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Metabolisme lipid
I Nyoman Suarsana 1
LOGO
METABOLISME LIPIDA (2)
Dr. drh. I Nyoman Suarsana, MSi
Lab. BiokimiaFakultas Kedokteran Hewan www.themegallery.com
1. Pencernaan dan penyerapan FA2. Oksidasi FA di dalam jaringan hewan3. Biosintesis FA di dalam jaringan hewan
METABOLISME LIPIDA
Biosintesis Lipid• Biosintesis asam lemak• Biosintesis triasilgliserol• Biosintesis fosfolipid• Biosintesis kolesterol dan steroid• Metabolisme Lipoprotein
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Tujuan bab ini:
1Mengamatisintesistriasilgliserol, kolesterol danlipoprotein
Mengetahuipenyakit-penyakit yang berhubungandengan lipid
Biosintesis FA di dalam jaringan hewan
MengamatiLintas biosintesislipida dan energiyang dibutuhkandalam selmamalia
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LIPIDA
GlycerolFatty acids
2
3
1
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3P
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
Citric acidcircle
polysaccharideNucleic acidProtein
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MetabolismeMetabolisme LIPIDLIPIDLIPIDA
Glycerol FA
Steroid
Glyceraldehyde-3P
Acetyl-CoAΒ-oxidation
FA syntesis
2
3
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BiosintesisBiosintesis AsamAsam LemakLemak
• Tidak sepenuhnya merupakan kebalikan daridegradasi asam lemak
• Enzim yang berbeda bekerja dlm reaksi yang berlawanan :degradasi vs biosintesis
• Perlu diingat bahwa jaringan hewan mempunyaiketerbatasan menyimpan energi (karbohidrat), sehingga biosintesis lipida amat penting.
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BiosintesisBiosintesis VS VS OksidasiOksidasi lipidalipida
Biosintesis Oksidasi•Terjadi di SITOPLASMA•Menggunakan ACP sebagai sistem pembawa•Menggunakan malonil-CoA (3C) sebagai molekulpemanjang rantai
•Menggunakan NADPH/NADP+ sbg koenzim dlmreaksi hidrogenasi
•Terjadi di MITOKONDRIA•Menggunakan CoA sbgpembawa
•Melepaskan asetil CoA(2C) pada setiap kali daurperombakan
•Menggunakan NAD+/ NADH dan FAD/FADH2
ACP=acyl carrier protein9 www.themegallery.com
Sintesis Asam lemak baik pada eukariotikdan prokariotik pada umumnya sama
Biosintesis terdiri dari 3 langkah terpisah :1. Biosintesis malonil CoA dari asetil CoA2. Pemanjangan rantai asam lemak3. DesaturasiLokasi dari masing-masing langkah :
Biosintesis FA di sitosol, elongasi di mitokondria dan ER,desaturasi di ER
Biosintesis as lemak membutuhkan malonilCoA sebagai substrat, ATP
BiosintesisBiosintesis LIPIDALIPIDA
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Fatty Acid BiosynthesisFatty Acid Biosynthesis
Terjadi di cytosolDimulai dengan acetyl CoA
• Problem:» Acetyl CoA lebih banyak dihasilkan di
mitochondria» Acetyl CoA tidak mampu melewati
mitochondrial membrane
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Mitochondrial membrane
Cytosol Mitochondria
Glucose Pyruvate Pyruvate Acetyl CoA
Oxalo-acetate
Citrate
Citrate
Acetyl CoA
PyruvateDehydrogenase
ATP-CitrateLyase
Malate
Oxaloacetate
Malic enzyme
Malatedehydrogenase
Note: Acetyl CoAcannot be convertedto glucose
SitratSitrat sebagaisebagai pembawapembawa gugusgugus Acetate Acetate
