. naturalizmi iseTi ganwyobaa, roca adamiani Tavs grZnobs bunebisagan sruliad gansazRvrulad. naturalizmis struq-tura ucvleli rCeboda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. dawyebuli demokritedan, vidre hobssa da holbaxamde. maTi Semecnebis Teoria sensualisturia, metafizika _ materialisturi. am tipis TeoriisaTvis (msoflmxedvelobisaTvis) damaxasiaTebe-lia adamianis Segueba sinamdvilisadmi da ltolva netarebi-saken. msoflmxedvelobis es tipi yovelTvis arsebobda TviT umkacresi inkviziciis pirobebSic. (am tipis sistemebidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania epikureizmi, hobsis moZRvreba, holbaxis bunebis sistema, foierbaxisa da vulgaruli ma-terializmis Tvalsazrisi.) naturalizmi gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa ganviTa-rebisaTvis. am mimarTulebisaTvis yvelaferi bunebrivad da racionalurad cxaddeboda, ar arsebobs araviTari iraciona-luri, transcendentaluri da TavisTavadi goniTi. moraluri maqsima, romelsac naturalizmi gvTavazobs hedonizmia.

Tavisuflebis idealizmi, naturalizmis sapirispiro mov-lenaa. misi Semecnebis Teoria emyareba uSualod cnobierebis monacemTa analizs. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia pirovnebis nebis Tavisuflebis dacva, misi suverenulobis mtkiceba, goniTis avtonomiuroba. subieqtis Tavisuflebis ideis ukiduresi gamoxatulebaa RmerTis mier samyaros arafrisagan Seqmnis aqti. es Tvalsazrisi istoriulad sxvadasxva poziciebidan iqna dafuZnebuli.

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obieqturi idealizmis SemTxvevaSi, individi acnobierebs Tavis kavSirs saganTa erTianobasTan, grZnobs Tavis monaw-ileobas, Tavis CarTulobas samyaros universalur mimdin-areobaSi.

rodesac dilTai Semoqmedebaze laparakobs, gaTval-iswinebul unda iqnes rogorc samyaros raoba, aseve subieqtis damokidebuleba am mTlianobisadmi.

dilTais azriT, Semoqmedebis obieqtivireba xorciel-deba Teoriis saxiT. magram, obieqtivacia ar SeiZleba iyos erTmniSvnelovani. is damokidebulia Semoqmedis msoflmxed-velobaze. kulturis yoveli obieqti, romelic kacobriobis istoriaSi arsebula aris gonis obieqtivacia. kulturaSi mocemulia is, rac saerToa kacobriobisaTvis.

rogorc ukve iTqva, tradiciuli gagebiT Semoqmedeba axlis Seqmnaa. adamiani Tavisi moqmedebiT, aqtivobiT qmnis raRac axals, romelic manamde arasodes arsebula. Semoq-medeba specifikur adamianuri saqmianobaa da SeiZleba gamov-lindes adamianuri moRvaweobis nebismier sferoSi.

kvlav gavimeoreb gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss: imisaTvis, rom sxvadasxva movlena SemoqmedebiT faqtad iqces, aucileblad unda moxvdes RirebulebiT sferoSi. es ki ukve miTiTebaa Semoqmedebis obieqtur, inter-subieqtur bunebaze. mecnierul SemoqmedebaSi Rirebuleba aris WeSmariteba, romelic obi-eqturia. mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi ki aseTi Rirebulebaa mSveniereba. am azriT, Semoqmedeba cnobieria, raxan obieqtur Rirebulebazea mimarTuli. Semoqmedeba iwyeba cnobieri me-s muSaobiT. is svams kiTxvas, wamoWris problemas. am dros cnobier me-Si wesrigia.

rogorc er. kasireri aRniSnavs Tavis wignSi `ra aris adamiani~, àdamiani aRar cxovrobs mxolod bunebriv samyaroSi. igi mkvidria mis mierve Seqmnili simboluri samyarosi. ena, miTosi, xelovneba, filosofia, religia am samyaros nawilia, . . , adamiani cxovelis msgavsad uSualod

aRar exeba sinamdviles, mas ukve aRar SeuZlia uSualod Sexvdes xeluxlebel sinamdviles. igi mTlianad CarTulia am axal xelovnur mediumSi.~(46,58)

e.i. anTropologiuri sinamdvile adamianis mier Seqmnili sinamdvilea. rogoria mainc es sinamdvile? kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema vcadoT Semoqmedebis raobis (arsis) dadgeniT.

Semoqmedeba gulisxmobs aqtiurobas, Tavisuflebas. am aqtis dros adamiani Tavs iTavisuflebs biologiuri da socialuri SezRudvebisagan.

Semoqmedebis problemas ZiriTadad ori aspeqtiT ganixi-laven. esaa sakiTxisadmi filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri midgoma. XXs-Si codnis axali dargic ki gaCnda, romelic Semoqmedebis problemebs swavlobs _ Semoqmedebis fsiqo-logia. am mimarTulebisaTvis fundamenturia Semoqmedebis meqanizmis gaxsnis problema. fsiqologia cdilobs Semo-qmedebiTi procesis modelirebas. man imasac miqcia yur-adReba, rom Semoqmedebis dros Zalze didia aracnobieri faqtoris mniSvneloba gonebriv operaciebSi. Semoqmedebis kvlevis dros ZiriTadad ise xdeboda, rom mTavari iyo Semo-qmedebis rezultati, misi Sedegi da ara misi struqturis, dinamikisa da meqanizmis gageba. procesualuri mxareebi da Semoqmedebis rezultati mxolod abstraqciaSi ganiyofeba. fsiqologisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa meore mxare. qcevis motivacia, romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba pirovnebis stuqturas. SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebis struqtura mraval-saxovania. wina planze gamodis niWi, romelic arsebiTadaa damokidebuli misi realizaciis pirobebze.

Semoqmedebis kvlevaSi dReisTvis erT-erTi centraluri mniSvnelobisaa motivaciis problema. fsiqologebma Semoq-medebis analizSi did warmatebebs miaRwies, roca aRweriTi meTodidan gadavidnen axsniT meTodze da am gziT daiwyes adamianis Semoqmedebis gamokvleva.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom produqtiuloba da socialuroba

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aris ZiriTadi makonstruirebeli elementebi /niSnebi/ cno-bierebisa, amasTanave Semoqmedebisac. Cveulebriv, adamianis cnobiereba Tavisi bunebiT konservatorulia, ar aris imiT dainteresebuli, rom Secvalos sagnebis arsebuli wesrigi, miTumetes Tu ukve arsebobs wonasworoba adamiansa da gare-mos Soris. SemoqmedisaTvis ki aucilebelia goniTi Zalebis Tavisufali TamaSi. Semoqmedeba mouazrebelia fantaziis gareSe.

mas Semdeg rac mecniereba gaxda specialuri fsiqolo-giuri analizis obieqti, gadaiSala axali furceli, ara marto fsiqologiuri, aramed, istoriul-mecnieruli gamokv-levebisaTvis.

Semoqmedebas aqvs dinamiuri xasiaTi. pirovneba, rogorc Semoqmedi agrZelebs cxovrebas mxolod imis gamo, rom sxva problemaze gadadis. e.i. gadaadgildeba sxva sagnobriv Sinaarsze. Tavad Semoqmedi pirovneba istoriuli figuraa. ara mxolod imitom, rom, igi ganpirobebulia Tavisi epoqiT, aramed, istoriulia pirovnebis struqturac, misi SemecnebiTi Tu esTetikuri unari. fsiqologiuri ganxilvis dros didi datvirTva modis STagonebis, anticipaciis da intuiciis cnebaze. STagoneba aris Semoqmedebis mTeli Zalebis mobili-zacia da momarTva. is aris daZabuloba, romlis Sedegadac xdeba migneba, rasac k. miulerma àha-gancda~ uwoda.

garda amisa, Semoqmedi `rogorRac~ winaswar xedavs Tavisi Semoqmedebis produqts (anticipaciis unari), amiT qaosi Tavidan airideba da aqtioba erTi miznisaken miimarTeba. antipacia eyrdnoba intuicias, uSualo, aradiskursiuli wvdomis unars. is ki grZnobadicaa da inteleqtualuric. SemoqmedebiTi aqtis dros swored intuiciaa mTavari da ara diskursiuli gza. inteleqtualuri intuicia miagnebs saqmis viTarebas mecnierebaSi, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.(52,58). warmodgena imaze, rom intuicia aris gansakuTrebuli aqti, romelic gansxvavdeba gansjiTi, diskursiuli azrovnebisagan,

ra Tqma unda, pirvelad filosofiaSi gacnobierda da hqonda gansazRvruli gnoseologiuri azri.

versia intuiciaze, rogorc gansakuTrebul fsiqologiur fenomenze myardeboda ara marto tradiciul-formalur logikuri sqemis SezRudulobiT, aseve imis gamo, rom SeuZle-beli iyo SemoqmedebiTi aqti, im cnebebiT aexsnaT, romliTac xasiaTdeba qcevis Segnebul-nebiTi regulacia. Cveni moqmedeba, rogorc cnobilia eqvemdebareba nebelobiT kontrols. Semo-qmedebiTi aqtis gamowveva ki winaswar SeuZlebelia.

mecnieruli Semoqmedeba gagebulia iseTi tipis Semoq-medebad, rodesac moqmedeba mimarTulia axali codnis gamo-muSavebisaken, romelic gaivlis socialur aprobacias da Seva mecnierebis sistemaSi.

mkvlevarTa umravlesoba SemoqmedebaSi oTxi safexuris arsebobaze miuTiTebs: a)pirveladi cnobieri muSaoba, prob-lemis dayeneba da misi gadaWris cdebi. b)cnobieri Sromis Sewyveta, azrovnebis Casvla aracnobieris sferoSi anu e.w. ìnkubaciuri~ periodi. g)ucabedi ganaTeba, ìnsaiti~ anu amocanis gadaWra intuiciuri wvdomiT – Semoqmedebis centraluri momenti da d)miRebuli Sedegebis Semowmeba, maTi morigeba Zvel codnasTan an piriqiT Zvelis morigeba axalTan.(35,86).

