Plain Truth 1974 (Prelim No 08) Sep_w

7/28/2019 Plain Truth 1974 (Prelim No 08) Sep_w

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a maga:= in f' o f u n d e r .wt a n d i n qVol. XXXIX No.8 Circulat ion : 2.785.044

September 1974

How your subscriptionhas been paidYour already-paid subscription is made possi ble by the contributions of those who , voluntarily, have become co-workers in support ofth is worldwide work . Ambas sador College. asa se para te corporation, is associated with theWorldwid e Church of Cod . and a portion ofthe financial needs of the work is supplied bythat Church. The publi shers have nothing tosell and . although contributions are gratefullywelcomed, no solicitation is ever made to thepublic for financial support.

ARTICLESNeeded: National ChangeWorld's Burdens Fall on New ShouldersThe Gibraltar ControversyYugoslavia After Tito - WhatWill Happen?Gambling: Why the Odds Are StackedAgainst YouAtomic Energy - Worth the Risk?Europe: Catastrophe and RevivalPart VII: France Strugglesfo r European SupremacyTune in to Garner Ted ArmstrongDai ly on Radio

FEATURESPersonal f rom the Edito rWhat You Can DoWhat Our Readers SayRadio LogGarner Ted Armstrong Speaks Out!

2361112162029

15283032

Chairman or /he Board and Eduor-in-Chi e]Herbert W. Arm strong

Vk e Chamnan "1/(/:l H ocia f ( ' E,litor.in -Chi eGarner Ted Armstrong

.\ l lIn.,gil1g Editor: Arthur A. FerdIgSl'llior Editors: David Jon Hrtl. Herman L. Hoeh.Charle.. F. Hununa. Robert L . Kuhn. RavmondF. McNa ir - Sel


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PRESIDENT Gerald R. Ford is sworn in by Chief Justice Warren Burger asthe 38 th President of the United States. August 9. 19 74 .

Addis Ab aba last mon th. takingprelimina ry tele vision footage for aTV program and for my comingpubl ic appearance there. bu t had tocall them out , becau se those officialswe had contacted were in prison .

Th en. you rememb er I was in(Continued al l page 26)

thrown and the king fled in exi le. Idid visit Empe ro r Hai le Selassie ofEthiopia in June of last year, andagain thi s past January. But sinceth en his country has been virtuallyoverthrown by a military up rising.Th e emperor , howe ver, is still on histh ron e. I had ph otogr aphers in

NOW-IT STRIKES HOME!

Personal fromY ES. NOW . it strikes HOME! I'vebeen telling our re adershow. like fall ing dominoes.governments of nations have beentoppling all over the world. one after another.

Perhaps it d idn't seem very significant to some of us in the UnitedStates! It did to me . becau se in gov ernment after government. I was a tlea st indirectly involved. person ally'

Now. for the first time in UnitedStates history. ou r own governmentha s been affected - right to the verytop . The 37th Pr esident of th eUnited St ates, du e to the vicissitudes of hum an frailty. has beenforc ed to turn the power of govern-ment over to another - and he . aman not in office by vote of th epeople. He was selec ted by Mr.Nixon . who had a lso selec ted hispredecessor. a lso dr iven from officedu e to un fitn ess.

And now th e Un it ed St at es willhav e a new vice- preside nt chosen.not by vote of th e people. but by the38th Presiden t Ge rald Fo rd. himselfchosen by the man for ced by hisown misdeeds to resign .

Fo r six yea rs now, I have beenprivate ly disc uss ing th eir p rob lemsand world conditions with heads ofstate all over the wor ld - presiden ts.kings. emperors. prime mini sters.o thers high in gove rnment - problem s too weig hty for human so lution. If you had sa t in a cha ir besideme in th es e many privat e d iscussions. you would rea lize thathuman problems. tro ubles a nd evilsar e beyond human ability to solve.But whe n you ad d human na tureand its tem pt ati o ns and mistakes.yo u have a situation where we simply cannot pu t tru st in hum an government.

But let me tell yo u. aga in. whythese con ti nuo us topplings of gove rnments st rike hom e so thunder ously to me.

I've writte n yo u how J was invite d . in March of last year, to visitth e king of Afghanist an a n d the em-peror of Eth iop ia. Before I could fita vis it to Afgh an ist an in to myschedule. th e government was over-PLAIN TRUTH September 1974


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w ashlngron, D.C.. August 9. 1974ALLMORNING the signs of a histor t ric change were in the air,sensed by the crowds tha tga the re d in front of the WhiteHouse to see Me. Nixon and his

family leave the nat ion's capital.The emo tions in the throngs ofpeople ra nged from sadness to asense of relief. and in some cases.open elation a t the resignation ofthe 37th President of the UnitedSta tes. While some wept, otherschee red.Even the ha rdened press corpswere affected by the historic events.I asked one well-seasoned corre

spondent what his thoughts were ofthe past few days. His on ly reactionwas, "A li i can say is we are living invery unique times: 'The reaction on Capitol Hill toAmerica's recent presidentia l crisis

was summarized by Senator Hu ghScot t : "This country has been on theverge of a nervous breakdown longenough."

" Reprieve" fo r America?The vast majority of members ofthe House of Rep resentat ives voiceda heartfelt, genuine welcome for the

incom ing President, Gera ld R.Ford. It was like a "breath of freshair ," as one obse rver commented.He continued: " It seems like America has been given a rep rieve ."In his acceptance speech. Mr.Ford see med to se t the mora lgroundwork of his administration:

"M y fellow American s. OUf lon g nation a l nightmare is ove r. OUf Con stitution works. Our grea t republicis a gove rnment of laws. and not ofmen . Here the people rule."But there is a higher power, by

whatever name we hon or him. whoorda ins not onl y righteousness bu tlove. not only justice but mercy."In conclusion. Mr. Ford ca lledupon a ll Americans to pray for him .He a ffi rmed that "God helping me.I will not let you down."

Political Earth qu akesWorldwide

In my three yea rs in Washington .have seen severa l world leaders

NEEDED:NATIONALCHANGEby Dexter H. Fa ulkner

come to this capital to converse withPresiden t Nixon. only to returnhome and be overthrown or faceinternal polit ica l turmoil.We in America are unique only in

the fact that this is our very first timeto expe rie nce a n unpreceden tedchange in power. The fact is. politica l uph eavals and ove rturns of govern ment a re not uncommon on theworld scene today . At least twodoze n nat ions ha ve undergone politica l earthquakes in the last 24months.Has the politica l and socia l str uc

ture of the United States been weakened - or strengthened, as manyassert - now that Watergate is"past"? The "spirit of America" isnow moving forward again. it is saidby some. Our democratic systemand our way of life works and haspurged us. We are whole and righ tagaIn.But are we really? Has the system

purged us as a society ' Will the removal of one man. however guilty.a nd the inauguration of anothersolve all our national problems? Or .put it another way. did we make ascapegoa t of Richard Nixo n by assignin g all our sins to him. by mak-ing him stand trial as our leader forthe wrongs of the nation as well ashis own?I think there is something to be

sa id for this latter view. As I lookaround Washington and listen topeople. I hear very few willing toacce pt any personal responsibilityfor whatever plight this countryfinds itself in. Men who publiclydecry lawlessness trot home and filecrooked income tax forms. They lie

and chea t eac h other publicly and inprivate. Those hurling accusationsoften find themselves in a fewmonths being the accused . Policemen . judges, cabinet members and avice-p resident of the United Stateshave been ensnared by their ownmisconduct.The list of examples could beend less: the point is simple: thecharacter of a na tio n is the sum of

its parts.Watergate : Symptoma ti c

of Nationa l IllnessThe Wa tergate affair, rather than

mak ing us g leeful over Nixon'souster or giving us a "sense of relief." shou ld. in fact. make us introspective of our own lives. Whenwas the last time I told the easy lieinstead of the hard truth ? Moralityis no respecter of persons - wrong iswrong. This na tion is beset withmany sca nda ls - not j ust one. Corruption threat ens to become a wayof life - for many. it a lready is.Unless and until we as individu alsand as a nat ion turn to the straightand narrow paths of truth, ju sticeand mercy. we have not seen ourlast Watergate. The nat ion as awho le must change.Will we as a people be so foolishas to ove rlook the words of Isaiahthe prophet: "Ah sinful nation. apeople lade nwith iniquity. . . . Fromthe so le o f the foot even unto thehead there is no soundness in it; butwounds. and bruises. and putrifyin gsores" (Isaiah 1:4. 6).And aga in the very God to whichour new President has asked us to

pray says th rough Isaiah. "Nonecalleth for ju stice. nor any pleadethfor truth: they tru st in vanity. andspeak lies; they conceive mischief.and bring forth iniquity. . . . Theway of peace they know not : andthere is no judgment in their goings:they have made them crookedpaths: whosoever goeth therein sha llnot know peace" (Isaia h 59:4. 8).The solution to our national prob

lems is not the condemna tion orremova l of one man . but the confession and repentan ce of our nationa l sins. 0


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G RA t O R. FORO assumes anoffice that is much morethan President of the UnitedStates. monumental in itself. He isnow, in effect, Chie f Executive ofmuch of the civilized world . Thisplanet's problems are now his towrestle with.

With Watergate hopefully behind. Mr. Ford now confronts muchdeeper and more com plex issues the world economy. the growingspecter of global food shortages.and rifts and tensions within the\Vestern alliance.

The ove r 130 nat ions of theworld. indeed. have prob lems. Andrepresentatives o f these nation soften seek solutions to their problems from the man who resides at1600 Pennsylvania Aven ue. Wash ington. D.C. That 's why " trouble atthe top" in America means con-fusion a nd disorder for much of therest of the world .When Mr. Ford announced that"our long national nightmare isover" people aro u nd the world. notju st Americans. breathed a hugesigh of relief.

