Indrumar TRAR

8/17/2019 Indrumar TRAR

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TRAFIC ÎN RE ELE CU ACCES REGLEMENTATȚ-ÎNDRUMAR LABORATOR-

PREFA ĂȚ


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Cu!r"n#

LA$%RAT%R &' (ETERMINAREA TIMPIL%R (E MERSSĂGEATĂ) (E (EMARARE I (E FR*NAREȘ .....................................7

LA$%RAT%R +' (ETERMINAREA T%NA,ULUI TRENURIL%R (EMARFĂ.......................................................................................................15

LA$%RAT%R ' (ETERMINAREA INTER.ALEL%R (E STA IE IȚ ȘCIRCULA IEȚ .............................................................................................22

LA$%RAT%R 4' (ETERMINAREA CAPACITĂ II (EȚCIRCULA IE PE SEC II CU LINIE SIMPLĂȚ Ț ....................................38

LA$%RAT%R ' (ETERMINAREA CAPACITĂ II (EȚCIRCULA IE PE SEC II CU LINIE (U$LĂȚ Ț ......................................49

LA$%RAT%R /' ELA$%RAREA .ARIANTEI RA0I%NALE (ETRASARE ÎN GRAFIC A TRENURIL%R L%CALE (E MARFĂ.....61

LA$%RAT%R 1' UTILI2AREA UNUI M%(EL (E PR%GN%2ĂPENTRU UN ANUMIT %RI2%NT (E TIMP........................................66

LA$%RAT%R 3' (ETERMINAREA NUMĂRULUI (E TRENURI(IRECTE (E MARFĂ..............................................................................70

LA$%RAT%R ' ELA$%RAREA GRAFICULUI (E CIRCULA0IE 72

LA$%RAT%R &5' IN(ICAT%RII TE6NICI (E E7PL%ATARE AIGRAFICULUI (E CIRCULA0IE...........................................................77

APLICA II PRACTICEȚ ...........................................................................82

/


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LA$%RAT%R &' (ETERMINAREATIMPIL%R (E MERS SĂGEATĂ) (E

(EMARARE I (E FR*NAREȘ

No "un" "ntrodu8t"9e:ț

A. Dee!"#$%!e% #"'(! )e "e!* *+,e%+

Î$ e)e!e% )ee!"#$+!## #"'(! )e "e!* *+,e%+ &e$! )#/e!#e %e,(!## )e!e$!# *$ $ee*%!e !"+(%!e'e )%e #$# #%'eț

• L$,#"e% )#*%$ e# )e #!'% #eț ț d cd − e&!#"%+ $ km

• #e% )e #!'% #eț d cv − e&!#"%+ $ hkm

Re'% #% )e %'' #'#%+ &e$! %''' )!%e# )e #"&ț d ct − e&!#"%+ $

"#$e: $ee*%!+ &e$! $ !e$ *+ &%!!,+ ( )#*%$ + )e #!'% #e %/'%+ț ț

$!e *% #% #$#'%+ ,e$e!# # *% #% #$#'%+ ,e$e!# ) )e '$,#"eț ș ț d cd − ;

"e!,#($e%+ %*&!% !e$'#; # %$"e

1


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LABORATOR 1. DETERMINAREA TIMPILOR DE MERS SĂGEATĂ, DE DEMARARE I DE FRÂNARE Ș

wQ P a g

Q P P

d ad c ::1

:1010

"%

3

3 ++++

= γ ψ ; 1.2:

$)e

cψ !e&!e#$+ (e/##e$' )e %)e!e$>+

ad P ,!e%e% %)e!e$+ % '(("(#e#

P ,!e%e% $ *%!e )e *e!## % '(("(#e#

Q ($%' !e$'#

γ (e/##e$ %!e >#$e *e%"% )e "%*e'e %/'%e $ "#%!e )e!(%>#e

g %e'e!%>#% ,!%#%>#($%'+

w !e#*e$>e'e *&e#/#e (%'e %!e *e (&$ '% $%#$%!e !%"&e;!@e; !e#*e$>e *&'#"e$%!e %#)e$%'e:.

D#$ !e'% #% 1.2 !e'+ + %e'e!% #% "%#"+ '% )e"%!%!e *e )ee!"#$+ ț ț%(!' !e'% #e#ț

:1102

103

"%

γ

ψ

+

−+

=

wQ P

P

a

cad

d

2 sm . 1.3:

D#$ "(#e )e *#,!%$ + $ *#% #% $ %!e *e (@ #$ %'(!# "%# "%!# )e 0;1ț ț ț2 sm ; %'(%!e% "%#"+ &e$! %e'e!% #% '% )e"%!%!e % !e$!#'(! )e "%!/+ț

*e '#"#e%+ $ %''e '% %e* &!%, )e *#,!%$ + ț 1;0"% ≤d a 2 sm :.

Ae'e!%>#% "%#"+ '% /!e#; %)#+

"%3

3:1

:10::10 f a

g

Q P wQ P pQ P γ ϕ +

+=+++ ; 1.4:

$)e

3


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ϕ !e&!e#$+ (e/##e$' )e /!e%!e *%@(-!(%+

p &!(e$' )e /!


7/84


F#,!% 1.1 %!#% ## %'e #"&'# )e "e!*ț

=e$! )ee!"#$%!e% #"&'# *&'#"e$%! e %&%!e $ %' $ %!e !e$')e"%!e%+ )#$ *% #e *e #'#e%+ ( /$ #eț ț )e ,!%)' 2 /#,!% 1.2:.

F#,!% 1.2 T%$,e$% !@e# e !ee &!#$ (!#,#$e

F(!"% /$ #e )e ,!%)' 2 e*eț

cbxax y ++= 2 . 1.7:

&5


8/84


Î$ %' $ %!e

:2 002

0 x xaxax −= 1.11:

%)#+

2

0 x x = 1.12:

Î$ %' $ %!e ($*#)e!+" *#% #% !e%'+ % $# !e$ e )e"%!e%+ )#$ *% #eț ț

$ /#,!% 1.2 %!#%@#'% 0 x *e $'(#e e ș 10 vv

d t → #$e!%'' )e #"& $ee*%!

)e"%!+!## )#$ *% #e )e '% ( #e+ț ov =0 hkm # %$,e!e% '% ( #e+ )eș

"e!* 1v ; $ #"& e %!#%@#'% x *e $'(#e e ș d t ; #"&' *&'#"e$%! e

%&%!e $ %' !e$!#'(! %!e )e"%!e%+ $ ("&%!% #e !e$!#'e e "e!,ț #e+ ($*%$+. Î$ ($/(!"#%e )e"($*!% #% %$e!#(%!+ *e (@ #$eț ț &e$! #"&' )e )e"%!%!e *&'#"e$%! !"+(%!e% !e'% #eț

2

10 vv

d

d

t t

→

= 1.13:

T#"&' $ee*%! /!


9/84


$)e v∆ !e&!e#$+ #$e!%'' "%#" )e %!#% #e % #ee# )e "e!* &e$!ț!e$!#'e )#!ee )e "%!/+.

L% /e' % $ %' )e"%!+!## $ "() %*e"+$+(! *e )ee!"#$+ #"&' )e/!


10/84


: =e *e #e #!'+ !e$!# )#!ee )e "%!/+; !e$!# !e,#($%'e # !e$!#ț ș#$e!!e,#($%'e

): T!e$!#'e #$e!!e,#($%'e % #"# )e "e!* *+,e%+ 30 "%# "##/%>+ )e #"# )e "e!* %# !e$!#'(! )#!ee )e "%!/+

e: T#"# )e "e!* *+,e%+ &e$! !e$!#'e !e,#($%'e *$ 15 "%#"## /%>+ )e #"# )e '% !e$!#'e )#!ee )e "%!/+

/: T!e$!#'e !%$*($%#$e!e % #"# )e "e!* *+,e%+ e,%'# %#!e$!#'(! #$e!!e,#($%'e

,: T#"# *&'#"e$%!# )e )e"%!%!e # /!%

)e#!'%>#e

D#*%$>%$!e

*%>##"

#e% )e"e!* "?

T#"# )e "e!* *+,e%+ "#$

&%! #"&%! D"/; LM/ I$e!!e,#( Re,#( I; II &%! #"&%! &%! #"&%! &%! #"&%!

