Majalah Ilmiah ISSN:0854-9117

A$r"l;4LLSTS eEdisi Khusus Nomor 6, Tahun XI, 2004

TEKNOLOGI PE,RTANIAI\

Diterbitkan oleh :

Kedeputian Bidang Pengkajian Kebijal<:rn TeknologiBadan Pengkajian dan Penerapan'fel<nologi

Jakarta

I@Yu*

4NALISIS SISTEM [,c]isi Khtrstrs No.6, Tahun.\'1, 240-l

Berdqsarkon Surat L.lPl No. 2585/y.2/KP/96, tanRgal 3 lvlei 1996, tlaluluh.l)]lrlisis Sirtttndiklasi kutikon sebagoi Majalah llnioh

A$4.!;4;4

SNS ferm.Nomor 6, lahun Xl, 200,1 ISSN:085d-9117

Penasehat/Pembina:Dr. Kusmayanto Kadiman

Pem impin/Pena nggung Jawab Redaksi :

lr. Firrnansyah Rahim, MM.

Dewan Redaksi :

MP. Imam Soedjana, M.EngDrs. SusrrarkantoDra. Habsali Kuspurwahati, MAlr. Sri KuncoroDrs. Fathoni Moehtadi, MPA.lr. Nusa ldaman Said, M.Eng.Drs. Dalrnawan, lv'lS.

Redaksi Tamu :

h. Sindu A khadiaro, MM

Alamat Redaksi/Penerbit :

Kedeputian BidangPengkaj ian Kebijakan Teknologi,Badan Pengkaj ian dan Penerapan TeknologiCedung ll BPPT, Lantai l2 - l3Jl. M.H. Tharnrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340

Telp. : (021) 3l6- 9414,9444Fax. : (021) 3 l6-9416:.32-2238Email : ansis@plasa.com

Bank:Bank Mandiri, Cabang Jakarta,Menara ThamrinRekening No. I 03-0001 135660

Periode Terbit :

2 (dua) kalidalam satu tahun

KATA PENGANTARMasalah pakan dari hasil produksi

pertanian, mcnjadi masalah pokok yangperlu diperdayakan di rnasyarakat. Ilal inikarena sebagian besar nrasyarakat bermatapencaharian sebagai petani dan sektorpertanian umum)'a lebih dorn inan

memanfaatl<an surrberdaya lokal.Berkaitan dengan itLr, rraka topik

bahasan pada Edisi KhLrsLrs kali ini adalahTeknologi Pertanian yang me rn bahas

tentang kajian dan aplikasi tekrrologi dan

bagaimana prospeknya, serta seberapa besarpotensi untuk dikembangkan.

Tulisan rnengenai tel<nologi peternakan

dibahas masalah pakan dan pengembanganbibil (breeding), seperti : peruntbuhanprobiotik untuk pcningkotan pakun lokal,inseminasi buulan paclu tbntbu garut.

Sedangkan pada teknologi perikanandibahas masalah : limbah untuk pukun ikundan karaklcri:;tik tenluns kronrusoltc ikunkerupu.

Adapun pada tel<.nologi perlanian lebihbanyak ke arah teknik perrrLrpukan disarnpingpengembangan lahan, seperti '. a./ekt(ituspupuk NPK, terhodap jugung, tehu danpupuk SKMg terhadqt kcntung, pupukorganik dan dolomit padu produksi scludu,dan jagtrng, teknik perbuikan ldutn guntbur,pro.spek uscthu tanu lun hio:s, rcspon bungttkrisan terhudop konscntra:si tlur,muhiplika.ti t,ilro bawung neruh. tlan

fornrulasi pangan rahidrusi dsri ubiku.t,u.

Dari belbagai tulisan diatas, retlaksisaugat mengharapkan krilik dan saran yangkonstruktif untuk perbaikan pada penerbitan

berikutnya.

Redaksi

Mnjalah Analisis Sistem m0nelirna naskah-naskah yang bcrisikan inlbrmusi rrrxul)ur gxg;rsirr s(girr(asli dan belum pernah dimuat di media cetak lflin) nlcngenri kcsistcman (lnt i lu:tr

Kedeputian Bidang Pengkajian Kebijaksrnarn Tcknologi. lnformsi lengk:rp duprt dipel.olch (liSekretariat Redaksi Mrjfllnh Analisis Sistrnr

ISSN :0854-9117 I

4NALISIS SISTEM [,c]isi Khtrstrs No.6, Tahun.\'1, 240-l

Berdqsarkon Surat L.lPl No. 2585/y.2/KP/96, tanRgal 3 lvlei 1996, tlaluluh.l)]lrlisis Sirtttndiklasi kutikon sebagoi Majalah llnioh

A$4.!;4;4

SNS ferm.Nomor 6, lahun Xl, 200,1 ISSN:085d-9117

Penasehat/Pembina:Dr. Kusmayanto Kadiman

Pem impin/Pena nggung Jawab Redaksi :

lr. Firrnansyah Rahim, MM.

