236 NOTES TO PAGES I34-I40

: Explorøtíons in M tx, 4, 5,7,8, Hereafter cited as memory"is key word in Caru itle of heredited volume and in the titles of two chapters of her book Unclaimed Experience:Trauma, Nønatíae, and History (Baltimore, 1996), although the word scarcely aPPearselsewhere in its pages. In fact, the book's index includes only two page references for"memory," one of them in error.

93. Much as I have identified Langer's desire for Holocaust sr.¡rvivors to remain vic-tims, so Brison writes that Caruth's trauma theory "consigns the traumatized personto the status of credible þut-or because-sick) victim-witness o/ untmstworthyþut-or because-recovered) healthy survivor." She notes that "this theory of traumamakes it conceptually irnpossible for a survivor to bear reliable witness to the trauma"(Afrermath 7o-7a).

94. The essays included in Caruth's Trauma: Explorations in Manory were first Pub-lished as fwo issues of American Imago in 1991, the s¿une year that Langer's HolocaustTestimonies was published.

95. Cathy Caru¡h, Llnclaimed Experience, gl. Hereafter cited as UE in the text.96. Bessel A. van der Kolk a¡d Onno van der Hart, "The Irrtrusive Past: The Flexi-

Caruth's theory, Leys may overestifnate the sirnilarities between their conceptions oftrauma.

92. Bessel van der Kolk, "Trauma and Memory" inTraumatic Stress: The Effects ofOtserwhelming Experience on Mind, Body, and Society, ed.Bessel A' van der Kolk, Alexan-der C. McFarlane and Lars Weisaeth (New York, ry96),279.

98. Van der Kolk and van der Hart, "The Intrusive Past," 176'99. Dori Laub, -Truth and Testimony: The Process and the Struggle," in Caruth,

Trauma,65, my emphasis. Hereafter cited as "TnÍJl" in the text.1oo. Caruth, Llnclaimed Experience, gr, my emphasis; Caruth, i¡rtroduction to Ca-

ruth, Trauma, 4, my emphasis.

Laub, "Truth and Testimony" 66,68.1o2. Dori Laub, "Bearing Witness, or the Vicissitudes of Listening ," in Testimony:

Crßes of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History, by Shoshana Felman andDori Laub (New York, ag92),52. Hereafter cited as "Bearing" in the text.

ro3. Henry Greenspan, On Listening to Holocaust Suroi¡sors: Recounting and Life His-fory (Wesþort, rgg9), xix. Hereafter cited in the text.

3. Shoah lllustratedr. Lawrence L. Langer, "The Americanization of the Holocaust on Stage and

Screen," rn Admitting the Holocaust: Collected Essays (New \ork, t995), r74. Hereaftercited as AH in the text.

NOTES TO PAGES I4I_146 2I7

z. James E. Yormg, Wtiting and Rewriting the Holocaust: Narratioe and the Con-

sequences of Interpretatio"'¿Bi;ilttil; ' ryzö¡'25' Hereafter cited as Writing in th.e

tims interPreted what was haPPgn-ftrr*itiutiô"' as well as !ange1's'b1-tft" g"t chambers experienced their

Semi-fact and Semi-fiction"' in ElieÑisel' eð" lrv¡g Abrahamson (New

7997, a6.8. Diana Jean Schemo' "Honoring the Heroes' And Hiding the Holocaust"' Nø¿u

o the Kindness and Bravery Shown during

,46.sBookRetsiew' z6Feb' rg95'3r' Dalton quotes

of tn" O"tU" fvf ud."ne'í'Ñe* YorkTimes Book

caust to Remember It"' New York Times' t5

lotk'ryV)'7o'wo"o*'Cnitto: Summer r94r (New York'

Schindler' Plain'- Nru YorkTimes' 4Jan' 1994' sec' 2:7'3'

ess," in Oskar Schindter and His List: The Man' the Book' the

NOTES TO PAGES I 56_I 6 I 219238 NOTES TO PAGES I46_I55

FiIm, the Holocaust and its Suraiaors, ed. Thomas Fensch (Forest Dale, Vf, a995),79.Hereafter cited in the text.

