Forest Trends Report Series Edk0ifbmv? 2013 …...twGuftm;jzifh (yHk 1 tm;Mun&efh f) jrefrmEifiH\opftwGuf tBuD;qHk;aps;uGufjzpfonf/ tjynfjynfqif &m tylydkif;opfawm umuG,fa&;tzUGJ (ITTO)

$Page 1: Forest Trends Report Series Edk0ifbmv? 2013 …...twGuftm;jzifh (yHk 1 tm;Mun&efh f) jrefrmEifiH\opftwGuf tBuD;qHk;aps;uGufjzpfonf/ tjynfjynfqif &m tylydkif;opfawm umuG,fa&;tzUGJ (ITTO)$
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Forest Trends Report Series opfawmqdkif&m ukefoG,fa&;ESifhb@ma&; Edk0ifbmv? 2013

jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd opfukefoG,fa&;pD;qif;rIrsm;ESifh vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeolrsm; -

jrefrmEdkifiHopfukefoG,frI\ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;

The Political Economy of Myanmar’s Timber Trade

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jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd opfukefoG,fa&;pD;qif;rIrsm;ESifh vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeolrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHopfukefoG,frI\ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;

Kevin Woods

Edk0ifbmv 2013

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todtrSwfjyKrIrsm;

pma&;ol Kevin Woods onf jrefrmEdkifiH\ o,HZmwxkwfvkyfrIESifhywfoufonfh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;

tay: ¤if;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmjyKvkyfxm;onfh &vm'fjzpfaom þavhvmrItm; Forest Trends u wifjycGifhay;

onfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymvdkygonf/ ,cktpD&ifcHpmonf Forest Trends rS Kerstin Canby ESifh

Eve Richer wdkY &ufa&mpGmay;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;aMumifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmNyD;? pdwful;oabmxm;rsm;

udk Forest Trends rS Anne Thiel ESifh Eszter Szocs wdkY\ tqufrjywfpdwf½SnfpGmjzifh graphics rsm;jzifh

yHkazmfay;&mwGif rsm;pGmtusdK;jzpfapcJhonf/ aemufqHk;taeESifh aemufcHtrsdK;pHkrSvmaom jrefrmvlrsdK;vkyf

azmfudkifbufrsm;onf þEdkifiHwGif opfukefoG,fa&; trSefwu,f rnfuJhodkY jyKvkyfaqmif½Gufaeonfudk

ydkrdkem;vnfvmap&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmumvtwGif; ¤if;wdkY\tcsdefrsm;udk &ufa&mpGmay;cJhMuygonf/ ,ck

tpD&ifcHpm\ avhvmoHk;oyfrIrsm;xJwGif r&nf½G,fonfhtrSm;rsm;&SdcJhvQif pma&;olonf tjynfht0

wm0ef,lygrnf/

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rmwdum

tusOf;csKyf ................................................ ..............................8

opfwifydkYrIrsm; ................................................ ........................ 11

w&m;0ifopfukefoG,frI ................................................ .........11

wifydkYrItcsuftvufrsm;ESifh wifydkYrIrsm;\w&m;0ifrI .............................13

a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrI? a'ocHrsm;\ ajroHk;ydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh

usifh0wf ESifhtnDZmpfjrpf ½SmazGjcif; ................... ..........................14

opft&if;tjrpf½SmazGjcif; ...................................................... ........17

pufrIpdkufysdK;vdkufavsmrIrsm;ESifh opf½SmazGjcif;wdkY\ tcsdwftquf .......................22

jrefrmEdkifiH\ opfukefoG,frI\ t"duvkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeolrsm; ......................23

&efukefrSwqifhwifydkYaeaom EdkifiHwumopfukefonfrsm;................. ........24

e,fpyfjzwfausmf opfukefonfrsm;....................................... ........25

jynfwGif;wGif rsm;pGmvTrf;rdk;vQuf&Sdaom vkyfief;tzGJUrsm; (“c½dkeDukrÜPDrsm;”).......27

jrefrmEdkifiHopfvkyfief;½Sifrsm;toif; .............................................28

ed*Hk; - FLEGT ESifh EUTR wdkYtay: tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm; ..............................29

udk;um;usrf;rsm; .......................................................................31

i

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twdkaumufpm&if;

AAC Annual Allowable Cut (ESpfpOfxkwfvkyfrI vsmxm;csuf)

CoC Chain of Custody (tqifhqifhxdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufrI)

CFI Community Forest Instructions (a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkif opfawma&;&m

ñTefMum;csufrsm;)

EC European Commission (Oa&myaumfr½Sif)

