Plain Truth 1975 (Prelim No 01) Jan_w

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How your subscriptionhas been paidVolume XL No. 1

understandingCi rculation : 2,487,994

January 1975

Your al ready-pa id subsc ription is made pos s ible by the contributions of thos e who, volunta rily, have become co-work ers in support ofthis worldwide work . Ambassador College, asa sepa ra te co rpo ration, is associated with theWorldwide Chu rch of God , and a portion ofthe financial needs of the work is supplied bytha t Ch urch. The publi shers have nothing tosell and. although contributions are grat efullywelcomed. no solicitation is ever mad e to thepublic for financial support.

ARTICLES1975 - A Turn ing Point in Human History?" To Save a People"W il l t he Real Criminal Please Stand Up?Europe: Catastrophe and RevivalPart VIII : Germany Becomesthe Dominant European Power40 Years and Still Ahead of Our TimeThe Plain Truth Magazine Is BornPublisher Announces New Format

FEATURESPersonal from the EditorWhat Our Readers SayGarner Ted Armst rong Speaks Out!

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Chairman o/ the Board and Editor-in -ChiefHerbert W.Arm strong

ViC('Chairman and Auoc/ale EdilOr-ill-Chie/Garner Armstrong

Managing Editor: Arthur A. FerdigSe nior Editors: David Jon Hill. Herman L Hoeh.Charles F. Hunting. Robert L. Kuhn. RaymondF. McNairNews Editor: Gene H. HogbergAr t Director: Allen MeragerPublishing Coordinator: Roger G . LipprossRegional Editors: Bonn : John Kar lson: Brussels :Rav Kosanke: Ge neva: James Muir: Johannesburg: Robert Fahey: London: Roderick C.Mered ith: Manil a : Colin Adair: Mexico City:Enrique Ruiz: Sydney: Dennis Luker : Vancouve r: Dean Wilson: washington. D,C.: DexterH. Fau lknerA sst)cial e Editors: Ga ry Alexander . CharlesVinsonContribut ing Edi tors: Robert Bcraker. PeterButler. Pau lW. Kroll . David OrdForeign Language Editors: Dutch: Roy McCar thy: French: Diba r K. Aparuan : German: Fra nkSchnee: Spanish : Charles V. DorothyResearch S taf f: Jeff Cal kins. Chris L. Ca rpen ter.Wern er Jebens. Gerhard O. Marx. David Price.Don ald D. Schroeder. Marc Stahl. Keith Slump .Hen ry SturckeArl Department : John Dunn. Mont e Wolverton :Desig n Coordinators: Garry Hagge rty , RonLepeska . Tony Morrell: StaffArllmPhOIOEdi tor: David Conn: Photographers: Ga ryG eo rge . Phi lip Stevens. Mike Hend rickson.Alfred Hennig: Photo Library : AI LeiterCopy Editors: Betty Lau , J im E. Lea

ABOUT OUR COVERThe Ford -Brezhn ev arms-contro l inVlad ivostok has been hailed both asa "breakthrough" and a " farce." Wi llit really curb the arms race?

Fred Ward - Black StarPhotographed for the forthcoming bookPortrait of a Presidentpublished by Harper & Rowe

Business .\ tanager. Frank BrownCirculation Manager. Benj amin ChapmanRegional Circulation Managers: U.K_ Indi a.Midd le East. west Afri ca : Jack Martin : Canada:Geo rge Patnckson: Latin America: J. Alec Surra il : Australia and Sou theast Asia : Gene R.Hughes: Sou th Africa: Peter Nat ha n: New Zeu land : Grnemme Ma rshall

Pub lished monthly (except combined June-Julyand October-Novembe r issues) by AmbassadorCo llege Press. 300 W Green 51.. Pasadena. Calif.91 123: 51. Albans. Eng land: and by Aruba-colPress Pry.. Ltd.. North Sydney. Austra lia. French.Dutch and G erman editi ons published at 51.Albans. England : Spani sh and Fr ench Canadianeditions at Pa sadena . California . 1" 1974Ambassador College.All rights reserved.SECOND CLASS POSTAGE paid at Pasadena. Ca lifornia. and at additional ma iling offices. Enteredas E C O ~ D CL"'SSmatter at Manila Post Office onMarch 16. 1967. Registered in Australia for transmission by pos t as ,I noo k.


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JUST WHAT IS THE WORK?

T HIS IS a unique organization.and none other is like it inthe world .OUf activities include administra

tion of the Wor ld wide Church ofGod , Ambassa dor Co llege, oth erpublicati on s. books and booklet sand my own personal activities asan amb assado r witho ut portfo lio forworld peace. Or as an official of onecountry expresses it. "a builder ofiron bridges for peace between nation s."In our vernacular we customarilyspeak of all these activities toge theras "the Work ." I ha ve felt that someco-work ers with us in one or morepha ses of the Work havin g observedour use of the te rm migh t be a littleconfused as to jus t what we mean by"t he Work: ' Therefore, I ha ve j us tsent out a personal letter to such coworkers and the many thousands ofmembers of the Worldwide Churchof God all over the world explainingthe mean ing to us of " the Work: 'And it now appea rs to me that mostof this same letter might prove aninteresting and eye-opening subjec tfo r my perso nal talk with our rea ders in this issue o f the Plain Truth.Th e letter follows:

November 18. 1974Dea r In ne r Fami ly ofCo-Workers with Christ:Aga in I'm winging my way . a l

most eigh t miles above the PacificOcean . toward Tokyo. Yesterday.Pre sident Ford a nd Sec re tary ofState Henry Kiss inger wer e flyin gthe presiden t ia l plane ove r approxi-mately the same route. They are inTokyo today. and I am due to arrivethere today. mid-afternoon.It seems Secretary Kiss inger and Ia re very frequently crossi ng paths

especia l ly in th e Middle East be tween Cairo and Tel Aviv . Ours areth e only two plane s. so far as Iknow. that ever rly from Ca iro to. Tel Aviv. or from Te l Avi v to Cairo.And now our schedules mee t agai ntoday at Tokyo . It seems a litt le signi ficant th at. to the best of myknowledge . o ur t\VO planes are theonly private aircraft tha t are permitted to lan d at Tokyo airport.PLAIN TRUTH January 1975

Personal from

Howeve r. from there the Preside nt and Secretary Kissinge r fly onto Seoul. So uth Korea . a nd fromthere to the Soviet Union , whi le Iam en route , af ter Tokyo . for a return public ap pea rance at Man ila.th e Philipp ines.

November / 9, l l onolulu: Just aswe were somewhere close to the Internation al Date line. abo ut t\VOhours after refueling at Co ld Bay .Alaska. we were forced to turn back.We had been !lying through stro ngheadwinds a ll the way . but we st o fCold Bay th ey grad ua lly inc rease dto an a lmost unbelievable nearly250 mi les per hour. Our airspeed of550 miles pe r hou r was cut in ha lf.There was danger we might notmake it to a refueling airstrip innorth ern Japan . We returned toCo ld Bay . a rr iving on th at snowcovered landing strip just afte r sunset. refueled and flew on to Honolu lu. Hawa ii. It wa s a lon g !ligh tfrom Los Ange les to Honolu lu. Ou rpilots are unable to get air clearanceto fly on to Manil a until tomorrow.So I have a day for writing in Honolulu. Th is slight setback will not stopthe Work. however. We still will arrive in Mani la in tim e for an important meeting.An incident like th is is typical o f

our experience of the past 41 ye arsin God's Work. Occasionally therehas bee n a sligh t se tba ck. But a lways th e Work plunges on forwardafter tha t. in a more powerful thrusttha n ever. for th is is the Work of theliving God and the most importan t ~

ac tivity on earth - no t only oftod ay. bu t in the last 1900 yea rs 'That's a strong statement 1 know.

but it is what y ou. as co-workerswith Christ and with me. are engaged in and sacrificing and prayingfor. And I think it's t ime we come toa more clear and concise understand ing o f jus t what this greatWork is 'Wh en we spea k of " th e WORK ."

j ust what do we mean?What comes to your mind when

you hearo r read of " the Work "? Doyou think of it as the miss ion o f"saving souls"? Or. perhaps, something I and / or Garner Ted Armstrong are doing. but in which ) 0 11are not involved or especially con cerned? Doe s it mean . to you. thebroadcast or telecast of the WorldTomorrow, or the Garner Ted Armstrong program? Doc s it mean thePlain Trulh ' Or Ambassador Co lleg e? Or a combination o f some o fthese?To grasp. clearly ju st aha, this

Work is. and why it is the most importa nt activity on ea rth. we need tobegin at the beginning . V y was itstarted? What was its PURPO SE? JustWH AT is it seeking to accomplish?Who sta rt ed it" When" How?Mor e tha n 4 1 yea rs ago the living

Christ called and chose me as hisinstrumen t in reviving and carryingout his GREAT COMM ISS ION in th isEND time.But that was no t the real begin

ning of God 's Work . Jesus Chri st.himself. came to earth and person-


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01(1' bega n thi s Wo rk 1947 yearsago . in A.D. 27. Th is beginning Godthe Father has given Je sus. individ ually. to do .How d id it sta rt?The prophet Malachi prophesied

that God would send a human messenger to prepare the way beforeChrist's coming to ea rth . But th isprophecy describes Mo appearancesof Christ on earth - the second ofwhich. more than 1900 yea rs afterhis FIR ST coming. is now imminent!The prophecy reveal s Christ's first

coming. as him self a messe nger.bringi ng a MESSAG E from God theFa ther. He came a t that time as " theMessenger of the covenant. " Andthat "Covenant Message" a'as hisgospel. Thc word "gospel" meansgood news!Jesus' procla iming - or announc

ing - that good news was the begin ning of the Work 'Was that IMPORTANT? You maybe sure that God th e Fa the r who

sent Jesu s with tha t tremendousmessage from heaven. viewed it asIMPORTANT ! You may rest assuredthat Jesus. who brought it. thoughtits announcement was important.John the Baptist was the human

messenger who prepared the waybe fore Christ's first coming. Jesus'

was the wonderful news ofthe com ing kingdom of God . Read2

abo ut it in Mark I: I: "The BEG INNING of the gospel of Jesus Christ.the Son of G od." Th at is the beginning of the Work of God .Continuing fro m this - verse two

of Mark one - the ministry of Joh nthe Bap t ist is br iefly re lated - themessen ger preparing the way beforeChrist at his tirst coming. Verses13 describe John's ministry. Jesusbeing bapt ized by John . and Jesustemptati on by Satan . in which heQUALI FIED to be the king of the futu re kingdom of God .Then verses 14-15: "Now after

that Joh n was put in prison . Jesuscame into Ga lilee, preaching thegospel of the kingdom of God. andsaying. The time is fulfi lled . and thekingdom of God is a t hand : repentye. and beli eve the gospel."Jesus ' a nnouncement of the king

dom of Go d was the START Of THEWORK .Jesus ca lled and chose his disciples. T he word "disciple" mean s a

student - one lea rning. Fo r 3Yyears Jesus tau ght them about th ecoming kingdom of God. Also hecontinued proclaiming - a nnouncing - teaching about the kingdomof God .Then Je su s gave hi s di sciples