On the very day Mr. Ford assumed office he. with Secretary ofSta te Hen ry Kissinger at his side.rece ived ambassadors from 57 na-tions. The nex t day . Dr. Kissingerand his top aides met with moretha n 60 a mbassadors of African.Asian and European countries. Allof the envoys. who arrived in theirblack limousines at the State Department with almost assemb ly likeprecision. so ught assurances thatthere would be no change in U. S.attitudes toward their countries.The fact is. in no other country isa change of leadership so critical for

the state of the world . Not even achange at the top in the SovietUnion is looked upon with as muchinternational anxiety. We asked ourregion al editors and other PlainTruth corresponden ts around theworld to cable in their impression sabout how the change in the Ameri-can presidency affects their areas .Here arc thei r reports:PLAIN TRUTH September 1974

WORLD'S BURDENSFALL ON NEWSHOULDERSPRESIDENT FORD confers with Secretary of State Kissinger. The retentionof Dr. Kissinger has removed anxieties abroad about changes in U.S. policy .

J P Lettont - S ygma3


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London:Europe reacted with a sigh of relief that a t last the tra uma of theWatergate affair is over. On this sideof the At lantic, it has not been ahappy sight to view the strongesteconomic power in the world besetwith a "cancer growing on the presi dency."The last batch of White Housetape transcripts revealed the formerPresident's lack of interest in thefate of the British pound and theItalian lira - lost as he was in thedoldrums of the Watergate affair.Europeans are therefore relievedtha t there is now a full-time pres ident in the White House.

The past couple of years havebeen quite stormy for transatlanticrelations. With new faces in government in the major countries of Europe , it is hoped tha t there will be afriendly and efficient resolution ofproblems. These include trade,monetary and NATO affairs. Despite U. S. inflation and balance ofpayment problems, Europeans hopethat Mr. Ford will maintain theU. S. troop commitment to Europe'sdefense.

- Peter Butler, David Price

Diisseldorf:The feeling expressed in the newsmedia here is that of unan imous approval for Gera ld Ford as new President of the United States and reliefat the resignation of Mr. Nixon,thus ending the agonizing d rama ofWatergate.Although re la t ively unknown,Gera ld R. Ford is considered to bethe man who can restore a sense ofinner peace to his coun try and confidence in the office of the presiden cy. The Cologne daily, St adt-Anzeiger, wen t so far as to say that"Gera ld Ford is in this historicalhour the ideal President of theUnited States."The new President's decision to

retain Henry Kissinge r as secre taryof state was received here with afeeling of relief and confidence thatthe team of For d-Kissinger wouldbe a good one.4

On speci fic issues, the influentialHamburg dai ly, Die Well. exp ressedthe hope that the new Amer icanChief Executive will be more flexible than President Nixon was in thecritical area of trade and monetaryaffairs. Due to President Ford's understand ing of basic milita rystrategy, one newspaper, the BonnGeneral-A nzeiger, seemed confidentthat he would not encourage the reduction of American troops on WestGerman soil.

- John KarlsonBrussels:President Gerald Ford is off to agood start, according to reassuredleaders here in "Europe 's capital."

The Nor th Atlantic Council methere Saturday morning, Augus t 10,to hear and discuss a message fromthe new President. written and sentwithin hours of his taking office.NATO observers emphasized as agood sign the speed with which themessage was sent, as well as its content, going beyon d the demands ofprotocol. It pledged cont inued U. S.support of the NATO alliance withassurance that Henry Kissingerwould remain as secretary of state.In two areas. tho ug h, EECsources express hope for a modestimprovement : trade and moneta rypolicy.These hopes stem from three factors: ( I) the U. S. Congress is nolonger preoccupied with the Waterga te investigation, meani ng it cannow turn its attention to sta lled legislation. including a trade bill whichmust be passed before GAIT negotiations can progress in Geneva, (2)Ford's expected ability to deal withCongress, also aiding passage of thetrade bill, an d (3) Fo rd's declaredpriority of tackling inflation as thenat io n's numb e r one prob lem,br inging about a more stable worldeconomic picture.

- Henry SturckeParis:Possible economic consequencesof the American presidential turn

over rank high among French con-

cerns. In fact, the first officialFrench reaction to Mr. Nixon's resignation was the initiat ion of certainmeasures by Finance Minister Fourcade designed to discourage monetary speculation in the wake of thepowe r shift in Washington.There is a lso the fear that America, traumatized by Watergate, mayturn inward and embark upon acourse of nee-isolationism.These uncertainties about the future seemed to be tempered by

some degree of optimism. TheWashington correspondent of LeFigaro. for instance, was favorablyimpressed by Mr. Ford' s presidential debut. In his estimation, the newPresident's particular qualities - hiscandor, loyalty and dynamism may be just what America needs atthis time to recover from Watergate."Certainly one may argue." hewrote , "that Gera ld Ford's famelesscongressional career does not singlehim out as the most qua lified manto take charge of the destiny of hiscountry and of the world. or to sleepwith a 'hot line' at his bedside. It istoo early to tell wha t effect the exercise of power will have upon him.

"Americans like to say: 'It 's theWhi te House that makes the President' - and they aren't necessa rilywrong."

- Tom RogersRome:Like much or Western Europe,Italians view the resignation of President Nixon with mixed emotions.Sources within the Italian government characterized Italian reactionas threefold: (I ) admiration mixedwith surprise that the American system of democracy was so efficientthat it could attack and rid itself ofcorruption even at the highest level.(2) Bewilderment and some concern reflected in seeing the leadi ngna tion in the Western world takesuch "de-stabilizing action" overwhat Italy sees as a comparativelyminor incident. Some newspapereditorials saw the whole affair asone of excessive moralism in America. President Nixon's accomplish-

PLAIN TRUTH September 1974


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rnen ts in the field of fore ign affairswere seen as far-outweighing theminor infrin gements of Watergate.(3) Concern for the future. Because the American position is soimportant on any given issue inworld politics. a certain period ofnervousness and reassessment is expected here in Italy - a time ofwaitand see. While Secretary of StateKissinger's remain ing in office isseen as a stabilizing influence. concern is expressed here over the possibility that his role might not be thesame powerful role it has been .

Nevertheless. the general view isthat the resignation was a goodthing . Praising the strength of thefree press in the U. S.. one left ofcenter Itali an new spap er. PaeseSera - und er "N ixon in Italy"headlines - sta ted tha t if Nixon hadbeen part of the Italian system. thegovernment would have bought outany newspap er attempting such revelations. In a final thrust at corruption in the Ita lian government. thepaper noted: "Ita ly has importedmilitary bases. blue jeans and pinball machines from the U. S.. butnot American democracy."

- Ray KasankeSydney:

From Australia's point of view,President Ford faces two urgentduties - restoring confidence in theWhite House and ensuring the continuity of American foreign policy.The lal le r is extremely important toAustralia. Because of this. Canberraregards the retent ion of Dr. Kissinger as secretary of state with particular pleasure. As the newspaperThe Australian said. "since early1973 Dr. Kissinger has been labelled 'the foreign president ofAmerica: "

Australia wishes the new American President well. .Perhaps its expectations of him were best summedup by the Australian Financial Review when it sa id in an edit orial," the expectation and hope in Canberra is that Mr. Ford will leaveHenry Kissinger to simply car ryonPLAIN TRUTH September 1974

the old Nixon foreign policies." Andthat is the best thing he could do forAustralia.

- Dennis LukerSingapore:

The Nixon resignat ion caughtSingapore in the midst of its ninthindependence day celebrations. Oneof Mr. Nixon's last acts as Presidentwas to send a congratulatory message to Singapore for her nationalday.The public rea cti on here andthroughout neighboring Malaysia

was generally one of apathy or relief. The re was a tota l lack of personal identification or empathy withMr. Nixon. in very sha rp contrast tothe news of the assassination ofPresident Kennedy. Public emotion.ind ignation, and tears were in openevidence th roughout Southeast Asiaon that in famous day.

Perhaps the clearest expression ofthe view toward Watergate and Mr.Nixon from this part of the worldappeared in the editorial of SinChew Jit Poh, the Na tional Chinesedaily of Malaysia : "From the pointof view of a foreigner. the Watergate affair should not be allowed tooblitera te Mr. Nixon's record ofachievements in his handling of international affairs."His merit s or demerits will be

judged by future historians. . . . Despite the change at the WhiteHouse. the world still pins its hopeon President Gerald Ford and theSecretary of State Dr. Kissinger tocarry on with Mr. Nixon's policy ofinternational detente so that thenex t generation can live in peace:'

- Guy AmesManila:The feeling of relief expressed in

many parts of the world is verymuch evident here as well. Mostn ew sp ap er ed it orials pr ai sedN ixon's decision to resign and not toprolong an issue which will on lyfocu s American attention on its owninternal affairs. The relief perh apscomes more from the CUllin g short

of the uncertainty of U. S. foreignpolicy rather than from emotionalinvolvement with the issues .

- Colin AdairMexico City:

There were , at first. moments ofdoubt and expectancy in the political circles as to what would be thepolicy of the newly designated president. Mr. Ford . But those doub tswere somewhat allayed when thenew President ga ve assurancesthrough telegrams to head s of government and through press releasesth at the policies toward LatinAm erica would remain the same asin the past administration. that aidpromi ses made during that periodof government wou ld be kept . andalso. of course. that the Secreta ry ofState Henry Kissinger would continue in his post to carry out thosepol icies.

There is also a certain amount o findifference since many of thepeople feel tha t no mai ler who thePresident of the U. S. was or is. theU. S. will continue not dealing fairlyand with enough interest toward itsLatin American neighbors and continental brothers.

- Enrique RuizJohannesburg:

Most of the news media carriedarticles expressing regret and sadness at Mr. Nixon's resigna tion.News articles and radio programsstressed Mr. Nixon 's achievementsmore than the mistak es he mayhave made .As to Mr. Nixon's successor. theSouth African press shows some optimism . "N o previous U. S. President has gon e into office bett erinformed on South Africa than Mr.Gerald Ford." reported the PretoriaNews on August 9. Dr. Connie Mulder. Minister o f th e Interi or .summed it up by saying Ford was"a realistic and strong leader. . . . Ican say that I have met Mr. Fordand I found him very level-he aded.solid. hon est and a down-to-earthperson."