EFI European Forestry Institute (Oa&myopfawma&;&mtzGJUtpnf;)

EUTR European Union Timber Regulation (Oa&myor*¾opfxkwfvkyfa&;Oya')

FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (opfawmOya'Muyfrwfjcif;?

tkyfcsKyfrIESifhukefoG,frI)

ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization (tjynfjynfqdkif&m tylydkif;opfawm

umuG,fa&;tzGJU)

MOAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESifhqnfajrmif;0efBuD;Xme)

MOECAF Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;ESifh

opfawma&;&m0efBuD;Xme )

MSS Myanmar Selection System (jrefrmha½G;cs,frIpepf)

MTE Myanmar Timber Enterprise (jrefrmhopfvkyfief;)

MTMA Myanmar Timber Merchants’ Association (jrefrmEdkifiHopfvkyfief;½Sifrsm;toif;)

UMFCCI Union of Myanmar Federation of Chamber of Commerce and Industry (jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEdkifiH ukefonfrsm;ESifh pufrIvkyfief;½Sifrsm;toif;)

VLO Verification of Legal Origin (w&m;0ifrlvZmpfjrpf twnfjyKjcif;)

VPA Voluntary Partnership Agreement (oabmtavsmuf vkyfazmfudkifbuf

oabmwlnDcsufrsm;)

8

tusOf;csKyf

jrefrmEdkifiH\opfudk a,bk,stm;jzifh Zmpfjrpf (5) rsdK;xHrSvmonf[k trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;owfrSwfEdkifNyD; ¤if;

wdkYwpfckcsif;twGuf udk,fydkifyx0Dtaetxm;ESifh vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeolrsm; (actors) &Sdonf/ w&m;0ifrI?

a&½Snf wnfwHhcdkifNrJrIESifh a'ocHwdkY\ajroHk;ydkifcGifhwdkYESifhywfoufNyD; ¤if;trsdK;tpm; (5) cktm; wpfck

csif;taotcsm tm½Hkpdkufoifhonf/ ,cktcsdeftxd jrefrmhopfZmpfjrpf ½SmazGjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD;

aqG;aEG;rItrsm;pk? txl;ojzifh urÇmausmf jrefrmhuRef;opfESifh ywfoufvQif vrf;aMumif;rsm;xJrS

wpfckudkom tm½Hkpdkufavh&SdNyD; ¤if;rSm tv,fydkif;ajrjyefYa'orsm;wGif&Sdaom tpdk;&upDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh

uRef;opfawmrsm;yif jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ vwfwavm topf zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifxm;onfh ywf0ef;

usifxdef;odrf;a&;ESifh opfawma&;&m 0efBuD;Xme (MOECAF) ESifh jrefrmhopfvkyfief;½Sifrsm;toif; (MTMA)

wdkYonf taemufwdkif;tpkd;&rsm;ESifh opfwifoGif;onfh ukrÜPDrsm;xHodkYcsOf;uyfNyD; opfonf vuf&Sd

tajctaewGif odkYr[kwf jyKjyifrItenf;i,f jyKvkyfNyD;vQif w&m;0ifopftjzpf owfrSwfNyD; aemufcH wGif

auseyfavmufonfhpepfrsm; &Sdonfqdkwmudk wifjy vQuf&Sdonf/

,cktpD&ifcHpmu azmfjyonfrSm ,ckvwfwavm qGJac:aeonfh wdusrIr&Sdaom yHk&dyftm;,SOfí jrefrm

EdkifiH\opfukefoG,frIonf rsm;pGmydkrdk½IyfaxG;onfqdkwmyifjzpfonf/ opfZmpfjrpf (5) rsdK;pvHk;ESifh ¤if;wdkYudk

vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeolrsm;\ a½GUvsm;vIyf½Sm;yHkwdkY\ w&m;0ifrI? a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrIESifh usifh0wfwdkYtm;

ydkrdkem;vnf&efvdktyfNyD; taMumif;rSm opftm; yHkrSeftm;jzifh jzpfEdkifonfhZmpfjrpfrsdK;pHkrS a&maxG;íwifydkYae

jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ wifydkYrIpnf;urf;rsm;ESifhudkufnDjcif;tm; tmrcHcsufvdkvm;onfh taemufwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;?

zGHUNzdK;a&;at*sifpDrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum0,f,lolrsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;tm; 0,f,laeonfh a&mif;csolrsm;onf ¤if;

½IyfaxG;rIrsm;tm; ydkrdkem;vnf&ef vdktyfonf/

,cktpD&ifcHpmonf opf\yx0Dqdkif&m ZmpfjrpfudkazmfjyNyD; EdkifiHtwGif; opf\ydkYaqmifvIyf½Sm;rIESifh e,f

pyfjzwfausmfrI? opfxkwfvkyfjcif;wGif ywfoufonfh vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeolrsm;? vkyfief;pOfESifhukefoG,frI