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FIGURE 21–11 Regulation of fatty acid synthesis. (a) In the cells of vertebrates, both allosteric regulation and hormone-dependent covalent modification influence the flow of precursors into malonyl-CoA. In plants, acetyl-CoA carboxylase is activated by the changes in [Mg2] and pH that accompany illumination (not shown here). 16
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Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 1: pembentukan Malonyl CoA
CH3COSCoA + ATP + HCO3- -O2CCH2COSCoA
Acetyl CoACarboxylase
+ ADP + Pi + H+
Malonyl CoA
• Malonyl-CoA dan acetyl-CoA substrat utk ensim fatty acid synthase complex, masuk kedalam tahap sintesis FA
• Reaksi bersifat irreversible• Pengaturan aktivitas enzim acetyl CoA carboxylase oleh:
palmitoyl CoAcitrateinsulinepinephrine and glucagon
• Malonyl CoA menghambat carnitine acyl transferase I menghambat beta oksidasi
Acetyl CoA
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CH3COSCoA CH3CO-S-ACP
-O2CCH2COSCoA -O2CCH2CO-S-ACP
AcetylTransferase
MalonylTransferase
Acetyl ACP
Malonyl ACP
ACP = Acyl carrier protein
Biosintesis LIPIDA: peranan ACP (acyl carrier protein)
Acetyl CoA
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Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA
Penambahan setiap unit 2 KARBON membutuhkan 4 tahap
1. Tahap Kondensasi
2. Tahap Reduksi-1
3. Tahap Dehidrasi
4. Tahap Reduksi-2
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Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA (Continu…)
1. Tahap Kondensasi•Gugus asetil dan gugusmalonil berikatansecara kovalenmembentukASETOASETIL-S-ACP
•Reaksi ini dikatalis oleh3-Ketoasil-ACP sintase
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Asetoasetil-S-ACP
D-3-Hidroksibutiril-S-ACP 22
2. Tahap REDUKSI-1•molekul ASETOASETIL-S-ACP mengalamireduksi gugus karbonilmembentukD-3-HIDROKSIBUTIRIL-S-ACP
•Reaksi ini dikatalis oleh3-Ketoasil-ACP reduktase
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D-3-Hidroksibutiril-S-ACP
Tans-∆2-Butenoil-S-ACP 23
3. Tahap DEHIDRASI• molekul
D-3-HIDROKSIBUTIRIL-S-ACP mengalamidehidrasi (kehilanganH2O) membentukTRANS-∆2-BUTENOIL-S-ACP
• Reaksi ini dikatalis oleh3-hidroksil ACP dihidratase
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Tans-∆2-Butenoil-S-ACP
Butiril-S- ACP
4. Tahap PENJENUHAN (reduksi-2)
•Melengkapi satu putaranmll kompleks sintase FA, ikt ganda TRANS-∆2-BUTENOIL-S-ACP direduksi atau dijenuhkanmembentuk BUTIRIL-S-ACP
•Reaksi ini dikatalis olehenoil-ACP reduktase
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Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA
Untuk memulai reaksi selanjutnya(memperpanjang rantai denganunit 2-C lainnya): Gugus Acetil-CoA
Tans-∆2-Butenoil-S-ACP
Butiril-S- ACP
Palmitoil-S- ACP
Melalui 7 siklus
Kompleksenzimsintetase FA
•Setelah melalui 7 siklus, dihasilkanpalmitoil-S-ACP sebagai produk akhir.
•Proses perpanjangan berhenti padaC16 dan asam PALMITAT dilepaskandari molekul ACP oleh enzim hidrolitik
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CH3(CH2)2CH2CO-S-ACPCH3CH2C=CCO-S-ACP
H
H
NADPH+ H+
NADP+
CH3(CH2)13CH2CO-S-ACP
6 Cycles
Palmitoyl ACPCH3(CH2)13CH2CO2
-
PalmitateThioesterase
Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA (cont`d)
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BerapaBerapa ATP yang ATP yang dibutuhkandibutuhkan??