Semoqmedebis problemis gagebisaTvis erT-erTi mniS-vnelovani momentia aRmoCenis cnebis dadgena, magaliTad, igive avtori Tavis SromaSi miuTiTebs, rom aRmoCena aris axlis migneba, arcodnidan codnaze gadasvla, naxtomi. CvenTvis mTavaria ara is Tu `ra~ aRmoCndeba, aramed is Tu `rogor~ aRmoCndeba.

aRmoCenas sami safexuri aqvs: 1. mosamzadebeli anu faqtobrivi masalis dagroveba. 2. naxtomi-aRmoCena, 3. aR-moCenis Sedegebis ganzogadeba da misi mniSvnelobis dadgena TeoriisaTvis.

aRmoCenas aseve aqvs saxeebi: a)empiriuli, b)Teoriuli

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anu zogadi xasiaTis, g)teqnikuri gamogoneba. SemoqmedebaSi yovelTvis TanamSromloben logikuri da fsiqologiuri unarebi.

T.iaroSevski Semoqmedebis interpretaciis cdebs samad hyofs: a) erTi Teoria gancdis fsiqologiaa da intuiciiT cdilobs Semoqmedebis axsnas. b)meore _ qcevaze dakvirve-biTa da formalizaciiT, g)mesame mimarTuleba ki individis fsiqikur mxares sazogadoebrivi kulturis gavlenis qveS aqcevs.(35,95)

intuicia aris momentaluri, wamieri ganaTeba, romelic arsebuli saqmis viTarebas wvdeba. bevri mecnieri miuTiTebs, rom aseTi ganaTeba cnobierebis velis~ gareT xdeba. intui-cia yvela SemTxvevaSi specifikur-SemoqmedebiT momentad iT-vleba. da xSirad cnobieri analiziT, SedarebiT, ganzogadebiT mwifdeba. aracnobiers mxolod maSin aqvs SemoqmedebisaTvis fasi, roca masSi raime pozitiuri azria. aracnobieri cno-bieriviT rom moqmedebdes, iseve ver moaxdens `ganaTebas~, rogorc cnobieri moRvaweobis dros yovelgvari uecari `ganaTeba~ gamoricxulia. amitom, saWiroa aracnobieric produqtiul cnebad vaqcioT.

froidistul TeoriaSi pirvelad mieqca yuradReba im garemoebas, rom aracnobieri cnobierebiT ar moqmedebs. magram, am mimdinareobam aracnobieri gaigo, rogorc iracionaluri da ise gamovida, rom saboloo jamSi instinqturi ltolva yofila Semoqmedebis amxsneli. individi, subieqti gagebulia `Caketil~ sistemad, maSin roca adamiani Ria arsebaa, kul-turuli garemos Svili.

siRrmiseul moments adamianis SemoqmedebaSi marTlac aqvs mniSvneloba, magram, es siRrmiseuli biologiuri moce-muloba ki ar aris, aramed, savsea subieqturi SinaarsiT – iqmneba Semoqmedis, mier xelovnebis Tu mecnierebaTa sistemaSi pirovnulis CarTviT. (35,104)

geStalt Teoriamac scada am sakiTxis axsna. produqti-

uli aqti misTvis aris erTi geStaltidan meoreze gadas-vla. es ki aracnobieridan cnobierSi amotivtivebis nacvlad, cnobieri gadasvlaa. da mainc, aqac Semoqmedeba cnobierebis farglebSi gaigeba, sinamdvilisadmi mimarTebis gareSe.

meore saxis Teoriaa biheviorizmi, misi mTavari cnebebia swavla da problemebis gadaWra, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom Seswavlis obieqtia qceva im situaciaSi, romlisaTvisac reaqcia jer ar Camoyalibebula. aqac saqme `Semoqmedebas~ exeba. magram, gansxvavebiT geStaltistTa cnobieri mixve-drisagan, bihevioristebTan mixvedra SemTxveviT cdiTa da Secdomebis gadalaxviT xdeba. miuxedavad amisa, biheviorizmma ganaxorciela formalizacia, stimulis (niSnis) safuZvelze. mniSveloba aq niSanma Secvala.

fsiqoanalizi, geStaltizmi, da biheviorizmi orientire-bulia arian individze, individi ki mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli istoriul ganviTarebaze.

Cemi azriT, mecnierul Semoqmedebas saerToc bevri aqvs mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan da gansxvavebulic. imis Tqma, rom xelovneba qmnis sinamdviles, xolo mecnieruli ki asaxavs, maincdamainc zusti ar aris, radgan, siRrmiseulad asaxvac da Seqmnac orive subieqturia. amitom, mecnierul-SemoqmedebiTi da mxatvruli asaxva, mecnieruli da mxatvruli saxeebi Semo-qmedebis TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. maTSi subieqturoba mxolod saxeTa TaviseburebaSi iZleva sxvaobas. orive sinamdvilisadmi SemoqmedebiTi midgomaa.

xelovneba SemecnebiTi momentisagan ar aris bolomde Tavisufali, magram, Tavis mxriv, arc mecnierebaa sinamdvilis fotografireba, Seaqvs ra mecnierebas subieqturi Sinaarsi samyaros suraTSi. orive sferoSi SemoqmedebiTi procesis dros mTavari momentia warmosaxva. is ZiriTadia rogorc xelovnebaSi, aseve mecnierebaSi. fantaziis gareSe arc mec-nierebaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani aRmoCena. warmosaxvis gverdiT, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, didia intuiciis roli,

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romlis Tavisebureba ucbadobaSia, wamier ganaTebaSia~, magram, Secdoma iqneboda misi mistificireba. ase rom, mxatvruli da mecnieruli Semoqmedeba bunebiT erTia. maT Soris sxvaoba ar gamomdinareobs Semoqmedebis xarisxidan, aramed, aixsneba Semoqmedebis am saxeobis specifikiT.

mecnieruli Semoqmedebis funqcia bunebaSi, azrovnebasa da sazogadoebaSi kanonebis aRmoCenaa. aristoteles TqmiT, mecniereba adgens aucilebelsa da zogad debulebebs. mas moeTxoveba iyos sistematuri codna, amitom, mecniereba sistemis Seqmnac aris.

SemoqmedebaSi is naxtomiT miiRweva, aRmoCena da gamogone-ba swored aseTi naxtomebia. naxtomamde Semoqmeds deduqcia exmareba, magram, ganaTebis momentSi deduqcia imsxvreva da axali horizontebi ixsneba.

filosofiur Semoqmedebas is Tavisebureba aqvs, rom er-Tis mxriv cnebiT, uzogadesi kategoriebiT operirebs, meores mxriv ki, Tavad Semecnebis meTods aqcevs kvlevis obieqtad. sxva mxriv filosofiuri Semoqmedeba Tavisi bunebiT ar gansxvavdeba sxva tipis Semoqmedebisagan.

mecnieruli Semoqmedebis problemis garkvevas vrceli monografia miuZRvna g.girginovma.(24) dasaxelebul naS-romSi mimoixilavs ra mecnierul Semoqmedebas, gamohyofs oTx komponents:

a)mecnieruli problema. problemis dasma pirveli Semoq-medebiTi aqtia. es aris codna arcodnaze~, misi gacnobiereba. b)mecnieruli Semoqmedebis meore arsebiTi komponentia mecnierul faqtTa Tavmoyra, aRwera da misi Tematizacia. avtori ganasxvavebs mecnierul faqts nedli faqtisagan. is logikuradaa damuSavebuli interpretirebulia. nedl faqtSi ki bevria SemTxveviTi. e.i. mecnieruli faqti raime mecnieruli meTodiT aris Seswavlili da dadgenili, ro-gorc diskretuli nagleji sinamdvilisa. faqti mecnieruli maSin xdeba, roca mecnieruli sistemis SigniT moipovebs

adgils. g) faqtebi erTiandebian TeoriaSi, sadac kanoniT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. faqti xdeba zogadi kanonzomierebis wevri. es ganzogadeba ukve SemoqmedebiTi aqtia. didia roli abstraqciisa, maTematizaciisa, dafuZnebisa, (dasabuTeba, axsna). mwvervali ki am ZiebaSi mainc kanonis dadgenaa, movlenebs Soris zogadi, aucilebeli kavSiris dadgena. mniSvnelovani momentia hipoTezis Teoriad qceva, rac dasabuTebis gziT miiRweva.

d) mecnieruli Semoqmedeba meTodis gareSe SeuZlebelia. mecniereba yoveldRiuri codnisagan swored specifikuri, zusti meTodis gamoyenebiT gansxvavdeba. mecnieruli Sem-ecneba meToduria, yoveldRiuri Semecnebis meTodi ki araz-ustia, daumuSavebeli. swori meTodiT araerTxel gaxsnila WeSmariteba. e.i. meTodis gamoyeneba Semoqmedebaa. garkveuli azriT, mecnieruli Teoria Tavadaa meTodi.

aramecnierulisagan gansxvavebiT mecnieruli codna sistematuria. amitom, sistemis Seqmna erT-erTi SemoqmedebiTi momentia. ase mag. hegelma triadis principiT aago erTiani sistema, azrovnebis, bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.

adamiani mopovebul Teoriul codnas praqtikaSi iyenebs. Tavad mecnierebis qmna~ aris aqtivoba, praqtika. izolirebu-lad, abstraqtulad aRebuli buneba srulad ver Seimecneba. saWiroa sagnobrivi mimarTeba sinamdvilesTan praqtika xdeba WeSmaritebis kriteriumi. da mainc, Teorias da praqtikas sxvadasxva miznebi aqvT: Teoria imecnebs obieqts, praqtika ki gardaqmnis mas. am dros Tavad gardamqmneli subieqtic gardaiqmneba. Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris aqac erTianobaa. mecnieruli codna realizdeba praqtikiT.