Dewan Redaksi :

MP. Imam Soedjana, M.EngDrs. SusrrarkantoDra. Habsali Kuspurwahati, MAlr. Sri KuncoroDrs. Fathoni Moehtadi, MPA.lr. Nusa ldaman Said, M.Eng.Drs. Dalrnawan, lv'lS.

Redaksi Tamu :

h. Sindu A khadiaro, MM

Alamat Redaksi/Penerbit :

Kedeputian BidangPengkaj ian Kebijakan Teknologi,Badan Pengkaj ian dan Penerapan TeknologiCedung ll BPPT, Lantai l2 - l3Jl. M.H. Tharnrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340

Telp. : (021) 3l6- 9414,9444Fax. : (021) 3 l6-9416:.32-2238Email : ansis@plasa.com

Bank:Bank Mandiri, Cabang Jakarta,Menara ThamrinRekening No. I 03-0001 135660

Periode Terbit :

2 (dua) kalidalam satu tahun

KATA PENGANTARMasalah pakan dari hasil produksi

pertanian, mcnjadi masalah pokok yangperlu diperdayakan di rnasyarakat. Ilal inikarena sebagian besar nrasyarakat bermatapencaharian sebagai petani dan sektorpertanian umum)'a lebih dorn inan

memanfaatl<an surrberdaya lokal.Berkaitan dengan itLr, rraka topik

bahasan pada Edisi KhLrsLrs kali ini adalahTeknologi Pertanian yang me rn bahas

tentang kajian dan aplikasi tekrrologi dan

bagaimana prospeknya, serta seberapa besarpotensi untuk dikembangkan.

Tulisan rnengenai tel<nologi peternakan

dibahas masalah pakan dan pengembanganbibil (breeding), seperti : peruntbuhanprobiotik untuk pcningkotan pakun lokal,inseminasi buulan paclu tbntbu garut.

Sedangkan pada teknologi perikanandibahas masalah : limbah untuk pukun ikundan karaklcri:;tik tenluns kronrusoltc ikunkerupu.

Adapun pada tel<.nologi perlanian lebihbanyak ke arah teknik perrrLrpukan disarnpingpengembangan lahan, seperti '. a./ekt(ituspupuk NPK, terhodap jugung, tehu danpupuk SKMg terhadqt kcntung, pupukorganik dan dolomit padu produksi scludu,dan jagtrng, teknik perbuikan ldutn guntbur,pro.spek uscthu tanu lun hio:s, rcspon bungttkrisan terhudop konscntra:si tlur,muhiplika.ti t,ilro bawung neruh. tlan

fornrulasi pangan rahidrusi dsri ubiku.t,u.

Dari belbagai tulisan diatas, retlaksisaugat mengharapkan krilik dan saran yangkonstruktif untuk perbaikan pada penerbitan

berikutnya.

Redaksi

Mnjalah Analisis Sistem m0nelirna naskah-naskah yang bcrisikan inlbrmusi rrrxul)ur gxg;rsirr s(girr(asli dan belum pernah dimuat di media cetak lflin) nlcngenri kcsistcman (lnt i lu:tr

Kedeputian Bidang Pengkajian Kebijaksrnarn Tcknologi. lnformsi lengk:rp duprt dipel.olch (liSekretariat Redaksi Mrjfllnh Analisis Sistrnr

ISSN :0854-9117 I

Edisi Khtrstrs No. 6, Tahun XI, 2001 .l N! t1S1.S ^t/^SrErr.l

DAFTAIi ISI

ll a ll rnlr n

Kata pengantar

Daftar Isi

Sambutan Direktur Pusat Pengkajian dan Penerapan '['eknologi

Budidaya Pertan ian, BPPT,Iding Chaidir.lv

2

Pengaruh Suplernentasi Probiotik Semai, Fermacto dan Llroiler NLdalam Ransum Lokal terhadap Perfornrans Ayam Broiler. Sirrr/rAkltudiarto

Pengaruh Penanrbahan Asam Propionat selarna Penyimpanan terhadapKLralitas Nutrisi Kulit Singkong sebagai Bahan BakLr Pakan, M. NusirRoJiq

Optimalisasi Konsentrasi Telur pada Proses Pembekuan Sernen DontbaGarut, Herdis, MR Toelihere, I. Supriulna, B. Purwuntaru dun RTSAdikuru

Pengaruh Urnur Pejantan terhadap KLralitas Senren Segar pada

Penarnpungan Semen Domba Garul, Mumnn Suruchnrun, ldu Kusunudm Epih R. Suhanu.