- Andre Van Belkum5


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I s ITS T I ~ U . no nation or empirepossessed such an imposingsymbol of its imperial prideand glory as did Britain . Gibraltar- the awesome limestone monolithstanding sent inel over the At lant icapproaches to the Mediterranean has for nearly three centuries been asymbol of power and stre ngt h. ofpermanence. endu rance - and j utjawed defiance.

From the time of its captu re fromSpain in 1704. Gibraltar has been apr ized British fort ress a nd crowncolony. Without "the Rock." theBritish Emp ire would have been difficult to maintain.Gibraltar looks westward to the

Atlantic. northward to Europ e .sou thwa rd to Africa . and eastwardto the Mediterranean. It has beenand is now an important worldcrossroads and sea gate. Brita in hascontrolled scores of other la nd andsea gates a round the world - Suez.the Khybe r Pass. the Strai t of Malacca, Singapore. Ma lta. and Cey lonto name on ly a few. One by onethese gates ha ve fa llen to other na-

lions or have become independent.But not Gibraltar."The Rock" is unique. Britain.which ga ve up Ind ia. her Africancolonies. and other holdings aroundthe world almost without a fight . hasbeen determined to hold on to thelion-shaped rock - " the most inestimab le jewel in the British Crown."in the opin ion of one-time BritishPr ime Min ist er William Pitt.Conversely. Spain has been j ust

as de termined to recover the Rock.To the Spanish. British sovereigntyover Gib ralta r represen ts whatSpanish sovereignty over the whitecliffs of Dover would be - an intolerable aff ront to nat ional dignity. a"thorn in the side ,"

Slice of Old EnglandToday Gibraltar's nearly three

centuries-old associa t ion with Britain is evident a t every turn. Thevisitor to th is 2 '14-squarc-mile "sliceof old England." suspended like anappend ix below Spa in's southerncoas t, finds himself stro lling downstreets suc h as "Winston Ch urchill

Avenue," "Q ueen 's Road," " PrinceEdward 's Road ," and "George 'sLane." Many of Gibralta r's 200pub s be ar such patently Britishnames as The Red Lion , The Batand Ball. The Fox and Hounds. andThe Bull and Bush. The tradit ionalafternoon tea . fish and chips.English beer. " bobbies," British accent s. the Vic toria Hote l, K ingGeo rge V Hospital - all are remi nders of longstandi ng British colonia l status.

Gibralta r's current population of28.000 - a curious blend of Genoes e. Maltese, Portuguese. Spanish.English. and Jewish stocks - hasbeen described as being more British than the British themselves. Italian-surnamed taxi drivers proudlydisplay pictures of Queen Elizabethon dashboards. News kiosks. andsometimes fences and bui ldin gs. adverti se pro-British sentiments.

Sti ll Important inNuclear Age

Today. the Rock has lost much ofits forme r glory . With the adven t of

TheGIBRALTARCONTROVERSYFor nearly three centuries. the Rock o f Gibraltar has been the focus ofheated debate . One of the few remaining vestiges o f a once-m ighty BritishEmpire. " the Rock " i s an ever-present thorn in the side o fAnglo-Spanishrelat ions,by Keith W . Stump

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the nuclear age. the military valueof Gibraltar diminished significan tly from the days of cannons andsailing ships. when a canno n ballfrom the Rock could be sent acro ssthe bow of a hostile ship .

Still. the Rock is of strategic valueto Britain (which maintains a navalbase and air facility there) as we ll asto NATO. which operates a communica tions center and observationpost on the peninsula.In addi tion to its military functions, Gibraltar today is an important po rt o f cal l with a lar geshipping and transit tra ffic - onwhich the Rock's economy is primarily based . (Gibraltar has virtually no industry or agri culture ofits own.) Interestingly. more Rus-

OVERLOOKING the Bay of Algecirasand the southern coa st of Spainare gun emplacements (foreground)along the sheer north face of Gibral-tar. Airstrip which juts into the bayextends across the isthmus.

sian ships call at Gibraltar. a freeport. than at any other port in thenon-commun ist world.

The ControversyThe Gibraltar question is a complex one . Stated briefly, Spain in

sists that alth ough the 1713 Tre atyof Utre cht (see historical summary)prov ides a legal basis for Britishpresence on the Rock. the trea ty retained residual sovereignty forSpain.

In 1967. Generalissimo FranciscoFranco of Spain made his nation'sposition clear: "G ibra l tar is Spanish . and it is the task of every rulerand every citizen of this country[Spain] to try for its return to theintegrity of the motherland ,"Spain wants Britain to show awillingness to begin the process of

transfer even if the process itselfshould take decades.In Span ish eyes, continued Britishsovereignty over Gi braltar is an affront to Spanish dignity. Spa in willnever sett le for anything less thanfull restitution of Spanish sovereignty over the Rock.

Brita in. on the other hand. assertsthat her title to the Rock is based on270 yea rs of uninterrupted occupation. as well as on the 1713 treaty,Moreover. Lond on has given a firmcommitment to stand by the wishesof the Gibraltarians. who desire toremain British.

This desire was expressed in a1967 referendum in which only 44of the 12.182 voters cast their ba llotsin favor of Spa nish rule. There isunan imous agreement that if a similar referendum were held today. itwould produce the same result.The problem, as many Gibra ltarians are quick to point out , is notthat they are anti-Spanish but thatthey pre fer British-type democracy.Man y Gibraltarians (who are prima rily bilingual) speak better Spanish than Engl ish. like Spanish food.music. and wine. and are mainlyRoman Catholic.The Spa nish governmen t. however. maintains that the wishes ofthe people of G ibra ltar are not thepoint at issue. Not wit hout logic.Spain asserts that the present inh ab-

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itants of Gibraltar are an impor tedpopulation. and that the real Gibraltarians. whose descendants nowlive in nearby areas in Spain. werethose Spaniards driven off the Rockin 1704 by the British.Britain retort s that G ibraltar hasbeen British for some 270 yea rs longer than Spain held the Rock after its capt ure from the Moors in1462.And so the controversy continues.

The Blockade BeginsIn Sept em ber 1963. GeneralFranco took the G ibralta r problemto the United Nations' Committeeof Twen ty-Four. a body dealing

with decolonization issues. In October 1964. the committee finally encouraged Britai n and Spain tonegotia te a settlement. deeming theproblem a private disagreement anda question of sovereignty ratherthan of colonial oppression.

Genera l Franco immediately began to take measures to prod Britaininto beginning such talks. Spanishauthorities imposed a graduallytighte ning blockade of the Rock.making the transit of people andgoods across the isthmus connectingthe peninsula to the Spanish mainland increasingly difficult. Cars andpersons crossing to and from Gibralt ar were subjected to delayinginspection at the customs checkpoint at the Spa nish border town ofLa Linea. Spanish goods (exceptfruit , vegetables. and fi sh) destinedfor the Rock were denied export licenses. These measures. however,failed to weaken Britain 's resolve.In December 1965. the UnitedNa tions General Assembly urged

Spai n and Brit ain to open discussions on G ibralta r, but the ensui ng ta lks broke down withinweeks when Britain made it clearthat British sovereignty over theRock was not negotia ble.Spain, consequently, tightened itsgrip still further. In October 1966,the road frontier at La Linea wasclosed to all automobile traffic in orout of Gibraltar. The thousand s ofSpanish workers crossing every day8

on foot to jobs in Gib ralta r were stilla llowed to pass. as were other pedestr ians. And there was st ill theferry operating across the bay. linking the Spanish port of Algeciraswith the Rock.In May of the following yea r,Spain den ied Spani sh airspace toforeign aircraft making their approaches to G ibraltar.One year later - in May 1968 the land frontier was closed to allpedestrians except the Span ish dayworkers and G ibraltarians with special passes issued by the Spanish authorities.Then on December 8, 1968. Spainwon a resolution in the U.N. Ge neral Assembly recommending thatBritain begin negoti ations withSpain at once. By a 67-18 vote, with34 abstentions. the General Assembly called on Britain "to terminatethe colonial situa tion in G ibraltarno later than I October 1969" and" to begin without de lay the negotiati ons with th e gove rn men t o fSpain."Britain rejected the resolution.stat ing that it "will not and cannotbe put into effect."

The Final BlowA fina l attempt to bring Gibraltarto its knees came in June 1969. Thistime Spanish au thor ities completelysealed off the land frontier. stoppingthe approximately 5,000 Span ishday workers from crossing to G ibraltar by foot. (Before the beginning of the restrictions in 1964, thenumber had been well over 10.000).This was to have been the final blowto G ibra ltar's economy. as one thirdof its labor force was Spanish.A few weeks later, G ibraltar's soleremaining link with the Span ishmainland - the Algeciras ferry

was cut. Gibraltar. for all intentsand purposes, became an island.Spain explained that it was simply applying to the lette r the termsof the 1713 treaty. which bannedany land contact between the Britishcolony and Spain. The treaty statedthat Gibraltar should be "y ielded toBritain . . . without any open com-

munication by land with the country round about."The frontier was now completelybarred to Spanish trad e. labor. andtravel. Gibraltar was depr ived ofevery third worker. Hardest hit werethe building and construction tradesand the roya l navy dockyards. To

compensate for its depleted laborforce. Gibraltar brought in over2,000 workers from nearby Morocco. and .many of the G ibraltarians themselves took second jobs.

It was soon found that alt houghthe Moroccans receiv ed higherwages than had the Spanish workers, they spent much more of it inGi bra ltar, where they lived in localdormitories during the week. TheSpan ish day worker s customarilytook most of their wages back toSpain with them. Also. the Gibra ltarians themselves - with their second jobs - were taking home largerpaychecks than ever before.The result of the blockade, therefore, was initially a degree of stimulation for the local economy and amild boom - quite the opposite effect Spain had hoped for! In reality,Madrid 's action in closing the border produced more problems on itsown side than it did in G ibraltar,due to rising unemployment alongthe Spanish coast.October 1969 arrived, and Britainfailed to comply with the UnitedNations recommendation of the previous year. Spain answered by cutting the last tenuous link betweenthe Rock and the mainland - thetelephone and telegraph lines.Britain declared that she wouldnot negotiate under duress (that is.as long as the blockade remained inforce).