ESifh jrefrmhopf w&m;0ifrItm; tqHk;tjzwfay;onfh EdkifiHa&; tcsuftcsmrsm;? a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrIESifh

usifh0wfESifhtnDZmpfjrpf&SmazGjcif;rsm;tm; azmfjyonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; opfukefoG,frI\ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m

pD;yGm;a&;tm; aemufaMumif;vdkufonfh þtpD&ifcHpm\ NcHKiHkawGU½Sdcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf –

1/ opfxkwfvkyfjcif;\ rlvZmpfjrpf – EdkifiHwGif tvm;tvm&Sdonfh opfZmpfjrpf (5) rsdK;&SdNyD; wpfckcsif;

wGif w&m;0ifrI? a&½SnfwnfwHhckdifNrJrI? ajroHk;ydkifcGifhpepfrsm;ESifh usifh0wffESifhtnD ½SmazGjcif; wdkYESifh

ywfoufonfh udk,fydkiftqifhrsm;&Sdonf/

(u) EdkifiHawmfu pDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh (jrefrmhopfvkyfief; odkYr[kwf MTE) opfawmrsm;? trsm;pk

rSm uRef;opfrsm;jzpfonf/

(c) obm0opfawmrsm;twGif; opfckwfvSJjcif;vdkufavsmay;rItrsm;pkrSm wdkif;&if;om;y#dyu©

e,fajrrsm;wGif jzpfonf/

(*) obm0opfawmrsm;wGif toGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfhajrrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;onf rsm;aomtm;jzihf

pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vdkufavsmjcif;rsm;rS jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfNyD;? trsm;pkrSm

(odkYaomf tNrJr[kwf) wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;wGifjzpfNyD; ¤if;tm; toGifajymif; oHk;pGJonfh

opf (conversion timber ) [kvnf; ac:a0: onf/

(C) EdkifiHa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&; tcsufrsdK;pHkaMumifh tvGefuefYowfxm;onfh opfyifpdkufysdK;jcif;/

(i) pD;yGm;jzpfopfxkwfvkyfjcif;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sdonfh a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkifopfawmrsm;/

9

2/ obm0opfawm{&d,mrsm; – EdkifiHawmfu pDrHtkyfcsKyfonfhopfawmrsm;ESifh tenf;tusOf;tm;jzifh

opfyifpdkufcif;rsm;xHrSom opfrsm;½SmazGxkwfvkyfonf[k tpdk;&u w&m;0ifajymMum;aomfvnf;

jrefrmEdkifiH\ opfwifydkYrI\ &mckdifEIef;trsm;tjym;rSm toGifajymif; oHk;pGJonfhajr (land

conversion) ESifh opfckwfvSJjcif;vdkufavsmay;rIrsm;rS wqifhobm0opfawmrsm;rS ,lEdkifajc

tvGefrsm;jym;onf/ obm0opfawme,fy,ftopfrsm; avsmhyg;vmonfESifhtrQ tdE´d,EdkifiH

ta½SUajrmufbufESifh ucsifjynfe,fMum;&Sd ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;\ ajrmufydkif;ESifh ucsifjynfe,f

awmifydkif;a'otcsdKUonf tpdk;&xdef;csKyfxm;onfh e,fajrrsm;twGif; taemufqHk; opfckwfvSJ

onfh e,fy,ftopfrsm; jzpfvmonf/ obm0opfawmtrsm;pkrSm vuf½SdppfNyD;umv y#dyu©

e,fajrrsm;twGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;xdpyfe,fajrrsm;wGifjzpfNyD;? txl;ojzifh xdkif;e,fpyf (u&ifjynf

e,fESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;a'oBuD;) ESifh w½kwfe,fpyf (ucsifjynfe,f) wdkYwGifjzpfonf/ xdpyfe,fajr

rsm;wGifvIyf½Sm;aeonfh EdkifiHwGif;&Sd jynfe,frJh vuf eufudkiftkyfpkrsm;onf vuf½Sdtpdk;&ESifh

typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDcsuftopfrsm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD;onfESihftrQ y#dyu©rsm;\

trsdK;tpm;ESifh twdkif;twmwdkYonfvnf; tajymif;tvJ&SdEdkifonf/ odkYaomf xdktypftcwf

