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Metabolisme lipid

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Page 1: Metabolisme LIPID .pdf

I Nyoman Suarsana 1

LOGO

METABOLISME LIPIDA (2)

Dr. drh. I Nyoman Suarsana, MSi

Lab. BiokimiaFakultas Kedokteran Hewan www.themegallery.com

1. Pencernaan dan penyerapan FA2. Oksidasi FA di dalam jaringan hewan3. Biosintesis FA di dalam jaringan hewan

METABOLISME LIPIDA

Biosintesis Lipid• Biosintesis asam lemak• Biosintesis triasilgliserol• Biosintesis fosfolipid• Biosintesis kolesterol dan steroid• Metabolisme Lipoprotein

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Tujuan bab ini:

1Mengamatisintesistriasilgliserol, kolesterol danlipoprotein

Mengetahuipenyakit-penyakit yang berhubungandengan lipid

Biosintesis FA di dalam jaringan hewan

MengamatiLintas biosintesislipida dan energiyang dibutuhkandalam selmamalia

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LIPIDA

GlycerolFatty acids

2

3

1

Glucose

Glyceraldehyde-3P

Pyruvate

Acetyl-CoA

Citric acidcircle

polysaccharideNucleic acidProtein

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MetabolismeMetabolisme LIPIDLIPIDLIPIDA

Glycerol FA

Steroid

Glyceraldehyde-3P

Acetyl-CoAΒ-oxidation

FA syntesis

2

3

1

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BiosintesisBiosintesis AsamAsam LemakLemak

• Tidak sepenuhnya merupakan kebalikan daridegradasi asam lemak

• Enzim yang berbeda bekerja dlm reaksi yang berlawanan :degradasi vs biosintesis

• Perlu diingat bahwa jaringan hewan mempunyaiketerbatasan menyimpan energi (karbohidrat), sehingga biosintesis lipida amat penting.

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BiosintesisBiosintesis VS VS OksidasiOksidasi lipidalipida

Biosintesis Oksidasi•Terjadi di SITOPLASMA•Menggunakan ACP sebagai sistem pembawa•Menggunakan malonil-CoA (3C) sebagai molekulpemanjang rantai

•Menggunakan NADPH/NADP+ sbg koenzim dlmreaksi hidrogenasi

•Terjadi di MITOKONDRIA•Menggunakan CoA sbgpembawa

•Melepaskan asetil CoA(2C) pada setiap kali daurperombakan

•Menggunakan NAD+/ NADH dan FAD/FADH2

ACP=acyl carrier protein9 www.themegallery.com

Sintesis Asam lemak baik pada eukariotikdan prokariotik pada umumnya sama

Biosintesis terdiri dari 3 langkah terpisah :1. Biosintesis malonil CoA dari asetil CoA2. Pemanjangan rantai asam lemak3. DesaturasiLokasi dari masing-masing langkah :

Biosintesis FA di sitosol, elongasi di mitokondria dan ER,desaturasi di ER

Biosintesis as lemak membutuhkan malonilCoA sebagai substrat, ATP

BiosintesisBiosintesis LIPIDALIPIDA

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Fatty Acid BiosynthesisFatty Acid Biosynthesis

Terjadi di cytosolDimulai dengan acetyl CoA

• Problem:» Acetyl CoA lebih banyak dihasilkan di

mitochondria» Acetyl CoA tidak mampu melewati

mitochondrial membrane

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Mitochondrial membrane

Cytosol Mitochondria

Glucose Pyruvate Pyruvate Acetyl CoA

Oxalo-acetate

Citrate

Citrate

Acetyl CoA

PyruvateDehydrogenase

ATP-CitrateLyase

Malate

Oxaloacetate

Malic enzyme

Malatedehydrogenase

Note: Acetyl CoAcannot be convertedto glucose

SitratSitrat sebagaisebagai pembawapembawa gugusgugus Acetate Acetate

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www.themegallery.com 13 www.themegallery.com 14OAA=oksaloasetat

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FIGURE 21–11 Regulation of fatty acid synthesis. (a) In the cells of vertebrates, both allosteric regulation and hormone-dependent covalent modification influence the flow of precursors into malonyl-CoA. In plants, acetyl-CoA carboxylase is activated by the changes in [Mg2] and pH that accompany illumination (not shown here). 16