Blood Meal as Protein Source for Marsupenaeus Japonicus JLrveniles,Ophirlus Sunrule dun Agung Sutluryono

Karatereristik Kromosom Ikan Kerapr,r, Ratu Siti Aliult, KonrurSumuntudinalu, Dtei Puji Hurlono, dun Odung Curnwn,

Analisis Kesesuaian Lahan dan Upaya PenyLrburannya ntelalLriPenrupukan N,P, dan K untuk Pengembangan Budidaya'l'anarlan -l

ebudi Brebes, Daru Mulyono

Pengaruh Dosis Pupuk N,P, dan K terhadap ProdLrlisi Tananran JagLrrrg

Manis di Dataran Rendah Batam, Kusiran

Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk SKMg terhadap PertunrbLrhan, Protluksidan Mutu Umbi Kentang Bibit G4 di Dataran Tinggi, Atttotr Gu,turto

I)engaruh Perlakuan berbagai Pupuk Organik terhadap I)roduli.:;i Sclada.Solah Iskundur.

Audit Teknologi ProdLrk Pupuk Organik, Subiyunn.

Pengaruh Pemupukan Phospor terhadap ProdLrktivitas Linra ValietasJagung Hibrida, Sulur jo dan Fred Runuwus.

Pengaruh 6-Benzyl Amino Purinc dan lndolucetic ,4cirl tclhadapPerbanyakan Tanaman Bunga Lipstik secara In-Vitlo. Delvi Murcttu

9

J l6

4 ll

I6

1

8

9

l0

ilt2

IJ

ll ISSN : 0854-91 l7

l

2s \/

49

54

59

61

7t)

83

KATA SAMBUTAN

Puji dan syukur kila panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, karena bet'kat rahnrat

dan hidayah-Nya, maka Edisi Khusus Majalah Analisis Sistern yang menganrbil topik

utama "Teknologi Pertanian" ini dapat diterbitkan. Saya rnenyambut gernbira

penerbitan ini karena sektor pertanian menjadi salah satu prioritas utama riset dan

teknologi di Indonesia dan diharapkan menjadi andalan dalarn ketahanan pangan.

Konsekrvensi dari pilihan tersebut adalah bahwa berbagai upaya perlLr dikerahkan untul<

mendukung pembangunan sektor pertanian. Pusat Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Budidaya Pertanian, sesuai mandat dan kompetensinya telah berusaha untuk

memberikan kontribusinya. Salah satu bentuk kontribusi yang berharga adalah

penerbitan berbagai hasil kajian di bidang Teknologi Pertanian dalam bentuk tulisan

ilmiah yang di wadahi dalam Majalah Analisis Sistem.

Keberhasilan pembangunan sektor pertanian sangat tergantung pada

keberhasilan kita dalam mengembangkan dan menerapkan teknologi yang tepat rnelalui

pendayagunaan sumber daya yang dimiliki. Arah pengembangan teknologi tersebut

adalah pada upaya intensifikasi di Pulau Jawa, ekstensifikasi untuk karvasan luar Jawa.

peningkatan inovasi teknologi, dan diversifikasi produk. Penlanlaatan teknologi

tersebut diharapkan menghasilkan berbagai luaran yang akan dapat (l) rneningkatkan

produktivitas, (2) meningkatkan efisiensi dengan rnenglremat atau rrenurunkan talitor

produksi, dan (3) meningkatkan kualitas hasil dan nilai tarnbah produk sehingga

meningkatkan daya saing produk, sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan perrnintaan pasar.

Akhirnya saya ingin menyarnpaikan apresiasi yang tinggi atas upaya untuk

memasyarakatkan hasil-hasil kajian di bidang teknologi pertanian, baik dalarn aspek

budidaya maupun agroindustri, dalam Edisi Khusus Majalah Analisis Sisterr ini.

Semoga penerbitan ini dapat memberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya bagi

pengembangan khazanah ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di bidang pertanian dan

agroindustri.

Jakarta, Desernber2004

Direktur P3 Teknologi Budidaya Pertanian,

Ir. Iding Chaidir, N4.Sc.

&lisi Khusus No.6, Tahun Xl, 2001 Katq Sumhulun

ISSN:0854-9117

ABSTRACTIhe use oJ blood neal (BM) as protein source Jbr K rukn shrinp

.llarsupenaeus japonicus juyeniles (0.9 g initial wet v,eight) wts deterntineLl bt'supplenenting BM in the diet ot Coi (cohtrol diet), 6'Z . 12'k, 18"/. ond 21'% withruduced.fishneol content lron 30oh lo Ook. These diets vcre node istxnergerrc-s urlEonttrogenoeus by chonging lipid and corbohvdrale lewls. lhesc dtet vcre /ad k)ontnaltestlor50dar6intriplicotepetdiet(l5shrinpperreplicure/o.eadoratI\) 6% Rtl' Apporcnt digestibilih' ofdn nuer, protein and lipil tert neosurLtlu/ier clcreruination ofleeding trial. I'he veight gain (Bllc) and lpealic grcnth rrt(tSCIt) oIthrn pfed BM-75 and Bil-100 *ere similor but ktwer cougrre to rhtqtoupsled connol diet, CBM-25 and CBtl-50. Protein and lipid tligestibilitr oJ dt.trp to 50u,4 CBll vas similor lo confiol diet ond statisticallv highet cottpltc to dtct('Bll 15 and CBi,ll00. This stud_t concluded Jishneai in prodkol dict oJ Jl.tupotlicus juvenile can be replaced about 50e% b_v bktodneal ttltour utlverse tttrro\ th and digestibilin