(who became the original apostles)the GREAT COMMISSION - the commiss ion of "the W ORK " " "Go ye:" he

MR. A ND M RS . HERBERT W.ARMS TRONG (left) produced ' T heWorld Tomorrow " radio programand the Plain Truth magazine froma small, one -room office in theHempton Building (center) on thesou thwest corner of Sixth and Willa -me lle in Eugene, Oregon. At first.the Plain Tru th ma iling list was keptin cardboard cartons which servedas filing cabinets, and Mrs . Arm -s trong addressed each Plain Truthmagazine in longhand. Before iee v-ing Eugene in 1947, the ci rculationapproached 100,000 . Volunteershandled the daily mail (right).

sa id. "into all the world. and preachthe gos pel . . ," (Mark 16: 15 - emphasis mine) . T he commission wasworldwide.T he apost les. a fte r receiving

God's Ho ly Sp irit on the day ofPentecost (Ac ts 2). wen t forth an nouncing the wonde rf ul news. Butthey needed help . It was go ing to bea bigge r job than a mere twelve mencould accomplish . They needed theinspired and insp ira tional backingof the church .Jesus had sa id. ..[ will bu ild my

church" (Matthew 16: 18). On theda y of Pentecost - the annua l festival God had ordained. ca lled the" Feast of Firstfru its." picturing thesm all firs t "spring harvest" of thispresent time between Ch rist's firstan d second com ing - only 120 be-

PLAIN TRUTH January 1975


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licvers resu lted from Ch rist's 3 Y!yea rs procl aiming h is gos pel. Ch ristbega n his C hurch by send ing th e1I0 ly Spirit into the 120 . lI is Churchs ta rt ed VERY SMALL. b u t C hr istadded to h is Church "and the sameday there were added unto themab ou t th ree thou sand souls" (Ac ts2 :4 1). "And th e Lord added to tbechurch dai ly such as sho uld besaved" (verse 47).

But beginning A.D . 33. the per secution se t in. Simon th e Sorce re r(Acts 8 :9-23). head of th e Baby lonian Myste ry relig ion in Sam aria .a ppropria ting the >:ASlC o f Christ.began ca lling h is Ba by lon ian Mystery re ligion "C hristianity:' a ndsta rted circu lating a counterfeit gospel.

By A.D . 58. Paul wrote to theChurches at G ala tia : " I marvel tha tye a rc so soon remo ved from himtha t ca lled you int o the grace ofChrist unto another gospel" (G a l.1:6).At that t ime a different gospel u'asproclaimed 10 The world. Before th eend of the first ce ntury " th e Work"had stopped . Th e true gos pe l o f thekingdom of G od was thereaftertau ght secre tly. bu t not p rocl aimedto the world for 18 Y.! centur ies.

Ou r T im e TodayMa lachi . howeve r. fo re to ld th at a

human " messenger" would prepa rePLA IN TRUTH January 1975

the way before th e coming of Christ.Bu t. beginn ing with ve rse 2 of Malachi 3. he for e te ll s a lso Christ's sec-ond coming. nm1' imminent. He isnow soo n coming to set III' the kin gdom of God. to rest or e the gove rn ment of God on ea rth. and to ru lea ll nat ion s.The hum an messenger prep aring

th e way before h is firs t a ppear ing onea rt h was John the Baptist. But begi nn ing with ve rse 2. the prophecyspeaks o f Ch rist 's second coming.ye t future bu t now imminent.

No tice : "B ut who may a bide th eday o f his coming? An d who shallsta nd when he a ppea re th'? Fo r he islike a refiner' s fire. an d like fu llers'soa p: And he shall sit as a refine rand pu rifier of silve r: an d he shallp urify the sons of Levi. and purgethem as gold a nd silve r . . ." (M alachi 3 :2-3).All this is refer ring to ac tivit ies ofChrist a t his seco nd com ing - now

immi nent. None of this refers toa ny thing Jesus d id when here before .

Con tinue. ve rse 5: "And I willcome near to yo u to j udgment; a nd1 will be a swi ft witness aga ins t theso rcerers . an d aga ins t the adu lte rers.a nd aga in st fal se swea re rs. a ndaga ins t those th a t oppress [defra ud]the hi reling in his wages. th e widow.a nd th e fa therless. and th a t tu rn

as ide the stra nge r from his rig ht.a nd fea r not me . sa ith the Lo rd o fhosts."All thi s refers to Christ 's second

corning i ll our lime! So when theproph e t foretold th e human rne sscn ge e. pr e parin g th e wa y be foreChris t' s com ing. he referred to Johnthe Baptist (see Mark 1:1-3) on lytyp ica lly as a fore runner or type ofone to prepare the u'a)' before Christ'ssecond coming!Th is lea ds d irectly to Jesus' grea tprophecy in Ma tthew 24 . It refers toREVI VING the grea t commission the True gos pel me ssage of the coming kingdom o r God . Chr ist's seco n d co mi ng is to res to r e th egovernment of Go d and esta b lishth e kingd om of God on ea rth I Andthe \Iy'ay IS INDEED el'ell now heingprep a red be fore Christ 's re turn toru le.T ha t. co-workers and breth ren . iswhat the living Christ is doing right

now through me . th roug h Ga rnerTed. a nd through His co -worker sa nd chu rch wh ich sta n ds loyally behind us in th is tremendou s age-en dcommission!

It' s tim e we allowed the livingG od 10 open our ~ y e s to the awesomecommission he has committed to us.It' s the most im po rtan t Work givena ny human be ings in the past 1900

(Cont inued 01/ page 30)3


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U P.I

ATURNING POINT IN HUMAN HISTORY?4 by Gene H. Hogber


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Rampant inflation, the energycrisis, the arm s race, fam in e,and overpopulation - th eseare th e problems . Some sayon ly a world governmen t canpro vide th e answers. But whatk ind of world governmen tand on whose terms?THE NAT IONS of the wor ld are"del icately po ised" on theverge of a historic era . according to United States Secretaryof Sta te Hen ry Kissinger. "T he nex tdeca de." says Dr. Kissinger. "cou ldeither be . . . one of the grea t period sof huma n crea tivity - or it could bethe beginning of extraordinary disa rray ."

In a long philosophic d iscussionwith veteran New York Times newsma n James Reston be fore he left forthe Midd le Eas t on one of his many" fire-fighting" trips. Dr. Kissingerca lled for a "visible and dramaticdown turn in the arms race" and anew spir it of interdepende nce in orde r 'to avo id uncon t rol lable worldwide politica l, economic and soc ia lchaos."I f we do not get a recognit ion of

ou r interdependence." he said. "theWestern civilizat io n that we nowha ve is almos t ce rta in to dis integrate. beca use it will first lead to aseries of rivalries in which each region will try to maximize its ownspecia l ad van tages."Such ac tions. asserted the Secre

tary. wo uld inevitably lea d to testsof strength of one sort or ano ther.Domestic crises wou ld be certa in toerupt in man y count ries with morea nd mo re auth ori tar i an mod elsemerging to try to resto re order. Butin the end, st ressed Dr. Kissinger,the world wou ld "certa inly havecrises wh ich no lead ership is able todeal with , and probably militaryconfrontations . . . ."

PA LESTINIAN leader Yasir Arafatspeaking before the U.N: GeneralAs semb ly las t November. /9 74 sawa trend toward dominance of theV.N. by Third World nations .PLAI N TRUTH January 1975

Scorecard fo r 1974World events d uring the past

twelve months echo Dr. Kissinger'sgrowing co nce rn. By all means ofmea surement, 1974 was not a ve rygood yea r.

For one. the fu ll impact of theMideast war of the previous autumnbegan to exact its toll. propellin gmajor oil-cons um ing nati on s in todouble-digi t inflation . The giantgushe r of wea lth pouring into thecoffers of the M ideast o il sheikdomshas occurred so rap idly and is ofsuch ma gnitude that economists ofall persuasions ha ve been un abl e tocom e up with worka ble solutions tocope with the unpreced en ted situa tion . Meek pro posals to " recycle 'th e tens of bill ions of Ara b-held" petrodolla rs" back into th e industrial wor ld th rough loans and investments a ppear. a t best. as shortterm. stop -gap mea sures.The indust rial ized nation s app ea r

para lyzed . unab le to halt the slidein to a deepening, worldwide recession. Some economic ana lysts fea rinten sive trade conflicts could eruptas nation af ter nat io n, seeking toright nega tive trade ba lances, attempts to push exports and . at th esame tim e. limit the impo rtation ofgoods from others.Nu clear Club Exp ands

Du ring 1974 impoverished Ind iashocked the wor ld with the explosion of a nuclear "device.' It wasthe by-p roduct of India 's own nu clear reacto rs. ostensibly bu ilt forthe genera tion of nuclear power for"peaceful" uses. Ind ia thus join edfellow members United States, Soviet Union, Britain. France andChina as a member in the now notso-exclusive nuclear clu b.The nuclear fraternity cou ld ex

pand some more in 197 5 or soonthe reafter. In December, Isra eli President Eph raim Kat zir told the worldwha t every one a lready knew : thatIsrael " has the potential" to mak ea tomic weapon s "and if we need itwe'll do i t." Thu s for the first timeo fficial confirmat ion was given tospeculation tha t the tiny Jewish

state is ready to produce - andsome insiders be lieve already mayhave produced - nuclea r a rms.

With U.S. promises o f "peaceful"nuclear assistance to Egypt . a lsomade during 1974, the seeds of fargrea ter future con flicts II I theMiddle East ha ve been sown. Unless the M idd le Eas t " time bomb" isdiffused . said U.S. Senato r J. W.Fu lbright in a majo r address in November, th e world could see a newwar. a ren ewed oil boycott , and possibly "co nsequences there rangi ngfrom ano the r G reat Depression toArm ageddon itself."Arms Limit - OnEscalation?

At the tail end of th e year. thetwo nucl e a r s u pe r powe rs , th eUnited States and the Soviet Union.reportedly engineered a "b rea kthr ou gh " on arms control.T he mild euphoria of the Vladi

vostok summit between PresidentFord and General-Secretary Brezhnevquickly dissipat ed once the details ofthe " a rms ceiling" becam e known . Ifanything , the arms race will on ly beslowed to a bri sk trot. more easilya ffordab le by th e stra ined economiesof bo th protagonists.Restrain ts wer e agr eed to on thenumber of delivery vehicle s (mis siles or manned bombers). But norestrictions were placed on replacingexisting missiles (or planes) withmore advance d types.T he Vladivostok agreement also

took no effec tive measures towardcontrolling the dev elopment and deployment of MIRVed missiles (missiles with mult ipl e warheads wh ichcan be independently aimed at sepa rate targets).