Coo ling-Off PeriodThen almost overnight. things began to cool. During a Spa nish cabinet reshuffle in October 1969.

Gregorio Lopez Bravo became foreign minister of Spain . Lopez Bravoshifted the red-hot Gibraltar issueto the back burner. The blockade, tobe sure, remained in full force - asit does to this day - but no additional pressure was applied. Spain



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O N APRIL 30, A.D . 711, aninvading Moorish armyfrom North Afr ica under Tarik-ibnZaid landed on a rocky pen insula atthe western entrance of the Med iterranean, with plans to subjugate theVisigoth kingdom of Spain.To secure his communicationswith North Africa, Tarik decided tofortify the lofty promontory and ordered the building of a great fortress-castle atop "the Rock." TheMoors named the Rock in Tarik'shonor, calling itJebel al-Tarik - theMount ofTarik. Today itisknown to usby its anglicized name, Gibraltar.Recorded possession of the Rockextends back into history long before the days of Tarik. The ancientPhoenicians once held it. TheGreeks occupied it next, followed by. the Phoenicians of Carthage andthen the Romans. The Greeks calledthe Rock Capie - meaning a ship probably because it rises above thesurrounding flat margin-land like aship's bow. The Romans knew it asMons Calpe, or ship mountain .The Romans. threatened by barbarian invasions at home. left the Rockin the early fifth century A.D . Threecenturies later, in 71L came Tarik 'sinvasion, beginning a nearly 800year Moorish domination ofmuch ofSpain. It was Tarik who first perceived that the Rock was. as it latercame to be known, "the key toSpain." He used it as the initial basefor his planned northward thrust.In 1309 the Rock was taken bythe Spaniards, but was retaken bythe Moors in 1333, from whom itpassed in 1411 to the Moorish ruler

of Granada. I t became Spanish oncemore in 1462, being given into thecustody of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1469. This marked the na dir of Moorish rule in Spain.Gibraltar was formally incorporatedwithin the domains of the SpanishCrown by Queen Isabella in 1502.Two centuries later. Spain in turnlost control of the Rock, in July 1704

(during the War of Spanish Succession) . A combined British-Dutch naval force under Admiral Sir GeorgeRooke seized Gibraltar after a merethree days ' siege. A reverse siege in

1704-1705 by the Spanish andFrench failed to dislodge the British,and in 1713 Spai n ceded the Rockto Britain " forever" in Article X ofthe Treaty of Utrecht.Va rious Spanish expedit ions ,however, were undertaken in sub

sequent years to recapture the Rock,bu t all ended in failure. The Britishstu bbornly refused to yield , realiz.ing Gibraltar's strategic importanceas an observation and control post.The last great attempt by Spain torega in G ibraltar by force came inJune 1779. This "Great Siege" one of the most memorable in history - lasted over 3Yz years as acombined Spanish-French army of60,000 blockaded but never quiteconquered the small British garrison

of 6,000 under General George Elliot , the governor of Gibraltar. TheBritish defenders got supplies in onseveral occasions, but were stillp lagued by scurvy, smallpox, andnear starvation. Nevertheless, theBritish refused to yield , and held theRock against massive onslaughtsfrom the sea . It was during this siegethat Gibraltar's initial maze of labyrinths and tunnels was constructed,as the British were forced to tunnelthrough to the more inaccessibleheights of the Rock to reach moread vantageous posit ions for gunplacements. During World War II,additional tunnels were cut - largeenough to drive trucks through.More than 30 miles of tunnels lacethe inter ior of the Rock - morethan the total road mileage in thestreets and roadways on the peninsula itself.In 1783, Britain's possession ofthe Rock was once more confirmedin the Treaty of Versailles. Thisended Spanish hopes - in the military sense, at least.

There is a legend that the Britishwill not leave Gibraltar until the lastof the Rock's famous Barbary apes,introduced long ago from Morocco,die. These Barbary apes, all ofwhom are registered, bona fidemembers of the British regimentguarding Gibraltar, are about 40 innumber and doing well - at themoment. D


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withdrew the dispute from the U.N.arena and attempted to play downthe controversy. The tone of bothsides became more moderate.The Gibraltar issue lay dormantfor over two years. Then Bravo'spolicy of forbearance began to payoff.During a visit to G ibraltar in October 1971 , Sir Alec Douglas-Home,the British foreign secretary sa id heintended to accept a Spanish invitation to "t hink together" on theGibraltar question .Thi s British willingness to talkwas believed to be par tially due to ashift in sentiment among the Gibraltarians themselves. Though stillopposed to a transfer of sovereignty,they had begun urging Britain towork out some sort of compromise.In lat e February 1972, the Britishforeign secretary met his counterpar t in Madr id, and the dialogue

began . Numerous sessions were heldin both London and Madrid in subsequent months, but no tangible results were fo rt hcoming . Themeetings. termed sess ions of "working together" and "thinking together," neve r reached the stage offormal negotiations.Heat Turned On - AgainThen during an extensive cabinetreshu ffle in Ju ne 1973, of the sametype which had brought him intooffice in 1969, Lopez Bravo was removed from office. He was replaced

by Laureano Lopez Rodo. With Lopez Rodo came a new, vigorous approach to the Gibraltar issue.Spain broke off talks with Britain,cit ing British infringements of Spanish airspace and territoria l waters,threatening to intensify its alreadytight blockade of the colony.In September, Lopez Rodo tookthe dispute back to the United Nations with a speech before the General Assembly.Spain has suggested tha t if noagreement is forthcoming, she willconsi der cutting British imports toSpain - a flourishing British market- by millions of pounds each year.This would remain in force unt il a10

settlement is reached. In lieu oftrad e ties with Britain. Spain wouldturn to France. West Ge rmany. andJapan for manufactured goods.Britain, of course, would not bewithout her own economic weapon.Spain could lose millions each yearshould Britain impose restrictionson Anglo-Spanish tourism." Siege Mentality"After five years of blockade, theinhabitants of Gibraltar today feelconfined and somewhat frustrateddespite their relat ive prosperity.Except among the wealthy, whocan fly out whenever they feel

hemmed in, there is an almost universal sense of claustrophobia - a"siege mentality" - among averageG ibraltarians.No longer can they freely driveacross the bord er into Spain's Costadel Sol region as in the past. ThoseG ibraltarians of British stock can nolonger motor through Spain andFrance and home for the holiday s asbefore the blockade. Now they must

fly. Or they can put their cars on theferry to the Moroccan port of Tangier, then transfer to another ferrywhich travels to the Spanish coastcities of Malaga or Algeciras. Butsuch round-about trips are timeconsuming and expens ive.With Spain no longer an easilyaccessib le recreational outlet, manyless-affluent Gibraltarians have hadto look harder for diversions on theRock. More and more people aresavi ng up for the extra expe nse involved in flying to Spai n for a summer vacation.And Gibraltarians, like peopleelsewhere in Europe, are beginningto feel the pinch of inflati on andincreased freight charges.Bu t the pressure has not weakened their adamant stand againstcoming under Spanish sovereignty.

The FutureVarious solutions have been proposed to the "Gibraltar Ques tion."All, thus far, have been discarded asunsatisfactory by one or both sides.Spain, for example. has said tha t

in return for British recogruuon ofSpanish sovereignty, arrangementscould be worked out whereby Gibraltar would retain its political system, and Britain could keep hernaval base under lease. The proposal, however, has failed to impress the Gibraltarians, who feelthat under such an arrangementthey cou ld not maintain the rightsinherent in British citizenship.British author Paul Einzig, in hisbook Decline and Fall? (written during the last British Labour Administration), observes tha t Britain hasput up a st iff fight for Gibraltar"solely because the claimant happens to be Franco's Spain." Dr. Einzig asserts th at "if th e SpanishRepublic had not been overthrownbefore the war, Gib raltar wouldhave been handed over on a silverplatt er to a fellow Socialist regimelong before now."

With this in mind , some see apossible long-range solution in thecontext of wider European unitynow that Britain is a member of theCommon Market. (G ibraltar automatically became associated withthe EEC when Britain acceded tothe Comm unity in 1973.)The possible future entry of Spaininto the EEC - combined with alittle gentle persuasion from Britain- might cause the Gibraltarians tobecome less intran sigent. i ntegration within the framework ofEurope could lead Spain and Britain to a more determined effort toresolve their one bone of contention- the sovereignty of Gib raltar.However, the outcome that Gibraltarians most fear - completewithdrawal of British support may yet prove to be the order of theday. If it were expedient, politicallyor otherwise, Britain would mostprobably relinquish Gibraltar. Afterall, the Rock would not be the firstterritory to suffer a lack of resolveon the part of Britain .For ad ditiona l reading concerning the ultimate destiny of Gibral tar , write for our free book, The

United States and British Common-wealth in Prophecy . 0PLAIN TRUTH September 1974


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Y UGOSLAVIA is facing ancert ain fu tu re . Wi th hishealth failing. 82-ycar-oidPre sident Josip Broz Ti to may notbe the master of his country's destiny much longer.

Since his break with Stal in in1948. Tiro has successfully steeredYugoslav ia on a course independentof Soviet Russia . He has constantlystressed his country's nona lignmentwith the world 's two power blocs.Ideologica l ly . Yu go sl a v ia is

lin ked to the commu nist East. Econom ically, however, thi s most libera l of communist countries is tiedconsiderably more to th e We st. Afull two thirds of its trade is cond ucted with the nine-nation Europea n Commun i ty . or Commo nMarket. The million Yu goslav nation al s wo rking in Weste rn Europe- who ea rn for their country about5500 million a year - underline Belgrade's vital economic Jinks with theWest . Mi litarily . Yugoslavia followsa policy of independence from bo thEast and West, with its own armedforces numbering 230 .000 men .Presid ent Ti to's adamant refusal

to join the Soviet-controlled Warsaw Pact a lliance has more thanonce precipitated rumors of a mili tary intervention in thi s strategicBalk an sta te by the Soviet Unionand its communist a llies,Recent unofficial reports te ll of a

massing of Warsaw Pact troops ina reas alon g Yugoslavia's northernborder. The bu ildup. os tensibly for" troop maneuvers: ' is of growingconcern to the a ilin g Tito .