&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf ,m,DoabmomaqmifNyD; ,ck tcsdeftxd EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;rI

tenf;i,frQom&Sdao;NyD; ppfNyD;umvtcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif ajry#dyu© vIdif;vHk;topfrsm;ESifh jrefrm

ppfwyf\yg0ifrI jrifhrm;vmjcif;wdkYonf a'ocHrsm;twGuf ylaqG;rIrsm; xyfrHjzpfay:aponf/

3/ opfrsm;a&maESmjcif; – &efukefrSwifydkYrnfh opfpkpnf;rItwGif;odkY ZmpfjrpfrsdK;pHkrSopfrsm;onf a&m

aESmNyD; 0ifvQuf&Sdonf/ tpdk;&onf wifydkY&ef&nf½G,fxm;onfh pD;yGm;jzpfopfrsm;\jcm;em;onfh

Zmpfjrpfrsm;tm; cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;r&Sdyg (obm0? pdkufcif;? pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIatmuf½Sd opfawmrsm;)/

¤if;onf Oa&myESifhawmiftar&du½Sd w&m;0ifopfaps;uGufrsm;twGif;odkY jrefrmEdkifiHrSopfrsm;

wifydkYEdkif&eftwGuf t"duusonfh twm;tqD;wpfcktaeESifh &SdaeNyD; udkifwG,faqmif½Guf&ef

vdktyfonf/

4/ vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeolrsm; - opfukefoG,fa&;pD;qif;rI wpfckcsif;pDwGif oD;jcm;vkyfudkifaqmif

½Gufaeolrsm;&SdNyD; ¤if;wkdYwpfOD;csif;pDwGif udk,fydkifEdkifiHa&;tcsdwftqufrsm;ESifh aiGaMu;axmufyHhrI

rsm; &Sdonf/

(u) jrefrmEdkifiHopfvkyfief;½Sifrsm;toif; (MTMA)? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ausmaxmufaemufcHjyK

onfh yk*¾vdupD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;/

(c) BuD;rm;NyD;vTrf;rdk;rI&Sdonfh jynfwGif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tkyfpk (Oyrm – “c½dkeDukrÜPDrsm;”)/

(*) &efukefrSwqifhwifydkYaeaom EdkifiHwumopfukefonfrsm;? txl;ojzifh tm½SaiGaMu;vnf

ywfrItay: tajccHolrsm;/

(C) jrefrm? w½kwfEdkifiHESifh xdkif;EdkifiHrS e,fpyfjzwfausmfopfukefonfrsm;/

(i) &efukefwGiftajcpdkufonfh jynfwGif;opfukefonfrsm;? vkyfief;vnfywfapolrsm;/

5/ w&m;0ifrIESifhwifydkYonfhae&m – ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;ESifhopfawma&;&m0efBuD;Xme (MOECAF)

atmuf&Sd jrefrmhopfvkyfief; (MTE) \ wHqdyfygvQif opftm;vHk;onf w&m;0iftjzpfowfrSwfNyD;

&efukefqdyfurf;rsm;rSwqifh wifydkYonf/ vwfwavmESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmtpdk;&onf opfrsm;tm;

&efukefqdyfurf;rsm;rSom wifydkYjcif;udk tmrcHEdkif&ef odomonfhBudK;yrf;rIrsm; jyKvkyfvQuf&SdNyD; ¤if;

onf opfrS&&Sdonfh0ifaiGrsm;? EdkifiHESifhroufqdkifonfh xdpyfe,fajrrsm;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vufeuf

udkiftkyfpkrsm;xHrS vrf;vTJ&ef&nf½G,fonfhrl0g'jzifh jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ þenf;vrf;jzifh opfrS&&Sd

10

onfh0ifaiGrsm; tpdk;&xHa&muf&Sdvmaomfvnf; opfrsm;onf w½kwfEdkifiHESifhxdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyfrsm;rS

wqifh qufvufcdk;xkwfvQuf&SdNyD;? txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;&Sd obm0opfawmrsm;t

wGif;rS opfckwfvSJjcif;vdkufavsmrIrsm;rSjzpfum ¤if;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\Oya'wGifomrubJ e,fpyf

jzwfausmfNyD;wifoGif;aeonfh EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom xdkif;EdkifiH1ESihfw½kwfEdkifiH

2wdkY\ Oya'rsm;wGifvnf;

w&m;0ifrIr&Sdum xdkEdkifiHrsm;onf jrefrmESifhukef;vrf;rS opfukefoG,frIESifhywfoufNyD; aMujimcsuf

rsm; xkwfjyefcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\xdpyfe,fajrrsm;&Sd tpdk;&r[kwfonfh vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;

tcsdKUonfvnf; ¤if;wkdYMoZmtmPm&Sdonfhe,fajrrsm;wGif opfxkwfvkyfjcif;tm; wm;jrpfxm;aomf

vnf; vufawGUwGif tvGefvdkufemcJonf/ xdktm;enf;csufrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\tqifhjrifht&m½Sd