I. INTRODUCTIONThe development of commercial

aquaculture t'eeds has been traditionallybased on lishnreal (FM) as the mainprolein source due to its high content ofessential anrino acids and fatty acids.wh;ch are usually well digested for thesemacro-nulrients and provide vitamins andnrinerals 1El-Sayed 1999). Wilh theincreasins rrorld population and increasedtishing pressure. the global production ofFM has been in a state of decline in thelast decade {Starkey. I994). The shortageis coLrpled rr ith increased demand for manand livestock rvhich cause the price of FMto substantially increase (Tacon, 1998). Itis evident. on the long-run, that manydevelopinc countries will be unable todepend on FNI as a nlajor protein sourcein aquafeeds. Therefore, it is impo(ant tolook tbr alternative prolein sources whichare less e\pensive and locally availablefor the derelopment of cost-effective ofaquafeeds. The search for alternativesources lbr flshnreal is an internationalresearch priority (Manzi, 1989; Hardy andKissil, 1997).

Blood rneal (BM) is a promisingingredient tbr replacing FM due to therelativel) high protein content, highdigestibilitl and predicted to be stable in

supply since blood aninral is onll bein_t

discarded as wastes tiom slauuhteringhouscs. Unfonunately. blcod nrealcontains some linriting nutritional t'actors.such as isoleucine and methionine (NRC.l,992, Tacon and Jackson. 1985).However, if the proper ration bet\\een thisproduct and other source ol' prorein is

maintained in the diet. the EssentialAmino Acids (EAA) irnbalance could be

overcome and the qualitl- ol'such diet is

likely to improve lDavies et al. 1989).Several studies hale been corrducted arrd

using blood meal as a part of dietingredients for teleost tlsh such as tilapia.(Elsayed, 1999). grouper (Millarnena,2002), rainbow trout (Bureau. 1999),humpback grouper (Laining cr ul. )003),rockfish (Lee, 2002) but none tbrMars upe nae us j aporrras shri rnp.

ln the present study, various levelsof BM were included in practicalformulated shrimp diets. rvhile the lerel offish meal was reduced frorn 100% to 0%as the main source of protein. Thus- theaim of this stud) rvas to evaluate thenutritional value of blood meal tbrkuruma shrimp , ltl. japonicus. s hich isone of the most important aquaculturecrustaceans in the rr orld

".Penelitt ptdt l'uset Pengkajan dan Penerapan'feknologi Budida-va Pertunian. 7'.18. RPPI*' Ltaett l-.tlulrlt I'erikunan, Universitds Diponeqoto. Semaru g.

Ophirtts ,\untule dkk ANALISIS SlSTETl

28 ISSN:085.1-91 l7

BLOOD MEAL AS PROTEIN SOURCE FORMars upe nae us j apazicas JUVENILES

Olelt : Ophirtus Sumiuti') dan Agung Sudaryono 't')

II MATEITIAL AND METHODSA Test Diets

Blood nreal rvas collected from a s

mall slaLrghtering house in Central Java,Indonesia. The blood were coagulated byboiling for 15 rninutes and than dried atroom temperature. The coagulated bloodwas then sieved through a 150 pm meshto get a homogenous BM particles. Fivetest diets containing 0%o (control), 25%o

(BM-25). s0% (BM-5O), 7s% (BM-7s)and 100% (BM- I 00) blood meal wereformulated replacing FM.These diets wereprepared to be isoenergetic and isocaloricbased on gross energy content in eachingredients. The test diets were produced

according to the metho.l describcd b1

Sakaktrra et ul. (1998) rvith a slightnrodiflcation. Dly ingredients and lipidswith fat-soluble vitamins rvele rvell mixedwith distilled wrtel Lrsing a tbod nrixcr'(Model KMS, Kitchcn Aid Inc..St. Joseph.Michigan, US) and therr extrlrded Lrsing a

meat grinder (Royal, Japanl type 22VR-1500) with I .2 rlm dianreter die. The dietswere dried in thc overr at a terrperatLre70"C lor I hottr. old wcle lltert st(lirir)gfor 1.5 rrinutes to increase its meltingsurface. Diets were stored at 28"C, untiluse. Diet conrposition are listed in Tablc l.while its proxilrate and arrino ncidprofiles are presented in 'lable 2.