Soviet ObjectivesFor obvious reasons. the Sov iet

Union has neve r been hap py withYu go s la via's independen t s tand.Belgrade' s nona lignment pol icy hasbeen instrumental in preventing thees tablishment of perman ent Sovietnaval bases along th e AdriaticCoa st.Moscow's foremost lon g-range

objective in the Ba lkan s is to bringYugoslavia back int o the Sovietsphere of in tlu ence. Alt hough directWarsaw Pact military interven tionpresen ts d ifficult ies - a nd wouldPLAIN TRUTH September 1974

YUGOSLAVIAAFTERTTOwhatwillhappen?

by Gerhard O. Mar xcertainly be the las t resor t - theKremlin may eventually decide ithas no ot her option but to intervenewith force if diplom acy shows noprom ise of success,

Ethn ic D i lemmaAs long as Tito is in control . thi s

ultimate course of action remainshigh ly unlike ly.Under Tiro's sh rewd leadcrship.Yugoslavia has enjoyed a measure

of interna l stability, Mainta ining asemblance of national unity in anethnically d ivergent nati on historica lly torn apart by domestic conflicts ha s not been an easy task .Ge tting Serbs and Croats - the twomo st numerou s and influential ofth e coun try' s 18 ethnic groups - toshare a common Yugos lav purposehas requ ir e d co nside ra ble persuas ion and savvy,

Tito - who has been ca lled the"o nly t rue Yugos lav" - ha s workedfeverishly to dampen the flames ofse ctio nalism which occas ionallyflare up . In the absence o f any apparent successor. Tito believes theansw er to Yugoslavia's futu re as aunified sta t e lies in collective leader sh ip.According to this principle, mem

bers of the presidential counci l (recen tly reduced from 23 to 9) will

e lect a chairman for one year. Theincumbent will have limited powersand the chairmanship will rotateamong Yugoslavia's six republicsannually . T his ro ta t ion is to preventet hnic je a lousies from taking roo t.T he armed forces will be run by ami litary comm ittee. con sisting of thedefense minister and two membersof the presidential counci l.Man y po litical observers - including concerne d Yugoslavs - fea r

th at thc proposed coll ec ti ve lead ers hi p. however cle verly contrived .will not be strong eno ug h to maintain na tiona l unity once Tito isgone . An internally weakened Yugoslavia wou ld be ex treme ly vulnerab le to an y Soviet "divide andconquer" policy. Another possib ilityis tha t sho uld nationa list ic strifeerupt. Sov iet troops mig ht he "invited " into the country - as inCzechos lovak ia in 1968 - to " preserve socia lism,"

Rega rdless of the route taken.Ru ssian control of Yugoslavia o rst ra tegic parts o f it would be a seriou s wound on NATO's Mediterranean flank . As one a nalyst put it: "Atime bomb is ticking in Yugosla viaand no one , . . Rnows when it willgo off . . . . Yugos lavs . a lmost withou t exception. know they are livingon bor rowed tim e," 0

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Gambling has existed in e veryknown society. Around theworld today, millions are ad-dic ted to th e dream of "hittingit big," but end up chasingthat elusive dream forever.by Paul O. Knede l

YOU THINK "h itting it big" is anew thrill of the 20lh century?The spirit of gam bling has existedin man as far back as recorded history, The desert tombs of Egypt andthe sand-covered ruins of Babylonhave yielded up dice similar to thoseused today. Archaeologists havefound games of chance also amongthe ancient Chinese. Norsemen,Greeks. Romans and Gau ls. In attestation to the say ing. "there isnothing new under the sun," the archaeologists' spade even unearthedloaded dice in the ruins of Pompeii!Modern Day Counterpart

Gambling, widespread in the ancient world, is also flourishingtoday , worldwide.So p revalent is gamb ling inEngland, for example, tha t this island has been called a floating casino. Briton s now gamble 10 thetune of nearly $8 billion a year.More than a million persons arenow afflicted with the compulsivegambling habit. Almost every night ,half a mill io n people . mostl ywomen, will be playing bingo. Betling on the horses is widespread.and it is one of the main topics ofconversation in the pubs. "Punters: 'as gamblers are known in Britain,have been known to bet on anythingfrom the weather to when an es-caped prisoner will be recaptured,In Australia. gambling is so wide-

spread that on a per capi ta basis,Australia has become the biggestbetting nation in the world. With600 racetracks and 2.500 licensedbookmakers. there is seldom a breakin the action. Private clubs with slotmachines have become a focal pointof the Australian way of life.Even in Tasmania the first legalcasino has becom e an instan t suc-cess. On two occasions. the casinowas forced to close its doors because3.000 people - ten times the intended capacity - packed the 21

sto ry structure.Throughout Asia. the gamblingcraze is mushrooming. Malaysia'scapital of Kuala Lumpur attractsplayers from Singapore to its nowlegalized casinos. Determined toadd a little sp ice to gambling, oneestablishment in Malaysia agreed tolet peopl e gamble on their creditcard s.Even the small mountain kingdom of Nepal has instituted gambling at a ho tel in its capi tal,Katmandu.South Korea has licensed severalcasinos and takes in millions of dollars annually from the operations.Djakarta, Indonesia's capita l. hastaken in a third of its revenue fromdifferent forms of gambling. Slotmachines, horse racing, local lotteries and licensed casinos broughtthe city government more than$7,000,000.The epidemic of betting in theUnited States involves horse racing,cards , s lo t machines. spo rt ingeven ts. bingo and lotteries. Although hard statistics are difficult toobtain , gambling is assumed to bethe biggest business in the UnitedStates. Legal and illegal gamblingwas estimated by the President'sComm ission o n Law Enforcementto be in excess of $50 billion - andgrowing.

The Ultimate in GamblingWorld famous Las Vegas is theglittering capital of gambling in theUnited States. More than 20 million

WHY THE ODDS ARE STACKED AGAINST YOU


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"During a desert rain storm it looked l ike the Showboat[gambling casino] was going to float downstream. But peoplecontinued to gamble whi le standing in water two fee t deep.It was unbelievable. In any other business, patrons mighthave panicked trying to get out. We cut the power when water

began reaching electrical outlets . . . but some peoplestayed and played the slot machines, which

were not electrically operated. . . . "- A Las Vegas casino executive

people VISit this desert city eachyear. First-time visi tors are oftenhypnot ized by its plush hotels andcasinos. What must be the ultimatein spinning wheels and card shuffling is the MGM Grand Hotel inLas Vegas . It opened in late 1973 asthe world's largest resort hotel , costing ove r 100 million dollars to bu ild.The most expensive suite costs $800a night. There is a priva te casino onthe 26th floor for gamblers willingto lay out at lea st $25 to $2,000 oneach bet. Americans, Mexicans andeven wealthy Chinese from HongKong fly in for the prestige and action on the 26th floor. Rou lette,blackjack and 1,000 slot machineskeep the average gambler busy inthe main casino on the ground floor.It is becoming increasingly easyfor people to "be where the actionis." But what of the lives of some of

those who ret urn from the land ofwhirring slot machines and clackingdice?The Compulsive Gamble r

For some, gambling involves theoccas ional $2 bet. But for the personwho becomes a compulsive gamb ler ,life is a world of bookies, loansharks, bad checks, embezzlementand sometimes suicide.In the Uni ted States alone, thelatest estimate is that nearly 10 mi llion people fall into the category ofcompulsive gamblers . In addition,another five peop le are affected inone way or another by each com pulsive gambler.The magnit ude of the problembecam e so appa rent that on September 13, 1957, Gamblers Anonymous was establishe d to help thoseaddicted to this hab it. Anyone whoattends a mee ting of GamblersAnonymous' will hear stories ofwrecked lives, broken homes, hugedebts and assorted tales of misery.Incredible stories are told of thehold gambling has had on people'slives.A typical Gamblers Anonymous"Gamblers Anonymous, National ServiceOffice, P.O. Box 17173, Los Angeles, California, UB .A.PLAIN TRUTH September 1974

meeting starts in this manner; "Myname is Jim . I am a compulsivegambler." His comrades in miseryapp laud. Jim then relates a heartbreaking story of a broken home,$15,000 in debts and a hopeless future. Loan sharks were seeking himout , and his wife ended up in thehospital with a nervous breakdown .The rest of his story has a fami liarring. He tells of being convincedtha t the " big score" was comi ng tomorrow. Then he would buy hiswife everything she wan ted . Therewould be a world tour, the bestclo thes. etc . But as is true in mostcases, that tomorrow never came.A second compulsive gambler

told of selling pints of his blood sohe could have one more fling at thedice. Another recalls how he absconded with the money for hisfather's funeral and blew it on thehorses. One man even sold the dooroff his car for $3 to continue togamb le.A man named Ha rry relates thisaccount of his battle with gambling :" In one day alone . I lost $2,000 onhorses and dic e. I d id n't ca rewhet her my wife and kids lived ordied. I had to make my be ts." WhenHarry finally joined GamblersAnonymous and had qu it gamb ling,his $ loo,Ooo-a-year business hadj ust $200 in the till.

To the compulsive gambler, thecomment made sometime ago byodds-maker Nick the Greek says itall : "The next best thing to playingand winning is playing and losing.The main thing is to play."Personal ruin, both financia llyand in family life, is widespread inthe sphere of a com pulsive gamb ler.

According to the Fami ly Service Association of Boston. gambling addiction figures prominently in oneou t of every twenty marriage-counseling cases it handles. Some ofthese marr iage b reakups havestarted at the racetrack.Though ho rse racing has beenca lled the spo rt of kings, it has mademany paupers. Despite the odds, thegambler cont inues to bet the longsho t hoping for that miracle - notadmitting that the odds are stackedagainst him. He is convinced that hewill win j ust because he wants to.Many bet a great deal more tha nthey can afford. Comedian andhorseplayer Joe E. Lewis made this

comment: " I hope I break eventoday. I need th e money."Few gamblers, however. haveachieved that goal of breaking even.