Teoriis praqtikaSi gamoyenebiT miiReba teqnika. (iara-Rebi, instrumenti). teqnikaSi xdeba Teoriuli codnis gasa-gneba. dReisaTvis teqnikaSi minimaluri Sedegebis miRwevac ki warmoudgenelia mecnierebis gareSe. teqnikaSi Semoqmedeba aris mecnieruli codnis materializeba, ris nimuSsac war-

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moadgens mag: manqana. am SemTxvevaSi, adamianis xelis funqciis gadatana xdeba manqanaze. manqana `gaadamianurebuli~ nivTia. es teqnikuri Semoqmedebaa.

g. girginovic gamohyofs SemoqmedebaSi fsiqologiur da logikur aspeqtebs. Semoqmedebis dros xdeba fsiqikur ZalTa mZlavri amoqmedeba. didia ganwyobisa da aracnobieri sferos roli, aseve cnobismoyvareobis, Cvevebis, motivaciis da STagonebis. calke problemaa mecnierebis logikis Ses-wavla. Tu formaluri logika swavlobs swori azrovnebis xerxebsa meTodebs da wesebs, mecnierebis logika Seiswavlis dafuZnebis, axsnis, dasabuTebis aqsiomatur meTods, modeli-rebas da a.S.

mTavari mainc mecnierebis filosofiuri gaazrebaa. is saTaves antikur saberZneTSi iRebs da dRemde aqtualuria. filosofiuri codna mecnierebis TviTrefleqsiaa.

Znelia gaviziaroT avtoris pozicia, roca igi aigivebs Semoqmedebas mxatvrul sferoSi SemoqmedebasTan mecnierul sferoSi. arc is unda iyos marTebuli azri, rom Semoqmede-baSi warmosaxvasa da intuicias erTnairi roli ekisrebaT.

mainc rogor unda gadaiWras mecnieruli Semoqmedebisa da misi `meqanizmis~ problema. kidev erTxel SevexoT in-tuiciis unars SemoqmedebaSi. xSirad xdeba, rom mkvlevarebi erTmaneTSi ureven intuiciisa da warmosaxvis cnebebs.

filosofiaSi intuicia esmiT, rogorc Semecnebis unari, romelic aradiskursiuli gziT, `wamierad~ wvdeba WeS-maritebas.

masze msjeloben platoni da aristotele. magram, ZiriTadad intuiciaze moZRvreba damuSavda axal filoso-fiaSi (kerZod, inteleqtualur intuiciaze) r.dekartTan, romlisTvisac Tandayolili ideebi intuiciiT moipoveba. spinozasTan is Semecnebis umaRlesi unaria. mniSvnelova-nia intuiciis roli laibnicis filosofiur sistemaSic. kanti uaryofda inteleqtualur intuicias, magram, ZalaSi

datova grZnobadi intuiciis mniSvneloba. inteleqtualuri intuiciis cneba kvlav aRadgina fixtem. marTalia, SelingTan da romantikosebTan Seirya intuiciis racionaluri buneba, bergsonTan iracionaluri saxe miiRo, magram, huserlis arsis Wvreta~ cxadia, inteleqtualuri intuiciis nimuSia.

ra bunebisaa inteleqtualuri intuicia, logikuri Tu metalogikuri? aristotelesaTvis dasabuTeba ar SeiZleba yofiliyo dausrulebeli procesi. is saTaves iRebs Ta-visTavad cxadi debulebidan, romelTa dasabuTeba ar Sei-Zleba. magram, ànalitikaSi~ igi ganixilavs aqsiomebs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom aristotele logikis sferos mxolod dasabuTebiT ar Semofarglavs. dekartTan da laibnicTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom mkacrad gaimijna erTmaneTisagan Sem-ecnebaSi intuiciuri da diskursiuli gzebi, orive logi-kuri bunebisaa. mxolod hegelma uaryo `dausabuTebeli~ debulebis miReba, raxan misTvis logikaSi yvelaferi dasab-uTebuli unda iyos. mainc Secdomaa intuiciis zelogikur unarad gamocxadeba. Tu sanimuSod miviRebT dekartes cogito-s, rac udaod logikuri bunebisaa, misi meSveobiT azrovnebasa da yofierebas Soris aucilebeli mimarTeba myardeba.

magram, Semoqmedebis intuicia sistemaSi mxolod sawyisi, sayrdeni debulebis mignebas ar axdens, misiT nebismieri debuleba moipoveba. amitom, farTo gamoyeneba aqvs, rogorc filosofiaSi, aseve mecnierebaSi. am mxriv ki inteleqtua-luri intuiciis roli gadamwyvetia. (Tumca, arc grZnobad intuiciaSia obieqti izolirebuli saxiT, mimarTebis gareSe mocemuli.)

mainc ra gansxvavebaa warmosaxvasa da intuicias So-ris? xSiria Secdoma, roca warmosaxvas TvalsaCino xatebiT operirebis unars miaweren, intuicias ki ara. jer erTi, inteleqtualuri intuiciis gverdiT arsebobs grZnobadic, warmosaxva ki musikaSi, filosofiaSi, logikaSi da maTemati-kaSi erTmaneTTan akavSirebs araTvalsaCino Sinaarsebs. amitom,

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maT Soris gansxvaveba ase unda gavigoT: intuicia amyarebs Sinaarsebs Soris arsebiT logikur kavSirs. Tundac, rom Tavad mwifdebodes friad ùCveulo logikiT~. warmosaxva ki, Tumca, Tavisufldeba mexsierebis àsociaciis kanonebisa-gan~, Tavisufals, magram, mainc asociaciur kavSirs amyarebs.

swored amis gamo, ra didic ar unda iyos warmosaxvis roli mecnierul SemoqmedebaSi, gadamwyvet momentSi is adgils uTmobs intuicias, xolo xelovnebaSi, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, warmosaxva prevalirebs intuiciaze.

iseve rogorc warmosaxvas miewereba ori funqcia – SemecnebiTi da SemoqmedebiTi, aseve SeiZleba intuiciis or funqciaze laparaki. mopovebuli codnis aTvisebisas intuiciis roli SemecnebiTia, mecnierebisaTvis ucnobis aR-moCenisas ki SemoqmedebiTi. mecnierebaSic iseve gvaqvs Semo-qmedeba, rogorc xelovnebaSi. orivegan xdeba axlis miReba. magram Tu xelovnebaSi es axali warmosaxuli sinamdvilea~, mecnierebaSi SemoqmedebiT miRebuli realuri sinamdvile axleburad gaigeba.

SemoqmedebaSi miuTiTeben e.w. STagonebis rolze. masSi gulisxmoben adamianis ZalTa mimarTvas da mobilizebas. ra adgili unda mivuCinoT mas?

fsiqologebi ganasxvaveben fsiqikur procesebs (aRqma, yuradReba, azrovneba da sxva) fsiqikuri mdgomareobisagan (emocia). Tu axla gavavlebT erTgvar paralels da Semec-nebas `goniT process~ vuwodebT maSin STagoneba SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc `goniTi mdgomareoba~, romelic adamianis Zalebs mimarTavs garkveuli miznisaken da pirobad edeba nebismieri saxis Semoqmedebas.

rac Seexeba filosofiur Semoqmedebas, mas araerTi Ta-visebureba axasiaTebs da specialur Seswavlas moiTxovs. rodesac filosofiur Semoqmedebaze laparakobdnen, tradici-ulad ise xdeboda, rom pirvelad adgendnen mimarTebas fi-losofiur da religiur Semoqmedebas Soris. es imitom, rom,

istoriulad swored adamianuri moRvaweobis es ori sfero ukavSirdeba yvelaze ufro mWidrod erTmaneTs. am mimarTebis gagebisaTvis visargebloT lapSinis wigniT `gamogonebis filosofia da gamogoneba filosofiaSi~. (52)

filosofiuri Semoqmedeba gansxvavdeba religiurisagan. filosofia sulieri moRvaweobis Taviseburi sferoa. is ZiriTadad aris SemecnebiTi azrovnebis da ara emociuri azrovnebis sfero. filosofia imTaviTve upirispirdeba Teosofias. mas ufro mecnierebis msgavsi codnis saxe aqvs.

filosofiuri gamonagoni sxvaa, Teologiuri ki sxva. religiur Semoqmedebas aqvs Rrmad emociuri xasiaTi, buneba. religiis damfuZnebelni arian ara mecnier-Semoqmedni, aramed, axali religiuri Rirebulebebis sjulmdebeli Semoqmedni. amitomac Sedis filosofiis istoriaSi sokrate, platoni, kanti da ara mose, muhamedi an qriste.

