RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of general Biology which title “how to use microscope” was

made by:

Name : Syahril

Reg. No : 101204156

Group/Class : II/ICP

Department : Physics

After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator so this report is

accepted

Makassar, 10th November

2010

Assistant Coordinator

Djumariranto S.pd

Assistant

Nursyahraeni Malik

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.Background

One of the important senses for the human is eyes, its function for see

anything. Human without eyes are very queer. That’s why we need it, but our

eyes has limitation for seeing. Bacteria and virus can’t saw by our eyes. In

addition to this, we need a media for see a small object. Of course to help our eyes

to identify and clarification an object. The first we know about LUV (it always

called maximize mirror) but still many problem for seeing more small object. On

develop of science and technology, we know about microscope. It can use for

identify and clarification for the small object

In the field of science, microscope has an important role to support it. Not

only for biology but also the others such as: physics, chemistry, astronomy, etc.

The different side of LUV and microscope is LUV still has limitation for seeing

the small object. Microscope more strong than LUV because it have two lens that

can maximize a shadow object from preparation more than 100x.

In generally, microscope divide for two parts. They are optical microscope

and electron microscope. Optical microscope have two lens (ocular lens and

objective lens). Both of these lens used to maximize an object. Objective lens is

used to maximize an object from preparation place and continued the shadow

from preparation to ocular lens. Objective lens can maximize the shadow of an

object more than 10 x 1500 x. And ocular lens is a lens that its place near with our

eyes, its function is to maximize the shadow of an object from objective lens. The

other one is electron microscope. a scientific instrument which is used to magnify

things on a fine scale. That uses a particle beam of electrons to illuminate a

specimen and create a highly-magnified image. Electron microscopes have much

greater resolving power than light microscopes that use electromagnetic radiation

and can obtain much higher magnifications of up to 1 million times, while the best

light microscopes are limited to magnifications of 1000 times. Both electron and

light microscopes have resolution limitations, imposed by the wavelength of the

radiation they use. The greater resolution and magnification of the electron

microscope is because the de Broglie wavelength of an electron is much smaller

than that of a photon of visible light. The electron microscope uses electrostatic

and electromagnetic lenses in forming the image by controlling the electron beam

to focus it at a specific plane relative to the specimen. This manner is similar to

how a light microscope uses glass lenses to focus light on or through a specimen

to form an image. In addition, electron microscope can maximize the shadow of

an object more than 1, 5 billion.

From this view above, we must know about microscope. And as the

students its very important to increase our knowledge in science, specially

biology.

B. Purpose

1. Give the students knowledge about how to use the microscope safely and quickly

2. Give the students knowledge about the part of microscope3. Give the students knowledge about an observation concept, specially cell

of plants4. Give the students knowledge about kinds of microscope

C. Benefit

After the student do this experiment, they have skills about how to use

microscope correctly, quickly and peacefully to see a simple preparation of an

object such as cell of plants, etc. the students know the part of microscope, and

they know the characteristic of optical microscope and electron microscope

CHAPTER II

PREVIEW AND LITERATURE

Microscope is a major toll in studying the structure of small objects.

Microscope that user light called an optical microscope, which is widely used in

school laboratory. Optical microscope can be differentiated into on monocular

biology microscope and stereo microscope or binoculars. Biology microscope

used for observation of thin transparent objects. Radiation is given from below

with natural light or lamp. In this biology microscope, generally have ocular lens

and objective lens, while binocular or stereo microscope is used for observation of

objects that are not too large, transparent or not. Radiator can be set from above

or from bellow with natural light or lamp. Has two objectives and two eyepiece,

so the three dimensional obtained with the two martial eye observation. (Team

Teaching, 2010 )

A microscope may be defined as an optical instrument,consisting of a lens

or combination of lenses, for making enlarged or magnified images of minute

objects. A simple microscope, or a single microscope , consist merely of a single

lens or magnifiying glass hell in aframe,usually adjustable, and often provided

with astand for conveniently holding the object to be viewed and a mirror for one

in that it consists of two sets of lenses, one known as an objektive and the other

as an eyepieces,commonly mounted in a holder know as a body tube. The one

neares the specimen, called the objective, magnifies the specimen a definite

amoun. The second lens system, the eyepiece, further magnifies the image formed

by the objective, so thet the image seen by the eye has a magnification equal to the

product of the magnification of the two systems. The individual or initial

magnification of the objectives and eyepieces is egraved on each such part.