Each side was to be pe rmitted1.320 MIRVed missiles. But sincethe Soviets do not ye t have any operationa l M IRVs, the ag reementwou ld pe rmit them to proceed witha very large (but also costly) program.According to a former officia l of

the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmame nt Agency. the "ceilings"reach ed at Vladivostok were "set sohigh as to be almos t meaningless."

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- President Valery Giscardd'Estamq of France

The Year of the GreatConference

the marine and mineral wealth oth e oceans.Day a fte r day in Ca racas. 90

m imeograph opera tors. slavi ng ove27 mac hines a rou nd the clockchu rned out 250.000 pages of documents - speeches. position paperstechnica l rep orts - every 24 hou rsTrue to the complexity of int erna tion a l meetings. a bat t er y otran s lators an d typ ists prepa redeach documen t in three. sometimefive "work ing languages" of th e confer ence . The Chi nese lan gu agpresen ted a unique prob lem . however. Since the U.N. sta ll' fa iled tbring to Ca racas Chi nese typewriters with their complex an d cumbe rsome keyboards. all documentin Chinese had to be labor iou sly inscr ibed by hand.At the end of the 2'h month ses

sion. th e list of docum ent s a lone ranto mor e than 160 pa ges.Wha t were th e results o f ten

week s of speeches. debates. proced ura l a rgu ments and political bargaining? No t mu ch. I'm afraid . Arepo rter for the Wall Str eet Journasummed th ings up on the last da y othe Caracas epi sode:" In ten full weeks the representa

tives of 150 countries at the biggesintern a tional meeting in hi storhav en't even go tte n down to harnegoti ation s. They've j ust bee n sta ting a nd restating the ir positions.

"But th is isn't discouraging to th5.000 diplomats and experts . . .Draft ing a treaty acceptab le to thmyr iad natura l and business interesinvolved is a task of monumentacomplexity, and manyof the ocnferencpar ticipants seem resigned (0 makinthe lawofth e sea their lives' work."Th e conclusion then of th e conference. according to the Journal

Ba rry Newman:"After 70 days of talk about a law

to gover n the oceans and their reso urces . th e conference is makinonly one firm de cision : to hold morconferences. ..

Thus. while delegates to worlconferences a rgue sacred principleof nationa l self-in teres t. milli onsta rve. world population su rges o

But uni versal representat ion isnot synonymous with success - an d.in fac t, may be inve r se ly proportional to it. Th e mo re peop le andth e grea te r th e number of nati on sa tten d ing these confe rences . themore cu lt ura l. polit ical and ideological differences seem to manifestthemselves.The growi ng rift between the de

veloped and underdeve lope d nation s doomed from th e beginningthe first-eve r Worl d Pop ulationConference he ld in Bucharest. Romania in August. The same divisivefactor made a polit ical shambles ou tof the in itial World Food Conference three months la ter in Rom e .

These two conferences drew morepubl ic a tten tion than a third maj orin te rna tiona l parley - the Law ofthe Sea Conference held during thesumme r in Caracas. Venezue la . Butit was the latter. with its near totalab sence of concrete results. whichrevea led th e men tal pove rty ofhum an s to a rrive a t mu tua lly accep table solutions to commo n problems.

For ten long weeks. 5.000 delegates fro m 150 nations and region swer e assembled in Ca racas - thebi ggest interna tion al co nferenceever held . They were th ere for onereason : to try to come to grips wi ththe growing problem of anarchy onthe high seas. At issue were confl icting claims to territori al water limits.the size an d j urisd ict ion of off- shore"economic zones." and proposa ls toesta blish guide lines for exp loitin g

T !Ieworld is 1I11!1appy. II is 1111 -happv because it doesn 't know

where it is goillg and because itsenses that , if it k new, il woulddisco ve r that it \l'as heading f ordisaster.

.r

If 1974 saw no end to the armsspi ra l. it ushered in the era of thegrea t confe rence - ma ss spectaclesof po lit ical and technical expe rtsga the red in giant world conclaves todiscuss major issues affect ing the entire huma n rac e.

No known project of either countrywill be stopped or slowed by it. Infact. incen tives \vi ll be provided forgoing a head wit h weapons pr ograms not covered unde r the lim itations of the new agreeme nt.

Thus th e insan e arms spiral. in aperverse twist. ha s only picked upnew momentum . In a speech be forethe United Na tions Genera l Assembly in late October. American Senator Stua rt Sym ington revealed tha tthe Uni ted States al ready has a nudear weapons stockpile equal to615.365 "Hiroshima-size" atom icbombs. ea ch equ ivalent to 20.000ton s of TNT .

Th e former secretary of the AirForce al so told U .N . delegates :"There are now six members of thenuclear club - six scorpions in thebott le in st ead of th e o r ig ina ltwo . . . a nd as each month pa sses itbecom es mo re probab le that soonthere may well be 20 scorpions inthe same bot t le."

Thus. as th e wo rld turns the corner into 1975. the nuclear arms race ,far from subsiding, shows eve ry signof renewed growth - or " progresstoward oblivion."

6 PLAIN TRUTH January 197


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Needed: Something NewOn October 14. 1974 Dr. Aur elio

Peccei. executive committee spokesman of the Club of Rome warned inWes t Ber lin th a t on ly a new"humanist philosophy" can avertthe da nger of worldwide social andpolitical chaos.Speaking a t the opening of the

Club's four-day conference on problems of world devel opment. Dr.Peccei sa id the world's political andsocial structure was cracking underoverpopulation. insufficient foodproduction and economic development. a downward drifting worldeconomy. and growing inequalitybetween the rich and the poor.

do so toward all . . . it was not onlyillogical to oust the Pretoria Government at a moment when it isshowing serious signs of reform butblatantly unju st in terms of a ll othertransgressors. past and present. whohave smilingly kep t and still keeptheir sea ts in so-called respectability's greatest club: '

The same decay and para lysiswhich sunk the O ld League of Nations is settling in on its moderndaycounterpart .

I think oJmy selfas a historian more thana statesman. As a historian . yOIl ha veto be conscious of the fa ct that ere,:\"civilization that has el'er ex isted hasultimately Jailed. H iSIOI J" is a tale ojefforts that Jailed. of aspirations thatweren't realized, of wishes that werefulfilled and Th en turned out to bedi fferent from what are expected. So.as a historian, one has to live with a senseoj Th e ine vitability of Tragedy . As a states-man, one has to act on the assumption ...6\ "that problems can be solved. - # ~ I ~ ~ , ..- Henry KIssinger In a conversanon ~ ~ ~with New York Time s columnist I ~ ,James Reston. Oct. 13 I, ,/ II{ , ~ilj/'t;1 : ':

I / .I

year, excommunicated two membersta tes. South Africa and Israel. fromtwo of its forums. Compounding thetragedy. a representative of a terrorist organization was accorded virtu al head-of-state honors.The expulsion of South Africa

from the Genera l Assembly notonly was illegal according to theU.N.'s own ru les. but highly unethical and hypocritical. New YorkTimes columnis t C. L. Sulzbergerput the action in words that cannotbe imp roved upon :"Right now. the black sta te ofUgan da [which sits in the Assembly]is involved in one of the weirdest.most cruel patterns of governmentbrut ality. Chopping up opponentsand feeding them to crocodiles isnot a lesser sin than South Africansegregation. And Chad (which alsovoted) sometimes buries Christiansa live in anthills."When Stalin still ruled Russia .

millions of its people were in prisoncamps or execution cellars. . . . ButRussia rema ined a pillar of theU.N. . . . ."If an international organizationintends to prac tice fair play - a basic objective of the U.N . - it shou ld

Two Choices:In terdependence or An archyIt should be obvious to think ingpeop le that something is fundamen ta lly wron g with the structure ofhuman society. Virtu a lly every diplomat today, and many political scientists and philosophers as well.acknowledge th e growing in terdependence of ind ividual nat ionsta tes. They stress that only throughinternational coopera tion can anyheadway be made toward solvingthe major issues confronting mankind as a whole.O n the other han d. ve ry few

world lead ers a re willing to sacrificeshort-term national self-interests forthe sake of longe r-term in te rnat ional well-being.The world. in short. is in a state of

ana rchy.Years ago. I heard Norman Cousin s . e di to r of Satu rday Re-view / World make an interestingobservation in a speech in Los Angeles. He com pared the world to aneig hbo rhood of 130 or 140 individual citizens each doing their ownthing - with no centra l government al autho rity. no enforcea blelaws. and no pol ice o r othe r regulatory ag encie s to guide in terpersona l relations.What be tter description o f theworld today. And one other observation might be made too : theUnited Nations - which some visionaries had hoped at one l imewou ld be the nucleus of a wor ldgovernment - is in no position toregulate the affairs of the "worldneighborhood." Instead. during1974 cracks developed in the U.N.'sflimsy house-o f-cards structure thatmay be impossible to repair. Intended to be a world clearing-housefor the d iscussion of all points ofview, the U.N. and one of its re latedagencies instead. during the past

virtu a lly unchecked. and the plunder of the riches of the deep intensifies.At times. it appears as if nothing

can hah mankind's lemming-likedive toward disaster.

PLAIN TRUTH January 1975 7


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Dr. Peccei ca lled for a "humanphilosophy of life. a new human-ism: ' based on jus tice and humandeve lopment. Only a just a nd equita ble society. he asse rted. couldguarantee proper. controlled soc ialand economic development.

At the West Berlin meeting Clu bof Rom e members discussed the irlat est report . "M an kind a t the Tu rning Po int" (the Cl ub roused aninternational debate with its centroversial first report on The Limits ofGrowth in 1972).The new boo k ca lls for a con

ce rted. coordina ted attack on globa lproblems to avoid. among otherthings. a future "apoca lypt ic" fam ine. The only answe r. the studyshows. is for all nations. large andsma ll. wealthy and poor. to developa phil osophy of inte rnat iona l coop e ra tio n a n d i n t e r d ep e ndencewhere in all peoples he lp ano ther formutu al ga in .But is such a "radical" concept

which really is " love thy nei ghbor asthyself ' - likel y to be tri ed in theclimate of contemporary wo rld af-fairs?No Pe ace Wi thout WorldGovernmentAccording to American televisioncommentator. Harry Reasoner. "t he

onl y eventua l answer is some kindof world govern ment. some kind ofl im it o n blo ody nati ona l sove r-eignty. whe ther it is capi talist orcommun ist. But there is no wo rldleader or nation o f a ny stature at alleven hinting a t th at kind of thi ng ."Th e need for s uch a right.