BuD;rsm; ukef;vrf;rSopfwifydkYrItm; w&m;0if>cif;csufrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;udk tcGifhtcgay;ovdkvnf; jzpf

aeonf/

6/ w&m;0ifrIESifha&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrI – jrefrmEdkifiH\ opfawmxGufypönf;rsm; w&m;0ifrIonf ywf

0ef;usif\a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrIESifh tusdK;oufa&mufrIwdkYESifh qufEG,frIr&Sdyg/ a&½SnfwnfwhHcdkifNrJ

rI tvm;tvmtjrifhqHk;&Sdonfh a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkifopfawmrsm;onf opfrsm;tm;w&m;0if

wifydkYEdkifcGifhr&Sdao;um opfyifpdkufcif;rsm;rS tvGefenf;yg;onfhopfyrmPom aps;uGuftwGif;odkY

0ifa&mufvQuf&Sdonf/ opfyrmPtrsm;qHk;\ZmpfjrpfrSm a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrItenf;qHk;&Sdonfh

opfawm"avhrsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;tcsufonf aumif;rGefonfh opfawmpDrHtkyfcsKyfrIESifh

opfpnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; azmfxkwf&eftwGuf w&m;0ifrIwpfckwnf;udkom toHk;csjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD;

av;eufonfh pdk;&drfrIrsm;ay:aygufaponf/

7/ ajroHk;ydkifcGifhrsm; – ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif avhvmoHk;oyfxm;aom opfawmtrsdK;tpm; (5) rsdK;xJrS

(4) rsdK; (opfyifpdkufcif;rsm;? EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh opfawmrsm;? opfckwfvSJjcif;vdkufavsm

rIrsm;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;-opfawmtoGifajymif;oHk;pGJrIrsm;) tm; a'ocHvlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf jrefrm

EdkifiH\ trsdK;om;Oya'rsm;ESifhrl0g'rsm;t& ajroHk;ydkifcGifhr&Sdyg/ opfawmajrrsm;? txl;ojzifh opf

ckwfvSJcGifh vdkufavsmxm;onfh ajrtrsm;pkrSm e*dktpOftvmt& ydkifqdkifxm;onfhajrrsm;ESifh a'o

cH tzGJUtpnf;rsm;atmuf&Sdajrrsm;wGif owfrSwfavh&Sdonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ toGiful;ajymif;aeonfh

tpdk;& vwfwavm&ifqkdifae&onfh t"dutcsufrsm;xJwGif ajry#dyu©onf wpfckjzpfNyD; ¤if;

taMumif;t&monf a½SUvmrnfh Forest Trends tpD&ifcHpmrsm;xJwGif taMumif;t&mwpfcktae

ESifh yg0ifrnfjzpfonf/

EdkifiH\aysmufuG,fvQuf&Sdaeonfh opfawmrsm;wGif opfckwfvSJcGifh vdkufavsmrIrsm;tm; ppfwyfESifhtpdk;&u

jrefrmc½dkeDukrÜPDrsm;xH ay;aeonfqdkonfudk xkwfjyefxm;onfrSm MumjrifhaeNyDjzpfonf/ odkYaomf vuf&Sd

toGiful;ajymif;umvtwGif;wGif EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh jrefrmhopfvkyfief; (MTE) ydkif uRef;opf

awmrsm;xH tm½Hktrsm;pkrSm r[mAsL[majrmufpGmjzifha&muf&SdaeNyD; taMumif;rSm jrefrmhopfwifydkYrIonf

aumif;rGefonfh w&m;0iftajctae&Sdonfudk taemufwdkif;wifoGif;olrsm;tm; ajzmif;jz&efjzpfonf/ opf

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&ef ppfrSefonfh jrefrmtpdk;&\cGifhjyKcsufrsm;jzifh &efukefrSwqifha&aMumif;rS wifydkY&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkif;tpdk;&onf jrefrmhopfvHk;rsm;tm; ESpfEdkifiHMum; e,fpyfrSjzwf ausmfwifydkY&ef txl;>cif;csufrsm;ay;Edkifaomfvnf; vGefcJhaom 10 ESpfumvwGif þuJhodkYjyKvkyfjcif; tvGefenf;yg;onf/ opftacsmxnfrsm;? txl;ojzifh uRef;y&d abm*rsm;tm; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rS&&SdNyD; tacsmxnfjyKvkyfxm;aMumif;twnfjyKonfh ppfrSefaompm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh xdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyftm;jzwfausmfNyD; wifydkYEdkif onf/ odkYaomf ydkenf;onfhyrmP&Sdonfh tacsmxnfrjyKvkyf&ao;aomopfvHk;rsm;onf xdkif;tpdk;&\cGifhjyKcsufrygbJ e,fpyftm;ukef;vrf;rSjzwfausmfvQuf&Sdonf