Accurate focusing is attained by a special screw appliance know as a fine

adjustment. Compound microscopes give much greater magnification than simpel

microscopes and are necessary for viewing and examining such minute objects as

bacteria. (Salle, 1961)

A microscope is a tool or machine with the ability to increase the vicual

size of an object so thet it is easier to see. All types of microscope must perfom

two important function; they must magnifi (enlerge) the specimen to a size that

can be seen by the human eye, and they must provide a clear image thet will

enable the microscopist to distinguisth the component parts of the specimen, a

feature known as resolution. Those may be accomplished by using visible (white)

light, ultraviolet light, or electron beams.(Ross,1986)

Microscope which is first applied by saintis Renaisans, as well as which

we apply d laboratory is light microscope. Visible light is overcome [by] through

object and then pierces this kacaLensa lens refraction of light sedemikisan aspect

so that object shadow dipebesar at the time is projected to our eye.

Two important values a microscope is magnification power and dispertion,

or resolution express how many times big object is seen with microscope

compared to measure sebenarnnya..Daya decompose is clarity measure of image

that is distance a minimum of two detachable points and admits of differentiated

as two separate points.( Campell, 2008 )

Generally, the microscope has a magnification power as follows:

• Objective 4X and 10X ocular, 40X total zoom

• Objective 10X and 10X eyepiece, the total magnification 100x

• Objective 40X and 10X eyepiece, the total magnification 400x

• 100x objective and 10X eyepiece, the total magnification 1000x

Objective of the most powerful in the optical microscope objective emersi

100x called because of its use must be with emersi oil, and how to use it

must be special as well.

According to Goldstein (2002) section on the microscope to divide into 3

categories

A. Optical section. This section of the lens. The lens can zoom in or out of

the shadow of a shadow object. In addition it also describes the

shadow of the object lens.

B. The part that relates to illumination. That is part of the microscope that

requires lighting. Some mikrosko is equipped with a lamp which sends

light into the body through a microscope while the other microscope

equipped with a mirror that can be moved to get a natural or artificial

light and then reflect into your eyes.

C. Mechanical parts. This section provides convenience and comfort in

the use of a microscope. There is a motion platform which is a pillar

Roller Stay upright, arms arch, and the pulpit called the stage. In the

microscope there is also a useful link inclination to tilt the microscope

at the appropriate angle for facebook to observe comfortably. Optical

microscope is a microscope basically optical lens. Expert science

related development with optical microscope was Anton Van

Leuwennhoek.

.

CHAPTER III

PRACTICUM METHOD

A. Day and date

Day/Date : Wednesday,3rd November 2010

Time : 09.00-10.00 am

Place : General Biology Laboratory at second floor east.

Faculty mathematics and science

Makassar State University

B. Tools and materials

1. Tools

There is tool even that is utilized this on liking is which is:

1. Tools that provided by laboratory

A. Biology microscope

B. Toolbox, contain:

1. Object glass

2. Cover glass

3. Petri dish

4. Pincers

5. Pipette hand

2. Tool that provided by college student

a. New knife

b. Flannel's cloth new

c. Cotton mop

d. Pictured book and penciled

\ e. Toothpick

2. Materials

There is material even of this attempt which is:

1. Material that provided by laboratory

a. Distilled water

b. Filter paper or blotting paper

c. Cotton or kapok

2. Material that provided by college student

a. Hibiscus leaf (Hibiscus rosa sinensis)

b. waru's leaf (Hibiscus tiliaceus)

c. Gourd leaf (Cucurbita moschata)

d. Red onion (Alium cepa)

C. Work and procedure

1. Preparing Microscope

a. Placing microscope upon dihapan's correct workbench.

b. Clearing microscope body with pane cloth. Don't on and off rub

lens with cloth.

c. Opening instrumental box, put for meaty solder cup object glass

and shell glass. Clearing object cloth with cotton or filter paper

cloth.

d. Upon workbench there's only microscope, instrumental box with

its content, guidebook and note, materials for practicum. Keep

away that another on other place already been provided.

2. Managing its Light Input into Tubus

2.1. Paying attention pracicum's room situation, where is its

coming aim light which more brightness (of front, left, or right)

then leads microscope mirror go to that light source and opens

diaphragm or turn around plate on course hole be. Managing

microscope position that has condensor to approach sediaan's table

wields monotonic mirror. For microscope without kondensor

utilize concave mirror.

2.2. Managing revolver position so objects hortesting to had up

to sediaan's table until click sound.

2.3. Downing tubus until objektif's tip distance with sediaan's

table 5 10 mm or tube is down maximal.