19. Margaret OIin, "Lanzma¡ur's Shoah and ¡he Topography of the Holocaust Film,"Represmtations 57 (Winter ry97): r.

zo. Claude Lanzma¡ur, "Seminar with Claude Lanzmann rr Aprtl:9go," YaIe FrmchStudies 79 Q99r):97.

zt. Bartov,"Spielberg's Oskar," in Loshilzky, Spielberg's Holocaust, 5o-5t.Hereaftercited as "SO" in the text.

zz. Claude Lanzmann, "\Â/hy Spielberg Has Distorted the Truth," ManchesterGuardianWeekly,3 April L994, a4. Hereaftei cited as "\Nhy" in the text.

23. Isabel Wollaston, AWar against Memory?: The Future of Holocaust Remembrance(London, a996),59.

24. Michael André Bernstein, "The Schindler's List Effect," Americnn Scholar (Slurn-ner t994):43o-3r.

25. ElazarBark¿m, review of Tøngo of Slaztes, djl:.llanZiv; IØrcznc, djtr. Andrzej Wajda;and Schíndler's List, dir. Steven Spielberg, American Historical Ratiew (October r994):a249-

26. Aharon Appelfeld, quoted in Stephen Lewis, Art Out of Agony: The HolocaustTheme in Literature, Sculpture and Film (loronfo, t98$, t6.

27. Steven Spielberg quoted in Anne Thompson, "Making History: How StevenSpielberg Brought'Schindler's List' to Life," in Fensch, Oskar Schindler and His List, 66-67.

28. Richard F. Shepard, "Nonfiction'Schindler's List'and a Fiction Pñ2e," Nao YorkTimes, zz Nov. 1982, Cr8.

29. Sue Vice, "Thomas Keneally (tgl7- )i' in Holocaust Literature: An Encyclopediaof Writers andTheírWork, ed. S. Lillian Kremer (New York, zoo3), r:629. Hereafter citedin the text.

3o. Other resources include lon Blair's 1983 documentary film, Schindler; Elinor J.Brecher's book of interviews with Schindler ]ews living in the United States, titledSchíndler's Legacy: True Stories of the List Suraioors (New Yorþ 1994); Emelie Schindler'sWhere Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, written with Erika Rosenberg (New York,ry97); and "The Man \ /ho Saved a Thousand Lives," an article by Canadian journal-ist Herbert Steinhouse, who interviewed Schindler tn t94g.The article, which re-mained unpublished :ur:rb7 1994, and an interview with Steinhouse, titled "TheJoumalist Who Knew Oskar Schindler," appear in Fensch, Osknr Schindler and His List.

3r. Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Líst (New York, ;98ì,9-ro. Hereafter cited in thetext.

32. Michael Rothberg, Traumntic Realism: The Demands of Holocaust Representation(Minneapolis, zooo), zz5. Hereafter cited in the text-

33. One wonders what to make of Keneally's remark that "there was, of cou¡se, inmen like Stern an ancestral gift for sniffing out the just Goy." Of course? \Ä/ho exactlyare "men like Stern"? Jews? Should a shnoz for sniffing out non-Jewish protectors bevalued as a Jewish talent inherited from ancient times? The "jtsf Goy" is also prob-lematic. blmaging the Holocaust (New Yorþ 1999), Daniel R. Schwarz points out thatKeneally confuses theJewishlegend of theJustMen and the idea of the Righteous Gen-tile, creating the concept of "the just Goy," which he then applies to Schindler (zro).Keneally also seeûrs unaware that "Goy" is often used disparagingly to refer to a non-Iew.