1 A-% 13 53 53 15 15 11 11 13 13

2 %-@ 13.5 50 60 17 14 12 10 15 12

3 @- 9 60 55 9 10 7 7 8 9

4 -) 6.8 60 50 7 9 5 7 6 8

5 )-e 18 53 53 21 21 15 15 18 18

6 e-/ 15 53 57 17 16 12 12 15 14

7 /-, 9 57 53 10 11 7 8 9 108 ,-B 8 60 60 8 8 6 6 7 7

T%@e'' 1.2 C%!%e!#*## e?$#e

(enum"re S"mbol .aloare

&


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C(e/##e$ )e %)e!e$>+cψ

210G7;0

−+= ncψ

M%*% %)e!e$+ % '(("(#e#ad P t P ad 114=

M%*% $ *%!e )e *e!## % '(("(#e# P t P 114=

T($%' !e$'# Q nQ G251700 +=C(e/##e$ %!e >#$e *e%"% )e "%*e'e%/'%e $ "#%!e )e !(%>#e

γ 06;0=γ

Ae'e!%>#% ,!%#%>#($%'+ g 281;9 sm g =Re#*e$>e *&e#/#e (%'e %!e *e (&$'% $%#$%!e !%"&e; !@e; !e#*e$>e*&'#"e$%!e %#)e$%'e:.

w00

010G2 1−+= nw

C(e/##e$ )e /!e%!e *%@(-!(%+ ϕ 310G05;0 −+= nϕ =!(e$' )e /!


12/84

LA$%RAT%R +' (ETERMINAREAT%NA,ULUI TRENURIL%R (E MARFĂ

No "un" "ntrodu8t"9e:ț Se !e%'#e%+ $ /$>#e )e

%: /(!>% )e !%>#$e % '(("(#e#

@: '$,#"e% #'+ % '#$##'(! )#$ *%>##

: !e#*e$>% %&%!%e'(! )e !%>#$e # 'e,%!e.

T($%' *e )ee!"#$+ $ /$>#e )e /(!>% )e !%>#$e )#*&($#@#'+ '%

Se (@>#$e )#$ e%>#% )e e?#'#@! % /(!>e'(! ee!#(%!e %!e %>#($e%+%*&!% !e$'#.

:H:HH0 cc iw P iwQ F +++> 2.1:

)e $)e !e'+

:HH

:H00

c

c F

iw

iw P F Q

+

+−≤ 2.2:

$)e

Hw !e&!e#$+ !e#*e$>% *&e#/#+ '% !'%!e % '(("(#e#

HHw !e#*e$>% *&e#/#+ '% !'%!e % %,(%$e'(!

&


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LABORATOR 2. DETERMINAREA TONAJULUI TRENURILOR DE MARFĂ

0 F /(! % )e !% #$e % '(("(#e#ț ț

P ,!e%e% $ *%!e )e *e!## % '(("(#e#

ci !e#*e$>% %!%e!#*#+ % *e>#e# )e #!'%>#e.

Re#*e$>% %!%e!#*#+ % *e>#e# e*e )e/#$#+ %*/e' rezistenţa la mers atrenului datorită liniei ( rampe curbe! măsurată "n #$k# # *e %''e%+$ )#/e!#e #&(ee

%. $ #&(e% #!'%>#e# !e$!#'(! )e "%!/+; $ %!e % !e#*e$>%%!%e!#*#+ *e %''e%+ % "e)#e &($)e!%+ e% "%# "%!e &e

( '$,#"e )e 650" 650" e*e '$,#"e% "e)#e % !e$'# )e"%!/+:; ($*#)e!#$e% )e '#$#e &e %!e *e %/'+ !e$' '%$ "("e$ )%

@. $ #&(e% #!'%>#e# !e$!#'(! )e +'+(!# ; $ %!e % !e#*e$>%%!%e!#*#+ *e %''e%+ % "e)#e &($)e!%+ e% "%# "%!e &e( '$,#"e )e 300".

M+!#"#'e Hw ; HHw # ci *e "+*(%!+ $ NN *% (((.

Re#*e$>% *&e#/#+ '% !'%!e % '(("(#e# *e )ee!"#$+ % /##$)

P

%w &=H 2.3:

2

104;05;3 ∆++= vv F P % & 2.4:

$)e

& % !e&!e#$+ !e#*e$ % (%'+ '% !'%!e % '(("(#e#ț

3;5 !e#*e$ % *&e#/#+ )e @%+ '% !'%!e; % '(("(#e#ț

&/


14/84


0;4 (e/##e$ %!e >#$e *e%"% )e /(!"% %e!()#$%"#+ %'(("(#e#

$ !e'%>#% )e %'' = *e #$!()e $ ; F $ "

2

; # $ "?:Re#*e$ % *&e#/#+ '% !'%!e % %,(%$e'(! *e )ee!"#$+ % /##$)ț

4422HH γ α γ α +=w 2.5:

$)e

2α ; 4α !e&!e#$+ &($)e!e% %,(%$e'(! &e 2 !e*&e# &e 4 (*##; $

%)!' &%!'# )e %,(%$e

2γ ; 4γ !e#*e$>% '% !'%!e % %,(%$e'(! &e 2 !e*&e# &e 4 (*##; $

%)!' &%!'# )e %,(%$e

19502

2

2

v+=γ #ș

25002

2

4

v+=γ 2.6:

$)e e*e #e% )e %'' /('(*#+ # '% )ee!"#$%!e% !e#*e$>e# '% !'%!e %

'(("(#e#.

De(%!ee ci e*e )#/e!# &e$! e'e )(+ *e$*!# )e "e!* (! !e'% ($%e

)#/e!#e &e *e$* par Q # impar Q :.

b' Tona;ul brut !e tren în


15/84


l l l n $"+!'; !e*&e# '$,#"e% $e# '(("(#e

pl '$,#"e% )e &(!##!e % !e$'#; 3020÷≅ pl ".

4422

44442222 ::

l l

'k ''k '

l

'' t nt n

vg

vg

ml α α

α α

+

+++== " 2.8:

$)e

2n' ; 4n' !e&!e#$+ %&%#%e% )e $+!%!e % %,(%$e'(! &e 2

!e*&e# 4 (*##

2k ; 4k (e/##e$>## )e #'#%!e % %&%#+>## )e $+!%!e %%,(%$e'(! &e 2 !e*&e# 4 (*##

2t ' ; 4t ' %!% %,(%$e'(! &e 2 !e*&e# 4 (*##

vg ' "%*% "e)#e % $# %,($

vl '$,#"e% "e)#e % $# %,($.

Se %''e%+ luQ &e$! *e$*' &%! )e #!'%>#e # &e$! *e$*'#"&%!.

8' Tona;ul !e tren în are

Se )ee!"#$+ )#$ ($)#>#% )e !e#*e$>+ '% !%>#$e %

:HH c

rc F

iw

F

Q

rc

+≤ 2.9:

&3


16/84


$)e rc F !e&!e#$+ /(! % )e !e#*e$ + %

Se %''e%+ rcQ &e$! *e$*' &%! )e #!'%>#e # &e$! *e$*' #"&%!.

Cer"n e laborator:ț

Se e!e; $ !%&(! $"+!' )e (!)#$e $: %' *)e$'#; $(*#$e)@'+

0 9;1 td F

td QQ =

IM=AR

!%>#$e*#"&'+!%>#$e)@'+

0 9;1 td F

td QQ =

ATEN0IE B C

/(!"% A4; /$>##'e :; 00

c

F i F f Q = ; : u

l l f Q u = #ș :; crc

F i F f Q rc = $

&'%% )e %'(!# ci J 0K40 000

T%@e'' 2.2 D%e )e %''

(enum"re S"mbol .aloare=!(e$' )e %,(%$e &e )(+ (*## 5E

2α n5;0502 −=α

=!(e$' )e %,(%$e &e &%! (*## 5E4α n5;0504 +=α

L$,#"e% #'+ % '#$##'(! )#$ *% ## &e *e$* &%! ț par

ul nl par

u 10600+=

&


17/84


45m

L$,#"e% #'+ % '#$##'(! )#$ *% ## &e *e$* #"&%! ț45m

impar

ul nl impar

u 10650 +=

L$,#"e% )e &(!##!e % !e$'# $!e "+!#'e )e

*#,!%$ +ț 45m pl 3020 ÷= pl

C%&%#%e% )e $+!%!e % %,(%$e'(! &e )(+ (*##45t

2n' n'n 5;0202 +=

C%&%#%e% )e $+!%!e % %,(%$e'(! &e &%! (*##45t

4n' n'n 05554 +=

T%!% %,(%$e'(! &e )(+ (*## 45t 2t ' 102 =t '