(Woods, K. ESifh K. Canby ? 2011)/ 2

“jrefrmESifh,leefjynfe,ftMum; opfrsm;ESifhwGif;xGufypönf;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&efjyKvkyfonfh Mum;jzwfaqmif½GufrIrsm;”/ ,leefjynfe,f\ jynfolYtpdk;&u arv 11?

2006 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefonf/ rl0g'udk;um;csufeHygwf – rl0g'½Hk;? ,leef «2006» 91/ Xinhua 2006 wGifvnf; MunfhEdkifonf/

11

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EdkifiHrSopfrsm; a&aMumif;rSwifydkYjcif;onf usqif;vQuf&Sdonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\ w½kwfEdkifiH?

xdkif;EdkifiHESifh tdEd,EdkifiHwdkYESifhxdpyfe,fajrrsm;&Sd w&m;r0ife,fpyfjzwfausmfukefoG,frItm; xnfhrwGufxm;

yg/

yHk 1/ EdkifiHtvdkuf jrefrmhopfawmxGufypönf;rsm; wifydkYrI? 2000-2012 (tar&duefa':vm bDvD,Haygif;)

Zmpfjrpf – Oa&myopfawma&;&mtzGJUtpnf;? James Hewitt \pkaqmif;rI? 2013/3

3 tjcm;[kazmfjyrxm;vQif ukefoG,frIqdkif&mpm&if;tm;vHk;onf James Hewitt u Oa&myopfawma&;&mtzGJUtpnf; (EFI) twGuf pkaqmif;ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/

jrefrmtpdk;&onf tjyeftvSefukefoG,frIqdkif&mpm&if;rsm;tm; xkwfjyefjcif;r&Sdyg/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiH\wifydkYrIrsm;tm; tuJjzwf&ef wifoGif;onfhEdkifiHrsm;\ pm&if; tif;rsm;udkom toHk;jyKonf/ udk;um;onfh ukefoG,frIqdkif&mpm&if;tif;rsm;xJwGif yg0ifonfrSm – w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHrS taumifcGeftaxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;?

12

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onf yrmPtm;jzifh 2005 ckESpfwGif xdyfqHk;txda&mufcJhNyD; 2007 ckESpfwGif wifydkYrItm;vHk;\wefzdk;rSm

2005 ckESpfxufrsm;pGmydkrsm;NyD; taMumif;rSm tpdk;&onf jrefrmhopf? txl;ojzifh uRef;opfwdkY\aps;EIef;rsm;

tm; jr§ifhwifcJhjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/5 wefzdk;xyfwdk;xm;onfh opfawmxGufypönf; tenf;i,fomwifydkYcJhNyD;

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Tradeline Philippines (zdvpfydkifEdkifiHtwGuf)? Directorate General of Customs (wdkif0rfEdkifiHtwGuf)? Customs Department of the Kingdom of

Thailand (xdkif;EdkifiHtwGuf)? United States International Trade Commission Dataweb (USA twGuf) ESifh UN Comtrade wdkYjzpfonf/ AD,uferfEdkifiH onf wifoGif;onfh,lepfrsm;ESifh wifydkYrIwefzdk;rSvGJí tjyeftvSefukefoG,frIESifhywfoufNyD; rxkwfjyefzdkY qHk;jzwfxm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh yrmPESifhtav;csdefwdkYtm; cefY rSef;íom &rnfjzpfonf/ vmtdkEdkifiHurl ukefoG,frIqdkif&mpm&if;rsm;tm; rxkwfjyef&efqHk;jzwfxm;onf/ ¤if;\jrefrmESifhjyKvkyfonfh opftajccHaomukefypönf;rsm; ukefoG,frIonf oknyifjzpfrnf/ xdkESpfrsm;twGif; (Oyrm – b*Fvm;a'h½Sf? 2008-2012 ESifh AD,uferf? 2012)EdkifiHtcsdKUuwifoGif;onfh tcsuftvufrsm; udk ,cktcsdeftxd xkwfjyefjcif;r&Sdao;yg/ 4 Woods, K ESifh K. Canby ? 2011/