34. Bryúr Cheyette, "The Uncertain Certainty o1 Schindler's List," tn Loshitzky,Spielb er g's Holocaust, zz8.

35. Ruth Kluger, StiII Alítse: A Holocaust Girlhooil Remembered (New York, zoot), t37-38.

Lives," 3z-33. xiv-xv. Keneally37. Thomas List,g.'o.

refers to Page's text. Þage died in38. Brecher,

ws?: Soielberg's Schindler and theIorausi, rz7 ; Sóhwarz, lmagining the

the text'

'steven Spielberg: 'My Primary Purpose' " social Èducatiin 59, no' 6 (r99): 365'

agination, z9-3o'quoted in StéPhen Schiff' "seriouslY

1 53.,""iÁ Loshitzky, Spielberg's Holocaust '

g7):59-f"t-:;' Co***tary 97, no' z (Feb'

Commentary 97, no' 6 (June 1994):

?, 5.' +g. Steven G' Kellman"'schindler's Lisf-Spietberg's Homecoming"' Midstream'

Heroism amidst Holocaust"' in Fensch'

"spielberg Grapples with the Horror ofsec' 2: a7'

NOTES TO PAGES I73-I83 24'240 NoTES TO PAGES 162-172

52. Though the original French is identical in both essays, the English tra¡slationsdiffer slightly. I am using the tra¡slation of "Holocauste, la représentation impossible"(k Monde,3 March !9g4), n "Why Spielberg Has Distorted the Truth'" La¡rzma¡n's

mann (PaÀs, r99o), translated as "From the Holocaust to 'Holocaust "' Disscnt (Winterr98r). No translator is identified for either essay.

53. I am indebted to Ken Jacobson for bringing these points to my attention in hisresponse to an earlier draft of this chapter.

54. Steven Spielberg, quoted in Feinberg and Totten, "Steven Spielberg," 365-55. Tom Coburn, quoted in ]ohn Carmody, "The TV Colurrìn," Washington Post, z6

Feb. 1997,D4.56. Tom Cobum, Alfonse M. D'Amato, and William J. Bennett, quoted in john E.

Yang, "Rep. Coburn Apologizes: Speech Complained of Movie's Sex, Violence," Wash-ington Post, z7Feb. 1997,B.2.

57. ]eshajahu Weinberg, quoted in Linenthal, Presmsing Memory, 196. Linenthalhereafter cited in the text.

58. Peter joturson and Alan Bash, "'List'Broadcast Upsets Congressman," USATo-day, z6Feb. 1997,3D.

59. Gene Siskel, "'schindler's List': Cu! but No Commercials," TV Guide, zzFeb.1997, 16.

6o. Rosalln Weinman, quoted in Kyle Pope, "NBC Official Weighed Ratings and'Principle,"' WalI Streetlournal, ttluly r9g7, Bz; MarvinJ. Levy, "No Scenes Were Cutfrom'Schindler'sLis!,"'letter to WaIl Street lournal, 4 Aug. 1997, Al9.

6r. Steven Spielberg, quoted in Bemard Weinraub, "Islamic Nations Move to KeepOut'Schindle r's Ltst,"' N ew York Times, 7 Aprrl 994, Br, B 4.

62. Steven Spielberg, quoted in David Ansen, "Spielberg's Obsession," in Fensch,Oskar Schindler and Hß List,6t-62. Ansen hereafter cited in the text.

63. Margolick, "Schindler's Jews Find Deliverance Ãgain," r.64. Jane Perlez, "spielberg Grapples with the Horror," 15- Hereafter cited as "Spiel-

berg" in the text.65. Bryan Cheyette, "The Holocaust in the Picture-House," Times Literary Supple-

ment, :3Feb. ry94, t8.66. J. Hoberman, "Spielberg's Oskar," Village Voice, zr Dec. 1993,63.67. Anon., "Featwes," Entertainmmt Weekly, zr lan. 1994, z.68. Thompson, "Making History," 65. Hereafter cited in the text-69. Spielberg, quoted in Feinberg and Totterç "Steven Spielberg," 365.7o. Auschwitz I was a concentration camp for Polish political prisoners established

in r94o on the site of a Polish army garrison in the town of Oswiecim. The mass killingcenter of Auschwitz II, or Birkenau, with its gas chambers, four crematoriums, andburning open pits, was built about two miles away in Brzezinka and began operating

'f!-1.942.7r. Reuters,"JewsTrytoHaltFilningatAuschwlfz,"Nett;YorkTimes,ryJan.ry93,sec. 1: 25.