Edi.yi Khu.str.: No. 6 Tahun XI. 2001 Blotxl J.lttrl ts I)rotain

Dietary TreatrnentsIn gred ients BM-O BM-25 BM.5O BM-75 BM.IOO

Fish mealCow blood rnealDefatted soybean rnealSqLrid nreal

Krill meal

Pollack liver oilCholesterolSoybean lec ithinDextrincr-StarchVitamin rnix'l)Mineral rn ix'2)

ClutenFiller' (cr-cellulose)P rox itn al e c o nt po s i I ionProtein*l)LiPi6-3tMoistureAsh*3)

3000

150

80

120

70l03050

50

30305030

49.7

t6.46.210.3

22560150

80

t2073t03050

50

30

30

50

42

50.2

15.6

8.1

9.6

r50120

t5080

t7075

t03050

50

303050

55

s0.0I 5.5

8.8

8.2

75

180

t5080

t2078t03050

50

3030

50

67

49.tiI 5.2

7.87.4

0240t5080

t20

6 (.)

t03050

50

.10

i050

80

49.8t6.89.t6.3

*r)Vitarrin mix (mg/100 g diet) : p-Amino benzoic acid 6.77, Biotin 0.27, lnositiol

269.85, Nicotinic acid 26.98, Ca-pantothenate 40.48, Pylidoxine-HCI 8.098,Riboflavin 5.39, Thiarrine-HCl 2.7, Menadione 2.70,B-Carotine 6.48. Alpha-Tochoperol 13.49, Cyanocobalamine 0.06, Calciferol 0.80, L-ascorbyl-2 phosphate-Mg210.64, Folic acid 0.54, Choline chloride 404.77*2)Meneral

mix (g/100 g diet) : KzHPOT 0.23, Ca3(POa):0.32, MgSO1.7 ll:O 0.36.NaH:POr.2 HrO 0.09'r) dry weight basis

ISSN :0854-9117

Table l. Diet Conrpositions (e/ke diet) and lts Proximate ValLres

29

Ophirtus Sumule clkk ,1A','lLISIS SISTEI,I

Table 2. Amino Acid Conrposition of Experimental Diets (% ol total anrino acidanalyzed)u

DietAmino acid

Control BM 25 B\I 50 lltll 75 BNI l()(]EAl'

4.3 8Threonine 4.07 4.47 4.5 1 4.57

Valine 4.69 5.21 5.90 6.0i 6.27

Methionine 2.t4 l 80 I 43 0.66 0.76

lsoleuc ine 4.14 3.72 3.25 2.1t

LeLrcine 7 .71 8.09 8.87 9.42 9.75

Phenylalanine 1.66 4.71 5.2 r

3.94

6.52 6.40

Histidine 4.80 5.t4 1.15

Lvsirre /.d 7.60 8.02

tr

li.,l2 8.3 5

Tryptophan tr tr 1r trArginine 6.15 6.83 6.18 5.8 5

I EAA 46.46 46.20 47.t8 4 8.3 48.6 I

NEAA"

Taurine 0.64 0.5 3 0.39 0.3 6 0.16

Hydroxyproline tr tr tr tr trAspartic acid 8.5 6 9.26 8.99 9 I 9.3 iSerin e 4.23 4.64 .1.5l 1.79 r1.8,+

Glutamic acid 20.36 19.68 19.19 18.06 t7.635.45 5.47 5.3 7 5.18 5.20

Clycine 4.90 4.67 4.25 {. t7 :1. I I

A lanine 5.2 8 5.37 5.90 5.96 6. I.lTyrosine 4.12 4.t9 4.20 3.97 3.97

Z NEAA 53.54 55.71 51.38

TOTAL 100 100 100 t00 100u rneans frorn duplicate homogenize samples" essential amino acids

' non essential amino acidtr : trace

B Feeding TrialsShrimp juveniles (average wet

weight 0.9g) were randomly selectedfrom the holding tank and weighed 5juveniles at a time. Fifteen juvenilesper tank in triplicate per treatment werestocked in 30-L rectangular PVC tanks(37 x 25 x 23 cm) with sand-bottoms(3 cm in thickness), filled with filteredseawater (salinity 33 ppt, temperature

l4-18"C) and aerated ri'ith air stones.cultured for 50 days. Filtered seawaterwas continuously supplied in flowthrough system at the rate of0.l liter/minthrough the bottom sand and net filter.The amount ol watcr in each tank wasmaintained at 25-L. The feeding trial wasconducted Lrnder I2 h dark: l2 h Iightphoto period. The shrirnp were led oncea day at 17:00 on a ratiorr equal to 4-60%

30 ISSN:0851-9117

I

Proline

53.81 52.83

of B\\'/day for 50 days. The rationwas adjusted after eveq' l0 days afterweighing of test animals. The tanks,sand and nets were clcaned whenweight measurernents are taken.Uneaten diets were siphoned out fromthe lank every morning and oven-driedat 100'C to constant weight fordetermination of actual diets intake.All shrirnps were blotted on papertowels for 30 seconds lo remove thee\ces5 water then rveighed in anelectron ic balance.