T%!% %,(%$e'(! &e &%! (*## 45t 4t ' 154 =t '

L$,#"e% %,($'# &e )(+ (*## 45m2l 102 =l

L$,#"e% %,($'# &e &%! (*## 45m 4l 164 =l Re#*e$ % %!%e!#*#+ % *e #e# &e *e$*' &%! ț ț

000

par

ci ni par

c 25;08 +=

Re#*e$ % %!%e!#*#+ % *e #e# &e *e$*' #"&%! ț ț

000

impar

ci niimpar

c 25;010 +=

F(! % )e !e#*e$ + %

T%@e'' 2.3 C%!%e!#*#e'e '(("(#e'(! #'#%e &e$! !e"(!%!e% !e$!#'(!(enum"re S"mbol (A 5/5 EA 5/5F(! % )e !% #$e % '(("(#e#ț ț

0 F # F 2250000 = F 2870000 =G!e%e% $ *%!e )e *e!## %'(("(#e#

P t P 114= t P 125=

#e% )e %'' v hkmv 5;18= hkmv 7;67=L$,#"e% '(("(#e#

l l ml l 17= ml l 8;19=

S&!%/%>% /!($%'+ e&*+ %>#$## F 212m F = 24;12 m F =

+5


18/84



19/84

LA$%RAT%R ' (ETERMINAREAINTER.ALEL%R (E STA IE IȚ Ș

CIRCULA IEȚ


L(' # "()' )e %&%!#>#e % #$e!%'e'(! )e *%>#e; $ /$>#e )e $e*!+!#'ee?$#e e#*e$e %'e *e>#e# )e #!'%>#e # *%>##'(! )e %'e /e!%+; *$ &!ee$%e $ %@e'' 3.1

T%@e'' $!. 3.1LINIE SIM=L LINIE DUBL

Te'e/($ B.L.A. Te'e/($ B.L.A.C.C.B.; C.E.D. C.E.D. C.C.B.; C.E.D. C.E.D.

1 snτ snτ

2 iτ iτ 3 uτ uτ

4 esτ esτ

5 seτ seτ

6 ( (

7 s ( s (

8 e ( e (

I$e!%'e'e )e *%>#e !e&!e#$+ )!%e'e "#$#"e %'e (&!#!## !e$!#'(!; $

e)e!e% !e%'#+!## (&e!%>##'(! e?$#e )e $!#%!e # )e&+#!e.

Ae*e #$e!%'e %*#,!+ ($)#>##'e )e *#,!%$>% #!'%>#e# !e$!#'(! ##'#%!e% !%>#($%'+ % %&%#+>## )e !%$# # &!e'!%!e % *%>##'(! # *e>##'(! )e #!'%>#e .

D!%% #$e!%'e'(! )e *%>#e *% %''e%+ &e$! /#e%!e *%>#e # )e$)e )e!"+(!## /%(!#

• *#*e"' )e (!,%$#%!e % #!'%>#e# %'e '#@e!+; B.L.A.:

++


20/84


• "()' )e "%$e!%!e % *?#"@+(%!e'(! )e %'e C.C.B.; C.E.M.;

C.E.D.:

• *?e"% &$'# )e *e>#($%!e '$,#"e% )#%,($%'e'(!; %"&'%*%!e%:

• /e'' !e$'#; ($%; '$,#"e.

A' Inter9alul de #o#"re ne#"multan?

Re&!e#$+ #"&' *!* )#$ "("e$' *(*#!## $# !e$ $!-( *%>#e &


21/84

LABORATOR 3. DETERMINAREA INTERVALELOR DE STA IE I CIRCULA IE Ț Ș Ț

: spbl l l '$,#"e% $# *e(! )e @'(; 45m

sel '$,#"e% )e '% *e"$%'' )e #$!%!e &% &%!!*+ )e !e$ $ #"&' &e!e&e!## #$)#%>#e#

*e"$%''# &!ee*#(! 45m .

=e$! %' %: $ %!e !e$' $!. 1 #$!+ # (&!e e $ *% #e; #%! !e$' $!. 2 )eș ș ț &e *e$*' (&* !ee /+!+ (&!#!e #$e!%'' )e *(*#!e $e*#"'%$+ *e )ee!"#$+ !e'% #%ț

t

op

a

snv

&t "#$06;0+=τ "#$ 3.2:

$ #"& e &e$! %' @: $ %!e !e$' $!. 2 (&!e e $ *% #e #$e!%'' )eș ț*(*#!e $e*#"'%$+ *e )ee!"#$+ !e'% #%ț

s

f

a

sn

b

sn t +=τ τ "#$ 3.3:

$)e

opt !e&!e#$+ #"&' $ee*%! e!#/#+!## ,%!+!## !e$'# 1 #

&!e,+#!e% &%!!*'# )e !ee!e *% &!#"#!e &e$! !e$' $!.2

t v #e% )e !ee!e % !e$'# $!. 2 &!#$ *%>#e .


Se e!e *+ *e %''ee %'(%!e $ "#$e % #$e!%''# )e *(*#!e $e*#"'%$+$(*


22/84


L$,#"e% )e '% *e"$%'' )e #$!%!e &% &%!!*+ )e !e$ $ #"&' &e!e&e!##

#$)#%>#e# *e"$%''# &!ee*#(! 45m psl 100= psl

#e% )e !ee!e % !e$'# $!. 2 &!#$ *%>#e hkm

t v 60=t v

U$)e $ e*e $"+!' )e (!)#$e %' /#e+!# *)e$ $ &%!e. D!%% $ee*%!+ &!e,+#!## &%!!*'# e*e #'*!%+ $ %@e'' 3.3.

T%@e'' 3.3 O&e!% ## e/e%e &e$! % &e% &!#"## !e$' $!. 2 $ *% #eț ț

Nr'8rt'

(enum"rea o!era "e"ț (urata o!era "e"ț "#$C'C'$' C'E'('

$'L'A'

C'E'('

Tele#$+ %(!' !e'%>#e# 3.2: *e !($ee $ &'*; '% $"+! $!e, )e "#$e. Se (! %''% e'e )(+ %'(!# &e$! #$e!%'' )e *(*#!e$e*#"'%$+ %' % # @:.

T"m! de lu8ru: & or?

$' Inter9alul de în8ru8"Dare

Re&!e#$+ #"&' "#$#"; ($*#)e!% )#$ "("e$' !ee!## *% *(*#!## $*%>#e % $# !e$ e *% *e(! )e @'( :; % %'# !e$ )#$ *e$* (&*; %!e % /(* (&!# $*%>#e $ e)e!e% !e%'#+!## (&e!%>#e# )e $!#%!e !e$' *(*# %$e!#(!.

S?e"e'e &(*#@#'e )e $!#%!e % !e$!#'(! *$ &!ee$%e $ /#,. 3.2

+


23/84


F#,!% 3.2 S?e"e &(*#@#'e )e $!#%!e % !e$!#'(!

I$e!%'' )e $!# %!e *e )ee!"#$+ %(!' !e'% #e#ș ț

psopi t

+= τ τ "#$ 3.4:

$)e

opt !e&!e#$+ #"&' $ee*%! &e$! e/e%!e% (&e!%>##'(! $

'e,+!+ e&e)#e!e% !e$'# )#$ *%>#e (&e!%>##'e *$ %e'e%# e'e &!ee$%e $ %@e'' 3.3; )%! (&e!%>#% $"+!' !e# )!e%+ $"#$:

pst #"&' $ee*%! &e$! &e!e&e!e% #$)#%>#e# *e"$%''# )e#e#!e )e +!e !e$' %!e *e e&e)#%+ # &$e!e% !e$'# $"#%!e &*J0;05 "#$:.


Se e!e *+ *e #)e$#/#e (&e!% ##'e $ee*%!e % /# e/e%e &e$! %!#'e )#$ț/#,!% 3.2 # *+ *e #$("e%*+ $ %@e' %*e"+$+(! %@e''# 3.3. C )%e'eș

)#$ %e* %@e' # !e'% #% 3.4 *e e!e *+ *e )ee!"#$e %'(%!e% #$e!%''# )eș ț$!# %!e &e$! e'e )(+ *#*e"e )e #!'% #e %e $ e)e!e C.E.D.ș țe'e/($ # C.E.D.B.L.A.:ș


C' Inter9alul d"ntre trenur"le 8are 8"r8ul? în >ru!