"humane" world government. or-dered by a philoso phy of "justiceand equi ty: ' which can once and forall so lve all of our moun ting crise sand at the same time put an end tothe rifts and divi sion s withi n thehuman fam ily is mo re obvious nowthan ever before in all of man 's ar-duou s history.But me re need doesn't guarantee

the desired result.On e of the most respected of all

co ntempo rary po litical scientists.Hans J. Morgen tha u wrote in his8

cla ssic text. Polit ics AmOllg Nations:"T here is no shi rking the con

clusion that inte rnational peace can-no t be permanent wit hout a worldsta te. and that a world state cannotbe estab lished under the presentmoral. social and po litica l cond i-tion s of the world : 'Professor Morgenthau adds withdo uble emphasis: "There is also no

shirking the further concl usion thatin no period o f modern history wascivi liz ation more in need o f per-ma nen t peace and. hen ce . of aworld sta te. a nd that in no period ofmodern history were the moral. so-cia l. a nd politi cal conditions of the

There is no shirking the con-clusion that international peacecannot be permanent withouta world s tate, and that a worlds tate canno t be es tablishedunder the presentmoral, socialand political conditions of theworld.

- Hans J Morgenthau

wo rld less favorable for the es tab-lishment of a world state ." (PoliticsAmOllg Not ions, Ha ns J. M o rgentha u. fourth edition . 1967. p.495.)Wha t a di lemma ' Th ere ca n beno peace with ou t a world govern-ment. Yet the co nditions nece ssaryto bring it ab out are nonexistent in awo rld whe re close to four billionhumans are d ivided in j ust abou tevery man ner possib le - polit ically.ideologically. religiously. culturally.philosophically. ethnically.A world government not hav ing

the support of the world at la rge .kep t in force th rou g h mi litarypower. admits Morgenthau. wou ldbe a "totalitarian monster." Yct aworld body tha t at tempts to reconci le and accommoda te all shades ofopinion and outlook is timid andpowerless. unabl e to act with de ci-siv eness in tacklin g problems com-mon to a ll.

Could it he that men. th rou gh theages. have ov erlooked and ignoredthe very solution th a t th ey seek?

Fo r forty yea rs th is magazine hasprocla imed the only hope for aworld rap idly hu rt ling towa rd thetime when. excep t for the inter-vention of the Almighty God. " thereshould no Ilesh be saved " (M atthew24:22). Th e answer is world government, but a righteous . just govern-men t of God . no t of mcn. The" kingdom of God" spoken of sooften in the pages of the Bible. isthat very go vernment. soon to beestablished. It will be a literal wor ldruling go vernment. not a "fee ling"in the heart o f pro fcssing Christians.T hi s governmen t. headed by

Jesus Christ. will be estab lished"w ith judgmen t and with j ust icefro m hen ceforth even for eve r"(Isa iah 9:7). It will exercise ' j udgmen t and ju stice in the ea rth" (Jere-miah 23: 5).Th is is the "j ust and eq uita ble soc ie ty" men see k but have not beenable to find .What 's Ahead for 19757A little ov er a year ago. a contem-

porary theo logian was asked hisop in ion of the shape of the wor ldand where man kind was headed .Aft er itemizing some of human-

ity 's he adaches. the theolog ia nstressed that answers must soon befound. adding that. with an analogyto mot ion pictures. "no God is go ingto step in and save us du ring the lastreel. ..

The Bible - especially the 24t hcha pter of Matthew - clearl y saysotherwise. And this theologian the word literally means a study ofGod (theos) - should have knownbett er. Wit hout God 's interventionto put a sto p to human folly. therewou ld indeed be no hope.

Wh a t is ah ead for 1975? More ofthe same as 1974 - only more so.Conditions will worsen year by yea runtil men and nations govcrned byth e downward . self-centered pu lls ohuman nature . arc forced to realizethcy canno t wise ly rule themselvesor o thers. an d tha t the only sys temof gove rnme nt that can possiblywor k is one broug ht by an d administered by God him self.The need was never greater. 0



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PERHAPS ON LY a few tim es in a. generat io n do men of couragerise who spend their lives forot he rs. In thi s issue of the PlainTruth. we ope n up to our readers theconcerns and the ded ica tion of aman of tha t s tature. who at this momen t is a t his wor k of sav ing apeople. He is Jean-Pier re Hallet. explorer and author. An d the peopleabout to perish. for whom he isspending his life a nd physica lenerg ies. are the Pygm ies of theIturi Fo rest in the hear t ofAfrica.Jean-P ierre Hall et has been a

reader of the Plain Trut h for threeyea rs . We ca n do no less tha npresent to our multiple mill ions ofother readers around the world hisstory wit h these beautiful a nd revea ling photos. Her e are his ownwords from conversations with us:As a ch ild. I was for tunate to growJ-\. up in Africa wit h thc physica lly small peo ple ca lled Pygmies.Back then. in the 1930's. there wereabout 35.000 of these healthy, del igh tfully hap py a nd h ighly ex-_pressive peop le. as exemp lified bythe you ng ma n playi ng here thefive-string Pygmy bow ha rp . Twentyyea rs la ter. as an adu lt. I was agai nreunited with my forme r playmateswhom I respected and loved . Pro fessionally, I was a bush sociologistand agronom ist fo r the Be lgia nCongo. Rwanda an d Burund i. I dideverything from d iagnosing pla ntd iseases to de livering babies.

To know an d un de rst a nd myPygmy friends better, I le ft beh ind"c iviliz ation." and in Ja nuary 1957 Iwalked into the tangled shadows ofthe Ituri Fo rest in the eastern Co ngo(now Zai re). Fo r eighteen mon ths Ilived wi th them as a n adop tedmember of th e Efe Pygmy society.learn ing the ha rd way to appreciatetheir unique life-style , th eir high1110ra l va lues. their spiritu a l understanding , and thei r wisdom.

But I a lso became aware of thema ny physical prob lems th reateningth eir surviva l. The Pygm ies' ancestral forest was be ing increasinglychopped down by greedy lumberoperators. thus robb ing them of thePLA IN TRUTH January 1975

"TOSAVE APEOPLE"Conversat ions by Jean-Pierre Hallet as told to Senio r Editor Herman L. HoePhotography by Jean -Pierre Hallet

9


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AN EFt WOMAN (top ) puts la stto uch on th e doorway of a traditionalPygmy h u t, a prim it ive vers ion of ageodesi c dome, look ing lik e a s haggygreen igloo. Left. a grandmothershows h er granddaughter how tothatch th e hut with il ip i leaves . Bot-tom left, Pygmy ch i ldren are ex -trem e ly alert, with a great sense ofhumor . Below, in th e f ram e of atradit ional dance, a five year old i sb lowing an a ts i m ade f rom the h orno f a fo res t buffal o .

10

animals they hunted . The Efe wereforced to live in the blisteri ng trop ical sun for which their bodi es were

. un prep ared . Bantu a nd Sudan eseNegro p lanta tions were creeping infrom all sides. Tourists came indroves bringing peanuts. cigarettesa nd sugar. Th e Pygmies sta r ted tosuccumb to new diseases. sufferingfrom a high mortal ity rate andbeing reduced to about 25 .000Above all they suffered from loss obasic human dignity . slid ing intofeudal serfdom to the benefit othe ir tall African neighbors.

On June 26. 1957. a fter grea t difficult ies. I managed to liberate everyEre (the only true. pu re-blooded African Pygmies in the Eastern lturForest) from these bon ds of se rfdomby ob taining from the Nande Negrochieftains of Beni a n official "emancipat ion proclama tion." At the sa metime I estab lish ed for th e Ere Pygmies a real ist ic se lf-help programba sed o n the pro gre s sive introduction of agricu lture an d be ttesanita tion to compe nsate for the lossof their forest home .

During these eighteen months inthe Itu ri Forest. ( tau ght the a llegedly unteachable Pygmies how toread . write . a nd do simple arithmetic. mainly for th e purpose of proving tha t they were as able 1O lea rn atheir forme r masters - if not moreso. I tau ght them cro p ro tati on anduse of improved selected breeds toena b le th em to compete on a mo reeq ual foo ting with neighbor ing Negro tribes.

But in 1960 came pol itica l ind ependence to the Belgian Co ngo. a ndwith it chaos. rebellion and civ iwa r. Being by nature nona ggressivemy Pygmy friends we re the first tosuffer. Th ey were rap idly reduced tosome 15.000. Victims of new harassmen ts - having to pay income taxbe ing drafted into the Zai re armysuffe ring from enforced loss of cuiru ral ident ity - they kept on dyingat a n increasi ng rate de spit e mylonely e fforts . Today there arc onlsome 3.800 "pure-blooded" Pygm ieleft.

In Africa. more th an one hundredPLAIN TRUTH January 197


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MOST OF THE P y g m y fo od comesfrom the vege ta ble world (top l e f t) .Veg etab les, r oots, fru its , mush r o o m s,vines and l e a v e s are th e m ai n pa r t o fth e da il y m eal. Immediatel y above ,a child, a l though uncomfortable , issou n d asleep, feeling se c ure as th em other prepares th e family s te w.Quite often young gir ls, em ul a t i n gth eir mothers , go on a f irewoodsa fari (t op right ) . They are not s up er-vised b y a du lts in spite o f the fa ctth at they range in age from 2 112 to 5years ol d . They carry a s much wooda s th e ir s tr e n g t h allows. In themysterio u s wo rl d o f giant trees, vinesand ferns , tw o bo ys (ri g h t) on amonkey hun t are as comfortable o na s l ip per y h igh branch a s th ey wou ldbe on the g ro und.PLAIN TRUTH January 1975


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fifty thousand square miles of national parks and gam e reserves arededicated to the preservation of thenora and fauna . To da te. not asingle square mile has been se t asideto aid the survival of the Pygmies.Cen tral Africa 's oldest known surviving people.Their Itur i Forest home has beenreduced. at present. to less than tenthousand square miles. This areacomprises only 6 2/3 percent of theland reserved for the African animals . I believe that the Pygmieshave the right to live in this smallremnant of their original land. I amnow heading an orga nization dedicated to the goa l of securing for thePygmies their original forest land.In an effort to make more peopleaware of the uniqu eness of the African Pygmies and the tragedy oftheir imminent extinction, I wrotemy major publication Pygmy Ki -tabu. But I felt that something visualwas also imperative. So. in the fallof 1972. I made a full-length documentary on the Efe Pygmies. wanting to raise fund s to help them intheir struggle for survival.The Zairegovernment was about to rule thatthe Pygmies could not be photographed . since they felt tha t becau seof their "primitive" appearance,12

they a re bad public relations for thenew na tion . With great difficulti es Imanaged to produce this graphicdocume nt. incorporati ng in 90minu tes the essence of a lifetime ofobservation and understanding the first and last ever to be made. Itwas a labor of love and an almostimpossible task because of dailyrain, government pressures. lack ofcompetent help. and my own physical limitat ion due to the loss of myright hand in 1955.'