RvTismetyvelebis ZiriTadi mizania moaxdinos religi-uri moZRvrebis mowesrigeba da sistematizacia. ra Tqma unda, mas aqvs Sinagani logika da ganviTareba, magram, Tavad RvTism-etyvelebis bunebidan gamomdinare, Teoretikosi, miadgeba ra iseTi cnebebis sazRvrebs, rogoricaa saswauli, saidumlo, avtoriteti, Teologiur azrovnebaSi gonebis logikas gulis logika cvlis codnas rwmena enacvleba. RvTismetyveluri Semoqmedebis efeqturoba ganisazRvreba religiuris gavleniT mrevlze, filosofiisa ki obieqturi mniSvnelobiT.

zemoT naTqvami sulac ar gamoricxavs im faqts, rom RvTismetyveluri da filosofiuri tendenciebi xSirad Tanaarseboben Seqmnis (Semoqmedebis) procesSi.

aseve faqtia isic, rom araerTi filosofosi iyo da-jildoebuli mxatvruli (mwerluri) Semoqmedebis niWiT, amitom, maTi nawarmoebebi ganxilul iqna ara mxolod, ro-gorc filosofiis istoriis kuTvnileba, aramed, xelovnebis istoriisac. magram, es sulac ar gviSlis xels, SevZloT movaSoroT e.w. esTetikuri garsi filosofiur nawarmoebs,

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davinaxoT nawarmoebis birTvis filosofiuri mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba. filosofias aqvs Tavisi specifikuri funqcia, rogorc codnis Tavisebur sferos. Semoqmedeba aris indivi-dis, pirovnebis saqmianoba, iqneba es filosofiuri, religiuri Tu mecnieruli Semoqmedeba. problemad iyo qceuli sakiTxi Tu ra gansazRvravs Semoqmedebas, mis arsebobas, Camoyalibebas. ra zomiT monawileobs masSi memkvidreobiToba da aRzrda. aq Cven ZiriTadad vxvdebiT or calmxriv Tvalsazriss. an-tinomia sociumisa da individisa. Semoqmedeba amboben erTni, yovelTvis aris socialuri pirobebis sasurveli damTxvevis (Tavmoyrisas) produqti. igulisxmeba politikuri, ekono-miuri, pedagogiuri, socialuri garemoebani. (mag: aseTi azri hqonda helveciuss.) misi azriT, mecnierebaSi bevri ramaa ganpirobebuli memkvidreobiT. am TvalsazrisSi niWierebis arseboba Tundac biologiur doneze nuls udris.

meores mxriv, aseve kategoriulad da radikaluri for-miT icavs Tavis pozicias individualizmi. Tu Sopenhauers da nicSes davujerebT, Semoqmedi aris mwvervali, romelic maRldeba adamianTa samyaros yovelgvar mocemulobaze.

Cemi azriT, orive SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi safuZvelSive arasworadaa dasmuli. individualistebi gadaWarbebulad afaseben SemoqmedebaSi wyvetadobis moments, xolo meoreni utrireben mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis uwyveti akumulirebis ideaze.

aseve mecnierul Rirebulebasaa moklebuli Tvalsaz-risi, rom genia da nevrozi ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan. sulieri, iseve, rogorc fizikuri tanjva, ar SeiZleba iyos SemoqmedebiTi produqtulobis TavisTavadi mizezi. zogjer, is SeiZleba iqces Semoqmedebis irib sababad. avadmyofobam Tu uSualod ar Seexeba SemoqmedebiT niWs, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos TviTCaRrmavebas. niWier adamianze, rogorc aranorm-alurze, gadaxrilze, SeiZleba vilaparakoT im azriT, rom igi aRemateba niWierebis saSualo dones.

filosofiur SemoqmedebaSi didia filosofiuri skolebis gavlena, magram, es ar exeba genialur Semoqmede-bas, radgan roca geniosi modis, misi moRvaweobiT Tavad mimdinareoba icvleba, sinTezirdeba axali mTlianoba, axali sinamdvile. (aseTia mag: platonis, aristoteles, kantis Tu nicSes mosvla.)

marTalia, niWis, talantis gamovlenisaTvis didi mniS-vneloba aqvs socialur-kulturul realobas, saerTod epoqis suls. imas, rasac hegeli `samyaros mdgomareobas~ uwodebs, magram, ganviTarebis am pirobebze ufro mWidrodaa damokidebuli specialuri mecnierebani, vidre filosofia. SemoqmedebaSi, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, arCeven aRmoCenisa da gamogonebis cnebebs. ase mag: faihingeri Tavis wignSi `Philosophie des Als-ob~, am or termins Semdegnairad mijnavs: aRmoCenis wyaroa hipoTeza, romelic damtkicebas poulobs moce-mul cdaSi, gvixsnis mocemuli cdis sxvadasxva kanonzomierebas. gamogoneba ki aris dabadeba fiqciisa, xelovnuri cnebisa, azrovnebis damxmare konstruqciisa da wminda instrumentaluri mniSvnelobis mqonea.

gamogonebis cnebaSi aRiniSneba adamianis azrovnebis Semo-qmedebiTad aqtiuri momenti, xolo aRmoCenaSi, fizikuri Tu goniTi samyaros empiriuli mocemuloba. mag: niutonma aRmoaCina mizid-ulobis kanoni, xolo laibnicma gamoigona diferencialuri aRricxva. kolumbma aRmoaCina amerika, aristotelem ki Seqmna silogizmi.

gamogonebis ZirSi midrekilebisa da warmodgenebis rTuli er-Tianoba, da cxovrebiseuli problemebis dakmayofilebis miswrafebaa, SemoqmedebiTi unarebis Tavisufali TamaSia. yvela SemTxvevaSi gamogonebis meqanizmi erTia. exeba yofiTi moTxovnilebisaTvis saWiro raimes Seqmnas Tu ufro maRal, faqiz esTetikur moTxovnebs.

filosofiuri gamogonebis upirvelesi wyaroa filosofiuri cno-bismoyvareoba, gaocebis adamianuri unari, sakuTari yofierebis, Semecnebis, Semoqmedebis gamocnobis, axsnis survili. filosofiur gamogonebaSi did rols TamaSobs skepsisi. absoluturi skepsisi

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gamoricxulia, filosofiis istoriaSi skeptikosebi Cndebodnen garkveul dros, rac imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom kulturaSi gaCnda konservatiz-mis saSiSroeba da adamianis gonebas Wirdeba axali RirebulebebiT gamdidreba.

skepsisi mJRavndeba gnoseologiaSi, metafizikaSi, eTikaSi. filosofiur SemoqmedebaSi. skepsisis monawileoba SeiZleba gamoixatos Semdegi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi momentebiT: mizezebi, romelnic ganapirobeben skepsisis ganviTarebas, SeiZleba moiZeb-nos, rogorc inteleqtualur sferoSi, aseve nebelobaSi. pirvel SemTx-vevaSi mTavari mizezia Seusabamoba codnis dagrovebis processa da misi koncentraciis process Soris. es xdeba maSin roca, specialuri codnis dagrovebis procesi CamorCeba misi gacnobierebisa da Rrma filosofiuri sinTezis process.

meore SemTxveva ki ZiriTadad iq gvxvdeba, sadac xdeba xalxebis, rasebis, kulturebis gadajaWva. skepticizmis dadebiTi momentia rom arRvevs tradicias da xdeba axali filosofiuri ideebis warmoqmnis stimuli. is arRvevs inteleqtualur imunitets da didi doziT Seicavs sasargeblo ironias.

filosofiuri gamogoneba gviandeli nayofia adamianis kulturisa. adamianuri moRvaweobis yvela forma TandaTanobiT gamoeyo ada-mianis pirvelyofil, religiur-magiur samyaros. esaa ena, xelovneba, politika, samarTali, ekonomika, teqnika, mecniereba da filosofia.

pirvelyofili azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia azris bun-dovaneba, aramdgradoba. pirvelyofili magiis principia yvelaferi yvelaferSi, yvelaferi moqmedebs yvelaferze.

religiur-magiuri azrovneba aris emociuri da ara Semmecnebeli azrovneba. filosofia ibadeba, maSin roca, RmerTebis rwmena, rogorc adamianis cxovrebis praqtikuli sayrdeni iwvevs eWvs. `grZnobis logika~ kraxs ganicdis, vinaidan Cndeba pozitiuri mecnierebis Canasaxebi. RmerTebma ar gaamarTles adamianTa molodini, eW-vis gaCenis mizezad agreTve iqceva samyaroSi, sazogadoebaSi, istoriaSi gansxvavebisa da usamarTlobis arseboba da misi eTikuri Sefasebis moTxovnileba.

filosofias Tavdapirvelad aqvs andazebis, igavebis, legendebis forma, is, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT `filosofiuri folklori~. yovelive es interesis sagania, ara rogorc `bunebrivi filosofosobis~ forma, aramed, niadagi, romelzec Caisaxa filosofiuri Semoqmedebis umartivesi forma-aforizmi. filosofosTa nawerebSi dRemde vx-vdebiT aforistuli azrovnebis magaliTebs.

meore forma filosofiuri Semoqmedebisa, romelic sokratedan modis, aris dialogi. mesame formaa sistema, romelSic dasmulia problema, gaxsnilia Sinagani winaaRmdegoba da napovnia garkveu-li gadawyveta. am tipis filosofiur Semoqmedebas safuZveli Cauyares demokritem da aristotelem. mecnierebis msgavsi sistematuroba SeiZleba exebodes, rogorc romelime kerZo filosofiur problemas, aseve moicavdes filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis mTel safuZvels.