Most end up trying to pu t their shattered lives back together again.But What If You Win ?

In Brazi l, a thriving sports lotteryhas taken the country by sto rm. Thisge t-rich-q uick app ea l has mad e theBrazilian lo tte ry one of the fast estgrowing gambling operations in theworld. Surveys reveal that the average be ttor spends an astonishing 8percent of his income on lotterytickets. People sit g lued to thei r radios to hear the results of a soccergame . A few win. bu t it has oftenproved to be a mixed blessing.

One example of a big winner wasa laundry woman in a Sao Paulos lum who won more than $100,000.She then found herself so besiegedby friends, salesmen and thievesthat she turned over the cash to abank and disap peared .

13


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Anot her example of a winner wasthat of a railroad mechanic whowon 5400.000 . But rather thanbringing him great happiness. hiswinnings brought a serio us case ofparanoia. and he now lives in con-stant fear of band its and kidnappers.The stories are legion of people

around the world who win - butcan't hold on to it. They decide togo back the next da y to do uble it wit h the usual result s.Mobsters and Gambling

Gamb ling - whet her compu lsiveor social - is closely connected withorgani zed crime. Organ ized crime'sprofit s from illegal gambling runinto the bill ions each year. Mafiabosses who concentrate on gamblingare among the richest in the syndicate.In an FB I enforcement bulletin. aforme r official of a major police de

partment was quoted as saying that"90 percent of a ll police scandals inthe history of the United State s havecome under the area of gamblingcorruption." The book Gamblingand Organized Crime points out tha tsome $2 b illion a yea r of orga nizedcrime's gambling profit s " finds itsway directly or indirectly into thehands of corrupt pub lic officials andlaw enforcers: 'In New York City. the KnappCommission sa id in an interim report : "Payoffs a rc made on a regula r basis to pla inclothesmen who arepr imarily responsible for gamb lingenforcement , .....To illustra te the magn itude of th eproblem. the New York Gamb lingComm ission estimated that. whilethe net profit on illegal gambling is550 million a yea r. the ove rhead include s 530 million paid ou t annua llyin bribes. payoffs and polit ica l con tributions.The spinoffs from gambling a reprostitution. corruption of police officials. narcotics. growth of organized crime and the wrecked lives of

millions of peop le.But what of the 52 bettor? Doeshis contribution to gambling have illeffects?Vincent C. Te resa . an underworldinformer. told the McClellan Senate14

Commi ttee seve ral yea rs ago tha t"the mob has barrels a nd ba rrels ofmoney and it all sta rts with the manor woman who puts a nickel on anumber at the corner sto re everyday."

What Makes a CompulsiveGambler?

Dr. Edm und Berg lcr in his boo kPsychology 0/ (Jamhling lists sixpoints that indicate an individualhas lost con trol when it comes togamb ling:

I. Gamb ling is a typical. chronicand repetitive experience in his life,2. Gamb ling ab sorbs a ll his otherinterests like a sponge.3. Th e gambler is pathologicallyoptimistic about winning and never" learns his lesson" when he loses.4. The gambler cannot stop whenhe is winn ing.5, No matter how grea t his initialcaut ion. the true gamb ler eventua llyrisks more than he can a lford.6. The gambler seeks and enjoysa n enigma tic th rill which can not belogically explained. since it is compounded of as much pain as pleasure.Who Gambles and Why?

For hund red s o f y ea r s thewealthy amused themselves by gambl ing in plush casinos while the poo rwould bet on numbers games andfrequent the race track s. For manythi s way of life still exists. but a newdimension has been added. Now themiddle class has entered the bettingscene . and more and more midd leincome people arc fuel ing the epidemic o f gambling that is sweeping

the world. All segments of societyhave finally become involved .The rea l reason for gambling isvery complex. and there seems to beno single cause, Fun . excitement

and wanting to be where the actionis a re ju st a few of the reasons given .Alth ough "action" seem s to be thekey word , one other item looms bigon the gambler's hor izon. " Let'sface i1." sa id a New York track op-era tor. "we're selling dreams. " Eventhough all th e percentages assurethe bet tor of losing in the long run.the gambler's capacity 1(" punishment seems bottomless. The d reamof "hitting the big one tomorrow." isthe continual carrot on a stick tha t isheld out to the bet tor.

The Future of GamblingNot everyone who drinks is ana lcoholic, and not everyone whogambles is a compulsive gambler.But the number of people who findthey have lost con trol when it comesto be tt ing is growi ng larger year byyear. In the United Sta les. movesa re afoo t to make a ll types of gambling lega l. Even the " numbers"

games tha t rake in million s of dol lars in dimes and quarte rs fromghetto dwellers a re included.Henry H. Kap lan . executive di rector of the Bureau of State Lotteries in Pennsylvani a. predicts thatwithin five yea rs. 35 or more stateswill be runn in g lottery ga mes.Proponents mainta in that peoplewill gamble . and the re is no way tostop them. Others feel gambl ing is a

parasite on publ ic morals. As th eneed for taxes grows . so doe s thepres su re to leg al i ze ga mes ofchance. But one big concern somelaw enforcement officials have isthat "a climate has been created togamble . . . ...Dr. Ro bert Custer. a VeteransAdministration psychiatrist and authority on compulsive gambling. beIieves lega lizat ion is a mistake"N ow it [society) is not only approving it but promoting it. and this Ifind rather disturbing. With advertising. there is a tendency to glorifyinstant wea lth and instant hap piness

(Continued 011 poge 27)PLA!N TRUTH September 1974


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what YOU can dO timely tips and helpful suggestions for youand your family

Don 't Be ExploitedCan you put yourself in this situation? You arecaptive. sitting direct ly in front of one of the most

sophisticated psychological gadgets yet devised by man.Manipulating it are several ba tteries of highly trained.competent psychologists. skilled in shaping and exploiting the human mind .For hours and days on end you have been bombarded and blitzed by periodic. 30-second. mind-condi tioning techniques. Soon your defenses will bepenetrated and you r resistance knocked down . Yourbreaking poin t is bound to be reached .Prepos terous? Not if you watch television. If youdo. you are voluntarily being manipul ated. conditionedand exploited to some degree. Advertisers know whatan effective and influential force television is. Theyspend billions of dollars on television advertising andresearch every year to prove it. They know that evenwhen people become completely cynical and fed upwith the constant barrage of exorbitant advertisingcla ims they see on TV. when it comes time to shop andbuy. they're influenced by what they saw.The point is this: Don' t let yourself and your family be captivated and manipulated by television . Findother pursuits when possible. Too. don't swallow theglowing claims about this or tha t pain remedy. packaged food. snack food or other produ cts. Rememberalso. you and your fami ly are not only being conditioned to accept advertising claims. but moral valuesand ideas perpetrat ed on television programs. Be selective about wha t you and your family watch.

If You Must Retire, , .Most people expec t to retire. In the United States

in 1890. however. two out of every three men aged 65 orover still worked full time compa red to only about onefourth of those in tha t age bracket today.Often. particularly among nonprofessional classes.employees are forced to retire because they've reached

a certain age , usually 65. Others retire fo r various reasons. Some ret ire because they have never been happywith their job. Oth ers simply want the oppo rtun ity toenjoy their pensions and have endless hou rs of camping, fishing. sun. fun and utopian retirement pleasure.PLAIN TRUTH September 1974

I f reti remen tisn ' t carefu ll y 0;planned . however, it ca n be a di s- Ii ll us i o n ing let -down. dashing topieces all visions ofhappiness. If you "want to retire. or ifyou mu st retire ,make tha t retirement s uccessful .Plan it ca refully .taking into consideration these threebasic questions:

I. What finances will I have?When regular paychecks stop coming. many elderlyp eopl e en t e r achronic. lower-class poverty status. Social Security income often provides for only the bare necessities. Planahead by examining you r present life insurance benefits. employee funds and personal savings so you knowwher e you stand financially.2. Where will I live? Take into consideration ahealthful climate. land value. proximity of relatives andfriends. ava ilable services. recrea tion and yo ur financesbefore deciding .3. What will I do? Without something to do. fi nancial security and a nice place to live are emp ty rewards.Those with nothing construc tive to do have only toweake n and die. Those with an active life can lookforward to many more "golden years." Plan somethingpermanently fulfilling. constructive. meaningful andprofi table. Fishing every day for one or two weeks maybe great. but not for ten or twen ty years.Learn new and interesting hobbies and skills whichcould also produce a part-time income. Take some adultclasses at the local comm unity college or high school.Of course. if possible. continue your life's work in a lessstrenuous. adv isory or part-time capacity. Your yea rsof experience will definitely be inva luable to someone.

- Patrick A. Parnell15


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Can nuclear power solve th eenergy problem? Is i t reallysafe? Or are the benefits over-ridden by inherent dangers?by Wi ll iam F. Dan kenbring

INDIAs UNEXPECTED explosion ofa nuclear device below theGreat Ind ian Desert triggeredworldwide concern. Then camethe news of U. S. plans to develop atomic power for peacefuluses in Egypt and Isra el. Theseevents, once more, have focusedworld attention on the fact tha t thefissionable by-products of peacetimeatomic power can be used for weapons development.

Growing Threat of NuclearTerrorism

Dr. Th eodore B. T aylor . a nAmerican nuclear weapons expertwho was invo lved in the Los

Alamos project. is worri ed about another problem - the possible theftof nuclear material by terrorists. Political terror ist s could fashion"homemade" nuclear devices ca-pable of killing 50.000 people ormore if exp loded nea r a downtownskyscraper in a modern city.