Biosintesis asam palmitat (C16)8 asetil-CoA asam palmitat + 8 CoA
14 NADPH14 H+7 ATPH2O
14 NADP+7 ADP7 Pi
Jumlah ATP yang dibutuhkan:
7 ATP + 14 x 3 (1NADPH ~ 3 ATP) = 49 ATP
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Further Processing of Fatty Acids: Elongation
CH3(CH2)13CH2COSCoAPalmitoyl CoA
CH3(CH2)13CH2COCH2COSCoA
CH3(CH2)13CH2CCH2COSCoA
OH
H
NADH + H+
NAD+
Thiolase
Dehydrogenase
L-β Configuration
CH3COSCoA
di mitochondria danPermukaan RE
Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA (cont`d)
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CH3(CH2)13CH2CCH2COSCoAOH
H
CH3(CH2)13CH2C=CCOSCoAH
H
- H2OHydratase
CH3(CH2)13CH2CH2CH2COSCoAStearoyl CoA
NADPH + H+
NADP+
Dehydrogenase
Further Processing of Fatty Acids: Elongation (cont`d)
Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 2: perpanjangan rantai FA (cont`d)
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Further Processing of Fatty Acids: Unsaturation
CH3(CH2)13CH2CH2CH2COSCoA
CH3(CH2)7C=C(CH2)7COSCoA + H2OH H
Stearoyl CoA
Oleoyl CoA
Reaksi ini terjadi dalam eukaryotes padaEndoplasmic reticulum
Stearoyl CoADesaturase
O2
Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 3: desaturasi FA (cont`d)
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Further Processing of Fatty Acids: Polyunsaturation
CH3(CH2)7C=C(CH2)7CO2H
H HOleic acid
Plants: Further unsaturationoccurs primarily in this region
Animals: Further unsaturationoccurs primarily in this region
CO2H
(18:1Δ9)
9
Linoleic acid (18:2Δ9, 12)
12 9
Linolenic acid (18:3Δ9, 12, 15)
15 12 9
Essential dietaryfatty acids in mammals
CO2H
Biosintesis LIPIDA Tahap 3: desaturasi FA (cont`d)
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FIGURE 21–12 Routes of synthesis of other fatty acids. Palmitate is the precursor of stearate and longer-chain saturated fatty acids, as wellas the monounsaturated acids palmitoleate and oleate. Mammals cannot convert oleateto linoleate or -linolenate(shaded pink), whichare therefore required in the diet as essential fatty acids.
Palmitat sebagai prekursorUntuk biosintesis FA (jenuh & tidak jenuh)
Essential fatty acid for mammals
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Formation of Arachidonate in Mammals
Linoleic acid
CO2H14 11 8 5
Arachidonic acid (20:4Δ5, 8, 11, 14)(Eicosa-5,-8,11,14-tetraenoic acid)
As CoA ester:1) Elongation2) Desaturation x 2
Prostaglandins
CO2H
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•Dihasilkan kel.prostat
•Aktivitas biologi spt hormon
•Mengurangi tekanan darah
•Menaikan kontraksi otot haluswww.themegallery.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
CO2H
CO2H
ω-3 double bond Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5Δ5, 8, 11, 14, 17)
Docahexaenoic acid (22:6Δ4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19)
• ditemukan dlm minyak ikan, khusus ikan air tawar• penting untuk:
Growth regulationModulation of inflammationPlatelet activationLipoprotein metabolism
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Biosintesis TRIASILGLISEROL
•TG merupakanlipida cadangan
•Disintesis secaraaktif pada sellemak dan hati
CH2OCO-R3
CHOCO-R2
CH2COC-R1
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Biosintesis KOLESTEROL
Kolesterol terdapat pada semua jaringan hewandan manusiaBiosintesis di: hati, kulit, ginjal, kel.kelamin, jaringan lemak, otot, otak.Tahap jalur biosintesis kolesterol ada 3 bagian:1. Pembentukan MEVALONAT dari asetat2. Pembentukan SKUALIN dari mevalonat3. Pembentukan KOLESTEROL dari skualin
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Cholesterol Biosynthesis: 1. Formation of Mevalonate
2 CH3COSCoA CH3COCH2COSCoAThiolase
CH3COSCoA
Acetoacetyl CoA
HO2C-CH2-C-CH2COSCoA
OH
CH3
β-Hydroxy-β-methyl-glutaryl CoA (HMG CoA)
HMG CoASynthase
HO2C-CH2-C-CH2CH2OH
OH
CH3
3R-Mevalonic acid
HMGCoAreductase
CoASH NADP + NADPH + H +
Key control stepin cholesterolbiosynthesis
Hati tempat utama biosintesis cholesterol
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Cholesterol Biosynthesis: 2. Formation of squalene
-O2C-CH2-C-CH2CH2OH
OH
CH3
Mevalonate
-O2C-CH2-C-CH2CH2OPOP
CH3
OH
2 Steps
ATP5-Pyrophospho-mevalonate
CH2=C-CH2CH2OPOP