+/

iτ iτ

iτ


24/84


Î$ )ee!"#$%!e% '# *$ %$%'#%e *?e"e'e &(*#@#'e )e !"+!#!e % !e$!#'(!

)#$ /#,!% 3.3

F#,!% 3.3 S?e"e &(*#@#'e )e !"+!#!e % !e$!#'(!

=(#>#% !e$!#'(! &e$! %!#'e % # ; e*e &!ee$%+ $ /#,!% 3.4

F#,. 3.4 =(#>#% !e$!#'(! &e$! %!#'e % #

I$e!%'' )#$!e !e$!#'e %!e #!'+ $ ,!& *e %''e%+ %(!'!e'% #e#ț

t

opuv

&t "#$06;0+=τ "#$ 3.5:

#%!

ar bop t t t t ++= "#$ 3.6:

+1

uτ uτ uτ u

τ


25/84


$)e

spl '$,#"e% $!e *e"$%'' )e #$!%!e # *e"$%'' &!ee*#(!

bt #"&' $ee*%! &e$! e!#/#%!e% ,%!+!## !ee!##: !e$'# $!. 1

$&!#$: *%>#% %; 1 "#$

r t #"&' )e !%$*"#e!e % !e%#'# )e *(*#!e % !e$'# $!. 1 $

*%>#% %;1 "#$

at #"&' $ee*%! e/e+!## (&e!%>##'(! 'e,%e )e !%$#%!e%

!e$'# 3 &!#$ *%>#% @. C&!#$)e (&e!%>##'e 2;3 # 4 )#$ %@e'' 3.3.

=e$! %!#'e @ # ) #$e!%'' )e !"+!#!e *e %''e%+ !e'%>#%

ar bopu t t t t ++==τ "#$ 3.7:

Î$ '!%!e; *e % %)(&% &e$! uτ %'(%!e% "%#"+ !e#e#+ )#$ e'e 4 %!#

%''%e.


Se e!e *+ *e #)e$#/#e (&e!% ##'e $ee*%!e % /# e/e%e &e$! %!#'e )#$ț/#,!% 3.3 # *+ *e #$("e%*+ $ %@e' %*e"+$+(! %@e''# 3.3. C )%e'eș)#$ %e* %@e' # !e'% ##'e 3.5-7 *e e!e *+ *e )ee!"#$e %'(%!e% #$e!%''#ș ț

)#$!e !e$!#'e %!e #!'+ $ ,!& &e$! #!'% #% '% $ e'e,e!e e'e/($#+ț ț*% ##'e /##$) $e*!%e e$!%'#%!e e'e!()#$%"#+.ț


(' Inter9alul de e!ed"ere D" #o#"re ne#"multan?

+3


26/84


Re&!e#$+ )!%% "#$#"+ )#$!e "("e$' e&e)#e!## $# !e$ )#$!-(

*%>#e; e /#,!% 3.5:

F#,!% 3.5 I$e!%'' )e e&e)#e!e # *(*#!e $e*#"'%$+

Re'% #% )e %'' e*eț

i

m

t e

i

m

opesv

l l

v

&t 206;006;0 "#$

+

++=τ "#$ 3.8:

$)e

opt % /# %)%&% )&+ "()e'' &!ee$% $ %@e'' 3.3

i

mv #e% "e)#e !e%'#%% &e )#*%$>% "#$ & 45m

e

mv #e% "e)#e !e%'#%% &e )#*%$>%2

t e

l l + 45m

el '$,#"e% "e)#e )e #e#!e :152

nl t + 45m .

Te!"e$' #"

"#$

-

L06;0 *e %''e%+ !e'%>#%

*

/

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-

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+ *e %''e%+ !e'%>#%

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d

t e

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+

esτ


27/84



Se e!e *+ *e #)e$#/#e (&e!% ##'e $ee*%!e % /# e/e%e # *+ *e #$("e%*+ț ș$ %@e' %*e"+$+(! %@e''# 3.3. C )%e'e )#$ %e* %@e' # !e'% #% 3.8 *eș țe!e *+ *e )ee!"#$e %'(%!e% #$e!%''# )e e&e)#e!e # *(*#!e $e*#"'%$+ &e$! #!'% #% '% $ e'e,e!e e'e/($#+; *% ##'e /##$) $e*!%e ț ț țe$!%'#%!e e'e!()#$%"#+.


E' Inter9alul de #o#"re D" e!ed"ere ne#"multan?

Re&!e#$+ )!%% "#$#"+ )#$!e *(*#!e% $# !e$ # "("e$' e&e)#e!##;)#$ %ee%# *%>#e; % %'# !e$ $ %e'%# *e$* )e #!'%>#e /#,!% 3.6:.

F#,!% 3.6 I$e!%'' )e *(*#!e # e&e)#e!e $e*#"'%$+

Re'% #% )e %'' e*eț

psopes t t +=τ "#$ 3.9:

$)e

opt !e&!e#$+ )!%% $ee*%!+ e/e+!## (&e!%>##'(! )e &!e,+#!e %

&%!!*'# )e #e#!e &e$! !e$' $!. 3

5

seτ


28/84


uτ #"&' $ee*%! &e$! &e!e&e!e% #$)#%>#e# *e"$%''# )e

#e#!e )e +!e !e$' %!e *e e&e)#%+ # &$e!e% !e$'# $"#%!e &*J0;05 "#$:.


Se e!e *+ *e #)e$#/#e (&e!% ##'e $ee*%!e % /# e/e%e # *+ *e #$("e%*+ț ș$ %@e' %*e"+$+(! %@e''# 3.3. C )%e'e )#$ %e* %@e' # !e'% #% 3.9 *eș țe!e *+ *e )ee!"#$e %'(%!e% #$e!%''# )e e&e)#e!e # *(*#!e $e*#"'%$+ &e$! #!'% #% '% $ e'e,e!e e'e/($#+ *% ##'e /##$) $e*!%e ț ț țe$!%'#%!e e'e!()#$%"#+.


F' Inter9ale de 8"r8ula "e " #ta "e !e #e8="" 8u $'L'A'ț ș ț

C


29/84


m

t bl bl bl v

v

l l l l (

+++=

321

06;0 "#$ 3.10:

$)e 1bl l ; 2bl l #ș 3bl l !e&!e#$+ '$,#"e% *e(%!e'(! )e @'( 45m

tr l '$,#"e% !e$'# 45m

mv #e% )e "e!* %!e !e$' #!'+ $ '#$#e !e$+ hkm

Î$ %'


30/84


F#,!% 3.8 I$e!%'' )e *(*#!e '% !"+!#!e

F(!"'% )e %'' e*e

v

&t ( op s

"#$"#$ 06;0+= "#$ 3.12:

#%!

s f s s t ( ( += "#$

"#$ 3.13:

$)e sel !e&!e#$+ '$,#"e% )e '% *e"$%'' )e #$!%!e e## )e# 60=v hkm :.


31/84


F#,!% 3.9 I$e!%'' )e *(*#!e '% !"+!#!e $ %' $ %!e !e$' $!. 4 !ee /+!+ (&!#!e

F(!"'% )e %'' e*e

v

&

v

&t ( eop s

"#$"#$"#$ 06;006;0+= "#$ 3.14:

$)e el !e&!e#$+ '$,#"e% "e)#e )e #e#!e.

I$e!%'' )e e&e)#e!e '% !"+!#!e e ( ; !e&!e#$+ #"&' "#$#" )#$

"("e$' e&e)#e!## *% !ee!##: $# !e$ &


32/84


F#,!% 3.10 I$e!%'' )e e&e)#e!e '% !"+!#!e

Re'% #% )e %'' e*eț

v

& ( e

"#$2 06;0= "#$ 3.15:

#ș

s

d ee t ( ( += 21 "#$ 3.15:

$)e ul !e&!e#$+ )#*%$>% &%!!*+ )e !e$' $!. 1 $ #"&' opt .