Upon my return to the UnitedStates I immediate ly sta rted working full-time on the film with HannaRoman. a very competent editor.Members of the Plain Truth staffbecame interested in my work. InSeptember 1973 the film "Pygmies"was shown at a press preview at theAcademy Award Theater in LosAngeles. It was a great success:standing ovation and excellent tradereviews.The film follows the Ere Pygmies'life from birt h to dea th. showing thestrange customs surrounding the'In 1955 Jean -Pierre Hallet set out with a few blackhelpers to relie ve a desperate famine among thePygmoid or pari-Pygmy Mosso tribe of Burundi.He emerged from this mission of mercy singlehanded after an acciden tal dynamite explosionblew off his right hand above thewrist. He wrote oflhi" and myri ad o the r ex periences in his excitingbook Congo Kirahu.

Pygmy birth which takes place inthe river. the colorful marriage ceremony. and the moving cremationrit ual. Th eir amazing precocity andartistic creativity are illustrated fothe first time on the screen. Alsoshown is the sacred Tore ceremoniawhich precedes the hunt. and possibly the last filmed elephant spearhun t. The Pygmies' treme ndouwarmth and the depth of their fulrange of emotions are felt throughout. The powerful narration byLome Greene enriches its visual impact. The film implies that thesewise and once ha ppy so-ca lledprimitive people hold a key to Ollemotional. mental and physical survival. suggesting that "civilized" society should establish a profoundand real istic understanding of life not as an automated existence. burather as a bas ic privilege .I was sure that the film would bwell accepted . I never expected it tobe repeatedly rejected dur ing thenext yea r by all the major distributors. for being "too honest. too art istic . . . too good" - ju st not acommercial movie which would gofor thc average audience. "How doyou expect people to pay . . . to seepicture that has no sex. no violenceno suspense and no staged drama -



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AT BIRTH, a Pygmy baby, far left, isra ther large . Proportionally, themies have the larges t babies in th ewo rld , sometimes re aching eigh tpounds . Traditiona/ly Pygmies dis p osed of their dead w it h a crema-tion ri tual. Toda y it is again s t th elaw and they are forced to practic econventional burial (center pho to ).Above, Yobu, a six-veer-old boy, is crying over his mother's death. His fatherdie d tw o months earlier. The y bo thsuccumbed to ne w d iseases resultingfrom th e impact of " ci vil iza tio n ."

a film that nobody can 're late to?" Iwas told . I was d isgust ed . since Ibe lieve that many peop le arc eagerfor qual ity an d meaning in a moti onpicture. However. I was determinedto convey the plight of the Pygmies.and I selected San Francisco. Ca lifornia as the ideal city for the introduction of my film . The SanFrancisco Zoo logica l Society andthe Californ ia Academy of Sciencessponsored for me th ree large bene fi tpro gram s. Another success. On thestrength of that. I finally persuadeda loca l theater circuit to run "Pygmies" in a regular theater. Th e reviews were exce llent and viewersseemed to be impressed . touchedand. above all. awa re of how uniquethe Pygmies are and why it is soimpo rtant to give them possib lyth eir last cha nce to stay a live.

Few. it seems. know that the Pygmies. long before the coming of theEuropean to Africa. possessed anen lightened philosophy and lawsregulating their relationship to oneanother. to their forest environment.and to a crea tor-de ity. Th ey eve nprayed aloud to tha t heavenly deity.usu all y addressed by the fam iliarsounding title "o ur Father." Theyclaim to have personally receivedfrom this deity a lofty moral cod e

wh ich forbid s ki llin g. adul tery.lying. theft. bla sphemy. devil wor ship and sorcery. disrespect towarde lde rs a nd other form s of misbehavior. Pygmies do not indulge incannibalism. human sacrifice. mut iIatiun . sorcery. ritual murder. intertr iba l war. in itiat ion ordeals or anyof the other cr ue l customs associa ted with equ atoria l Africa .

In Pygmy life. hunters - no ma tter how hungry - br ing game backto camp where it is di vided upamong membe rs of the hand . (Thisis one of the laws thei r deity gave tohis Ituri Forest congregat ion. ) T radit ionally. cooked game is no t ea tenunt il a brief prayer is intoned whilea littl e tid bit of meat is either tossedinto th e a ir (th e d irection of the traditional hom e of "o ur Fa ther") orwra ppe d in a large lea f and placedin the fork of a nearby tree (a n actwhich raises it from the ea rth as anoffering). These acts. now near ly totallyneglected in the ir struggle to survive.let the deity know tha t his Pygmies donot tak e food for gra nted.The Pygmy concept of God. in

contrast to the ir tall black neighborsbefo re the coming o f the Europeans.is enlightening. " In th e beg inning: 'sai d a Pygmy elder. "God lived withmen and gave them his command-

JEAN-PIERRE HALLETshown here among a typica l Pygmy

extended fam il y , was born inLo u vai n . Be l g i u m , in 19 2 7 . H i s

fathe r, An d re Halle t , was a painterof Af rican landscapes and po rtraits .A f ter spe ndi ng h is chi ldhood int he Congo, J ea n -Pi erre Hal let

ret u rn ed in 1948 to l ive an d workamong seven te en di ff e ren t Af r icant ri bes . H e ha s m anaged t o re vis i t

hi s adopted peop le every yea r,bri nging back a wea lt h of newfacts on the Pygmies ' cu l ture ,

philosop hy and re ligion . H e has a lsocomp iled t he fi rs t di ct i o na ry andg ra mmatica l stud y of t he Ef e

Py gm y lan g u ag e and hasphotographed and f i lmed eachaspec t of their dai ly li fe .



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ments. He created the world . He cannever die . If he did, the whole worldwould perish with him. God dwellson high. in the Fi rmamen t. God isthe Lord above all thin gs. He reignsalso over men , whose actio ns hewa tches day and night."

Now. why should we in the Western world - beset by inflation ,unemp loymen t. etc. - care about adying race thousands ofmiles away?Th e world is not so large that wecan ignore wha t is going on even afew thousand miles distant. and anyhuman tragedy that occurs theremay happen here sooner or later.Have we forgo tten wha t happenedin Europe and in Asia du ring WorldWar II? The ma in poin t as far as wecivilized peop le are concerned istha t we have one last opportunity topreserve a people who would otherwise d isappear - a peop le whosesimple wisdom. reflected in humanrelationships and fam ily ties. shouldmake us think about and seek a realistic compromise between our selfdestruction, often blind technologyand a simple. honest way of life.

Should these people, despite theirhuman lim itat ions in which we allshare. be depr ived of the right to lifein tomorrow's world? What if wewere in their situa tion - and they inours? With the help of good-heartedpeople. I have developed a feas ibleplan for preserving part of the Itur iForest which. with enough money.could assure the relative stahility ofthe Pygmies' society before it is toolate.

I devote the proceeds of my filmand books to the PYG"Y FUND. ' aswell as my life's energies. But aloneI cannot save an entire race fromextinction. Substantial help is urgently needed if we are to save thesurvivors. I would like to say in conclusion a warm and very sincere"t han k you" to the people who havea lready helped and to the ones whowill care enough to become involved . 0"T he address o f the FUND is 5630 w est 79thStreet. Los Angeles. California 90045. Informa tionabout the availability of the film or lectures can beob ta ined by inst itutions and organiza t ions at thesame address.

THE PYGMIES developed a tite-stvterespecting th e wondrous marve ls ofthe I turi Forest (oppos ite page). I nthe middle are a child. a young a d u l t.and an old m an who s t i ll belong tothe uncor rupted EM way o f l i fe ofCentralAfrica 's oldest known people.I n c on tra st. the th ree m en below arerathe r pathe t ic examples o f th eimpact of ce st-ott W estern clothingon Pygmies in se r vi t ude to Bantuneighbor s. They c on vey the tragedyof th e lo s s o f cu l tu ral identi ty andtheir bas ic hum an dignit y . To reverset he t ragedy be set t in g th e Pygmies.funding is us ed t o provide medica -tion when needed. to se cure land.to buy tools a nd see ds - none ofwhich th e Pygmies ca n afford to buyon t h e ir own . Th is a id is to co m p e n -sa t e for th e d estruct ive e ffec t of th eaccelerated reduction of th e foreston th eir li ves an d cu l tu re - sincethey r eceive n o supp ort lo cally. Thei ro n l y h ope fo r su r vi va l i s from ou t sid ehelp .

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:---- - - - - - - - - -=========================================

AECENT survey of 1.600 ran domly selected New Yorkersrevea led th at on ly one percentof th em we re innocen t of a majo rfelon y th at could land them in j ai lfor a yea r o r mo re. Th e average respondent was guilty of fifteen ormore such cri me s.New Yo rk. of course. is no ted for

its crime rate. but the sa me type ofsurvey was also taken in America' s" Sible Belt." Respectable col legestudents from midd le cla ss Texanfamilies were found . in thi s survey.to be only slightly less guilty of seriou s felonies than were their less forlu nate con tempo raries who we rese rving time in th e local reformaw ries or stale penite ntiaries.The main difference betwee n the

"good" peop le and the " ba d" crim ina ls in each survey seemed to betha t the co llege studen t in Texasa nd the man on the street in NewYork City bad been clev er enoughto escape detection a nd pun ishment.

Do Bad Guys WearBlack Hat s?

In the old West erns. it was easy tospo t the bad guy . He had a blackhat . if not a black horse and blacksh irt too. The hero, of course . hadthe white hat.

The clu es aren' t as obvious inmodern socie ty, but most of us stillexpect the world to be nea tly divided into good an d bad people: th eCommunists vs. the Am erican s. thecrimina ls vs. the good peo ple. or ju st"our" team vs. your team .Most o f us have been erroneously

led to believe in such a black- vs.white-hat dichotomy. One reasonfor this unfortuna te divi sion is theglaring and obviou s evil of somekinds of crime. The Roman Empire's g leeful martyrdom of theChristians and the Tbird Reich'smet hodical elimina tion or the Jewsa re two vivid examples.These highly visib le crimes have

on ly serve d to reinforce the publ ic'sm isconcept ion that th ey, as "good"peop le. must rush to protect themselves from the insidious malevolentcri mi na l c lemen t lurking somewhere in the dark shadows ou tthere . just wai ting to "get" them .

Bad Guys Wear WhiteHats Too!