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Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 1: pembentukan Malonyl CoA

CH3COSCoA + ATP + HCO3- -O2CCH2COSCoA

Acetyl CoACarboxylase

+ ADP + Pi + H+

Malonyl CoA

• Malonyl-CoA dan acetyl-CoA substrat utk ensim fatty acid synthase complex, masuk kedalam tahap sintesis FA

• Reaksi bersifat irreversible• Pengaturan aktivitas enzim acetyl CoA carboxylase oleh:

palmitoyl CoAcitrateinsulinepinephrine and glucagon

• Malonyl CoA menghambat carnitine acyl transferase I menghambat beta oksidasi

Acetyl CoA

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CH3COSCoA CH3CO-S-ACP

-O2CCH2COSCoA -O2CCH2CO-S-ACP

AcetylTransferase

MalonylTransferase

Acetyl ACP

Malonyl ACP

ACP = Acyl carrier protein

Biosintesis LIPIDA: peranan ACP (acyl carrier protein)

Acetyl CoA

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Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA

Penambahan setiap unit 2 KARBON membutuhkan 4 tahap

1. Tahap Kondensasi

2. Tahap Reduksi-1

3. Tahap Dehidrasi

4. Tahap Reduksi-2

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Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA (Continu…)

1. Tahap Kondensasi•Gugus asetil dan gugusmalonil berikatansecara kovalenmembentukASETOASETIL-S-ACP

•Reaksi ini dikatalis oleh3-Ketoasil-ACP sintase

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Asetoasetil-S-ACP

D-3-Hidroksibutiril-S-ACP 22

2. Tahap REDUKSI-1•molekul ASETOASETIL-S-ACP mengalamireduksi gugus karbonilmembentukD-3-HIDROKSIBUTIRIL-S-ACP

•Reaksi ini dikatalis oleh3-Ketoasil-ACP reduktase

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D-3-Hidroksibutiril-S-ACP

Tans-∆2-Butenoil-S-ACP 23

3. Tahap DEHIDRASI• molekul

D-3-HIDROKSIBUTIRIL-S-ACP mengalamidehidrasi (kehilanganH2O) membentukTRANS-∆2-BUTENOIL-S-ACP

• Reaksi ini dikatalis oleh3-hidroksil ACP dihidratase

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Tans-∆2-Butenoil-S-ACP

Butiril-S- ACP

4. Tahap PENJENUHAN (reduksi-2)

•Melengkapi satu putaranmll kompleks sintase FA, ikt ganda TRANS-∆2-BUTENOIL-S-ACP direduksi atau dijenuhkanmembentuk BUTIRIL-S-ACP

•Reaksi ini dikatalis olehenoil-ACP reduktase

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Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA

Untuk memulai reaksi selanjutnya(memperpanjang rantai denganunit 2-C lainnya): Gugus Acetil-CoA

Tans-∆2-Butenoil-S-ACP

Butiril-S- ACP

Palmitoil-S- ACP

Melalui 7 siklus

Kompleksenzimsintetase FA

•Setelah melalui 7 siklus, dihasilkanpalmitoil-S-ACP sebagai produk akhir.

•Proses perpanjangan berhenti padaC16 dan asam PALMITAT dilepaskandari molekul ACP oleh enzim hidrolitik

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CH3(CH2)2CH2CO-S-ACPCH3CH2C=CCO-S-ACP

H

H

NADPH+ H+

NADP+

CH3(CH2)13CH2CO-S-ACP

6 Cycles

Palmitoyl ACPCH3(CH2)13CH2CO2

-

PalmitateThioesterase

Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA (cont`d)

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BerapaBerapa ATP yang ATP yang dibutuhkandibutuhkan??