O@*e!% #e Î$ !"% )ee!"#$+!## !(! #$e!%'e'(! $ %''' )e %&%#%eț*e %)(&+ #$e!%'' %!e %!e %'(%!e% "%#"+ $ ($)# ##'e #!'% #e#ț ț!e$!#'(! /+!+ (&!#!e &e *e #e.ț



33/84


C$(*


34/84

LA$%RAT%R 4' (ETERMINAREACAPACITĂ II (E CIRCULA IE PEȚ Ț

SEC II CU LINIE SIMPLĂȚ


Capacia!a "! ci#c$%a i!ț % $e# '#$## )e %'e /e!%+; !e&!e#$+ ('"'"%#" )e #!'% #e e&!#"% $ !e$!# *% %,(%$e %!e &(%e /# e/e% &eț'#$#% !e*&e#+ $ )e!*' $e# %$"#e &e!#(%)e )ee!"#$%e # *% (!+:; $/$ #e )e #$*%'% ##'e /#e e#*e$e; )e #&' # &e!e% "#'(%e'(! )eț ț ș!% #$e; )e #&' %,(%$e'(! # )e "()' )e (!,%$#%!e % #!'% #e#ț ș ț!e$!#'(!.

Î$ e)e!e% )ee!"#$+!## %&%#+ ## )e #!'% #e &e '#$#e *#"&'+ *e !"+!e*ț ț

!"+(%!e'e e%&e )e '!A. Dee!"#$%!e% %&%#+ ## &e$! ,!%/#' &%!%'e'ț

%: =e '#$##'e *#"&'e (!,%$#%!e% #!'%>#e# &e @%+ )e %'e '#@e!+

A.1 Dee!"#$%!e% )#*%$ e# !##eț

A.2 A'e,e!e% $e# %!#%$e )e !%$#%!e &e$! )#*%$ % !##+ț

A.3. E'%@(!%!e% $e# *?e"e #$#>#%'e )e !%$#%!e % !e$!#'(! &e$!e%,% *e>#e

A.4 C(!e%!e% *?e"e# #$#>#%'e

A.5 C%''' &e!#(%)e# ,!%/#'# # )ee!"#$%!e% %&%#+ ##ș ț

@: =e '#$##'e *#"&'e (!,%$#%!e% #!'%>#e# &e @%+ )e B.L.A.

B. Dee!"#$%!e% %&%#+ ## &e$! ,!%/#' $e&%!%'e'ț

1


35/84

LABORATOR &. DETERMINAREA CAPACITĂ II DE CIRCULA IE PE SEC II CU Ț Ț Ț LINIE SIMPLĂ

%: =e '#$##'e *#"&'e (!,%$#%!e% #!'%>#e# &e @%+ )e %'e '#@e!+

@: =e '#$##'e *#"&'e (!,%$#%!e% #!'%>#e# &e @%+ )e B.L.A.

C($/(!" "e()('(,#e# &!ee$%e &!#"' &%* ' !e&!e#$+ )ee!"#$%!e%%&%#+ ## )e #!'% #e &e$! ,!%/#' &%!%'e'. Î$ %e%*+ *#% #e *&e#/#+;ț ț ț$ %!e (%e !e$!#'e % %ee% # #e+ )e #!'% #e !%*e'e *$ &%!%'e'e:ș ț%&%#%e% )e #!'% #e *e )ee!"#$+ $"%# &e$! !%/#' )e +'+(!# *%ț$"%# &e$! !%/#' )e "%!/+

A' (eterm"narea 8a!a8"t? "" !entru >ra#e

T#"& )e "e!*

A - % % - @ K - B

"%

Se #)e$#/#+ % /##$) )#*%$ + !##+ %ee% )#*%$ + )e #!'% #e &e$! %!eț ț ț*"% )#$!e #"&' )e "e!* *+,e%+ )e &e *e$*' #"&%! # #"&' )e "e!*ș*+,e%+ )e &e *e$*' &%! %!e %'(%!e% "%#"+. De(%!ee &(%e e#*%*#% #% $ %!e %&%#%e% *e #e# $ e*e '#"#%+ )e %'(%!e% (@ #$+ &e$!ț ț ț)#*%$ % !##+ !e@#e %e $ e)e!e # )#*%$ e'e %&!(%e )e )#*%$ %ț ș ț ț!##+ &e$! %!e *"% #"'(! )e "e!* *+,e%+ %!#%+ )(+; !e*&e#!e# "#$e.

3


36/84


A'+ Ale>erea une" 9ar"ante de tran@"tare !entru d"#tan a 8r"t"8?ț

=e$! distanţa critică *e %$%'#e%+ &e!#(%)e'e e'(! 4 %!#%$e )e !%$#%!e

# *e %'e,e e% %!e %!e %'(%!e "#$#"% /#,!% 4.1 %; @; # ):ș

c

id

d

id p t t t t + τ τ +++++= ;;;:1 c

sn f

d

sn f p t t t t + τ τ +++++= ;;;:2

c

sn f d

d

i p t t t t + τ τ +++++= ;;;:3 c

i

d

sn f d p t t t t + τ τ +++++= ;;;:4

F#,!% 4.1 %!#%$e )e !%$#%!e &e )#*%$ % !##+ț

A'' Elaborarea une" #8eme "n"="ale de tran@"tare a trenur"lor !e întrea>a #e8="e

Se &'e%+ )e '% )#*%$ % !##+ &e$! %!e *e %&'#+ %!#%$% )e !%$#%!eț &e$! %!e &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# %!e %'(%!e% e% "%# "#+ # *e e#$)e &e$!ș$!e%,% *e #e ($/(!" &!#$#'# )e e?#%e )%+ $ !e$ % (&!# $!-(ț


37/84


*% #e &e$! % &e!"#e !ee!e% $# !e$ )e &e *e$*' (&* &e !"+(%!e%ț)#*%$ + )e #!'% #e # *e % &e!"#e '# !ee!e% /+!+ (&!#!e # #$e!*:.ț ț ș

F#,!% 4.2 E'%@(!%!e% *?e"e# )e !%$#%!e &e $!e%,% *e #eț

L% %e* &%* e*e &(*#@#' *e )e#$+ )#*%$ + '#"#%#+ ( %'+ )#*%$ + )eț ț#!'% #e &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# "%# "%!e /% + )e e% *%@#'#+ #$# #%'.ț ț ț

A'4 Core8tarea #8eme" "n"="ale

Se %$%'#e%+ "%# "'e *?e"e )e !%$#%!e % !e$!#'(! *(&' !e)e!##

&e!#(%)e# ,!%/#'# &e )#*%$ % '#"#%#+. De ee"&'; $ '( )e )(+ț#$e!%'e )e *(*#!e $e*#"'%$+ &e )#*%$ % '#"#%#+ &e" !e%'#% )(+ț#$e!%'e )e $!# %!e *% $' )e *(*#!e $e*#"'%$+ # $' )e $!# %!e.ș ș ș

A' Cal8ulul !er"oade" >ra## )e #!'%>#e %/#e+!e# )#*%$>e %(!' !e'% #e#ț

p

perm

+

t + ,

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%''' %&%#+ ## )e #!'% #e; $ "() $(!"%' %&%#%e% *e )ee!"#$+ț ț &e$! ( # # $ %e* %ș 1440=+ "#$

45


38/84


permt )!%% )e #"& $ee*%!+ &e$! e/e%!e% )e (&e!% ##ț

&e!"%$e$e %!e $ *$ $ 'e,+!+ #!'% #% !e$!#'(! '!+!# '% '#$#e;țe!#/#+!#; e.:

p+ &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# &e )#*%$ % )e #!'% #e &e %!e *eț ț

%''e%+ %&%#%e% )e #!'% #e.ț

Se $("ee )#%,!%"% %&%#+>## )e #!'%>#e &e $!e%,% *e>#e

F#,!% 4.3 D#%,!%"% %&%#+ ## )e #!'% #eț ț

C%&%#%e% %''%+ !e&!e#$+ %'(%!e% e(!e#+ % %&%#+>## ,!%/#'#

&%!%'e'; %&%#%e% &!%#+ /##$) %&!(#"%# 80 )#$ %e%*%. , , p 8;0=

/' P! %i(ii%! )i*p%! c$ +#a(i-a#!a ci#c$%ai!i p! /a-0 "! B.L.A.