"Good" people are keeping a bil lion dollar securities ind ustry inbu siness de signing ever more sophist icated me thods for keeping"bad" people 011' their prope rty. Yetthose same worr ied cit ize ns who pa-

t ro nize the paranoia market arq ui te often robb ing the boss blind ibroad da ylight!The boss. in tu rn . may he cheat.ing the government out o f cor pora t

a nd personal income taxes. whilehe go vern men t itself - not 10 beoutdone - may be subsidizing massmurder in some distant country un-de r the gui se of patriotism. capitalis m. a nd /o r reli gi ou s a n dideological causes.Each link in th is chain of cr ime is

not so much concerned with his ownsins as he is in catching those whoare sinning against him . The concern of most anti -crime speeches isthe "c rime exp losion" reflected inr .B.1. statistics. T his. or course, rcfleets only the most obvious violen tbehavior. The seven F.Il.1. indexcr imes cove r murder. rape. assau l trobbery. auto theft . larceny andburglary. Nothing else,Most or these seven deadly srns

however. go unreported or undetected. In the sanctity of the American home. aggravated assault oftegoes under the name "child beating" ; forcible rape can occur between hu sband and wife; larcentakes place on the income tax formand misdemeanors such as drunkebehavior. disturbance of the peac

16 PLAIN TRUTH January 19


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- - ----- ---- --- - - ---------- -------

- - - - - - = - ."-"-- - -

pan y tim e. o r fai lure to meet healthsta nda rds. build ing sta nda rds . ortrue we igh ts an d me asur es. T h isa lso includes failu re to help th osewho a re obviously in need. or accept ing bribes to turn yo ur eyesawa y fro m illega l prac tices.Hopefully. by now we can sa y

with Pogo . " \Ve ha ve me t th e enemyan d he is us: ' Natura lly. most of usa ren ' t vicious crimina ls in black ha ts- in fac t. most o f us brist le a t thesuggestion we migh t be ANY fo rm o fcrim inal - bu t th e bu lk o f huma n itycertainly is "c riminaloid: ' a ter mcoined 68 years ag o by soc iolog istEdw a rd A. Ross.He ex pla ined th at a crimina loidwa s di fferent from a n ac tua l crimi nal in a t least five ways: ( I) Th edom inan t characteristic o f the cr im inaloi d is mor al insensitivity: he con sistently follows a double stand a rdwh ich ju stifies his illegal beha vior.(2) Th e crimina loid is not a ntisoc ia lby na ture. a s a re ma ny hardenedfelon s. In fac t. the cr iminalo id isusu a lly ci vic-mind ed a nd hosp itable.

by Gary Alexan derand Charles Vinson

W hite Collar " Criminaloids"When th e av e ra ge br ead w innermoves fro m home to office. ano therk in d o f u n rep or t ed cr ime take splace . Such disc ree t g ray -Ilanne l felonies a re often called "wh it e co lla rcrime : ' These offenses include laxevasion. false co rporat e au diting. sec re t stock d eal s. fo rgeri es. ma ilfrau d. po litica l influence pcdd ling.secre t gifts a nd bribes. wiretapp ing.a nd price-fixing. Frau d and embezz le me nt a lo ne co s t th e U. S.economy ab out five ti mes as mucha s a ll Bonnie-a nd-Clyde-style bankro b b er ies . bu t em bezz lemen t iso ften set tled d isc reetly ou t o f th ecourt . O pen ban k ro bbery. on th eo the r han d . ea rns a stiff pri son ter m .Beyo nd cr im e in the home a nd

office. everyone is guilty of numerous crimes o f omissio n. the a rt o fdo ing nothing when you should dosomething. T his include s doi ng per sona l bu siness (o r nothing) on corn-

an d pe rj ury go unnot iced. unrep o rted . a nd usu al ly u npuni sh edwhen com m itted within th e fa m ily.

WILL THE REAL CRIMINAL[ P [ l ~ f f i ~ ~

~ U f f i m r nr n [ p ~



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(3) Th e crimina loid practices apro tective mimicry o f the good. afo rm of god liness. (4 ) T he crimi na loid hid es with in th e support of alocal specia lized society. putting loya lty to it be fore ethi cs towa rd society : (5) Th e crimina loid flouri shesin his cr imes until discovered byoutside investigation . He will notquit voluntarily (excerp ted from A I -Iantic Monthly, Jan. 1907. pp . 4450).Very few of us can claim to be

free of a ll five of the above ch a racteristics. Unfortunately. such "whitecollar" crime exceeds in volume theover t crime of the F.R.1. ind ex.which will account this yea r for ove rtwo million burglarized hom es. onemillion stolen cars, one-third millionassaults and robberies. 40.000 rapesan d 20.000 murders.

Ca n Crime Be Stopped?Crime prevention is usua lly ap

proached from the angle of self-protection: Be ca reful ab ou t walkingthe streets at night. Ou tfit a ll doo rswit h d ead - b o l t lo cks . Wom e n .scream loudly when attacked. etc.Ot hers stress that crime cou ld be

prevented if th ere were stiffer penalties. Reinstitute the d ea th penaltyand throw more hardened criminalsin prison for longer stretches. an dcrime would decli ne . they claim .Still others prefer to tak e the soci

ological overview, reasoning that ifeveryone were comfortab ly midd leclass. if inne r city gh etto poverty didno t exist. then the incidence o fcrime would decrease .

None of the se ideas a re reall yright or wron g by themselves. Takentogether. a ll three combined wouldcertainly diminish the crime rate. although at a cost o f bi llions of do llars. But prisons. locks. and welfaremoney cannot change the inne r motivation cau sing most crimes.

Th e on ly real solution lies in theheart of each individual. As theprophet Jerem iah wrote. "The heart[o f man] is the most dec eitful thingthere is. and desperately wicked. Noone can rea lly know how bad it is!"(Je r, 17:9. The Living Bib!e.)18

Th e big qu estion . then . is wha t onea rth can change crim ina l mot ivations within human nature? Arethere any reco rd ed exam ples oflarge groups of people who havemanaged to overcome the prob lemof pub lic and priva te crim inalaction?

"Wha t Shall We Do?"The history of one such largegroup is recou n ted in the bib lica l

book of Acts. Tens o f thousands ofpe op le fro m al l nations o f th eMidd le East and Nea r East wereconvening on the day of Pen tecostto hear the ap ostle Peter deliverwha t turned ou t to be the first recorded sermon of the New Te stament Christia n Church.Peter moved the overflowi ng

crowd to rea lize that they were directly gui lty of a capital crime. complicity in the mu rder of Jesus Christ.Many of the audience we re struckwith enough remorse to ask . "Wha tsha ll we do?"The answe r Pet er gave them was

stra ightforwa rd and simple. He didnot adv ise them to go to the nearestpolice constable and turn themselves in for vo luntary manslaughter. He did not adv ise they dopenance in a pentitentiary.Instead. he sa id. " Repent. and beba p tized evcry one o f you in thenam e of Jesus Christ for the remission o f sins. and ye shall rece ive th egift of the Holy Ghost [Spirit]" (Acts2:38). H is answer must have beenquite effect ive. because ".. . theythat gladly received his word werebaptized: an d the sa me da y therewere added unto them about threethou sand SO I/ ! S " (Acts 2:41)

To the se 3.000 new Christian s. th eword "repent" had a rather different connotation than today. sincethe ra nks of nomina l Christianityhad no t yet be en defiled by thewi ld -eyed evange list s who seemfond o f making a mockery of theexperience . During Peter's day . to"repent" meant sim ply to make aheartfelt decision to change one'sbasicall y selfish orientation into apositive giving and serving way oflife.

This positi ve mental a ttitude is refleeted by the comma nds of Jesus to"l ove you r neigh bor as yourself 'a nd " it is more blessed to give thanto receive: '

When thou sands of people tookChrist's and Peter's me ssage seriously. re pen ted . and receiv ed theHoly Sp iri t . th e ir ow n personalcr ime ra te plummeted spectacularly.Most importantl y, their "secret" sinsand crimes d iminish ed forthwith .

YOUR Crime Ca n BeStopped

No one seriously ex pects the entire nation or world to repent tomorrow. Short of the return o f J esusChrist and the millennium o f hisrule . it would tak e an unthinkab lyharsh pol ice state to eliminate allc rime from " th is pr e se n t ev i lworld ."Even in the most repressive so

cie ties on earth . crime still exists.There is no way you can stop crimein others around you. Th erefo re it isonly sensible to tak e precau tionsaga inst becoming a victim of crime.But far more impo rtant tha n

these he lp ful hints is the need torealize wh o the real criminal is: allof us ! To co ntrol crime everyonesho u ld rea lize that there is all toomuch of the criminal element ineveryone of us. and that even "lawabiding" cit izens are prone to commit crimes o f co nvenience and opportunity.Crime itself is not a disease. nor a

passing soc ial phenomena o f thetwentieth century. but an unp leasant aspect of human nature wecould all control. Each person mustlearn to regard his neighbor ashigh ly as he regards himself. Th is isthe only ultimate solution to crime.. You've probably seen the TVshow "To Te ll the Tr uth" on wh icha ll three pa nelists shuffle in theirchairs before one fina lly rise s in response to the command. "Wi ll therea! Joh n Doe please sta nd up."We ask. "Will the real criminal

please sta nd up?" If yo u sec thepoint of this a rticle an d respond toit. yo u may remain seated. 0



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EUROPE: CATASTROPHE AND R E V I V A L

After Napoleon's down-fall events began to falli n t o place fo r th e emer-gence o f the Germanpeople as dominators o fth e European continent.

T HE PERIOD from 1814 to .1945 was a fascina tingera in Europea n histo ry. TheG erman na tion again su rfaced andbecam e th e dom ina nt continenta lEuropean power. It was not the o ldHoly Roman Empire of the Ge rma nna tion. bu t a mil itaristic-na tion alistic emp ire in fully mod ern garb.a lmost comp letely shorn of the cere monial and religious accout rementsof its medieval predecessor.

The Ch urch LanguishesMeanwhi le, the Ca tholic Church ,

nourish ed by the concept o f th c im-perium Christ ianum. lan guish ed inthe shadow of na tionalism . T hechurch, wh ich was only an ima ge ofimper ial power . had its politicalhegem on y sha tt ered wh en nati onalism instead of Christia n int ernationalism became the dom inan tmotif of European politic s. Th e papacy's "spiritua l power was itself th eoffsp ring of Rome 's tempora l domin ion," wrote the historian of th eHoly Roman Emp ire , James Bryce.In th e co lla pse of Na poleon's empire. "she heard the kn ell of th e oldorder an d saw the end of her owntemporal power approaching."But a G erman empire was des

tin ed to surface , cont inu ing th ecycle of ca tastrophe and revival inEuro pe a n politics. On ce more, th econtinent was to ree l under the im-

Part 8GermanybecomesthedominantEuropeanpower

by Pa ul W. Kroll

pact of the Germa nic peoples. Ge rmany wa s to be thIron Kingdom with its IronC ha nc e ll o r and th e I roCross. T he beg inning of th ipowerful na tion state. ar isingfrom the ashes of the HolRom an Empire. really hegins. in one sense. in 1806. A

this po int, we continue our on -thespo t reconstru ction of eve nt s.