Biosintesis asam palmitat (C16)8 asetil-CoA asam palmitat + 8 CoA

14 NADPH14 H+7 ATPH2O

14 NADP+7 ADP7 Pi

Jumlah ATP yang dibutuhkan:

7 ATP + 14 x 3 (1NADPH ~ 3 ATP) = 49 ATP

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Further Processing of Fatty Acids: Elongation

CH3(CH2)13CH2COSCoAPalmitoyl CoA

CH3(CH2)13CH2COCH2COSCoA

CH3(CH2)13CH2CCH2COSCoA

OH

H

NADH + H+

NAD+

Thiolase

Dehydrogenase

L-β Configuration

CH3COSCoA

di mitochondria danPermukaan RE

Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA (cont`d)

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CH3(CH2)13CH2CCH2COSCoAOH

H

CH3(CH2)13CH2C=CCOSCoAH

H

- H2OHydratase

CH3(CH2)13CH2CH2CH2COSCoAStearoyl CoA

NADPH + H+

NADP+

Dehydrogenase

Further Processing of Fatty Acids: Elongation (cont`d)

Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA (cont`d)

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Further Processing of Fatty Acids: Unsaturation

CH3(CH2)13CH2CH2CH2COSCoA

CH3(CH2)7C=C(CH2)7COSCoA + H2OH H

Stearoyl CoA

Oleoyl CoA

Reaksi ini terjadi dalam eukaryotes padaEndoplasmic reticulum

Stearoyl CoADesaturase

O2

Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 3: desaturasi FA (cont`d)

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Further Processing of Fatty Acids: Polyunsaturation

CH3(CH2)7C=C(CH2)7CO2H

H HOleic acid

Plants: Further unsaturationoccurs primarily in this region

Animals: Further unsaturationoccurs primarily in this region

CO2H

(18:1Δ9)

9

Linoleic acid (18:2Δ9, 12)

12 9

Linolenic acid (18:3Δ9, 12, 15)

15 12 9

Essential dietaryfatty acids in mammals

CO2H

Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 3: desaturasi FA (cont`d)

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FIGURE 21–12 Routes of synthesis of other fatty acids. Palmitate is the precursor of stearate and longer-chain saturated fatty acids, as wellas the monounsaturated acids palmitoleate and oleate. Mammals cannot convert oleateto linoleate or -linolenate(shaded pink), whichare therefore required in the diet as essential fatty acids.

Palmitat sebagai prekursorUntuk biosintesis FA (jenuh & tidak jenuh)

Essential fatty acid for mammals

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Formation of Arachidonate in Mammals

Linoleic acid

CO2H14 11 8 5

Arachidonic acid (20:4Δ5, 8, 11, 14)(Eicosa-5,-8,11,14-tetraenoic acid)

As CoA ester:1) Elongation2) Desaturation x 2

Prostaglandins

CO2H

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•Dihasilkan kel.prostat

•Aktivitas biologi spt hormon

•Mengurangi tekanan darah

•Menaikan kontraksi otot haluswww.themegallery.com

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

CO2H

CO2H

ω-3 double bond Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5Δ5, 8, 11, 14, 17)

Docahexaenoic acid (22:6Δ4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19)

• ditemukan dlm minyak ikan, khusus ikan air tawar• penting untuk:

Growth regulationModulation of inflammationPlatelet activationLipoprotein metabolism

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Biosintesis TRIASILGLISEROL

•TG merupakanlipida cadangan

•Disintesis secaraaktif pada sellemak dan hati

CH2OCO-R3

CHOCO-R2

CH2COC-R1

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Biosintesis KOLESTEROL

Kolesterol terdapat pada semua jaringan hewandan manusiaBiosintesis di: hati, kulit, ginjal, kel.kelamin, jaringan lemak, otot, otak.Tahap jalur biosintesis kolesterol ada 3 bagian:1. Pembentukan MEVALONAT dari asetat2. Pembentukan SKUALIN dari mevalonat3. Pembentukan KOLESTEROL dari skualin

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Cholesterol Biosynthesis: 1. Formation of Mevalonate

2 CH3COSCoA CH3COCH2COSCoAThiolase

CH3COSCoA

Acetoacetyl CoA

HO2C-CH2-C-CH2COSCoA

OH

CH3

β-Hydroxy-β-methyl-glutaryl CoA (HMG CoA)

HMG CoASynthase

HO2C-CH2-C-CH2CH2OH

OH

CH3

3R-Mevalonic acid

HMGCoAreductase

CoASH NADP + NADPH + H +

Key control stepin cholesterolbiosynthesis

Hati tempat utama biosintesis cholesterol

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Cholesterol Biosynthesis: 2. Formation of squalene