Se #'#e%+ !e'% #%ț

γ µ γ γ µ

µ

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&e$! ( # # $ %e* %ș 1440=+ "#$

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39/84



&e!"%$e$e %!e $ *$ $ 'e,+!+ #!'% #% !e$!#'(! '!+!# '% '#$#e;țe!#/#+!#; e.:

p+ &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# &e )#*%$ % )e #!'% #e &e %!e *eț ț

%''e%+ %&%#%e% )e #!'% #eț

HHH ( ( ( == !e&!e#$+ %'(%!e% "%#"+ % #$e!%'e'(! )e *%>#e I

µ $"+!' )e !e$!# )#$ /#e%!e &%?e

γ (e/##e$' )e &%?e#%!e

C%&%#%e% %''%+ !e&!e#$+ %'(%!e% e(!e#+ % %&%#+>## ,!%/#'#

&%!%'e'; %&%#%e% &!%#+ /##$) %&!(#"%# 80 )#$ %e%*%. , , p 8;0=

$' (eterm"narea 8a!a8"t? "" !entru >ra#e $e&%!%'e'; %&%#%e% )e #!'%>#e *e e&!#"+

$ %e,(!#% &!e&($)e!e$+ )e !e$!# )#!ee )e "%!/+:; %*/e'

∑−=i

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40/84


p

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+

+ e =0 4.5:

#%! sr e !e&!e#$+ (e/##e$ *&'#"e$%! )e !e)e!e.

Se $(% e )e %*e"e$e% &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# &e )#*%$>% )e #!'%>#eș

'#"#%#+ P +

# &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# &e )#*%$>% '#"#%#%ș P, + ; &e$!

!e$!#'e )e %'+ %e,(!#e )ee'(! )e #!'%>#e *e%''e%+ /('(*#$) &e!#(%)e'e )e '% !e$!#'e )#!ee )e "%!/+:

"%

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med

P

+

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Re'%>#% )e )ee!"#$%!e % '# e*! *e %&'#+ $"%# )%+ ∈0;6 0;9 # N∈49. D%+ $ *e $)e&'#$e* ($)#>##'e )e %&'#%!e %'e /(!"'e#; %$# e *! *e%)(&+ 0;3.

C(e/##e$' &!#$#&%' )e !e)e!e % !e$!#'(! )#!ee )e "%!/+; )e +!e!e$!#'e '(%'e )e "%!/+; *e )ee!"#$+ ( !e'%>#e *%@#'#+ &e %'ee&e!#"e$%'+; %*/e'

:11;08;0:1210 med cl

ms

&/f # .me ∆−−−+= 4.10:

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41/84


$)e

l

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c # - $"+!' )e !e$!# )e +'+(!#; #$'*# !%$*($%#$e!e

med ∆ - !%&(!' "e)# $!e #ee'e !e$!#'(! )e "%!/+ # +'+(!#.

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42/84


regio

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4.13:

$)e 23l !e&!e#$% '$,#"e% *e>#e# )e #!'%>#e; "+*!%+ $ ".

=e$! &/f sr e *e %)(&+ %'(%!e% 0;3.

/' P! %i(ii%! )i*p%! c$ +#a(i-a#!a ci#c$%ai!i p! /a-0 "! B.L.A.

=e$! %''' %&%#+ ## )e #!'% #e &e '#$#e *#"&'+ (!,%$#%!e%ț ț#!'% #e# '% @'( )e '#$#e %("% # ,!%/# $e&%!%'e' *e #'#e%+ !e'% ##'eț ș ț

4.3-4.13. A&%! $*+ ( *e!#e )e "()#/#+!# % !e'% ##'(! )e %'' )&+ "ț!"e%+

• =e '#$##'e *#"&'e $e*!%e B.L.A. (e/##e$' &!#$#&%' )e!e)e!e *e )ee!"#$+ !e'%>#%

P

e s P,

+

( ( + e

20

++= 4.14:

$)e e s ( ( ( == !e&!e#$+ %'(%!e% "%#"+ % #$e!%'e'(! )e *%>#e I

P, + &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# &e$! !e$!#'e )e +'+(!# &e )#*%$%

'#"#%#+; $ #&(e% e#*e$>e# B.L.A.

P + &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# &e$! !e$!#'e )#!ee )e "%!/%; &e

)#*%$>% '#"#%#+; $ #&(e% e#*e$>e# B.L.A.

4


43/84


• Re'% #% )e %'' %ț (e/##e$' &!#$#&%' )e !e)e!e &e$! !e$!#'(! )#!ee )e "%!/+; )e +!e !e$!#'e '(%'e )e "%!/+ e*e

:14;0:14;2:9;02;10 med cl

P0

&/f

# .me ∆−−−−+= δ 4.15:

$)e

P +

( 2=δ 4.14:

#%! (e/##e$' *&'#"e$%! )e !e)e!e &e$! !e$!#'(! )#!ee )e "%!/+;

)e +!e !e$!#'e '(%'e )e "%!/+ e*e 3;0= &/f sr e .


C$(*


44/84


• $"+!' )e !e$!# )#$ /#e%!e &%?e 2= µ !e$!#• (e/##e$' )e &%?e#%!e 5;0=γ • $"+!' )e &e!e?# !e$!# )e +'+(!# )e %e,(!#% !e,#( 4=regio #

&e!e?# )e !e$!#• $"+!' )e &e!e?# !e$!# )e +'+(!# )e %e,(!#% #$e!-!e,#(6

#$ =

−regioer # &e!e?# )e !e$!#• $"+! )e &e!e?# )e !e$!# '(%'e )e "%!/+ 2= &/F # &e!e?# )e

!e$!#• $"+!' &$e'(! )e *e>#($%!e $ %!e !e$' '(%' %!e %##%e

4=l P0 m • '$,#"e% *e>#e# )e #!'%>#e; "+*!%+ $ " *e #'#e%+ %'(%!e%

/!$#%+ $ T%@e'' 1.1 )#$ L%@(!%(!' 1.

T"m! de lu8ru: 4 ore

41


45/84

LA$%RAT%R ' (ETERMINAREACAPACITĂ II (E CIRCULA IE PEȚ Ț

SEC II CU LINIE (U$LĂȚ


Se !e%'#e%+ &e *e$*!# )e #!'%>#e; $ !"+(%!e'e e%&e

A. Dee!"#$%!e% %&%#+ ## &e$! ,!%/#' &%!%'e'ț

%: =e '#$##'e )@'e (!,%$#%!e% #!'%>#e# &e @%+ )e %'e '#@e!+

A.1 Dee!"#$%!e% )#*%$>e# )e #!'%>#e #"&' )e "e!* *+,e%+"%#" # % )#*%$>e'(! #" %&!(%># )e #"&' "%#"

A.2 Dee!"#$%!e% &e!#(%)e# ,!%/#'# # e'%@(!%!e% $e# *?e"e#$#>#%'e )e !%$#%!e % !e$!#'(! &e $!e%,% *e>#e

A.3. C%''' %&%#+ ## )e #!'% #eț ț

A.4 Î$("#!e% )#%,!%"e# %&%#+ ## &e )#*%$ e'e )e #!'% #e &eț ț ț%"@e'e *e$*!# )e "e!*

@: =e '#$##'e )@'e (!,%$#%!e% #!'%>#e# &e @%+ )e B.L.A.

B. Dee!"#$%!e% %&%#+ ## &e$! ,!%/#' $e&%!%'e'ț

%: =e '#$##'e )@'e (!,%$#%!e% #!'%>#e# &e @%+ )e %'e '#@e!+

@: =e '#$##'e )@'e (!,%$#%!e% #!'%>#e# &e @%+ )e B.L.A.

Î$ ($#$%!e e*e &!ee$%+ "e()('(,#% )e %'' % %&%#+ ## )eț#!'% #e# &e$! *e ##'e $e*!%e '#$#e )@'+ț ț

43


46/84


A' (eterm"narea 8a!a8"t? "" !entru >ra


47/84

LABORATOR . DETERMINAREA CAPACITĂ II DE CIRCULA IE PE SEC II CU Ț Ț Ț LINIE DUBLĂ

u P t + τ += HH "#$.e ; 5.1:

#%! &e$! *e$*' &%!

u P t + τ += HHHH "#$.e . 5.2:

Se e'%@(!e%+ *?e"% #$#>#%'+ )e !%$#%!e % !e$!#'(! &e $!e%,% *e>#e&e$! %"@e'e *e$*!#:.

F#,!% 5.3 S?e"% )e !%$#%!e % !e$!#'(! &e$! *e$*' #"&%! &e$! $!e%,% *e #eț

Aee%# *?e"+ )e !%$#%!e *e $("ee # &e$! *e$*' &%! )e #!'%>#e.