5 Woods, K. ESifh K. Canby? 2011/

13

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Zmpfjrpf – Oa&myopfawma&;&mtzGJUtpnf;? James Hewitt \pkaqmif;rI? 2013 (Footnote 3 tm;Munfh&ef)/

wifydkYrItcsuftvufrsm;ESifh wifydkYrIrsm;\w&m;0ifrI

1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif xdkif;EdkifiH\ “ppfajrjyifrsm;tm; aps;uGufae&mrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJjcif;” NyD;aemuf

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opfxkwfvkyfrIESifh e,fpyfjzwfausmfukefoG,frIwdkY\ tjzpftrsm;qHk;ae&m jzpfvmonf/ 1990 ckESpfrsm;

aESmif;ydkif;rSpNyD; 2000 ckESpfrsm;tv,fydkif;txd t"du ucsifvufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;ESihf typftcwf&yf

pJa&;jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmfryg0ifonfh opfckwfvSJjcif;ESifh e,fpyfjzwfausmfukefoG,frIwdkYonf ucsif

jynfe,f&Sd jrefrm-w½kwfe,fpyfodkY a½TUajymif;oGm;onf/7 2000 ckESpfrsm;tv,fydkif;rSpí opfxkwfvkyfjcif;

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rsm;jzifh wifydkYonf/8

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6 Eleven News? 2012/ opfawmt&m½Sdrsm;ESifhawGUqHkar;jref;yGJ jyKvkyfjcif;? &efukefESifhaejynfawmf? atmufwkdbm 2012 ESifh Zlvdkif 2013/

7 Global Witness? 2005/ Woods?2011/

8 Milieu Defensie? 2009/

14

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e,fpyfjzwfausmfNyD; wifydkYvQuf&Sdonf/ vGefcJhaom 5 ESpftwGif;wGif ,cifxdkif;EdkifiHESifh w½kwfEdkifiH

e,fpyfrsm; tm;jzwfausmfNyD; cdk;xkwfcJhaomaMumifh qHk;½HI;cJhaom opfrS&&Sdonfh0ifaiGrsm;tm; xdef;csKyf

Edkifjcif;udk ydkrdk aqmif½GufEdkifcJhonf/

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vmtvGefaumif;onfh a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrI tvm;tvmrsm;&Sdonf/ EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyfonfhopf

awmrsm;onfvnf; todtrSwfjyKcHxm;&onfh jrefrmha½G;cs,frIpepf (MSS) ESifhtnD rSefuefpGmjyKvkyfvQif

vnf; tvm;tvmrsm;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf obm0opfawmrsm;wGifjyKvkyfonfh opfckwfvJScGifhvdkufavsmrI

9 Global Witness? 2005/

10 “jrefrmESifh,leefjynfe,ftMum; opfrsm;ESifhwGif;xGufypönf;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&efjyKvkyfonfh Mum;jzwfaqmif½GufrIrsm;”/ ,leefjynfe,f\ jynfolYtpdk;&u arv 11?

2006 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefonf/ rl0g'udk;um;csufeHygwf – rl0g'½Hk;? ,leef «2006» 91/ Xinhua 2006 wGifvnf; MunfhEdkifonf/

15

rsm;onf nHhzsif;onfhtavhtxrsm;ESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIpHEIef;rsm;aMumifh a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrI enf;yg;Edkifajc&Sd

onf/ opfawmtoGifajymif;oHk;pGJrIrsm;onf opfawma*[epf0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh xkwfukefrsm;twGuf a&

½SnfwnfwHhckdifNrJrIenf;yg;EdkifNyD; taMumif;rSm ajrtm; opfawmESifhrywfoufonfh toHk;csrItoGifodkYajymif;

oHk;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ xdkrwlnDonfh a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrItwdkif;twmtrsdK;rsdK; - tjrihfqHk;rSvHk;0r&Sd

onftxd – wdkYtm; MTE ygrpfrsm;tay:rlwnfí w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0iftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifonf/

Oyrm – a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrItvm;tvm trsm;qHk;&Sdonfh a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkifopfawmrsm;rS opf

rsm;tm; w&m;0ifwifydkYcGifhr&Sdí opfpdkufcif;rsm;rSopfrsm;vnf; aps;uGufxJwGif tenf;i,fom&Sdao;onf/