-O2C-CH2-C-CH2CH2OH

OH

CH3

Mevalonate

-O2C-CH2-C-CH2CH2OPOP

CH3

OH

2 Steps

ATP5-Pyrophospho-mevalonate

CH2=C-CH2CH2OPOP

CH3

- CO2- H2O

Isopentenylpyrophosphate

CH3-C=CH2CH2OPOPCH3

Dimethylallylpyrophosphate

Isomerase

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Cholesterol Biosynthesis: 2. Formation of squalene

Tail

H

OPOP

OPOP

Head

TailHeadIsopentenylPyrophosphate (IPP)

Dimethylallylpyrophosphate Head to tail

CondensationOPOP

GeranylPyrophosphate (GPP)

OPOP

FarnesylPyrophosphate (FPP)

Head to tailcondensationof IPP and GPP

Tail to tailcondensationof 2 FPPs

Squalene

Head Tail

Head

Isoprenes

Geranyl transferase

Geranyltransferase

Squalenesynthase

Tail

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OH +

CH3H3C

CH3

HOCH3

CH3

CH3

HO

CH3

CH3

RCO2

Squalene

Squalenemonooxygenase

2,3-Oxidosqualenecyclase

Lanosterol

20 Steps

Cholesterol

Acyl-CoA:cholesterolacyltransferase Cholesterol esters

(principal transport form in blood)

O2

Squalene-2,3-epoxide

Cholesterol Biosynthesis: 3. Formation of Cholesterol

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O

OO

OH

OHHO

O

CH3

HO

CH3

Cholesterol

Estradiol

ProgesteroneCortisol

O

OH

TestosteroneHO

OH

CH2

HO

OH

OH Vitamin D

Transformations of Cholesterol: Steroid Hormones

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Biosintesis LIPOPROTEIN

1. LIPOPROTEIN: adalah molekul yang terdiri dari lipid dan protein dengan ikatan non-kovalen (interaksihidrofob)

2. Ada 2 macam sistem lipoprotein:

• Sistem lipoprotein pengangkut yang merupakanbagian dari plasma darah

• Sistem lipoprotein membran yang merupakanpembentuk struktur membran

3. Fungsi utama lipoprotein pada hewan dan manusia: sebagai alat pengangkut lipid antara berbagai organelmelalui darah

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Fig.17.1. The lipoprotein particle. The external monolayer of a lipoprotein particle contains free cholesterol, phospholipids,and apoproteins. Cholesterol ester and triacylglycerols locate in the particle core 48

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Kilomikron

VLDL

LDL

HDL

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Metabolisme LIPOPROTEIN

ApoB(TG,Protein)

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Hormonal Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis and Breakdown

ATP cAMP AMPAdenylyl cyclase

Glucagon andepinephrine

Stimulates

Phosphodiesterase

Insulin

Stimulates

Activates Protein Kinase

Inactivates ACC byphosphorylation

Inhibition offatty acidsynthesis

Activates triacyl-glycerollipase

Inactivateslipase

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Efek Lipid Terhadap Kesehatan

1.Blood lipid profile2.Heart disease3.Risks from saturated fats4.Risks from trans fats5.Risks from cholesterol6.Cancer7.Obesitas

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A.hypercholesterolemia• ↑ total CH, LDL (and all apoB particles)• ↓ HDL (apoA particles)– risk factor of atherosclerosis

identified and confirmed by numerous epidemiological studies

B. hypertriglyceridemia(1) ↑ isolated TAG (i.e. TAG-rich particles)

– risk of acute pancreatitis [TAG > 20-30 mmol/l](2) ↑ TAG (i.e. TAG-rich particles) + FFA

– insulin resistance(3) ↑ TAG + ↑ apoB particles (due to high influx of FFA

into liver) + ↓HDL– risk factor of atherosclerosis

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Figure 15–1. Outline of the pathways for the catabolism of dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat. All thepathways lead to the production of acetyl-CoA, which is oxidized in the citric acid cycle, ultimately yielding ATP in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

Overview of Lipid Metabolism

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Figure 15–3. Overview of fatty acid metabolism showing the major pathways and end products. Ketone bodies comprise the substances acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate,and acetone.

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Fatty acid synthase multienzyme complex

Figure 21–2. Fatty acid synthase multienzymecomplex. The complex is a dimer of two identical polypeptide monomers, 1 and 2, each consisting of seven enzyme activities and the acyl carrier protein (ACP). (Cys�SH, cysteinethiol.) 59

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