2.4. Telescoped lens ocular by left wink without squinting

right eye (need training) will in view white domed field (field of

view). If its brightness don't merata, therefore we move few

reflecting until its brightness rolled out. If over dazzle, we narrow

diaphragm or hole on plate. If field of view is still elope incoming

light reducing matter, therefore we open diaphragm, hole tide is

even greater on plate.

2.5. Ready microscope to be used observesobject.

3. Trick Spaces Lens with object

3.1. Turning around or makrometer's crude regulator towards

finger smith, tubus goes down, objektif's distance with sediaan

mengecil's table, then contrariwise. What happen? Other model

microscope tubusnya's one coves or can't fluctuate, therefore table

sediaan moves up and down if turn around makrometer and

micrometer.

3.2. Put together meaty object glass upon object's table in such

a way face so observed material lies in the middle table hole,

nipping object glass with sengkeling so not rock.

3.3. objektif's distance with object glass no more than 10 mm.

If that distance is oversized, therefore we turn around makrometer

to down tubus while seeing from objektif's tip side approach object

glass until a maximum 5 10 mm.

3.4. look passes okuler while hand turns around makrometer

raises tubus slow. Observing field of view until shadow

appearance, if tubus was lifted half-turn makrometer was emerging

shadow, matter most overlooks, therefore we go over to step 3.3

backs, if have available shadow but still blur, therefore us

meneropong goes on while turn around rise micrometer or

downwards until shadow be clear line or its limitation.

3.5. Checking lens ocular's magnification and objektif and that

shadow magnification.

3.6. Issuing preparat already being observed. .

4. Substituting magnification

4.1. If watch was successful, 3. 4 and 3.5, seeming shadow will

be raised again and doesn't touch preparat's position or tube.

4.2. Turn around in such a way objektif's face until lens that

longer (heavy duty) upright on sediaan's table and click sound

(check magnification)

4.3. Meneropong while turns around micrometer until greater

shadow appearance of observed shadow.

4.4. If baffled finds greater shadow, we raise tubus by turns

around makrometer contrary aims finger smith, turning around

revolver backing to place objektif's lens position rans down (short)

on course originally without change preparat's position then

mengulang again stage 3.3, 3. 4, 3. 5 lanjut goes to 5.1, 5. 2, 5. 3,

until successful.

4.5. Raising tubus if will observe material any other and issues

preparat already been observed then clears object glass and shell

glass.

4.6. Making new sediaan appropriate staged new 4.1 until 4.6.

4.7. At the early activity which utilize microscope, notice

following things:

i. Preparat may not above keep sediaan's table but we shall

issue it.

ii. Clearing wet preparat with filter paper or cotton mop

(object glass + closing glass) then keeps it in solder cup and

inserts it into outfit box.

iii. Clearing microscope body with pane cloth, downing tubus

as low as maybe.

iv. Keeping microscope into microscope box.

v. Clear all equipment has already used by cotton mop and is

kept deep its box.

vi. Keep alone instrumental already been taken in for next

activity.

vii. Discarding material rest that doesn't be utilized again at

available garbage can.

CHAPTER IV

RESULT DISCUSSION

A. Result

Plant Picture

Daun waru (Hibiscus tilaceus)

Daun labu (Cucurbita muschata)

Bawang merah (Allium cepa)

Daun bunga kembang sepatu (Hibiscus rosa-

sinensis)

B. Discussion

Based on the results, we can determine the shape and structure of the

preparations were observed, including:

1. Red onion (alium cepa)

The observed part of the tuber onion is cut crosswise, then taken the

very thin using a razor blade, then placed on the object.

Furthermore, red onion observe by using the magnification of 10 x 10

is visible is the structure that looks like stone structure which coincides

with each other each other. Where in the margins of this structure is

called the epidermis while surrounded by the NII is the cytoplasm and

cell wall in the middle of the cell nucleus contained cytoplasm..

2. Leaves of hibiscus (hibiscus teliaceus)

From the observation hibiscus leaves, especially the bottom of the leaf

turns out we have a star-shaped trichomes. These include the type of

trichome trichomes which produce no secret, at this star hair cells have

followed Kula. In this case the outer wall of the respective hair cell

head slowly swell and spread, forming a layer of mucus that resembles

Cuba under Kula followed.

3. Leaves of hibiscus (hibiscus rosasinensis)

The third observation is the hibiscus, the part that was observed on

hibiscus in transversely sliced as thinly as possible using a razor blade.

Having put the slices on the counter preparations, pot observation with

perbesaraan 10 x 10 and the results are immediately visible, terdapt

boxes that coincide with each other each other.