.{t the end of t'eeding trial, fiftypercent of shrimp in each tank weresarnpled for proximate and amino acidconrposition while the remainder wereused tlrr the determination of apparentdigestibility coefficient (ADC) of eachdiet. The parameters: body weight gain(B\\'G r. specific growth rate (SGR).feed lntake (FI), feed conversion ratio(FCRt and protein efficiency ratio(PERt s'ere calculated to evaluate thegrorrth performance of the shrimpj uven iles.

C DigestibilityShrirnps were transf'erred to

i0x30r30 crn of 54-L rectangular PVCtank (i tanks/treatment), filled with 45L fllrered sea water (33 ppt,tenrperature l2-16"C) under a

rnoderate aeration and predominantlydark c.rndition Prawns were fed dietsas those in feeding trials except a

portion of cr-starch was replaced byCr2O. ( l% in the diet). Prior to thecollection of feces, prawns wereadapted to the test diet for a week.Prarns which feed test diets at ration6% of BW. allow to eat for 2 hours.Thereafter. the uneaten feed wassiphoned out and the water in tankswas renewed with the new filtered seawater to make sure that there was noleftorer of diets given. Feces werethen siphoned out from the bottom ofthe tank every 2 hours for 8 hoursduring the daytirne. Feces were freeze

dried immeCiately afrer collecting.Chrcmium contents were analyzedaccording to Furukawa and Tsukahara( l e66).

The apparent digestibilitl of drymatter, protein and lipid of diets werecalculated as follows :

Digestibiliry of dry nrutte r ('%) =(1-'/o Cr2O3 in diet/%o Cr2O3 in f'eces) x100.digestibilit), of protein (%) :{ I -(% protein in feces/o/o Cr:O, l-eces)/(%protein in dietl%o Cr2O3 in dietlrl00%digestibilit! of lipitl (%) ={ l-(% lipid in fecesl%o Cr2O3 t'eces)/( %lipid in diet/% Cr2 03 in diet)) r I 00%

D Chemical aud Statistical AnalysisThe protein and lipid contents of

samples were determined using Kjeldhaland by c lorolorm-methano I c\tractionmethods (Bligh and D1er. I959).respectively; u'hile ash and nroisture weredetermined according to the .{5sociationof Officials Analytical Chern ist ( I 990).

Amino acid proti les wereperformed bl using HPLC according toTeshima er al. (1986). Approrimately 2

mg of dried samples was rr eighed andhydrolized with N-nrethane-su ltbn ic acidfor 22 h at llOoc. The pH of thehydrolysate rvas adjusted to pH 2.2 andinjected to into HPLC unit rrith an ionexchange resin colurnn. Norlerrcine uasused as an internal slandard.

Crowth performance dara and theapparent digestibility coeflicients of dietswere compared by one-wa1, analysis ofvariance (Package super-ANOVA,Abacus Concepts, Berkelel,. California,USA). Significant differences betweenthe means \\'ere tested b1 Duncan'sMultiple Comparison Test. Probabilitiesof p< 0.05 were considered significant.The optimum dietary BM level wasestimated following the broken line-regression metods (Zeitoun et al, 1976:Robbins et a/, 1979)).

Edisi Khusus No. 6 Tahun XI, 2004 Blood Me al a.,; Protein

ISSN : 0854-91 l7 3l

Ophirtus Sumule dkk ANALISIS SISTEM

III RESULTSProtein and lipid content of diets

were not significantly between thedietary treatnrent (Table l). Themoisture content in BM-100 is slightlyhigher then other groups butsignificantly difference was notdetected between the diets. The ashcontent in diets tend to decrease withthe increment of BM in diet. The dietBM- l 00 conta ins lower ash compare toother diets

The EAA contents in diet rveresirnilar each others except themethionine and isoleucine showed thedecrement as BM in diet increase. Onthe otherhand. leucine and valineshows a reverse trend. The tryplophanrvould not be measured exactlybecause of inhibitation bycarbohydrate in the diet.