Year 1806: Confederation of thRhine Begi ns. On July 12, 1806. Bava r ia . W ilrttemb er g. Bad en andth irt een o ther G erman sta tes withd raw from the Holy Roman EmpireTwo wee ks lat er . Napo leon ma keknown th a t he has "consen ted " tbecome the Protecto r o f the Confede ra tion. Francis II. the Habshu rHoly Rom an Emperor. does whahe must : on Augus t 6. 1806. he resigns th e impe ria l dign ity.

On e thou sand six yea rs aft er PopLeo crowned Ch arlemagne in 51Pe ter's. th e Holy Rom an Em pircomes to its end . Napoleon will assume th e position of Europea n empero r, havin g a lrea dy crownehimsel f emperor of the French .With th e di sso luti on of Napo

leo n's empire in 1814, th e "Ge rmaq uestion" aga in thrusts itself intthe councils of Europe. In the Peaco f Paris, delegates speak of unitinthe Ge rma n sta tes by a federabond .BUL a t the insistence of Austria

influ entia l minister of foreign affairs, Mett ern ich , a loose G ermacon fede ra tion is b rought into ex istence tha t will last un til 1866 . EveMctternich ca n only pu sh throughwea k compromise of his demands.


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Some argue that the old empire.in point of law. has never been ex-ting uished. G reat Britain . for example . refu ses to recognize thedissolut ion of the empire in 1806.From tha t point of view. the empirehas lived on in a sta te of suspendedanim ation through the day s of Napoleon and the Confederation of theRh ine and simply has been rebornas the post-Napoleonic GermanicConfederation.

Year 1815 : Germanic Con-federation Created. The new German plan is to take the place of theold Holy Rom an Empire. The fed eration comprises 39 states. The Actof Confederation is signed on June8. 1815. and is late r supplementedby the Final Act of Vienna on May15. 1820.This is one of the most importa ntresult s of th e d eliberat ion s atVienna. this creation of a "GermanConfederat ion ." Statesmen reali zethat some definite form of politicalorganization must supersede thedefunct empire. Some wou ld stilllike to rev ive the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation in amodernized form.Austri an Foreign Minister Metternich would like to see a con-

federation of states allowing a truebalance of power and also makeprovision forthe inclusion of auton-omo us nation al units such asAustria and Prussia. But Me tternich 's plan for a federati on amongeq uals does not meet with approval.Prussia and Austri a demand absolute supremacy in the new confed eratio n . U nd e r t he Act o fConfedera tion . Aust ria is finallydesignated as the presiding power inthe new Confederation . A federaldiet . the Bundestag, is crea ted tomeet in Frankfurt.Th e political wheel ha s come fullcircle.Elimina t e the new titles. the new

systems of government and the newactors and one finds the shadow of amoribund. old Holy . Roman Empire. The feeble "German Confederati on " is de st ined to bedomina ted . no t by an emperor. but20

by the Quad ruple Alliance and tofunction as an instrument of Metternich's political plans.

The Germa n Confede ration noton ly ha s political pro blems. but it isalso wrestling with grave economicdi fficulties. As early as 1819. amemorandum is submi tted to thefederal diet in Fran kfu rt callingupon a Confederation to create aunified German economy.Prussia. destined to take the lead

in the endeavor . has already abolished the 67 d ifferent tariff sched ules in her territories. They arereplaced by a uniform tariff. makingthe entire sta te a single. unified marketing unit. Prussia will expand hercustoms unio n gradually. By 1853this German Zollverein (customsunion) will include all of Germanyexcept German Austria. Prussiauses economics as a political tool togain the upper hand in German af-fairs.Year 1815: The Holy Alliance. A

document is drawn up by Tsar Alexander I and signed by EmperorFrancis [ of the Aust rian empireand Frederick William III of Ger-man y. Ult ima te ly all Eu ropeanrulers excepting Britain. the popeand the Turkish sultan will subscribeto it. The document lays down thetype of conduct ru lers are to exh ibitin their relations with each other.But by 1833. the yea r in which the

three head s of the Holy Alliancemeet for the last time . it is clear thatthe pact has come to noth ing. Manythought they saw in the Holy Alliance a new resurrection of the oldHoly Roman Emp ire. But it wasonly a chimera .Yea rs 1840-1861 : The Rule of

Frede rick Willi am IV. Frederick is amember of the German rulinghouse of Hohenzollern. He is deeplyimbued with mystica l conceptions.Frederick seeks to revive the pos ition of the nobles which. in his view.reflect the "mystic glories of a divinely consecrated and patriarcha lmonarchy."

Frederick wan ts to see the feebleGermanic Confederation replacedby the old Holy Roman Empire. In

that empi re Prussia wou ld play akey role. though a secondary one tothe Habsburgs. But his dream doesnot reflect political reality; the oldceremonies and methods of government are not acceptable to European statesmen.Year 1862: Bismarck Becomes the

Iron Chancello r of German)'. Bismarck is to be Chancellor from September 1862 to March 1890. Du ringhis long tenure of office. he will realize his chiefam bition: a unified Ger-many headed by Prussia. He worksfor the expulsion of Austria fromany mean ingful position of power inGerman politics.

The policies of Bismarck will sendGermany down the pat h of greatness and the Germa nic peoples willagain stand at the center of conti-nental European politics.Year 1866: Austria Defeated in

Seve n Weeks War. Bismarck's policy of eventually excluding Austriafrom German politics comes to fru -ition in 1866. In Ap ril events a resuch that both Prussia and Austriabegin to mobi lize their troops. Mostof the German states. includingsuch lar ge ones as Bavaria. Saxonyand Hanover side with Austria.The Prussian government de-

clares the federal constitution to bein violation and ends the con-federation of German states. Bis-marck and the king dispatch themilitary genius. von Moltke. to de-fea t Au stria. Using the blitzk riegmethod . von Moltke's forces qui cklyoverrun Saxony. Hesse and Han-over. Next. the Bavarians and theirallies arc defeated.Finally. the main Austrian forcesstationed in Bohemia are attackedsimultaneously by three Prussian armies striking from Saxony. Lusatiaand Silesia . On July 3. 1866. thePru ssians inflict a decisive defeat onthe Austria ns a t Kiiniggriitz. Thesudden victory of the Prussiansstuns Europe.Hanover. Electoral Hesse. Nassauand Frankfurt a re incorporated intoPrussia. Austria is excluded fromGe rmany and the Germanic Confederat ion is dismantled. A North



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Ge rman Confedera tion is formedunder Prussia's lead er ship: th esouth German states remain independent and are permitted to forma separa te confederation.Bismarck ' s goa l to elimina teAustria from the affairs of Germanyha s been achi e ved . P rote stantPrussia has now become the leaderof the Germanic peoples. Th etwenty-one states of northern G ermany recognize Prussia as the selfchosen leader.Bismarck brings the four southGerm an sta tes into the Zo llverein(customs union) and once more useseconomics to politi cal advantage .The new Reichstag is rea lly a parliament for a ll Germany. In the south,however, there is still much opposition to Prussia due to cultural andreligious reasons.Bismarck realizes that one finalstep is necessary. He must raise thespecter of French domination in theRh ineland . This. Bismarck hopes.will dri ve the South German statesinto the fina l union.Th e stage is now set for the decisive events to occur in 1870-1871.These events will reshuffle the political constellations of the continentand result in the reunification ofboth Italy and Germany, resurrecting a new Ottonian German-Italianax is. but in modern politi cal apparel.Years 18591870: The Unificationof Italy. Th e struggle for Germanunificat ion has its mirror image inItaly. There the kingdom of Sardinia , under the leadership of thefamous Italian statesman Cavour(1810-1861). is playing the samepart in Italian affairs as Pr ussia is inG e rmany. Agai n . i t is Au strianhegemony in Ita ly which is underdirect a ttack.Cavour's single purpose. as is Bismarck's in Germany. is to ejectAustria from Italian affairs. Thenext step is to esta blish a unitedKingdom of Ita ly.On April 15, 1860, the first step ofthe unification process is sealed.Parma . Modena. Tu scany and theRomagna are united with the King-

dom of Sardinia (composed of Sardinia and P iedmont) und er th ename Kingdom of Italy. Victor Emma nue l becomes king. Mea nwhi le.Garibaldi is sweeping th ro ughsout hern Italy . taking Nap les onSeptember 7. The two Sicilies arenow his. Garibaldi is prepar ed tomarch on Rome .To forestall an internationalcrisis, Cavour di rects the Piedmon

tese army to march into the papa lstates where insurrections had begun the yea r before. The two Siciliesand the liberated parts of the papalstates vote to joi n themselves to thekingdom of Ita ly. In March 1861,Victor Emmanue l becomes the firstking of Italy. Italy is independentand free, except for Rome and Venice. for the first time in fifteen hundred years.The problem now centers onRome . Most agree that Rom e.which has been the ancient moth erof the Roman Empire, must becomethe capital of the new united Italy.But there is a French army in Romewhich is sympathetic to the popebecause of his anti-union fee ling.Cavour, meanwhile, is developinga philosophy of "a free church in afree state." Cavour wou ld guaranteecomp lete religious freedom for thechurch and the individual. At thesame time, the pope would not havetemporal power; thi s wou ld be reserved for the sta te. It would thu sfree the papacy from matt ers whichonly have ens laved it. Cavour reasons.Events are lea d ing up to thec rus hing defeat of Austri a byPrussia a t Koniggratz (Sadowa) in1866. Th e victo r's terms include aconcession to Ita ly: Venice will beceded to Italy. This is accomplished,and on November 7, 1867, VictorEmmanuel makes his entrance intothe city. After a plebisc ite where650,000 people vote for and 49against union, the city is annexedto the Kingdom of Ita ly. Now, onlyRome remains apart.

The French continue to guard theinterests of the pope at Rome .

Meanwhile. the pope is +eady to make a histo- ~ric declaration. ~ ~!Yea r 1870: The Pope ""-Declares Himself Infallib le, On December 8. 1869. Pius IX convenes anecume nic al co unci l at Rome .Known as the first Vatican Council.it is the first to meet since the Council of Trent began in 1545. Th ecouncil promulgates the doctrine ofpapal infa llibility.It declares that "when the RomanPontiff. in the fulfillment of his mission, as the first teacher of all Christians, defined that which ought to beobserved in matters of faith andmorals. he cannot err."