A'' Cal8ulul 8a!a8"t? "" de 8"r8ula "eț ț

Re'% #% )e %'' &e$! *e$*' #"&%! e*eț

p

perm

+

t + ,

H

H−

= #"&%! *e$* &e!!e$.!# 5.3:

$)e + !e&!e#$+ &e!#(%)% )e #"& &!e*%@#'#+ &e$! %!e *e )(!e eș

%''' %&%#+ ## )e #!'% #e; $ "() $(!"%' %&%#%e% *e )ee!"#$+ț ț &e$! ( # # $ %e* %ș 1440=+ "#$ ;


&e!"%$e$e %!e $ *$ $ 'e,+!+ #!'% #% !e$!#'(! '!+!# '% '#$#e;ț

e!#/#+!#; e.:;

5

Ht H P +

ud 2a

2a

P t t + τ ++= H

A

%

@

)

B

ubc

bc

P t + τ += H

u f d3

d3

P t t + τ ++= H


48/84


p+ H &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# &e )#*%$ % )e #!'% #e &e *e$*' #"&%! ț ț

&e %!e *e %''e%+ %&%#%e% )e #!'% #e.ț

I%! &e$! *e$*' &%! %&%#%e% )e #!'% #e *e %''e%+ !e'% #%ț ț

p

perm

+

t + ,

HHHH

−= &%! *e$* &e!!e$.!# 5.4:

$)e p+ HH !e&!e#$+ &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# &e )#*%$ % )e #!'% #e &e *e$*'ț ț

#"&%! &e %!e *e %''e%+ %&%#%e% )e #!'% #e.ț

A'4 Înto8m"rea d"a>rame" 8a!a8"t? "" !e d"#tan ele de 8"r8ula "eț ț ț

!e ambele #en#ur" de mer#

Se $("e e &e$! /#e%!e *e$* $ &%!eș

F#,!% 5.4 D#%,!%"% %&%#+ ## )e #!'% #eț ț

/' P! %i(ii%! "$/%! c$ +#a(i-a#!a ci#c$%ai!i p! /a-0 "! B.L.A.

Î$ %'


49/84


F#,!% 5.5 C#!'% #e &e '#$#e )@'+ $ &%?eț

Î$ %e* % %&%#%e% )e #!'% #e *e %''e%+ !e'% ##'eț ț

HH

(

t + ,

perm−= #"&%! *e$* &e!!e$.!# 5.5:

#ș

HHHH

(

t + ,

perm−= &%! *e$* &e!!e$.!# 5.6:

$)e HHH ( ( ( == !e&!e#$+ %'(%!e% "%#"+ % #$e!%'e'(! )e *%>#e ( .

$' (eterm"narea 8a!a8"t? "" !entru >raan"@area 8"r8ula="e" !e ba@? de 8ale l"ber?

L% /e' % $ %' #!'% #e# &e '#$#e *#"&'+ &e$! ,!%/#' )e #!'%>#eț$e&%!%'e'; %&%#%e% )e #!'%>#e *e e&!#"+ $ %e,(!#% &!e&($)e!e$+ )e!e$!#; # *e %''e%+ !e'% #% @#$e$(*+ș ț

∑−=i

i

c

i

c

np

c # e, , 48 O O .. &e! 5 zimarfădedirectetr 5.7:

$)e i !e&!e#$+ %e,(!#% !e$'# %'% )e


50/84


sr c eee += 0 5.8:

$)e0e

!e&!e#$+ (e/##e$ &!#$#&%' )e !e)e!e; %''% !e'% #%ț

p

P,

+

+ e =0 5.9:

#%! sr e

!e&!e#$+ (e/##e$ *&'#"e$%! )e !e)e!e.

Se $(% e )e %*e"e$e% &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# &e )#*%$>% )e #!'%>#eș

'#"#%#+ P +

# &e!#(%)% ,!%/#'# &e )#*%$>% '#"#%#%ș P, + ; &e$!

!e$!#'e )e %'+ %e,(!#e )ee'(! )e #!'%>#e *e%''e%+ /('(*#$) &e!#(%)e'e )e '% !e$!#'e )#!ee )e "%!/+:

"%

P

med

P

+

+ . = 5.13:

Re'%>#% )e )ee!"#$%!e % '# e*! *e %&'#+ $"%# )%+ ∈0;6 0;9 # N∈

49. D%+ $ *e $)e&'#$e* ($)#>##'e )e %&'#%!e %'e /(!"'e#; %$# e *! *e%)(&+ 0;3.


51/84


C(e/##e$' &!#$#&%' )e !e)e!e % !e$!#'(! )#!ee )e "%!/+; )e +!e!e$!#'e '(%'e )e "%!/+; *e )ee!"#$+ &e$! *#% #% )#$ %e* '%@(!%(! ț!e'%>#%

:23;01:1210 med cl

ms

&/f # .me ∆−−−+= δ 5.14:

$)el

P0 m !e&!e#$+ $"+!' &$e'(! )e *e>#($%!e $ %!e !e$' '(%'

%!e %##%e !e$' '(%' $ %!e %##%e #$ ?%'e'e )e "#%!e:

c # - $"+!' )e !e$!# )e +'+(!#; #$'*# !%$*($%#$e!e

med ∆ - !%&(!' "e)# $!e #ee'e !e$!#'(! )e "%!/+ # +'+(!#.

2

#$ regioregioer 1 1

1 mf med +

=∆− 5.15:

$)e

regioer

23regioer

t t

l 1

−

−

∑ ∑+×

=

#$

#$

:2

QH

9

60

5.16:

#ș

4


52/84


regio

23

regio t t

l 1

:2

QH

60

∑ ∑+

×=

5.17:

$)e 23l !e&!e#$+ '$,#"e% *e>#e# )e #!'%>#e; "+*!%+ $ ".

I%! δ e*e $ &%!%"e! %' !e'% #e# # *e %''e%+ /(!"'%ț ș

+p

( 2=δ 5.18:

=e$! &/f sr e *e %)(&+ %'(%!e% 0;3.

/' P! %i(ii%! "$/%! c$ +#a(i-a#!a ci#c$%ai!i p! /a-0 "! B.L.A.

Î$ %' ,!%/#'# )e #!'% #e $e&%!%'e'; !%*e'e !e$!#'(! *$ $e&%!%'e'e;ț!e$!#'e %


53/84


=e!#(%)% $e# #'e e*e /('(*#+ &e$! #!'% #% !(! %e,(!##'(! )eț!e$!#. T#"&' %!e $ &(%e /# /('(*# &e$! #!'% #% !e$!#'(! )#!ee )eț"%!/+ *e $"e e #"& )e !e)e!e % !e$!#'(! "%!/+ )e +!e !e$!#'e )eș

+'+(!#; '(%'e )e "%!/+ *% %'e %e,(!## )e !e$!#. Ae* #"& )e$)e )e!%&(!' #ee'(! !e$!#'(! )e "%!/+ # % !e$!#'(! )e +'+(!# *% %'eș%e,(!## )e !e$!#; )e$)e )e %"&'%*%"e$' %e,(!##'(! )e !e$!# $,!%/#; $e#)e$#%e% )#*%$ e'(! )e #!'% #e # )e #&' )e ,!%/# %)(&%.ț ț ș

T#"&' )e !e)e!e *e ("&$e )#$ )(+ &+! #ț

• #"&' )e (&%!e % )#*%$ e# )e #!'% #e )e +!e !e$!#'e )eț ț

+'+(!#; '(%'e )e "%!/+; e.• #"&' $e#'#% &e$! #!'% #% !e$!#'(! )#!ee )e "%!/+;ț

)%(!% /%&'# + #$e!%'' )#$!e !e$!#'e )e +'+(!#; '(%'e )e"%!/+; e. $ e*e "'#&' %' &e!#(%)e# ,!%/#'#; )e$"# #"&*&'#"e$%! )e !e)e!e.

Î$ %' $e# *e ## $e*!%e @'( )e '#$#e %("% !e$!#'e )e +'+(!#ț#$/'e$ e%+ *e"$#/#%# #'#%!e% %&%#+ ## )e #!'% #e; (e/##e$' )eț ț ț!e)e!e &


54/84


F#,!% 5.6 T!%*%!e% !e$'# )e +'+(!#

C(e/##e$' &!#$#&%' )e !e)e!e *e )ee!"#$+ !e'%>#%

(

( + e t

−=

0 5.19:

$)et +

*e (@ #$e )#$ )e*e$ &e$! /#e%!e %e,(!#e )e !e$ $ &%!eț

( ( ( e0 == %'(%!e% "%#"+ % #$e!%'e'(! )e *%>#e ( .

=e$! e*! *e %)(&+ %'(%!e% 0;3.