CamovTvaloT filosofiuri Semoqmedebis ramdenime nimuSi. mag: gnoseologiuria a) romelime calkeuli kategoriis axsna. (herak-lite cdilobs axsnas cvalebadobis idea, xolo eleelebi – mudmivobis idea.) an xdeba kategoriebis cxrilSi sinTezuri kavSiris dadgena an damtkicebis Teoriis damuSaveba.

b) mocemuli fizikuri samyaro, romelic struqtuirdeba bune-baTmecnierebiT. (mecnierebis klasifikacia, mecnierebis filosofia).

g)samyaros ontologiuri, fenomenologiuri, metafizikuri an kritikuli gaazreba.

aseve gnoseologiuri Semoqmedebaa RvTismetyveluri da meta-fizikuri moZRvrebis uaryofis, dangrevis samuSao, ramdenadac isini xels uSlian axali filosofiuri codnis warmatebul dafuZnebas.

samyaro, iseTi rogoricaa warmoadgens mudmiv gamocanas. is usasrulod mravalferovani da amouwuravia adamianisaTvis. misi bolomde Semecneba, gageba Zalze Zneli, SeuZlebelic kia. amitom aris, rom filosofiaSi samyaro yovelTvis rCeba, rogorc amosacnobi raRac Ria sistema. adamianis SemoqmedebiT nebas surs ara marto Seicnos samyaros mTlianoba, aramed, kidec Seqmnas Tavisi war-modgenis Sesabamisad.

tradiciulad filosofiuri Semoqmedebis dros amocanad dgeboda

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rogorme gadalaxuliyo azrovnebis SezRuduloba da codnis simwire. istoriulad wamyvan rols TamaSobda sami ZiriTadi idea. 1. samyaros eqstremaluroba (borotebis idea), 2. nebis ukmaroba individisa Tu kacobriobisa _ awmyos vnebebTan brZolaSi. 3. SiSi adamianis Tu kacobriobis gardauvali daRupvisa momavalSi. tradiciuli filosofia cdilobs am sam problemas sami ideiT mouaros. samyaros eqstrem-alurobas – RmerTis ideiT, vnebis Zalauflebas _ Tavisuflebis ideiT, sikvdilis gardauvalobas – ukvdavebis ideiT. sxvadasxva filosofiur sistemebs sxvadasxvagvari pasuxi aqvT am sakiTxze.

filosofiuri Semoqmedebis arsia adamianis gonis maradiuli mis-wrafeba, raTa dainaxos da daadginos sinamdvilis ufro adekvaturi suraTi. misi paTosia codnis gafarToeba da gaRrmaveba. (52,72)

es Tvalsazrisi aris erT-erTi klasikuri interpretacia imisa Tu rogor unda gavigoT filosofia, rogorc Semoqmedeba. amave problemas aSuqebs n.berdiaevi Tavis wignSi `Semoqmedebis sazrisi~.

misi azriT, yoveli SemoqmedebiTi aqti aris gaTavisufleba da gadalaxva yoveldRiuri amqveyniuri amaoebis. Semoqmedeba Tavisi arsiT aris gamosavali krizisuli situaciidan da masze gamarjveba. magram, zogjer, Semoqmedeba iqceva piradi tragediis mizezad. Semoqmedis gza aris tanjvisa da msxverplis gza, magram is yov-elTvis aris gaTavisufleba yovelgvari gare iZulebisagan.

berdiaevis mixedviT, axali filosofiis mizania gaxdes mecnieruli an mecnierebis msgavsi. filosofias raRacnairi Suri aqvs mecnierebi-sa. Tavad filosofosebsac mecnierebis ufro sjeraT, vidre filosofiisa. da am eWvs principadac ki acxadeben. filosofiis istoria savsea magaliTebiT Tu rogor cdilobdnen mecnierebad eqciaT filosofiuri codna, magram, saboloo azriT, yvela am tipis azrovneba ganwiruli iyo filosofiuri sqolastikisaTvis.

filosofia arcerTi parametriT ar aris mecniereba da araviTari azriT ar SeiZleba iyos mecnieruli. iseve, rogorc, ar aris xelovneba, morali an religia mecnieruli. maincdamainc filosofia ratom unda iyos mecnieruli? mecnieruloba aris gamonaklisi Tviseba da maxa-siaTebeli mecnierebisa. is mxolod mecnieruli codnis kriteriumad

gamodgeba. aseve, filosofia unda iyos mxolod filosofiuri da ara mecnieruli. filosofia mecnierebamdeli faqtia da axloa sibrZnesTan. filosofias Tu mas miviRebT, rogorc mecnierebas Semecnebis Ses-axeb, an sawyisis Sesaxeb maSin daikargeba is, rogorc adamianuri Semoqmedebis TviTmyofadi sfero. filosofia damoukidebeli sferoa kulturis da ara mecnierebisa.

zogjer, filosofosebs surT filosofia aqcion ara imdenad mec-nierebad, ramdenadac `mecnierulad~. ar SeiZleba seriozul moaz-rovnes eWvi eparebodes mecnierebis RirebulebaSi. mecniereba – faqtobrivi codna sinamdvilisa namdvilad Wirdeba adamians. magram, sruliad sxvadasxva ramaa mecniereba da mecnieruloba. mecnieruloba aris mecnierebis sazRvrebis gafarToeba, mecnierebis kriteriumebis gadatana adamianuri cxovrebis sxva sferoSi. mecnier-ulobis aRiareba niSnavs imis rwmenas, rom mecniereba aris adamia-nis Semoqmedebis umaRlesi kriteriumi, rom misi kanonzomiereba, wesrigi, akrZalvebi Tu nebarTvebi yvelgan vrceldeba. mecnieruloba gulisxmobs erTiani principis arsebobas. gnoseologebma bevri iR-vawes imisaTvis, rom ganemtkicebinaT mecnierulobis ideali. Zalze didia mecnierulobis paTosi germanul kritikul cnobierebaSic. ma-gram, aseTi mdgomareobis SeqmnaSi yvelaze naklebi damnaSave~ Tavad mecnierebaa. mecnieruloba aris gansakuTrebuli rwmena yofierebis ufro dabali sferoebisadmi, damZimebuli aucileblobis cnobierebiT maSin roca, mecniereba aris adamianis SemoqmedebiTi specifikuri reaqcia samyaroze. Tavisi arsis Taviseburebis gamo, mecniereba aris garkveuli tipis moRvaweoba, romlis mizania realuri berketi misces eqstremalur samyaroSi dakargul adamians. imisaTvis rom iarsebos, ganviTardes, adamianma unda moaxdinos samyaros Semecneba. mecniereba aris Semecneba aucileblobisa, mocemuli samyaros Seguebis mizniT da Seimecneba aucileblobis gziT. is aris arsebulSi orientirebis iaraRi. Seguebis amgvari beWedi azis ara marto mecnierebas, aramed diskursiul azrovnebasac, romelsac iyenebs mecniereba Tavis daskvnebSi.

magram, aseve maradiulia adamianSi miswrafeba samyaros

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saidumloebis wvdomis, misi Wvretis. amitom, igi midrekilia iyos filosofosi. mecniereba ki yovelTvis usmens aucileblobas. misi stiqia Tavisufleba araa, mecniereba arasodes ar yofila da arc iqneba adami-anuri gonis ganmaTavisuflebeli. magram, is iyo da iqneba Rirebuli orientiri aucileblobis samyaroSi. amitom, mecnierebis saqme ar aris WeSmariti, aramed WeSmaritebebi. mecniereba qmnis mecnierul sinamdviles, xolo filosofia Wvrets da qmnis Tavis sinamdviles.

Tu mecniereba aris ekonomiuri Segueba mocemuli samyaro-sadmi da Segueba misi aucileblobisadmi. ra azriT aris filosofia mecnierebaze damokidebuli da unda iyos mecnieruli? upirveles yovlisa, filosofia aris zogadi orientiri mTlian yofierebaSi.. da ara kerZo orientiri, filosofia eZebs WeSmaritsa da ara WeSmaritebebs. mecniereba Tavis safuZvelSi, principebsa da daskvnebSi SeiZleba iyos damokidebuli filosofiaze, magram, ara piriqiT. dasaSvebia mecnierebis filosofia da ara mecnieruli filosofia. filosofia yovelTvis iseT WeSmaritebebs eZebs, romelic aRemateba realur samyaros. filosofiis sapatio mizani yovelTvis iyo Tavisuflebis gageba da Sem-ecneba Tavisuflebidan.

filosofiis stiqiaa Tavisufleba da ara aucilebloba. is gamosavalia samyaros mocemuli aucileblobidan. filosofia principulad sxva tipis reaqciaa samyaroze, vidre mecniereba. mecnieruli filosofia niSnavs, rom man Tavisi pirveladi stiqiuri Tavisufleba gadasca aucileblobis samyaros. filosofiis mizania wvdes samyaros sazriss da Tu samyaro materialuria es sulac ar niSnavs, rom filosofiac aucileblad materi-alisturi unda iyos. filosofia aris Semoqmedeba da ara garemosadmi Segueba. am azriT, filosofia ufro xelovnebaa, vidre mecniereba. is aris gansakuTrebuli tipis xelovneba _ gagebis, Wvretis xelovneba.

filosofia aucilebelia am cxovrebisaTvis. is arasodes ar yofila aucilebeli am samyarodan gasasvlelad. mecniereba adamians tovebs am samyaros usazrisobaSi, magram aZlevs iaraRs, imisaTvis, rom SeZlos am samyaroSi arsebobis SenarCuneba. filosofia miiswrafis gaigos samyaros sazrisi da yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeba samyaros aucileblobas. ZiriTadi azri yoveli WeSmariti filosofiisa am sa-

myaroSi sazrisis Ziebaa. filosofiis istoria savsea Rrma dramatizmiT, momdinare Sem-

ecnebiTi survilidan. filosofiis istoriaSi ar SeiZleba daiZebnos mecnieruli progresis elementebi. filosofiuri cnobierebis istorias aqvs Tavisi aramecnieruli logika. filosofiis istoria aris adamianuri gonis TviTSemecnebis istoria, sadac mkveTrad Cans Semoqmed-filosofosis individualoba.

Cveni epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia cnobierebis gamZafreba da misi krizisi yvela sferoSi. SesamCnevia mecnierul-obieqtivisturi filosofiis seriozuli krizisi. arasodes aseTi Zlieri ar yofila epoqis ganwyoba, rom filosofia sabolood aqcion mecnierulad, rogorc dRes. Tanac, yovelive amis paralelurad Cndeba araCveulebrivi ltolva iracionalurisaken. filosofia ar moiTxovs da ar uSvebs araviTar mec-nierul, logikur mtkicebas da gamarTlebas. mecniereba da misi logika yovelTvis filosofiis gareTaa da mis Semdeg. logika mxolod kibea, romliTac intuiciuri filosofia eSveba samyaros mocemulobamde. is mxolod instrumentia, rodesac filosofiaSi pragmatizmi, rogorc mimarTuleba Cndeba. es mecnieruli filosofiis krizisis simptomia.

Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi TandaTanobiT sacnaurdeba, rom bolo eReba Zveli pasiuri filosofiis aucileblobas, ra formisac ar unda yofiliyo igi. metafizikuri, kritikuli Tu pozitivitisturi. yvela am filosofiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia pasiuroba, daqvemdebareba gare-gani aucileblobis mimarT. am damokidebulebam SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva filosofiuri formulireba, romelic gamoixateba materiis an ideis warmmarTvelobiT.

filosofiuri Semecneba ar SeiZleba iyos mxolod pasiuri, iqneba es yofierebis, samyaros Tu sinamdvilis sxva formis asaxva, aramed, is unda iyos samyaros gageba sinamdvilis SemoqmedebiTi aTvisebis gziT.

berdiaevis TvalsazrisiT, SemoqmedebiTi filosofia gamoricxavs eWvs, radgan, gulisxmobs Semecnebis sagnis siyvaruls. filosofiis paTosi siyvarulis paTosia. amitom aris filosofia xelovneba da ara mecniereba. filosofiis amocanaa ipovos ramdenadme damajerebeli

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formulireba WeSmaritebis, romelic miiwvdomeba intuiciiT da sin-Tezirdeba raime formuliT.(6,37)

cxadia, rom yovelgvar filosifias aqvs anTropologiuri wa-namZRvari. adamiani win uswrebs filosofias. adamiani safuZvelia yovelgvari filosofiuri Semecnebisa. adamiani svams problemebs, adamiani eWvobs. kritikul filosofiaSi arc Tu maincdamainc kargadaa saqme, radgan igi filosofiur problematikas adamianis gareSe ganixi-lavs, sadac Tavad filosofia filosofosobs da ara adamiani. kritikul gnoseologebs uyvarT gamoTqma, rom mecnieruli Semecneba aris WeSmariti realobis wvdoma.

SemoqmedebiTi filosofia anTropologiuri filosofiaa, adamiani ar aris filosofiuri Semecnebis fsiqologiuri wanamZRvari. igi univer-saluri wanamZRvaria, ontologiuri, kosmiuri. filosofiuri Semecnebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos mxolod kosmiuri, adamianis universaluri mdgomareoba samyaroSi da ara fsiqologiuri individualuri yofna.

filosofia aris adamianis gonis TviTrefleqsia, misi Semoq-medebiTi rolis gacnobiereba kosmosSi. filosofia aris gaTavisufleba garegani iZulebidan. filosofosobis wyaroa ara aristoteles an kantis moZRvreba, aramed Tavad yofiereba, misi intuiciurad wvdomis unari (survili). filosofosobis mizani unda iyos ara mxolod sistemis Seqmna, aramed, samyaroSi SemoqmedebiT-SemecnebiTi aqtis ganxorcieleba. es SemoqmedebiTi filosofiis amosavali paradigmaa.

filosofia mudam cdilobs gamoicnos adamianis saidumlo da amgvarad gaigos yofierebis saidumloc. Seican Tavi Seni da am gziT Seicnob samyaros. Tu samyaros safuZvlad ar aris aRebuli adamiani, Cven mxolod zedapirul codnas vaRwevT. samyaros yovelgvar filosofiur Semecnebas win uswrebs adamiani, rogorc absoluturi mocemuloba.

anTropologiuri cnobiereba win uswrebs ara marto ontologias da kosmologias, aramed, gnoseologiasac, adamianis Semecneba da yoveli adamianuri Semoqmedeba efuZneba im wanamZRvars, rom adamiani kosmiuri arsebaa Tavisi bunebiT, is yofierebis centria.

Semoqmedebis dros xdeba adamianobis gaxsna, adamiani

SemoqmedebaSi Tavadve aRmoaCens sakuTar Tavs. rogorc Rmer-Tis `msgavssa da xats~. Semoqmedeba ar aris mxolod keTilisa da borotis Widili, aramed is qmnis axal samyaros da amiT agrZelebs samyaros Seqmnis msgavs saqmes. SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena gas-devs adamianis mTel istorias, magram, misi SemoqmedebiTi buneba xSirad ganiaraRebuli iyo yofierebis dabali sferoebis zegavleniT. Cveulebriv, roca Semoqmedebaze laparakoben gulisxmoben mec-nierebisa da xelovnebis~ ayvavebas. zneobrivi mxare adamianis bunebisa nakleb SemoqmedebiTia, radgan masSi Zlieria normebis valdebulebebis momenti. aseve, ar daiSveba da ar gamarTldeba Semoqmedeba religiiT. ufro metic, SemoqmedebaSia adamianis arsis gasaRebi.

Semoqmedeba mouwyvetelia Tavisuflebidan. Tavisufleba pozi-tiuria da Sinaarsiani. Tavisufali da Semoqmedi adamiani ara marto bunebrivi arsebaa, aramed, ufro meti. is ekuTvnis goniT samyaros. Tavisufleba aris dadebiTi SemoqmedebiTi Zala, romelic arafriT araa ganpirobebuli.

adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa, romelsac samyaros, sinamdvilis gardaqmna SeuZlia da garemos ki ar emorCileba, aramed, Tavis nebasac axvevs mas. sinamdviles gardaqmnis, aagebs garkveuli miznebis Sesabamisad. Semoqmedeba adamianisaTvis arsebiTia. is adamianis specifikas ganapirobebs. e.i. filosofiuri anTropologi-isaTvis adamiani upirvelesad universaluri arsebaa.

igi ar aris mxolod biologiuri, amitom, adamianis gasagebad sak-marisi ar aris kauzalobis principiT misi aRwera. mizez-Sedegobrivi damokidebuleba ver amowuravs adamianis samyaroSi mimarTebaTa ragvarobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi eqvemdebareba garkveuli saxis determinacias, garkveul pirobebs, igi damokidebulia biologiur, fsiqologiur da socialur mocemulobebze da am sibrtyeSi misi gare-gani aRweriT igi sulac ar tovebs Tavisufali arsebis STabeWdilebas. e.i. adamiani ar aris situaciisagan Tavisufali, magram, xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom adamiani Tavisufalia raimesaTvis, raimes mimarT da ara raimesagan. es ki upirvelesad imas niSnavs, rom

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adamiani yvela pirobis Tu situaciis mimarT Tavisufalia arCevanSi.adamiani mxolod ltolvebiT rodi imarTeba, aramed, Rirebule-

bebiTacaa aRZruli. adamiani Tavisuflebis arCevanidan amosvliT sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT wyvets ama Tu im Rirebulebis ganxor-cielebas an arganxorcielebas. igi aqtiurobs, moqmedebs gonis Sesa-tyvisad an mis winaaRmdeg (ltolvis msgavsad goniT aqtivobasac aqvs Tavisi dinamika).

marTalia, goni fsiqikisagan gansxvavebulia, magram, princi-pul rols TamaSobs adamianis fsiqikur aqtivobaSi. radgan, mas aZlevs mimarTulebas. goni faqtiurad yvelaferTan aris, razec ki adamiani azrovnebs, rasac ki exeba. rasakvirvelia, es Tanyofna ar unda warmovidginoT sivrcobrivad (ontiurad), aramed, ontologiuri mniSvnelobiT. goni ar unda gavigoT rogorc substancia, aramed, rogorc aqtualoba, wminda dinamika. goni warmoadgens ontologiur garkveulobas, entitets da masze ver vimsjelebT, rogorc ontiur realo-baze e.i. substanciaze tradiciuli gagebiT. mkacrad unda gaimijnos erTmaneTisagan fsiqofizikuri sinamdvile da goni.

iyo adamiani, niSnavs iyo samyaroSi~ (m.haidegeri). adamia-nis arseboba ganwirulia daRupvisaTvis Tu igi ar axorcielebs TviT-transcendencias. Tavisufleba rogorc adamianuri fenomeni Zalze Ta-viseburi ramaa. adamiani ar aris Tavisufali pirobebisagan. magram, Tavisufalia gamoavlinos pozicia mis mimarT, adamianis Tavisufleba upirvelesad gulisxmobs imas, rom mas aqvs unari gamocalkevdes sakuTari Tavidan, hqondes damokidebuleba mis mimarT. garemo pirobebi mTlianad rodi gansazRvravs mas. adamianis arCevanzea damokidebuli, daemorCileba igi Tu ara garemo pirobebs.

rogorc Seleri aRniSnavda, adamians ufleba aqvs Tavi CaTvalos damnaSaved da iyos dasjili. misi bralis uaryofa, imis axsniT, rom igi garemoebis msxverplia, niSnavs adamians wavarTvaT goni, adamianuri Rirseba. igi ar aris Caketili monada~, Caketili sistema. arsebobis es Riaoba adamianis TviTtranscendenciaSi gamoixateba.

adamiani ar aris `raRac~, igi arc sagania sxva sagnebs So-ris. sagnebi determinirebulia erTmaneTiT. xolo adamiani Tavad

gansazRvravs sakuTar Tavs. is Tavad wyvets misces Tavs neba gansazRvruli iyos vnebebiTa da instinqtebiT Tu goniTa da sazrisiT. adamianis, rogorc mTliani goniTi fenomenis pozitiuri aspeqtia iyos pasuxismgebeli.