CH3
- CO2- H2O
Isopentenylpyrophosphate
CH3-C=CH2CH2OPOPCH3
Dimethylallylpyrophosphate
Isomerase
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Cholesterol Biosynthesis: 2. Formation of squalene
Tail
H
OPOP
OPOP
Head
TailHeadIsopentenylPyrophosphate (IPP)
Dimethylallylpyrophosphate Head to tail
CondensationOPOP
GeranylPyrophosphate (GPP)
OPOP
FarnesylPyrophosphate (FPP)
Head to tailcondensationof IPP and GPP
Tail to tailcondensationof 2 FPPs
Squalene
Head Tail
Head
Isoprenes
Geranyl transferase
Geranyltransferase
Squalenesynthase
Tail
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OH +
CH3H3C
CH3
HOCH3
CH3
CH3
HO
CH3
CH3
RCO2
Squalene
Squalenemonooxygenase
2,3-Oxidosqualenecyclase
Lanosterol
20 Steps
Cholesterol
Acyl-CoA:cholesterolacyltransferase Cholesterol esters
(principal transport form in blood)
O2
Squalene-2,3-epoxide
Cholesterol Biosynthesis: 3. Formation of Cholesterol
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O
OO
OH
OHHO
O
CH3
HO
CH3
Cholesterol
Estradiol
ProgesteroneCortisol
O
OH
TestosteroneHO
OH
CH2
HO
OH
OH Vitamin D
Transformations of Cholesterol: Steroid Hormones
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Biosintesis LIPOPROTEIN
1. LIPOPROTEIN: adalah molekul yang terdiri dari lipid dan protein dengan ikatan non-kovalen (interaksihidrofob)
2. Ada 2 macam sistem lipoprotein:
• Sistem lipoprotein pengangkut yang merupakanbagian dari plasma darah
• Sistem lipoprotein membran yang merupakanpembentuk struktur membran
3. Fungsi utama lipoprotein pada hewan dan manusia: sebagai alat pengangkut lipid antara berbagai organelmelalui darah
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Fig.17.1. The lipoprotein particle. The external monolayer of a lipoprotein particle contains free cholesterol, phospholipids,and apoproteins. Cholesterol ester and triacylglycerols locate in the particle core 48
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Kilomikron
VLDL
LDL
HDL
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Metabolisme LIPOPROTEIN
ApoB(TG,Protein)
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Hormonal Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis and Breakdown
ATP cAMP AMPAdenylyl cyclase
Glucagon andepinephrine
Stimulates
Phosphodiesterase
Insulin
Stimulates
Activates Protein Kinase
Inactivates ACC byphosphorylation
Inhibition offatty acidsynthesis
Activates triacyl-glycerollipase
Inactivateslipase
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Efek Lipid Terhadap Kesehatan
1.Blood lipid profile2.Heart disease3.Risks from saturated fats4.Risks from trans fats5.Risks from cholesterol6.Cancer7.Obesitas
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A.hypercholesterolemia• ↑ total CH, LDL (and all apoB particles)• ↓ HDL (apoA particles)– risk factor of atherosclerosis
identified and confirmed by numerous epidemiological studies
B. hypertriglyceridemia(1) ↑ isolated TAG (i.e. TAG-rich particles)
– risk of acute pancreatitis [TAG > 20-30 mmol/l](2) ↑ TAG (i.e. TAG-rich particles) + FFA
– insulin resistance(3) ↑ TAG + ↑ apoB particles (due to high influx of FFA
into liver) + ↓HDL– risk factor of atherosclerosis
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Figure 15–1. Outline of the pathways for the catabolism of dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat. All thepathways lead to the production of acetyl-CoA, which is oxidized in the citric acid cycle, ultimately yielding ATP in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
Overview of Lipid Metabolism
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Figure 15–3. Overview of fatty acid metabolism showing the major pathways and end products. Ketone bodies comprise the substances acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate,and acetone.
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Fatty acid synthase multienzyme complex
Figure 21–2. Fatty acid synthase multienzymecomplex. The complex is a dimer of two identical polypeptide monomers, 1 and 2, each consisting of seven enzyme activities and the acyl carrier protein (ACP). (Cys�SH, cysteinethiol.) 59
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