72. Kazimierz Smolen, State Museum in Oswiecim Auschwitz Birkenau Guide-Book,trans. Stephen Lee (Oswiecim, t99z), zz-33.

73. See Jane Galbraith, "Spielberg's List: Polish Catholics Cast as \AIWII Jews," LosAngelesTimes, z8Dec. 1993, on the filmmakers'search for extras who "appearJewish"among Poles from Krakow, most of them Catholic, to re-create Eastem European Jew-ish victims of Nazism.

74. This and all subsequent references to Jane Perlez's article on the deteriorationof Auschwitz-Birkenau are from "Decay of a zoth Century Relic: \¡Vhat's the Future ofAuschwitz?" New York Times, 5 Jan. ry94, P'6.

rticle75. 2oo1.

could76.

Au''

19/92),3.in Dispute, trans. Georges Van Den

onstructing ato be built in

eadY Part of its landscaPe'

of the Holocaust in ContemPorary

ctions," in Fersch' Osknr Schindler and His"sPielberg's Oskar

"' 66'

hrre-House," 18'ssed," Midstream, APnJ' rg94' 35'in Fensch, Oskar Schindlet and His

the Horror," 17 Thompson' "Making His-

indler and His List' 54'HisTory," 67.Obsessiory" 6r.Post, t6lan'. t994'G6'

242 NOTES TO PAGES 183-193

95. Stanley Kauffrnann, "spielberg Revisited"' in Fensch' Osknr Schindler and His

atch t994, z7'

99. Art Spiegelman, Maus: A Suroh¡or Maus: A Sur-

aiíor's Tate II: And Here My Troubles Beganroo. ln "Schindler'sllsf IsNot Shoøh:Sec

and Public Memory" þnLoshifzky, Spielbe

ferent interpretation of this flashbackof the film ii narrated from Stem's Pothe pertetrators, as critics have argued' "9fq I $e only character who Sets to au-

thorize a flashback," "t't;H;;"i (86)' I find this poinf unconvincing;.to my mind

the flashback sequence.J".t, Spielberg's desire to;'show all" and not the authorityof Stem's Point of view.

tor.TerrenceRafferty,quotedinGeorgiaBrown"'PartingGlances"'VillageVoice'ttJan. 1994,49.

roz. Alan Mintz, Popular Culture and the Shnping of Holocaust Memory in America

(Seattle, zoor), 36- 37 -' rc3.' ZygmrÁt Báuman, Mo dernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca' r289ll' 85'. -

ro4. Claude l_".r--"ì, ã"ãt"à i_i RoUert stdar. "La¡zma¡r¡r's Latest: After'shoah,'

fewish1o5. "The GreatTaboo Broken: Reflections

on the oshitzky' Spielberg's Holocaust' zoo'

ro6. and the-Ho;locaust' 3rd ed' (New York'

zoq),48.-" ,íi. ñ"ny ruÍnan, .The Languages of pain in sh oah," in Auschuitz and After: Race,

Culture, and "the lr*¡rn-Ailtt¡oí') ii F'o"'' ed' Lawrence D' Kritzman (New York'

':i;:1:#,o:"i;î:i'i:7"r:x:i:':;:;:;rog.GertrudKoch,"TheAestheticTransformationofthelmageoftheUnimagin-

able: Notes on Claude Lanzmann's Shoah,', trans' Jamie owen Daniel and MiriamHÃr".t, October 48 (Spring :1989): z:^, zz' z4'Hereafler cited in the text-

t.,o. shoah: An orot ui"Tori-í¡'the Holocaust,6; ellipses in original. Hereafter cited as

Shoah in the text.rrr. Gary Weissman, "A Fantasy of Witnessing"'M edia' Culture €¡ Society t7 þ99):