Tavisufleba SeiZleba saganTan mimarTebaSi sami mdgomareo-biT daxasiaTdes: 1) vnebebTan damokidebuleba. 2) memkvidreo-basTan damokidebuleba da 3) garemosTan damokidebuleba.

adamians, rogorc cocxal arsebas rom ltolvebi aqvs, kargadaa cnobili. magram, ltolvebi ar amowuraven mas. ltolvebis arsebobis aRiareba ara marto ar ewinaaRmdegeba Tavisuflebas, aramed, filosofiur anTropologiuri gagebiT, Tavisuflebis maCvenebeli wa-namZRvaria, misi uaryofis unaria. Tavisufleba _ esaa Tavisufleba raRacasTan damokidebulebaSi.

adamiani distancirdeba ltolvebisagan, cxovels es ar SeuZlia, amitom, cxoveli ltolvis identuria. cxovels ltolvebi ki ar àqvs~, aramed, Tavad aris ltolva.

ltolvis mocemuloba kontroldeba adamianis goniT ganwyobis Sesabamisad. igi yovelTvis personificirebulia. asea ara mxolod maSin roca ltolva damuxruWebulia, aramed, maSinac roca is Seuz-Rudavia, goni ar aris umoqmedo, is an ereva moqmedebebSi an ganze dgeba. adamiani, rogorc goniTi arseba, aramarto upirispirdeba gare da Siga samyaroebs, aramed, maT mimarT pozicias avlens. is raRacnairad `ganewyoba~, igi rogorRac unda `moiqces~. amitom adamians is ki ar SeuZlia Tqvas: `me var is, rac var~, aramed: `me var is, radac gavxdebi~.

adamiani aseve Tavisufalia memkvidreobiTi faqtorisagan garemos gavlena ZiriTadad damokidebulia imaze Tu ras Seqmnis adamiani, rogorc goniTi arseba (pirovneba) misgan. amgvarad, adamiani, rogorc pirovneba naklebadaa garemos Tu memkvidreobis produqti. adamiani saboloo angariSiT Tavad qmnis sakuTar Tavs, Tavad irCevs sakuTari cxovrebis wess.

adamianis bunebrivi monacemebia: vitaluri safuZveli da misi realuri mdgomareoba. es mocemulobani yovelTvis SeiZleba iqnes

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aRniSnuli da dadgenili biologiiT, fsiqologiiT, istoriiT, sociologiiT. amasTanave, isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom sakuTriv adamianuri yofi-ereba iq iwyeba, sadac mTavrdeba yovelgvari dadgenili da aRniS-nuli, iwyeba iq, sadac Cndeba pirovnuli, goniTi pozicia.

adamiani erTianoba da mTlianobaa, magram, es mTlianoba ar niSnavs, rom igi Sedgeba sxeulis, fsiqikisa da gonisagan da es yvelaferi erTSia, aramed, es modis iqedan, rom mxolod goni kon-stituirebs am erTs da garantias iZleva am erTisas~. adamiani goniT mimarTebas amyarebs Tavis sxeulTan da sulTan (fsiqikasTan). maT mimarT pozicias avlens. adamians aqvs sxeuli da fsiqika, magram, is aris `goni~. adamiani marTalia ganpirobebulia misi biologiiT, magram, misi àseTad yofna~ gonis moqmedebis Sedegia. ada-mianis `TviTganxorcieleba~ goniTi warmoSobisaa. haidegeri mas `transcendents~ uwodebs, iaspersi `komunikacias~. adamiani es aris absoluturi siaxle _ goniTi yofiereba, pirovnuli yofiereba. ada-miani Sekrebadi ki ara integraluri arsebaa. goni aqcevs adamians pirovnebad. goni garedan marTvas ar eqvemdebareba. igi unda ganxorcieldes. me ara marto vmoqmedeb imasTan SesabamisobaSi rac me var, aramed vxdebi imasTan SesabamisobaSi, rogorc vmo-qmedeb, e.i. moqmedeba gadadis poziciaSi.

goni ar faravs cnobierebas, amitom, rogorc v.frankli aRniS-navda: ltolviT aracnobieris gverdiT aris goniTi aracnobieric. go-niTi imdenadaa aracnobieri, ramdenadac arsebobs goniTi aqtebis ararefleqsuri ganxorcieleba. erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba codna da cnobiereba am codnisa. codna pirveladi (primeruli) aqtia, codnis cnobiereba meoradi (sekundaruli) aqtia. TviTcnobierebas upirispird-eba uSualo cnobiereba, romelic pirveladi intenciaa~, xolo refleqsuri anu TviTcnobiereba aris `meoradi intencia~(84,134)

imave avtoris azriT, is rom Znelad amCneven goniTi sinamd-vilis Taviseburebebs, amaSi brali miuZRvis nihilizms (adamianis yofierebis sazrisis uaryofas). nihilizmis saxeobebia _ fiziologizmi, fsiqologizmi, sociologizmi, romlebic SezRudulni arian TavianTi CarCoebiT. maT ar ìcian~, isini àr cnoben~ goniT yofierebas.

nihilistisaTvis adamiani produqtia, marionetia, aqtioria. es gza verasdros migviyvans goniT anTropologiamde.

fsiqologizmis daZleva aqtualuri amocanaa filosofiuri anTro-pologiisaTvis, goniTi ar unda airios fsiqikurSi, romelic yvelafers cnobier zedapirze aproecirebs. amiT ki ikargeba intencionaluri mimarTeba transcendentur saganze, goniTis adgils sulieri (fsiqolo-giuri) mdgomareoba iWers. fsiqologizmi ara mxolod goniT personas aqcevs obieqtad, aramed, goniT aqtebsac. Tavisi arsis mixedviT, go-niTi aqtebi intencionaluria da es sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara imas, rom Tavis mxriv maT aqvT obieqtebi, romelzedac miemarTebian. imwamsve, rogorc ki aqtebi Tavad iqcevian obieqtebad, maSinve intencionaluri aqtis obieqti xelidan usxlteba Cvens mzeras, ramde-nadac upirvelesad laparakia obieqtur Rirebulebaze. e.i. fsiqologizmi iseve brmaa Rirebulebebis mimarT, rogorc saerTod goniTis mimarT.

Rirebuleba aqvs sagans, xolo Rirseba ki personas, pirovnebas (es kargad icoda kantmac). es Rirseba aris pirovnebis Rirebuleba. personis Rirseba, rogorc Rirebuleba ar unda agverios saWiro Ri-rebulebaSi, romelic personas SeiZleba hqondes Rirsebis miRma. adamianis socialur saWiroebebs araferi esaqmeba personalur Rirse-basTan, radgan, persona ar SeiZleba gaviazroT sagnad, obieqtad.

filosofiuri anTropologia adamians mimarTavs Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobisaken. xedvis centri gadaaqvs adamianis Rirsebaze, pasuxismgeblad yofnis cnobierebaze, goniTad yofnaze.

goniTi moqmedeba gulisxmobs aqtiur pirovnul pozicias. goniTi persona, romelsac amagrebs Rirebuleba, sazrisi, jerarsis sfero, winaaRmdegobas uwevs fsiqofizikur aqtebs, alagebs maT da refleqsiis gziT axorcielebs moqmedebas. e.i. Rirebulebani, romle-bic realizdeba produqtiul moqmedebaSi ukve aris Semoqmedeba. aseve arsebobs Rirebulebani, romlebic gancdiT realizdeba da mas Sesabamisad `gancdis Rirebulebebi~ ewodeba. garda amisa, arse-bobs `damokidebulebis, anu msoflmxedvelobrivi~ Rirebulebani. (romelic Zalian axlosaa obieqtivaciis unarTan). yovelive es ki imas gviCvenebs Tu ramdenadaa esa Tu is individi pirovneba e.i. goniTi

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persona.maSasadame, am paradigmiT gaazrebisas, filosofiur anTrop-

ologiuri koncefcia axlosaa eqsistencialur TvalsazrisTan. maTTvis konkretuli adamianis arseboba Tavisi arsiT ar SeiZleba iyos usazriso. raxan mas pirovnebad yofnis unari aqvs, igi valdebulia ganaxorcielos Rirebulebani da iyos pasuxismgebeli.

iyo adamiani, niSnavs ikisro pasuxismgebloba Seni cxovrebis ragvarobisa. es adamianis amqveyniuri `movaleoba da misiaa~(84,70). adamianuri yofiereba esaa Segneba da pasuxismge-bloba, gacnobiereba TiToeuli adamianis gansakuTrebulobisa da ganumeoradobisa. es ki adamianuri yofierebis mouwyveteli sazrisia. magram, es ganumeoradoba sruliad sxva tipis ganumeoradobaa. is ar efuZvneba adamianis biologiur mocemulobas. adamianis arseboba rogorc pirovnebisa niSnavs, rom igi aris yofierebis gansakuTrebuli tipi, romelic ar hgavs yofierebis nebismier sxva obieqts. igi Ta-visi arsebobis wesiT unikaluria. adamiani ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc Semadgeneli elementi romelime sistemisa. radgan, amiT ikargeba gansakuTrebuloba. adamianuri yofierebis wesia adamianad (pirovnebad) yofna.