According to Tay lor and othercritics of the nuclear energy prog ram, int erna tiona l safegua rdsagainst the theft of weapons-gradematerial are not strong enough.Furtherm ore . the techn olog yneeded to build a bomb. once theright materials are hijacked. is quitesimple. The techniques have beenpublished in articles and are ava ilable in almost any large library.A recent study by the Energy Policy Project sponsored by the FordFoundation declared: "Under con ceivable circumstances. a few per-sons, possib ly even one personworking alone who possessed about10 kilograms of plutonium oxide

and a substantial amount of chem-ica l high explosive. could, withinseveral weeks. design and bu ild acrude fission bomb."In view of these possibilities. onemust wonder: Can nuclear energyfor peaceful uses be pu rsued without dangerous side effects? Is itwort h the risk?Kenneth P. Baskin. man ager.generation engineering of SouthernCa lifornia Edison Company. gave adirect answe r to this question whenasked about the threat of terroristactivity at the San Onofr e generat ing plant : " If they blew up theplant, you ge t into a 'what if ' gameand it's hard to intelligently saywhat would happen." He pointedout that the containment buildingitself (at San Onofre) has walls ofreinforced steel and concrete four tosix fee t th ick. and the reactor containment vessel has sides of highstrength steel six to eight inchesthick .


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" It would be a suic idal rmssion.T hey'd get irradiated. And to prop-erly plant charges is not as simple asit might appear on the sur face," headded . Another reason San Onofreis safe from terrorism. Baskin said.is that it is part of the Camp Pendleton mil itary enclave, and the U. S.Marines are just IS minutes away.

But others are not so sure aboutother power plan ts. At the 140thmecting of the Association for theAdv ancement of Science in SanF ranc isco. Th om a s Coc hranchar g ed that " th e nucl earsafeguards program is a sham ."Pointing out that me n have illegallyflown helicopters into the high-security Wh ite House area . he severelycriticized present Atomic EnergyComm ission (AEC) sa fe gua rdsaga ins t the th reat of sabotage.

Atomic Energy Commission officials admit that a group of highlytrain ed terrorists. with knowledge ofnuclear power plants and their op-

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eration, could conceivably launchan all-out assault on a power plant.take it ove r and imperil the sa fety ofa nea rby city.

As nuclea r power installat ionsproliferate, and assuming terroristsbecome more sophisticated and better armed. the threat of nucle arsabotage grows. Even if a plant isidea lly enginee red and consideredab solutely safe, a few dedicated subversives could probably seize it anyway.U. S. Senator Mike Man sfield haspointed ou t that any count ry havi ngnuclear power pu ts itself in a vulnerabl e posit ion vis-a-vis sa botage.It has, in effect, built potenti alweapons for its enemies within itsown borders!

Theft of nuclear material to man-ufacture homemade bombs is ano t he r thr e at th at h a s led t oincreased security around nuclearfacilities. A report to Congress in1973, by the comp troller general of

the United States, brough t out thefact that a crude nuclear bombcould be made from 17 kilograms ofuran ium or 6 kilos of plutoni um rough ly 40 pou nds and 13 pounds.respectively.

Investigators for the GovernmentAccounting Office have found thatsecurity at some plants has been lax- fen ces with huge holes, ineffectua l guard patrols, poor alarm systems, lack of automatic detectiondevices. A GAO report ea rl ier in1973 further stated that between1972 and 1985, annua l shipments ofradioactive materials in the UnitedStates are expected to increasenearly eighteenfold .Nu clear Waste - " Hott est"

ProblemIn add ition is th e problem ofwas te management. Nuclear ga rbage is by far the most hazardousmaterial mankind has ever had todispose of.

M ike Hendrickson - Plain Truth

WOATHTHEAI5K?


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The nuclear garbage issue washighlighted in 1973 when it was reported that more than 500,000 gallons of highly radioactive wasteliq uid had leak ed from storagetank s at the Hanford facility nearRichland , Washington . Fortunately.the escaped waste did not reach thewate r table about 150 feet below thetank or the Columbia River. Theradio-nuclides apparently only penetrated downward about 45 feet below the tank.Because Hanford has been in thebusiness of producing plutonium forthirty years, it has been estimatedthat there is more radioactivitystored there than would be releasedduring an entire nuclear war. In anuclear war, suc h a site may proveto be an inviting target. Seventy-fivepercent of the nation's nuclearwastes are stored at Hanford. Someof this highly radioactive waste isplutonium, with a half life of 24,000years. (Tha t means that 24,000 yearsfrom now, half of that plutoniumwill still exist!) Plutonium is sodeadly that only a few millionths ofa gram will eause cancer.The 500 ,000 Year HeadacheThe nuclear waste problem of

power plants, as compared to the 90million gallons of highly rad ioactivewaste now stored at the Hanford,Idaho Falls, and Savannah , Georgia, AEC sites, is presently small.However, as nuclear power sites in-crease in the coming decades, theproblems will grow, and the amountof commercial waste will increasedramatically. What can be donewith it?The problem is a gargantuan

headache to all nations that areusing nuclear reactors. or plan to doso. Britain , France, West Germany,South Korea, Mexico, Spain, Italy,Indi a, Bangladesh and man y othersare involved .At this time , burial still seems theanswer of choice. But there areproblems wi th this, too. So incredibly potent are the wastes that theymust remain sealed off from man'senvironment for as long as 500,00018

yea rs - or for roughly 20,000human generations! Bequeathingsuch an awesome legacy to futuregenerations constitutes a profoundeth ical and moral dilemma.All told, the Atomic Energy Commission says that about 3,000 met rictons of nuclear wastes will be produced annua lly by the year 2000.Th e nuclear wastes removed fromthe 30 tons of spent fuel producedannua lly by the standard one million kilowatt power plan t can becompressed into 60 cubic feet , asserts the AEC.Put it another way, a 1,000 megawatt plant produces in one year asmuch radioactivity in was te asabou t a 20-mega ton nuclear bomb.By the end of the cen tury, the an nua l waste from the estimated 1.000U. S. plant s would be roughlyequivalent to 20,000 megatons. Incredibly, this would be the radioactive equivalent of one millionHiroshima-type nuclear bombs!What then does the future holdfor the peacetime use of nuclear en

ergy?Present thinking envisions clus-

ters of nuclear power plant s in carefully located nuclear complexes withfuel fabrication plants. processingplants and waste handling equipment all located at a central spot.Th is clus ter development , a lso ,would facilitate the safety aspect ofnuclear energy. One major drawback to the idea of "nuclear parks,"however, is that power losses intransmission of the energy to thecitie s where the electrical energy isconsumed would be enormous. Newways to transport the energy without the subsequent power drainwould have to be found.Some future nuclear plants willprobably be locat ed offshore, wherethere is enough ocean available toneutralize the problem of thermalpollution caused by nuclear plants.Since most nuclear plants today arethe water cooled LWRs (light waterreactors), the time is coming whenthere will not be enough feasiblereactor sites on inland rivers. No-body, it seems , wants to be living

next door to a reactor plant, and thiscuts down the site options available.The Per ilous Atom and ManLike fire , atomic energy can be a

demon or an angel. On the onehand , there is the angelic promise ofmore and more electrical energy tomake life more comfortable and toraise the world's present standard ofliving. But there is the devilish riskthat either accident or sabotage caneventu ally cause a serious catas-trophe. If just one serious nuclearaccident or act of sabotage were tooccur, it would become so politicallyvolatile an issue tha t it could spellthe demise of peacetime uses ofatomic en ergy . As Dr . Edwa rdTeller, pioneer in nuclear research,has said, "The nuclear industrycould be wiped out by one accident." The question we must contin-ually reassess is: How can o fficialsand scientists ma ke sure that thebenefits derivable from nuclear energy always far outweigh the risks?Dr. Hans AIfven , a 1970 NobelPrize Laureate. has said: "The reactorconstructors claim they have devotedmore effort to safety problems thanany other technologists have. This istrue. . . . This is perh aps pa the tic. butit is not relevant. If a problem is toodifficult to solve, one cannot claimthat it issolved by pointing to all theefforts made to solve it" (Ne ... Scien-tist, March I, 1973).We cannot afford to shrink fromthe fac t that human nature isflawed. Because man has the intellectual brilliance to use atomicenergy does not mean he has themoral or spiritual capacity to con-trol it. We must be cautious in ourhandling of this enormous power.When all the risks are soberlyevaluated, the prospect is frightening. Rather than assuming thatenergy need s must double everydecade, the world should first findways to conserve energy and "livewithin its means," and then seek todevelop a far safer alt ernate such assolar energy.Humanity cannot afford to bepushed into needless risks. 0



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'A curie is a unit of measurement of quantit y of radioactivity. One curie is theamoun t of radioactive substance that undergoes :17 billion disin tegrations per second.

Dr. Chauncey Star r and expertsfrom the University of California ,comparing nuclea r plants with fossilfuel plants. found that small leaks inhigh-pressure pipes in fossil fuelplants are really fairly common. Nuclear plan ts. of course. are muchmore stringently inspected and rigidly constructed. Starr estimatedthat the rupture rate of a reactorpipe would be one in one millionreactor years. He concluded that aminor break leading to release ofradioactivity into the environmentwould occur once in one hundredmillion years.. Even then, only a sma ll par t ofthe radioactivity would be carri edaway from the immed iate area ofthe nuclear plant. Under normalweath er cond itions, the result wouldbe perhaps 5,000 extra cases of cancer in ten years for a city the size ofLos Angeles - an increase in cancerfatalities of about three percent.This, of course, would be 5.000 toomany.Dr. Star r' s study concluded tha tpower plant perils are comparableto the dangers of being struck bylightning or being bitten by a venomous animal or insect.An AEC report pub lished in 1973estimated that a major accident invo lving a release of about 10 curies'of radioactivity in a given reactorwould occur less th an once in 100bill ion years.Dr. Herbert Koutz, the AEC'sdirector of reactor safety research,comment ing on the preliminaryresu lts of a more recent study,said the odds of a major catastrophe were once in one billion toten billion years . Such odds, hesaid, Hare so low as to be negligible." 0

water ruptured.If a major cooling pipe ruptured,resulting in a " blowdown." or loss of

water pressure in the cooling system, would pressures in the reactorcore build up so fast tha t the emergency cooling water could not enterthe core?Would the meltdown result in thepressures damaging the reinforcedconcre te dome above? Would themelted core drop down to the concre te floor below, and even meltdown into the earth - a conditionreferred to as the "China syndrome"?Unfortunately, there is a paucityof data to know just wha t would