The results of feeding trials\vere presented in table 3. The survivalrate of shrimp were over than 65Yoamong all diets group and not affectedb1' the level of dietary BM. The highnrortality considered by thecarnivorous as the main character ofthe M. Japonicrrs (Liao and Chien1993) and handling effects during thefeeding trial. However, lhere was a

general trend that growth of shrimpdecrease with BM in diet. The BWG

and SGR of shri,np fe d BM-75 and BM-100 were similar but lowei cornpare tothe grcups fed control Ciet, BM-2) and

BM-50.Ir is likel),rhar SGR and BWC of

shrimp was not affected by the inclusionof BM up to 120 g BM in I kg of diets.Similar to BWC parameter, the inclusionof BM in shrimp diet has no effect on FI

up to the 120 g BM/kg diet (50% of FMreplaced). The FCR and PER shows asimilar trend whereas no effect up to theinclusion level of 120 g BM/kg diet eventhe group of shrirnp fed BM-50 was notstatistically different compare to shrirnpgroup fed BM-75 and BM- l 00. By usingbroken-line regression methods. \\,e

estimaled that 4l .7o/o and 43.2% of fishmeal could be leplaced by BM fronrBWG and FI point of view, respectively(Fig I rnd Fig 2).

Dry matter. protein and lipiddigestibility, were presented in table 4.

Similar to growlh pararneters, the

digestibilities tend to decrease with theincrement of BM in diet. Protein and

lipid digestibility of diet up to 50% BMwas similar to control diet and

statistically higher compare to diet BM-75 and BM-100. Dr)'rnatter digestibilitlshows similar tendenc)' although BM-25has similar wirh diets BM-50. BM-75 and

BM- 100.

t20

30

Y=165 ol+0 ll2 X (R=0.96)

Y =240 06 - I 624 s (R =0 99)

B lood ln tal an d iel (% )

Fig I Relarionship betqecn BWC (%)of the M. j:rponrcus and lhelevel of FM rcplaccd by BM in diet ('/.tatt..50 doys ofteeding trialas described by broken line .egression m od.l

4t.1

l2 ISSN : 0854-91 l7

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Ophirhts Sumule dkk ,lNALISIS S\STENI

Table 4. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and lipid on kttrLtt'tra shritlp,Marsupenaeus japonicus fed diets containing dil'f'erent level of Blood meal

DiscussionThe grorvth of shrimp fed control

diet in this studl,was lower compare tothe results of other study using ajuvenile size (Saitoh et al, 2000 )Those facts may mainly affected bylow temperature since this experimentwas conducted in temperature range l4to l8oc. Most shrirnp are farmedbetween 22 and 34"C, as temperatureincreases, the growth rate alsoincreases. How ever, temperatureabove 35oC produce mortality(Carvajal, and Nebot., 1998). Themaximum growth of Marsupcnaeu.sjaponicus was obseved at temperature26"C (Labat, 1974).

This snrdy demonstrated thatblood meal could be the possiblealternative source of protein in thepractical diet for Kuruma shrimp,Marsupenaeu.s japonLrcus juvenilepartially substituting the fish rnealbased diet up to about 50oZ or reducingthe utilization of fishmeal frorn 300g/kg diet to about 150 g/kg dietwithout retardation effect in term ofgrowth. This present study clearlyshowed that the retardation of growthof shrirrp group fed BM-75 and BM-100 were mainly affected by thereduction of FI associate with thedecrement of digestibility and thedecreasing of some ind ispensableamino acids (nrethionine andisoleucine) as the BM in diet increases

Means I s.e of triplicate tanksValues with the same superscripts are not significantly ditferent at 5o4 level

The scientilic report concerning lheutilization ofblood rneal as protein sourccfor Penaeid shrimps .iuvenile is stilllimited. Brand and Colvin ( I 977 reportedthat a growth depression rvas lound onPenaeus califbrnien.si.t, when fedartificial diet contains 5olo to l0% olblood meal. On the other hand, rvhite leg

shrimp (Pcraeir.r vannattai) did not shorvsignificant differences in weight gain.feed conversion and sLrrvival rvhen f'ed

diets containing l0% level ol'diff-erentlyprocessed blood meals in diet (Dominyand Ako, 1988). Sirnilar to this Iatterreport, this present study shows that Mjaponicu.; juvenile shou,s no adverse interm of growth rvhen l-ed diet contains 6

to l2% of BM.Another product of rendered

animal such as rendered rneat and bonemeals has been recently exanrined as

fishmeal replacernent ingredients fbrPacific rvhite shrirrrp Litop, rurtttvannantei (Forstel {r/ a/, 2003). Theauthors dernonstrated that lhe rn{lxiD)un1

level of rendered meat and bone meals toreplace of fishmeal irr Pacitlc rvhiteshrimp diet is about 75%. Moreover, the

authors lbund that beef ploducts ale lnoreeffective in meeting the nLrtritional needs

of shrirnp than are either pork or poLrltry

products. In this study, the animalrendered prodLrct sLrch as blood rrealapparently allorvable to replace olfishrneal up to 50% in ll. jLtl)ontL tt.\

juvenile diet. Rendered products have

been use also tbr Parurcu.s ntonoclon

Diets GroupsDigesribility (%)*

Dry matter Protein LipidControl 72.0+0.7" 77 .2+0.9' 79.9+C.8

b

8M.25 64.3+2.20" 70.74+t .5' 79.8+1.1"BM-50 63.1+4.40' 7l . I l+0.7c 7 6.4+0.60BM-75 55.6+l.3aD 5 5.8 I +0.3b 63 .2+0.2"