Ee"&'e )e (e/##e$># )e !e)e!e

- &e$! '#$#e *#"&'+ '% C.F.R. eJ1;1-1;3

$ E!(&% eJ1;4-2;5

- &e$! '#$#e )@'+ B.L.A.:

2 3 4

1

A

%

@

)

B

0 (

( ( (

( ( ( e (

t +


55/84


1;3 1;2 1;1

C(e/##e$' &!#$#&%' )e !e)e!e % !e$!#'(! )#!ee )e "%!/+ )e +!e!e$!#'e '(%'e )e "%!/+ *e )ee!"#$+ !"+(%!e% !e'%>#e *%@#'#+ &e %'ee&e!#"e$%'+

:202;01:10 med cl

ms

&/f # me ∆−−+= 5.14:

$)el

P0 m !e&!e#$+ $"+!' &$e'(! )e *e>#($%!e $ %!e !e$' '(%'

%!e %##%e !e$' '(%' $ %!e %##%e #$ ?%'e'e )e "#%!e:

c # - $"+!' )e !e$!# )e +'+(!#; #$'*# !%$*($%#$e!e

med ∆ - !%&(!' "e)# $!e #ee'e !e$!#'(! )e "%!/+ # +'+(!#.

I%! (e/##e$' )e !e)e!e *&'#"e$%! $ %' !e$!#'(! '(%'e )e "%!/+e*e e*! LM/ J 0;3.


C$(*

,!%/# !e$!#'e )#$ %e,(!##'e I$e!-!e,#( # Re,#(; !e$!#'e )#!eeș)e "%!/+ )(+ ,!%/#e &e$! *e$*' &%! # )(+ &e$! *e$*'ș#"&%!:.

T%@e'' 4.2 C%&%#%e% )e #!'% #eț

G!%/# G!%/# &%!%'e' G!%/#

$e&%!%'e'

3


56/84


O!,%$#%!e%#!'% #e#țÎ$ e'e,e!e e'e/($#+ %'eț'#@e!+:

B.L.A.

Se $(*; )e %*e"e$e%; !"+(%!e'e #$/(!"% ##ț

• &e!#(%)% )e #"& &e$! %!e *e %''e%+ %&%#%e% )e #!'% #eț1440=+ "#$e

• )!%% )e #"& e/e%!e% )e (&e!% ## &e!"%$e$eț 60= permt "#$e• $"+!' )e !e$!# )#$ /#e%!e &%?e 2= µ !e$!#

• (e/##e$' )e &%?e#%!e 5;0=γ • $"+!' )e &e!e?# !e$!# )e +'+(!# )e %e,(!#% !e,#( 4=regio #

&e!e?# )e !e$!#• $"+!' )e &e!e?# !e$!# )e +'+(!# )e %e,(!#% #$e!-!e,#(

6#$

=−regioer # &e!e?# )e !e$!#

• $"+! )e &e!e?# )e !e$!# '(%'e )e "%!/+ 2= &/F # &e!e?# )e

!e$!#• $"+!' &$e'(! )e *e>#($%!e $ %!e !e$' '(%' %!e %##%e

5=l P0 m • '$,#"e% *e>#e# )e #!'%>#e; "+*!%+ $ " *e #'#e%+ %'(%!e%

/!$#%+ $ T%@e'' 1.1 )#$ L%@(!%(!' 1.

T"m! de lu8ru: 4 ore


57/84

LA$%RAT%R /' ELA$%RAREA.ARIANTEI RA0I%NALE (E TRASARE

ÎN GRAFIC A TRENURIL%R L%CALE (EMARFĂ


A. D!!#*i(a#!a ($*0#$%$i "! a+a(! p! #!(

Se #'#e%+ !e'% #%ț

:: 444422228

t nt n

br tr vg

'k ''k '

Q #

+++=

α α %,.!e$ 6.1:

$)e @! !e&!e#$+ "%*% @!+ % e$!#'(! )e "%!/+ %!e #!'+ &e *e>#e *e% %)(&% !%>#$e% *#"&'+ :

V2 ;V4 &!(&(!>#% %,(%$e'(! &e )(+ !e*&e# &%! (*##

W$2; W$4 %&%#%e% )e $+!%!e % %,(%$e'(! &e )(+ !e*&e# &%!(*##

2; 4 (e/##e$>## )e #'#%!e % %&%#+>## )e $+!%!e %%,(%$e'(! &e )(+ !e*&e#&%! (*##

W2; W4 !e&!e#$+ %!% %,(%$e'(! &e )(+ !e*&e# &%! (*##

B. D!!#*i(a#!a )c!*!i +pi*! "! #a(-ia#! a #!($#i%+# %+ca%! p! )!ci!

E/##e$>% )#/e!#e'(! &!(e)ee )e )e*/+!%!e % %##+>## '(%'e &e *e>#e *e)ee!"#$+ ("&%!


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- ($*"' )e '(("(#e (!e $ #!'%>#e

- &%!' $ee*%! )e '(("(#e

- )!%% *e!##'# ($#$ &e$! &e!*($%'' )e '(("(#+ # !e$

- ?e'#e'# )e e&'(%%!e.

T!e$' '(%' )e "%!/+ #!'+ $!e )(+ *%>## e?$#e A B: # )e*e!ee*%>##'e #$e!"e)#%!e '%*+ # !#)#+ %,(%$e :.

T#"&' )e #!'%>#e % !e$'# '(%' )e "%!/+ &e *e>#e; #$'*# #"&'$ee*%! &e$! '%!e% $ &!#"#!e # &!e)%!e% '(("(#e# # !e$'#; $!e@#e *+ )e&+e%*+ $(!"% )e '! ($#$; %!e $ "() $(!"%' e*e )e"%#" 12 (!e.

M%e"%# %e" !"+(%!e% ($)# #eț

∑=

++++++=n

i

pl lp f d

l

msi st

m

l

c t t t t mt v

&+

1

; ::122

6.2:

$)e T' !e&!e#$+ )!%% )e #!'%>#e % !e$'# '(%' &e *e>#e

"-

L2 J ( )∑

=

+ &

1#

HHH *"% #"'(! )e "e!* *+,e%+ &e *e>#e $

*e$*' &%! # #"&%!

∑=

$

1#

#;* *"% #"'(! )e *%>#($%!e $ *%>##'e #$e!"e)#%!e

%'e *e>#e# $!-( *%>#e #$e!"e)#%!+ !e$' '(%' *%>#($e%+ 50 X 60 "#$e;%


59/84

LABORATOR 4. ELABORAREA VARIANTEI RA5IONALE DE TRASARE 6N GRAFIC A TRENURILOR LOCALE DE MARFĂ

• #"&' "#$#" )e *%>#($%!e % %,(%$e'(! $ *%>##'e #$e!"e)#%!e; '%

(&e!%>##'e )e $+!%!e )e*+!%!e e*e )e 4 (!e

• #"&' "#$#" )e *%>#($%!e % '(("(#e# $ *%>##'e %& )e *e>#e e*e)e ( (!+.

E#*+ $ &!#$#&%' !e# *?e"e )e %"&'%*%!e % !e$!#'(! '(%'e #$ ,!%/# &!ee$%e $ /#,!+.

F#,!% 6.1 De*e!#!e% *e #e )e #!'% #e )e !e$' '(%' )e "%!/+ț ț

Î$ /#,!+ !e&!e#$+ $"+!' )e %,(%$e e&e)#%e )#$ A; #%! !e&!e#$+$"+!' )e %,(%$e e&e)#%e )#$ B. Se % ($*#)e!% + )&% $+!%!e *%

)e*+!%!e (%e %,(%$e'e *e $(! $ *%>#% )#$ %!e % /(* e&e)#%e.

D%+ Y %!#%$% !%>#($%'+ e*e %: # )%+ Z %!#%$% !%>#($%'+ e*e @:.Î$ *#% #% *e ##'(! '$,#"# "%!# *e &!e/e!+ %!#%$% : %*/e' $


60/84


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LABORATOR 7. UTILI8AREA UNUI MODEL DE PROGNO8Ă PENTRU UN ANUMIT ORI8ONT DE TIMP

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LABORATOR 9. DETERMINAREA NUMĂRULUI DE TRENURI DIRECTE DE MARFĂ

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LA$%RAT%R ' ELA$%RAREAGRAFICULUI (E CIRCULA0IE


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LABORATOR :. ELABORAREA GRAFICULUI DE CIRCULA5IE

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LABORATOR :. ELABORAREA GRAFICULUI DE CIRCULA5IE

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