happen in such an event since noreactor has been melted down allthe way.A reactor at Idaho Fa lls has been

set up to explore the loss of coolantpossibilities. It will study engineeredsafeguards in a water-cooled reactorby delibera te ly causi ng a majorcoolant pipe rupture - the worstconceiva ble accident for such reactors.It is possible that computer models and LOFT (loss of fl uid test)reactor stud ies will cause modifications in future and even in someexisting reactors. In the future. somepressurized water reactors may justhave to opera te at lower levels ofpower.What. then, is the risk involved in

a major water pipe rupture?A recen t pioneer study done by

system, or ECCS. This system issupposed to deliver coolant to a reactor core if the primary coolant islost, keeping the reactor from overheating and melting, which couldcause the release of radioactivity.Scien t ists have speculated what

might happen ifone of the pipesin the ECCS carrying the cooling

Nuclear S lowdownsAnother recent controversy involves the emergency core cooling

" Acts of God"Th e area of greatest concernapart from reactor safety, potentialfor sabotage, and waste disposal involves "acts of God" - i.e .. ea rthquakes. In 1971 at a conference inCarmel, Ca lifornia, an AEC executive admitted: "When an earthquake occurs near a nuclear powerplant, every feature of the plant willbe affected to some degree by theearthquake. Complex multiple failures may occur. If the nuclear powerplant is not adequately designedand constructed to withstand theearthquake effects, the potential existsfor the concurrent loss of fuel integrity and the loss of function of theredundant systems and barrierswhich prevent rad ioactivity release."The AEC does its best to see thatreactors are not bu ilt ncar recentlyactive earthquake faults. But sometimes fault lines are not discovereduntil after construction has beg un.

AE :rHE risks ~ n v o l v e d in ~ e v e lop Ing a tornrc energy Ju sti-fied by the enormous potential benefits?Says Dr. Thomas Cochran, a specia lis t in nuclear energy_ "Frankly.when I look at the potential risk, Ican only conclude that the risk isnot worth the taking."Just what are the risks involved,

anyway?

TheRisksIn"ol"ed

PLAIN TRUTH September 1974 t 9


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1

EUROPE: CATASTROPHE AND R E V I V A L ~Iv" j;

? p, i ) L ; S J ji;' 't t", 'i' "j ~ L r r, I ,

""ce s ,

Pa r t 7:

f CE SIRUIiIiIES ,'OREURIPEBD SUPIEIIRCYTHE YEAR 1648 was a memorable one. Europe's devas-tating Thirty Years' Warended. Much of Germany lay prostrate. The mystical Holy RomanEmpire of the German nation wasreduced to a meaningless, mythicaland hollow name .Within the empire, there wassquabbling among many petty, andnot so petty, principalities and kingdoms. Leadership was divided between Austria and the rising state ofPrussia. Meanwhile, a new powerbegan to threaten the very existence of the Holy Roman Empirefrom the outside. That power wasFrance.We pick up our on-the-spot ac-20

count with the long-reigning Frenchking, Louis XIV.The Reign of Louis XIV (16611715). The powerful king and hisadvisors cont inue to expandFrance's influence and control overAustrian-Habsburg dominated Germany. Louis XIV does this by assuming a "protector" role of therights of German princes. Theprinces, of course, are almost con-"stantly in opposition to the Habsburg emperor. The emperor findshimself confronted by a "RhenishLeague," made . up of a powerfulcombination of German princes.The league is led by the elector ofMainz and is in alliance withFrance.

Economic war is in full swing.French goods are flooding the German market. On May 7, 1676,Habsburg Emperor Leopold issues adecree forbidding "the importationof any French merchandise into theEmpire." Meanwhile, attempts aremade to weld the economy of theHoly Roman Empire into a selfcontained trading bloc.Leibnitz, a leading philosopher ofthe Holy Roman Empire, calls for anational "workhouse." He envisionsa new Germany as a manufacturingand exporting state, beating outFrance on the economic battlefield.But Leibnitz is also a believer inthe ideal empire of the Ottonians.He (urns his gaze nostalgically to


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24/36

H A VIN G C R OWN E D H I M S E L Femperor. Napoleon crowns Jose-phine, his first wife , as empress.He recognized the utility of art as apolitical instrument and commis-sioned the painting o f himself byIngres. below left. Napoleon oncecommented to a court painter, "Noone asks if portraits of great menare accurate l ikenesses. The onlyessential thing is to recognize theirgenius. " Below right, Napoleon re-turns from the battle of Laon in1814.


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th e de cade s when empero r andpope guided Christendom. Such anempire. according to Leibnitz, was amod el fo r human society. Likemany Europeans, Leibni tz sees theneed for a polit ical unification ofEurope. But without France therecan be no such union .Louis XIV and France are not interested in the empire - except todismember what is left. Though theempire continues to survive. leadingmember s su ch as Au stria andPrussia are developing power centers which lie ou ts ide its borders.Throughout the per iod. tension

and con frontation exist between theempire and France . Louis XIV, forexample. sends his engineers and

sappers to accompany Kara Mustafa's Turkish army as they besiegeVienna in July 1683.Meanwhile, by the year 1700,Germa ny is litera lly made up ofover 1,700 independent and semiind ependent princes and nobles.They are vassals of the Habsburgemperor in name only. Politically.th is mean s the emp ir e is inshambles. The chaotic sta te fits inwith the plans of Louis XIV, whodre ams of disinheriting the Habsburgs. He fancies himself the heir ofCharlemagne and desires to resurrect the Frankish empire underFrench leadership.Frederick the Greal, the Empire's

Other Antagonist. Another genera-

tion passes. Frederick the G reat(1740-1786) of Prussia assumes theposture of a nti-empe ror to th eHouse of Habsburg. Along withFrance, Frederick will help destroythe empire.When Frederick declares war onth e empire in December 1740,France, Bavaria and Spain eagerlywait to swa llow up the hereditarypossessions of the Hou se of Habsburg. Frederick's low esteem of theHoly Roman Empire is evident inhis words to Voltaire: " I am just offto Prussia to receive homage without ben efit of the flask of holy oiland those other useless and emptyceremonies introduced by ignorance." The comment is symptom-


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atic of th e degrada tion to which theHo ly Roman Empire had sun k. Bythe middle of the eigh teent h century, there is in pr act ica l fact noempire . Prussia and France sign itsdeath warrant."The last decades of the Holy Ro

ma n Empire 's history," German histor i a n Heer wi ll w ri te . " a r eove rshadowed by the an tagonism ofAustria and Pru ssia and in th e westby the renew ed t hr ea t f romFrance."

Meanwhile the pa pacy is vir tua llyexcluded from the politica l affairs ofEurope. In 1781, the Edict of Toleration is signed . Within eight years ,Habsburg Emperor Joseph II (17801790) closes 700 monaste ries and36,000 members of orders ar e released. Schools a re established usingthe property of the churches . Theinternal organization of the churchis revamped . Pope Pius VI journeysto Vien na in 1782 to pu t a stop tothese proceedings. But he is receivedwit h reserve and cannot prevent thechanges being made . It is Canossain reve rse. But it is not a questio n ofempire over church . The lal ler issimply irrelevant.

Year 1804: Napoleon I BecomesEmperor. France. too. is undergoingvio len t revolutions at home. TheReign of Terror (1793-94) is themost poign ant example. Meanwhile,a chari smat ic leader of Frenchmenis ready to emerge : Napoleon Bona-parte . By 1799, he is Fi rst Con sul ofFran ce; in fact Napoleon is dictator.In ea rly 1804, it is officially pro

posed that Napoleon be declaredemperor. On May 3, the French Tribunate votes in favor of this proposal. There is on ly one dissentingvote . The Senate passes the measuresoo n thereaft er.A plebiscite is held in F rance an dthe results are : 3,572,329 vote s infa vor and 2,569 vote s against. Thepeop le acce pt t he idea of Napoleonas emperor, and now on ly one finalstep in the drama is yet to occur.

Pope Pius VII crosses the Alps toanoint th e em peror with his ownhands. All the ca rdina ls of the Roman church and the bishops of24

France are in his presence. Am-bassadors from Austr ia , Prussia.Spain, Ru ssia , Portugal. Turkey andthe Uni ted States come to congratu late him . Only Eng land sends norep resen ta live .The ceremony is held at No tre

Dame on Decem ber 2, 1804 . Toeveryone' s surprise, Napoleon takesthe crown from the pope's hand an dcrowns himself. Pius watches withresignation . But he asse rts his independence by leaving when the newemperor is readi ng the constitutio nal oat h,

Bonaparte fee ls that rel igion mustbe in the hands of th e slate, Heseeks to unite French Catholics a ndto obta in the backing of th e clergy .Pius is glad to coo perate becau se thechurch in Franc e, after a cen tury ofreason and revolution , is ready tofade. Fo r his part, Napoleon wantsto remove th e ch urch as a source ofopposition. In orde r to de stroy thepower of dissident French bishops,he boldly says, " I must have theauthority of the Pope,"A concordat or religious agree

ment had been reached in 1801. Butin 1804 the agreemen t between emperor a nd pope is shaky . By 1808the pope will be arrested and detained by Napoleon.

Napo leon believes tha t France isthe hub of Europea n civil ization, Hepersonally assumes the burden ofcarrying out the projects of Charlemagne in the modern world. Europeis to be ruled from Rome . Duringhis fifteen -year reign , he undertakesa journey to Nijmegen (Nimwegen)where he o rders the ancient Valkhofp a l a restored and his name inscribed on the wall below that ofCharles.

Year 1806: The Confederation ofthe Rhine Created, On December 2,1805, Napoleon in fl icts a terr ible defea t on the Austrian and Russianforce s at Au ster l it z . He thenstrongly suggests that the Ge rmanpri nces should j oin themselves intoa new league. Of course, the leagueis to support Napoleon.

The league is organized and immediately declares it s secess io n

from the moribund Ho ly RomanEmpi re . T he Ac t o

Documents

Plain Truth 1974 (Prelim No 08) Sep_w