4. Leaves of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata)

Part of the observed is that the leaf edges with a thin slice through the

most thin sections using a razor blade and then put it over the object.

The image is the image that his model looks like a needle, in which

one end is greater as there are bars or how the joints

The components of the optical microscope is shown in Figure consists of an

optical microscope.

1. Foot microscope, as the pedestal base stand.

2. Pole, where the jointed arm microscope, or grip with the axis inklinai

3. Arm or hand microscope, which is held when appointed.

4. Mirror, a tool catcher and reflective

5. Regulatory condenser, when rotated to raise or lower the condenser

6. Condenser, a lens that collects light beam from the mirror into a hole

preparation table.

7. The diaphragm, a tool that can be closed and opened, the regulator of the

amount of light entering the condenser.

8. Preparation table, where lay the glass objects (glass objects).

9. Sengkeling, clamp or regulator where the dosage (glass objects)

10. Mechanical mover, appliance control objects on a table where the glass

11. Hole preparation table, a hole in the middle of the table supplies the

passage of light from the condenser where the entrance to the object glass

lens continues to objektif

12. Makrometer, coarse regulator, homing tubus up or down smoothly.

13. Micrometers, roughly regulator, homing tubus up or down smoothly.

14. Tube or ocular tabling, at its top end there are ocular lenses.

15. Revolver or objective player, disk space, rnelekatnya objective lens of

various sizes.

16. Objective lenses, which function is facing perpendicular to the table

inventory, receive inventory and then raised her shadow.

17. Ocular lens, which spy the eye of the observer, accept the shadow of the

objective and raised.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclussion

According this research, i conclude if microscope is tool that help us to

look an object that microscopic. This a fantastic matter, especially in science

and technology. To use this tool, need the true method to know part of

microscope, ingridients to clean, etc. So, when look a preparat can look well.

B.Suggestion

- For Assistan

Comunication between the practican and assistant more increase

- For Laboratory

Practicum tools which use very limitation until the observe can not it

worked maximal. -Because that it hoped in order that numbering tool

practicum in enough

BIBLIOGRAFI

From wapedia. Light microscope. www.google.com. Accessed on 3 November

2010.

From Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesian, the free encyclopaedia. www.google.com.

Accessed on 3 November 2010.

Cambell, Neil. 2008. Biologi edisi 5. Jakarta: Erlangga

Ross,Fredrick. 1986. Introductory mikrobiology. Illinois: Scott Foresman and

Company

Salle.1961. Fundamental principles of bacteriology. New York: McGraw-Hill

Book Company

Tim Pengajar.2010. penuntun praktikum biologi dasar.Makassar

APPENDIX

Answering Questions;

1. Write the name of the optics of the microscope!

Answer:

a. Mirror

b. Condenser

c. Ocular lens

d. Objective Lens

2. Write the name of the mechanical parts of the microscope!

Answer:

a. Leg microscop

b. Pole

c. Microscope lens

d. Rengatur condenser

e. Diaphragm

f. Preparation table

g. Sengkeling

h. Mechanical activator

i. Hole preparation table

j. Makrometer

k. Micrometer.

l. Tubus

m. Revolve

3. Write the function of mechanical parts !

Answer :

a. Tubus (reed binoculars) as a place to attach the lens

b. Revolver is to put the lens - ocular lens.

c. Stem or handle of a supporter of binoculars and as a place to grip when

mickroscope lifted.

d. Object table as a place to put the preparations to be examined.

e. Screws activator preparations (mechanical drive) to swap the object glass

f. Coarse screw (makrometer) to regulate and lower the microscope

following ascending magnifying lens.

g. Screws fine (micrometer), to regulate the body slowly - to obtain a shadow

land of sharp objects.

h. Regulatory condenser serves to move the condenser up and down.

i. Pole that connects the foot with handle.

j. Leg or pedestal is the base of the microscope to give stability to the

microscope.

k. Sengkeling, clamp or regulator where the dosage so as not to shift.

l. Hole preparation table, as the passage of light from the condenser into the

glass object and then to the objective lens.

m. Ring filter to filter the incoming light.

4. If the image in the field of view will be shifted to the left front, toward where

the glass objects / dosage should be shifted? why is that?

Answer:

Glass objects should be shifted to the right-back because of the reflection of light

at the concave mirror that will produce a shadow enlarged or reversed.

5. Write a negative effect on the microscope when the lens was rubbed with a

cloth or plain paper / rough

Answer:

a. Can damage the existing lens on the microscope

b. Damaged or scratched lens can not produce good images