'î1. Oo^*ck LaCapra notes that La¡zman¡'s commentary has largely shaped

scholarshiP on Shoah. "Indeed,"taken to inform the film maY Perusing them to initiate, substantiate, or illu:without subiecting tft"* to ttititul scrutiny'" History and Memory after Auschwitz

(Ithaca, 1998),97-' tt3. Aodté Pierre Colombat, T/reHereâfter cited in the text' Despite Cohour of Lanzmann's film, his study is a rFor treatments of Shoøh that focus largeAv isar, S cr eening the Hol o c aust (Bloomingt

NOTES TO PAGES I93-I98 243

ng in Literature' Psychoanalysis' and His-

trodt'ctio'' to Proúing the Limits of Rep-

" Gt-sz).,Àir¡aí,"'rlg-Dwork and van Pelt state

¿.

244 NOTES TO PAGES 198-212

in the Auschwitz gas chamber, Iess thann'4)'i," Neut Yorker, t 5 Nov' 1993, 78'

chwltz," 239. The Auschwitz-Bi¡kenauschwitz camp. Dwork and van Pelt com-

ment: ,,Birkenau is not developed for visits; one can enter, but on one's own. The stan-

ã.ra g,ria"a tour does not inciude an excu¡sion to the principal site. of the Judaeocide;lah.;gh i, *" s there lhal the cor¡ntless transports arrived and the fo,r chimneyssmoked" (239).

rzO. pwóik and van Pelt, "Reclaiming AuschwTtz," z4r'iz7. Steven Spielberg, quoted in Richardson, "steven's Choice"' 7r'tz8. fbíd., gz.rzg.HenryGreenspan,onListeningtoHolocøustsurtlizsors:RecountingandLifeHis-

fory (Wesþort, rg98),6.i3ì ft"i.g ¡g'l*"i', "Writing and the Holocaust," tn Wríting and the Holocaust, ed'

Berel L i-- nnrr¡ +hp hcfnre and after of the Holo-111 ing,o-nlY the before and after of tcaust's 'l;iË,*"":å:iå#::#:s:fi:{:t;:#;and Wiesel in Art out of Agony: The HoIo-Toronto, t984), 16' 163'

r3z. Howe. "Writing and the Holocaust," r95'rj3. Michael AndrãBemstein, Foregone Conclusions: Against Apocalyptic History

(Berkeley, r9g4),6o'' ,3a. Ót.úá" Lanzmann, qu oteð.inÚistory and Memory after Auschwitz,by DominickLaCapra (Ithaca, 1998), ro8-

r3!. Rothb"tg, Traumatic Realism, 238'

Conclusion: The Horror, The Horror

r. Andreas Huyssen, "Monument and Memory in a Postmodern Age"' YaIe lour-nal of Criticism 6,no' z (rgg3): 256-Hereafter cite-cl in the text'

z. Yehuda ø^u.r, netiíilriig the Holocazsf (New Havery zoot)' r8-r9' Hereaftercited in the text.

3. Michael R. Marms, The Holocaust in History. (New York' 1989\ 5 .6'i. errea Kazrn,,'My Debt to Elie wiesel a'd primo Levi," inTestimont¡: contem-

poriry writers Møke thehobcaust personal, edited by David Rosenberg (New York,

t989), rr7.-' 'í'. Ju^""ngo Freed, ,,The united states Holocaust Memorial Museum ," inThe Artof trtt mory, Uolícaust Memorials in History, edited byJames E' Yor:ng (New York' rg94)'

96.' 6. ¡ean Amé ry, Radical Humanism: selected Essays, edTted and translated by sidney

g.lulie

:K#":r!: eview of Fragments: Memories of a wartimeChitdhood,by Biniamin Wilkomirski, Nation, z8 Oct' 1996' 24'

NOTES TO PAGES 213-216 245

Nov.cinat-of theTruth,

sn)'4'stó'y a"a Theory 31' no ' z (t994)" t39'

a36-