46.3+5.8b 4l .6+4.54 65 .2+2.7o

il ISSN:0854-9117

BM- 100

The growth retardation found ingroup of shriinp fed BM-75 and BM-100 respectively compare to the otherdietary g;oups may contributed bylower Fl. The feed intake stronglycorrelates with the acceptability and

palatability of diet, which thoseaffected by the essential amino acidssuch as Arginine (Lovel 1989) and thefree amino acids such as betain,glutarr.ric acids. alanine and glycine.(Akiyama, 1986) that contain in diet.This study shows that the glutamicacid and gll'cine in diet weredecreasing as BM in diet increasing(Table 2).

The inclusion of BM up to 120

g/kg diet (i.e: 50% of FM replaced bybiood meal) still allowable for juvenileof 14. japonicus from dry matter,protein and lipid digestibility view ofpoints. This fhct consistent rvith thegrorvth performance data which showsno statisticall) differences among thegroup of shrimp fed control, BM-25and BM-50 respectively. The lowerdigestibility ol protein in group ofshrirnp fed higher level BM rrayindicate the presence of indigestiblenitrogen compound in this ingredient.The digestibilitl of this ingredient mayincrease by proper processing as foundin rainbowtrout (NRC, l99l ) andchinook salmon (Hajen et al. I993).Sorre results shows thal proteindigestibility of blood meal werevariable ( Meng. 2002). Dilferences indigestibility of blood meal amongstudies may be due to differences in

an irna I species. meal processingcond ition or rneal quality.

Protein quality of dietary proteinsources depends on the amino acidcomposition and their availability. Thesimilar growth of shrimp fed BM-0,BM-25 and BM-50 indicare that theessential amino acid in those diets are

still allowable although found thatthere was a variability oftheir essentialarnino acid conrpositions. In case of

group of shrimp fed diet BM-75 and BM-100, which have lower growth mayaffected by the decrement of methionineas BM increase in diet as reflected inessential aminoacid composition of wholebody (Table 2). lt has been reported thatBM is deficient in methionine and

isoluecine but rich in leucine (Hertrarnpfand Pascual, 2000, NRC, 1992, Taconand Jackson, 1985). Teshirna et al (2002)established the isoleucine and nrethioninerequirement of M. japonicus were in llrerange 2.3-2.9%o and 1.3-1.6% respectivell.ln our data rve calculated that the

isoleucnie and methionine were 1.4 and0.3 for BM-75 and 1.2 and 0.38 fbr BM-100, far below than those value sugested.

In summary, fishrneal in practicaldiet of M. japonicus juvenile can be

replaced 50% by bloodrneal withoLrtadverse in grorvth and digestibilitl.

IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors rvish to thank Prof

Sin-lchi Teshirna and Prof ShunsukeKoshio frorn Aquatic anirral NutritionLaboratory, Faculty oi Fisheries.Kagoshirna U n iversity-Japan fbr theirinsightful cornnlents on the rnanuscript.

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developrrent of purified diet andnutritional requirement of lysine inPenaeid shrirnp. Ph.D. d issertat iorr.

Texas A&M University, CollegeStation, 78 pp

2. AOAC (Association of the Of'ficialAnalytical Chernists). 1990. Officialmethods of analysis, l5th edition.Association of the OfficialAnalytical Chemists. Arlington.Virginia, USA.

3. Bligh E.G and Dyer, E.J., 1959. Arapid method of total lipid extractionand purification. Com.Bio.Physiol.37, 9l l-91 7

4. Brand, C.W and Colvin, L.B. 1977.Compounded diet for early postlarvalPenaeus californiensis. Proc 8th

Edi:;i Khusus No. 6 Tahun XL 2004 Blood Meal as Protcin

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Ophirtus Sumule dkk ANALISIS SISTEM

3. Bligh E.G and Dyer, E.J., 1959.

A rapid method of total lipidextraction and purification. Com.Bio.Physiol.37, 9l l-917

4. Brand, C.W and Colvin, L.B.1977. Compounded diet for earlypostlarval Penaeus californiensis.Proc 8th Annu.Meeting WorldMaricult. Soc., 8.. 8l l-820

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R.M. and Dosanjh, 8.S., 1193.

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Handbook on ingredients fbraqauculture fish. Kluwer AcademicPublisher, Dordrecht. TheNetherlands

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improves the qualitl, of yellowtail(Seriola quinqueradiata) seedlings.Aq uacuf ture I61:427-436.

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