The pope has been exa lted to aheight of spiritual power to whichno previous pan tiff had risen .But at the same time a great paradox occurs. Before the council members a re dispersed in October 1870,the troops of the Kingdom of Italyinvade the pon tifical territory andstrip Pius of a ll his temporal power.The pope has never been stronger inthe re ligious realm, but he has neverbeen so weak in the tempora lsphere.

Once more. it is Bismarck and hisPrussians who sett le the Romanquestion . In Jul y 1870, war breaksout between France and Germany.Napoleon III and his second empireare decis ively defeated at the battleof Sedan.As a resuit. French troops withdraw from Rome . With no protection . it is a matter of simply walkingin and tak ing over Rome. A plebiscite is held and th e Romans voteoverwhelmingly (133,681 to 1.507)to become part of Italy. In June187 I. the seat of government is formally removed from Florence toRome; after 1.500 years Rome isonce more the capital of Italy.Year 1871: The Law of Guaranlees for the Papacy. In May 187I. aremarkable document is adopted.

The complete spiritual independence of the pope is guaranteed.The person of the pope is declaredsacred and inviolable. Any attackon him is regarded as an attack on

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the k ing himself . Papal decrees ar enot sub ject to the ap proval of theItalian government: bishops neednot lak e a n oa th of loyalt y 10 theking. In all matters religious. theju dgmen t of Rome is fina l. In prac-tice. th e church is complete ly freeand ind ependent.

But Pius refuses to ac cep t theseterms. He excommunicates the invaders of his territory and refuses torecognize the Kingdom of Italy. Butall this is to no ava il: the pope hasno temporal power. Though it willtake six decades befo re a reconciliation is effected. in practice the popescome to accept the loss of their terrilory and temporal rights.Yea r 1871 : T he New German Em

pire Formed. On Sep tem be r I. 1870.the Prussian a rmy defea ts theFrench at Sedan . The army. withthe a iling Napoleon 111 at its head.ca pitulates. Now . both Au stria andFrance have been elimina ted as rivals . Bism arck begins to put the finish i ng to uches on hi s gu es t forGerman unity.On J anua ry 18. 1871. William I is

proclaimed German emperor in theHall of Mirrors at Ve rsailles. Thecon stitution of the North GermanConfedera tion is remodeled . Thenew Rei ch conta ins 25 separateGerman states.Though the new Ge rman empire

runscounter to the nature of the oldHoly Roman Empire. it is nonethe-less commonly identified wi th theempire wh ich existed from 800 to1806. Th us. Bisma rck's em pire isca lled the Second Reich . In two gen-erations, H il ler will estab lish hisT h ird Reich. wh ich supposed ly is 10last a thousand years. as did the firstem pire. When th e Third Reich fall s.the last remnan ts of both the firstand the second empires are buriedwith it.Will iam I ( 187 1- 1888) is not

crowned at Versaill es in the tradi tional manner of past Ge rman em-perors. Bism arck ho lds thai the tr uecrown lays in Vienna . Th ough theHohenzollerns ask fo r its possession.the Austrian government refu ses togive it up . When the first diet of th e22

Second Reich opens. the em peror iss e a t e d on a n an c ie nt imper ia lthrone from Go s lar. On this thronemany lumina ries of the Holy Roman Empi re. such as Hen ry IV.Phili p of Swa bia an d 0110 IV. oncesat. The Hohe nzollerns still wan t acrown. however. One is fashi onedon the style of the octagonal crownof 0110 the Great.

Wh en Fred erick (1888) succeedshis fathe r as Ge rman emperor. hewishes to be kn ovn as Frederick IV,which would mean the successor o fEmpe ror Frede rick Ill. father o fMa ximilian I ~ the great Hab sburgemperor.But Bismarck is irrevocably op-

po sed to any move - whe ther d irector implied - that the German empire he has for ged is in any waysuccesso r 10 the Holy Ro ma n Empire . Bismarck telegraphs an imme-diate veto to such ideas ,

Frede rick III will be Frederick IIIin the line of Prussian rule rs, not IV.in the line of Holy Roman emperors.

But historical playacting co ntinues. Emperor William II (188 81918) will be especially vu lnerab leto th is pa stime. For examp le. he ha sa reconstruction of Constantine'slabarum (imperial stand a rd ) mad efor his palace cha pel, During Wo rldWar I. it is sa id that he want s tohave it borne before him when thecon tlict terminates. As the NewCon stantine, this wi ll represent histriumph over the heathen in botheast and west.

Turning back to 1870-1871. it iscle ar that many significant occurrences are happening. Germany isnow united and the most powerfulna tion on the Contin en t: Ital y isunited and indirectly owes much of .its exi stence to the po litical move men ts of Germany .Meanwhile. the papacy. though it

ha s no pol itical clout in Europe. hasbeen elevated (Q the pinnacle of relig ious hegemony , One furt he r eventis necessary before the scenario of arevived Germanic empire. a III HolyRoman Empire style. is fulfilled.

Years 1879-1882: The Triple AI-

liance Between Germany, Austriaand Italy, As it so often happen s ina ffairs of state . yesterday' s enemy istod ay's bed fellow. On Octo ber 8.1879. the arch-e nem ies . Prussian-dominated Germany and Austria.conclude a five-year pac t. It is renewed regularly and remains inforce unt il 1918.The alliance is the founda tionstone of Bismarck's foreign policy.T he treat y provides tha t if ei thernation is attacked by Russia. theo ther will come to its aid . I f either isa ttac ked by ano the r power. th eother will remain neutral .

On May 20. 1882 . the famou sTriple Alliance is concluded for fiveyears. Th is pact tics Ital y to Austriaand Germany . It is renewed at inte rval s until 1915 . The antagoni st inth is case is France . For example , ifItaly is a ttac ked by France. Ger-many and Au stri a are to come toItaly's aid .

The scenario is now comple te.The ancie nt and historic ties of Italyand Germa ny during the Ottonianreviva l of the Rom an Empi re an dduri ng the days of the Hohenstaufen s are reforged .Though the political knot is tied

by the institu tions a nd vocabu laryof modern political scie nce. it represe nts. in fac t. the same de facto situa tio n. A vas t Germa nic empirestretches across the bell y of Europeand is tied to the lIalian state.

Though Bismarck will not all owthe protocol a nd ritual of the o ldHoly Roman Empire to guide theaff a irs of state . one sees in the Second Reich its politica l analogy . Theem pire has been shorn of its Christian univ ersa lity and pompous cere mon y bu t not its military andgeopolitical significance.Year 1879: The Beginning of Ger

many's Economic Surge . Germanyhas been following the path of freetr ade. But it is h it hard by th e tinancia l crisis of 1873. Agricu lture is in astate of crisis due to forei gn compe tition . Industrialists and land owne rs clamor for some kind o feconomic protection .

Germany enacts a new protectivePLAIN TRUTH January 1975


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tar if f law. In th e decades which follow. her industry de velops phenomenally. Ge rmany passes France andEng land as producer of pig iron andis second only to th e United St ateswh en World War I erupts. In steel.Germa ny is a lso second onl y toAme rica .

Th e G erm an merchant marineg rows from 980.000 ton s in 1870 to5,450 .000 in 1914 ; Ge rmany is thirda fter Britain and Am er ica . Fo re igntrade skyrockets. an d G erman y isfigh t ing with Britain for first place.In all economic aspects. Ge rmany isone of th e world 's grea t powers.An example o f Ge rman economic

ex pans ion is the Baghdad Rail wayconcession which is gra nted to aGe rma n sy ndi ca te . Th e schem ewould ult imately co nnect Germanyto Baghdad . Iraq .

Thou gh man y nation s vie for theconcession. the Germans receive thep rize. A visit by Em peror William IIto Consta ntinop le an d th e Hol yLand in October 1898 and his proclam a tion o r fr iendship for the300.000.000 Moslem s in the wo rlddoc s much to pa ve the way for theg ra n ting of th e concess ion by Moslem rul ers to G erma ny."The German Reic h has becomea Weltreich. " the emperor congratu

lat es h imself in 1896. "Thousa nd s ofo ur coun trymen live in far-flungcorners of the ea rt h. German goods.German knowledge, G erma n ind ustr io usne ss. cross the ocea n. Germa nships ca rry goods wo rth thousan dsof millions. Yo u. gentlemen. haveth e im po rtant du ty of helpin g me tolin k th i s gre a te r G e rm an Reichfirml y to ou rs a t hom e."T he " Bag hdad Railway" is an express ion o f this Wei/reich. It is to be

a rai lway built with G erm an cap ita l- to run th rough th e Turkish em p ir e . T hi s Be r lin - t o -B a ghd a dscheme wou ld open up new marketsan d crea te new friends.

Bu t again . wa r in Europe is de stin ed to dest roy th e Wei/reich. Th enew Ge rman empire soon find s itse lf in th e th roes of a new in terregnum - a nother tim e without astro ng rule r whe n confusio n is toPLAIN TRUTH January 1975

be the orde r of the day in G ermany .Yea rs 1914-1918: The Dest ruc

tion of the German Empire. On J une28. 1914. Habsbu rg Archd uke Ferdinand is assassina ted at Sarajevo .It is the sho t to be heard rou nd theEuropean world and th e spa rkwh ich se ts of f World War I.

On Au gu s t 4 . 1914 . G ermantroops cross th e fron tier of Belgium :Wor ld War I has begun . Four yearslate r. though German y has not beeninvaded a nd the Ru ssians hav e beendefeated . her empire is shattered .Ho sti lities cea se on November I L1918. at I I a.m. All is qui et on th eWe stern Front. T he empe ro r hasa bdicated an d a republ ic is a nnounced in Berlin by Pri nce Ma x.F re n ch , British an d Am eri c antroops begin the occupation o r pa rtsof Germany.

The cost of the war ha s been staggering . German y a nd Austria ha velost th ree mill ion men . The blow tothe Ge rman empire is both economic an d psychological." Fo r four yea rs." writes Winston

Churchill. "G erm a ny fough t anddefi ed th e five continents of th eworld by lan d a nd sea and a ir. Th eG erman armies up h eld her tot teringcon federates, in tervened in eve ryth eatre of wa r with s uccess. stoodeverywhere on conquered territoryand in fl ic ted on their enemies mor eth an twice th e blood shed th ey su i:fered th emselves. To break th e irstrength a nd science a nd to cu rbtheir fury it was necessa ry to bringa ll th e grea tes t nat ion s of mankindin to the fie ld ag a inst th em . Overwh elming population s. unlimitedresou rces. mea su reless sacrifice. th esea blockade . cou ld not pr evail forfifty months. Sma ll sta tes weretrampled down in th e struggle; am ighty empire was battered int o unrecogn isa b le fragmen ts: and nearlytwenty milli on men peri shed or shedth e ir blood before the sword waswrested f

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Plain Truth 1975 (Prelim No 01) Jan_w