Tu amgvarad ar ganvixilavT adamians, xelSi SegvrCeba ar-seba, romelic frustrirebulia xan seqsualurad, xan eqsistencialurad. ra apirobebs eqsistencialur vakuums. isev v.franklis movusminoT: cxovelis sapirispirod instinqtebi da ltolvebi adamians ar eubnebian, Tu ra unda akeTos man. Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis arc tradici-uli Rirebulebebia erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvruli. amitom Tu adamiani xvdeba socialuri wnexSi, igi akeTebs imas, rasac sxvebi akeTeben _ es ki konformizmia. anda imas, rasac sxvebi moiTxoven, aiZuleben, rom gaakeTos _ amis Sedegia totalitarizmi. es orive goniTi yofierebis ararsebobis _ eqsistencialuri vakuumis produqte-bia. (es problemebi metad sainteresod aqvs gamokvleuli qarTvel filosofoss z.kakabaZes Tavis cnobil SromebSi).

adamianis goniTi arsebobis dros xdeba Tavad goniTis gac-nobiereba (ararefleqsuri yofierebis Rirebulebebis cnobierebis doneze

amotana). upirvelesad, es niSnavs adamianis arsobrivi safuZvlis _ goniTobis gacnobierebas _ rac pasuxismgeblobis, adamianis pasuxismgeblad yofnis gacnobierebaa. adamianma sakuTari yofna ùnda daxarjos~, rogorc Rirebulebebis Seqmnisadmi pasuxismge-belma arsebam. amiT gansxvavdeba adamianuri yofiereba yvela sxva tipis yofierebisagan. es aris swored misi unikaluroba. sakuTriv adamianuri yofiereba _ esaa yofna Rirsebis grZnobiT. Tu adami-ani Tavidan `moicilebs~ pasuxismgeblobas raRac nawilsac ki, Tu CvenSi arsebobs tendencia gaveqceT pasuxismgeblobis tvirTs, es iqceva koleqtivizmis nebismieri formis motivad.

adamianis Tavisufleba imasac niSnavs, rom gaeqces sakuTari tipis SezRudul CarCoebs, ar ganisazRvros misiT, WeSmaritad ada-mianuri arseboba adamianSi maSin iwyeba, roca daupirispirdeba garegan determinants, win aRudgeba sakuTar tipze damokidebule-bas. swored, sakuTari ganumeoreblobis SegrZneba qmnis namdvil adamians. rac ufro standartulia adamiani, miT ufro iTqvifeba Tavis rasaSi, kulturaSi, erovnebaSi, tradiciaSi, religiaSi Tu fsiqologiur tipSi. rac ufro Seesabameba igi `raRac standartul saSualos~, miT ufro dablaa, rogorc goniTi, zneobrivi mimarTebebis subieqti.

Rirebulebebis realizaciiT adamiani qmnis Tavisi arsebobis wess, Tavis beds. adamianis Tavisufleba miRebaa monawileobis poziciis arCevaSi. filosofiur anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT, vin-mem rom mogvTxovos adamianis gansazRvra, igi SeiZleba asec Camogveyalibebina: adamiani aris arseba, gaTavisuflebuli yovelive imisagan, rac mas gansazRvravs, rogorc biologiur, fsiqologiur Tu sociologiur tips. anu es aris arseba, romelic aRemateba yvela am determinants, imiT, rom moipovebs maTze gamarjvebas, Tavad aformebs Tavis yofierebas. rogorc iaspersi ambobs: adamianma upirvelesad Tavad unda gadawyvitos, rogori unda iyos. misi TviT-ganmsazRvreli arseboba~ aris adamianis yofiereba, adamianis fundamenturi SesaZlebloba.

kidev erTxel mivubrundeT gonis raobis sakiTxs. mainc sad imyofeba igi? Tu goni fsiqikaa, ra Tqma unda is gaiazreba cnobieri

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fsiqikis maRal fenad, maSin gonis, rogorc fsiqikis umaRlesi donis gageba iqneba fsiqologiis kvlevis obieqti. magram, problema swored isaa, rom gons aqvs specifikuri arseboba. goni ar SeiZleba gaazre-buli iqnes, rogorc fsiqika. marTalia, gons cnobierebaSi aqvs adgili (ramdenadac adamianur-subieqtur gonze vmsjelobT) magram, is cnobierebis araspecifikur Sinaarsad unda gavigoT. radgan ar arse-bobs realuri sinamdvile _ goniTi fsiqika. aq gamosavali SemdegSia: jer erTi, dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom adamianis raoba fsiqikaze ar daiyvaneba, radgan igi goniTi arsebaa. goni ki fsiqikuri ganzomileba ar aris. analizisas aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan gaiTiSos fsiqologia da filosofiuri anTropologia. SeiZleba ase iTqvas: subieqturi goni niSnavs gonis konkretulad gaxdomis faqts. personasTan gonis dakavSirebas, obieqturi gonisa sapirispirod, rac personisagan da-moukidebel arsebobas gulisxmobs, radgan igi fiqsirebulia goniT produqtebSi, (SenaqmnebSi) _ kulturaSi.

adamianis fsiqologia fsiqikis farglebs ar unda Sordebodes. filosofiuri anTropologia fsiqikas ar ikvlevs is swavlobs adamians, rogorc mTlian goniT arsebas. (adamianis rogorc goniTi arsebis ganzomilebebs, mis moqmedebas, romelic ar aris fsiqika, magram subieqtis kuTvnilebaa. am sakiTxebis kvlevas miuZRvna a. bo-WoriSvilma ara erTi fundamenturi naSromi).

maSasadame, filosofiuri anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamia-nis subieqturi goni SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc eqsistencia. eqsisten-ciis arsi ki transcendenciaa. gons mihyavs adamianis qceva da am gonis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe adamianis moRvaweoba usazriso aqtivobamde davidoda. goniT moqmedebis gaCereba iwvevs ada-mianis mTlianobis daSlas, mis gadagvarebas, anTropologiuri sivrcis dangrevas.

amgvarad, adamianis arsi unda gaviazroT, rogorc goniTis funqcioba. adamianis ganmsazRvreli subieqturi goni fsiqikisagan gansxvavebul garkveulobas warmoadgens (igi intencionaluri aqtia. intencionaluri referenti miuTiTebs adamianis moqmedebaze. amas-Tanave, misi arseboba gulisxmobs transcendenciasac, adamianuri

arseboba ar aris autenturi Tu is ar cxovrobs, rogorc TviTtranscen-denciis unaris mqone arseba).

maSasadame, gavimeoreb araerTjer naTqvams. filosofiur anTropologiuri Tvalsazrisi adamianis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeba tradici-uli ontologiuri midgomebisagan. is adamians ganixilavs, rogorc damoukidebel da TviTmyofad arsebas. miuxedavad dasaxelebuli sxvadasxva mimarTulebebisa, yvela maTgani cdilobs adamiani gaigos rogorc Semoqmedi arseba, romelic qmnis Tavis yofierebas da aris Semecnebis, istoriis da kulturis subieqti. amasTanave, yur-adReba eqceva calkeul individs, wina planze wamoweulia adamianis aqtiur-SemoqmedebiTi sawyisi. filosofiuri anTropologia SeiZleba miviCnioT imis magaliTad Tu rogor SeiZleba konkretul-mecnieruli codnis gamoyeneba filosofiuri problemebis asaxsnelad, kerZod, adamianis Sesaxeb filosofiuri disciplinis Sesaqmnelad.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, filosofiur anTropologiuri Seswavlis obieqtia adamiani rogorc gansazRvruli, mudmivi da Seucvleli arsis mqone arseba, amasTanave arseba, romelsac aqvs ganumeorebeli konkretul-istoriuli mTlianoba, romelSic igi aqtualizdeba. e.i. ra aris adamiani? aris kiTxva misi arsis Sesaxeb, im kanonzomierebis da meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, romelic mas moecema, rogorc bunebriv arsebas da romelsac igi Tavad aiTvisebs da Seqmnis Tavisive kul-turis meSveobiT. rom goniTi aqtivoba aris safuZveli misi Semoq-medebiTi moRvaweobis. riTac qmnis~ igi sakuTar Tavs, cxovrebis wess. sakuTar yofierebas.

maSasadame, filosofiuri anTropologia SeiZleba miviCnioT iseT specifikur filosofiur mimarTulebad, romelmac SeZlo gaeerTiane-bina filosofiuri da bunebaTmecnieruli codna, Seeqmna koncefcia adamianis arsis, misi mTlianobis Sesaxeb da adamiani gaigo rogorc kreatori, goniTi arseba.

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safuZvlebi. Tb. 1976.9) boWoriSvili a. adamianis fenomenologiis Sesaxeb. krebulSi

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anTropologiis sakiTxebi~ V. Tb. 1978.11) boWoriSvili a. ras amboben filosofosebi adamianis Sesaxeb. Tb.

1980.12) bolnovi o. (Bollnow O.) Dilthey. Stutgart 1955.13) bregaZe a. ra aris adamiani? Tb. 1997.14) briuningi m. (Brüning M.) Philosophische Anthropologie. Stutgart 1950.15) buaCiZe T. adamianis yofiereba da adamianis raoba. krebulSi

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Welt. W. 1978. wiesbaden22) geleni a. Gehlen A. Anthropologische Forschung. München 196423) geleni a. Gehlen A. Moral und Hypermoral. Eine pluralistische Ethik

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s ar C e v i

Sesavali

ra aris filosofiuri anTropologia ........................................... 3

Tavi pirveli

filosofiuri anTropologiis winare istoria .....................25

1. adamiani antikuri, Sua saukuneebis da

axali drois filosofiaSi ........................................................27

2. i.kantis anTropologiuri koncefcia ...................................37

3. l.foierbaxis anTropologizmi ................................................52

4. z.froidis fsiqoanalizuri anTropologia ..................... 60

Tavi meore

m.Seleris goniTi anTropologia ......................................................85

Tavi mesame

h.plesneri _ biologiuris da gonis adgili

adamianis struqturaSi ......................................................................... 106

Tavi meoTxe

a.geleni _ adamiani rogorc `naklovani~, moqmedi arseba ......127

Tavi mexuTe

e.roThakeris kultur-filosofiuri anTropologia ........147

Tavi meeqvse

m.landmani _ adamiani rogorc kulturis

subieqti da obieqti ...............................................................................187

Tavi meSvide

d.uznaZis anTropologiuri Tvalsazrisi ................................ 212

daskvna

adamiani rogorc Semoqmedi, goniTi arseba ........................... 249

literatura ............................................................................................ 296

302 303

nino mSvenieraZe

adamiani rogorc Semoqmedi,

goniTi arseba

(filosofiuri anTropologia)

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Sesavali - socium.ge antropologia nino mshvenieradze.pdf · filosofiuri anTropologia pasuxobs kiTxvas: ra aris adamiani da garkveuli azriT, Zlevs aRniSnul problemur situacias. amitom,