¤if;aMumifh w&m;0ifrIwpfckwnf;udk toHk;jyKí aumif;aomopfawmtkyfcsKyfrIESifh opfpnf;rsOf;Oya' a&;

qGJjcif;wdkYtay: av;eufonfhpdk;&drfrIrsm; ay:aygufaponf/

a'ocHjynfolvlxkonf opfawmajrrsm;wGif ajroHk;pGJydkifcGifh tenf;i,fom&Sdonf/ a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJU

ydkifopfawmrsm;wGifom a'ocHjynfolvlxktm; ajroHk;pGJydkifcGifhay;xm;NyD; a'ocHopfawmXmeESifhtwl wGJ

vkyfoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ ,ckoHk;oyfxm;onfh opfawmtrsdK;tpm;tm;vHk;jzpfonfh opfpdkufcif;rsm;? EdkifiH

awmfu pDrHtkyfcsKyfonfhopfawmrsm;? opfckwfvSJcGifhvdkufavsmrIrsm;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;-opfawmtoGif;ajymif;

oHkpGJrItm;vHk;wdkYwGif a'ocHjynfolvlxkonf jrefrmEdkifiH\ Oya'rsm;ESifhrl0g'rsm;t& rnfonfhajrESifht&if;

tjrpfrS oHk;pGJydkifcGifhr&Sdyg/

opfawme,fajrrsm;? txl;ojzifh opfckwfvSJcGifhvdkufavsmrIrsm;onf tpOftvmt& a'ocHjynfol

tpktzGJUrsm;uxdef;csKyfNyD; MoZmtmPm&Sdaomajrrsm;ay:wGif jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ ,cifESifh,ck vuf&Sdjzpf

yGm;aeaom ajry#dyu©rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\jyKjyifajymif;vJaeonfhtpdk;& vuf&Sd&ifqdkifae&aom t"du

tcsufrsm;xJrS wpfcsufjzpfonf/11 a'ocHajr&ydkifcGifhpepfrsm;\ aumif;aomtkyfcsKyfrItm; jr§ifhwif&mwGif

ta&;ygrItm;ydkrdk½Sif;jyEdkif&ef aemifwGifxkwfrnfh rl0g'½Sif;vif;csufrsm;wGif opfawmajrtrsdK;tpm;cGJrsm;

twGuf a'ocHajr&ydkifcGifhpepfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; Forest Trends u avhvmoGm;rnfjzpfonf/

OD;wnfcsufonf aumif;aomopfawmtkyfcsKyfrIESifh vkyfxHk;rsm;&&Sd&efjzpfygu a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrItñTef;

rsm;ESifh a'ocHajroHk;ydkifcGifhpepfrsm;tm; rSDcdktm;udk;jcif;onf w&m;0ifrIenf;vrf;wpfckwnf;udk tvGeft

uRH tm;udk;aejcif;jyóemudk azmfjyonf/ EdkifiHwumopfawmxdef;odrf;a&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh oabmwl

nDcsufrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\tcsKyftjcmtmPmtm; ½dkao&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh opfw&m;0ifrIwdkif;wm

&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\trsdK;om; opfawmOya'rsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;tm; vdkufem&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;t

csufonf ,ckwdkif;jynfwGif&Sdonfh vuf&SdOya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;\ tajctaeESifh ckdifrmonfhOya'pdk;rdk;rI r&Sd

jcif; ponfhtcsufrsm; ay:xGufvmaponf/

11 OyrmtaeESifhMunfh&ef – TNI? 2013? xdawGUcGifhrjyK – jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ajrydkifqdkifrIrsm;ESifhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk y#dyu©/ rl0g'½Sif;vif;csuf eHygwf 11? arv/

16

ajryHk 1/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd opfckwfvSJonfhae&mrsm;ESifh opfpD;qif;rI

þajryHkonf wdkif;&if;om;y#dyu©jzpfyGm;aeaomxdpyfe,fajrrsm;&Sd obm0opfawmrsm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;&Sd trsm;

tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyfaom uRef;opfawmrsm;tm;EdIif;,SOfí opfckwfvSJrIrsm;jyKvkyfaeonfhae&mrsm;tm; jyoonfh

tjyif ukef;vrf;jzifhw&m;r0ifopfukefoG,frIESifh &efukefrSwqifh w&m;0ifopfwifydkYjcif;wdkYtm;vnf; ,SOfíjyxm;onf/

17

opft&if;tjrpf½SmazGjcif;

obm0opfawm{&d,mrsm;rS&&Sdaom toGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfhopfrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tBuD;qHk;wpfck

wnf;aom opft&if;tjrpfjzpfEdkifajc&Sdonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtm;emrnfBuD;aponfh tqifhjrifhuRef;opfvHk;t

rsm;pkrSm tpdk;&upDrHuGyfuJonfhopfawmrsm;wGif ckwfvSJonfjzpfaomfvnf; xkwfvkyfonfhta&twGuf?

t½G,ftpm;ESifht&nftaoG;wdkYonf ,ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif tvGeftuRHckwfvSJjcif;aMumifh usqif;vQuf&Sd

onf/ tpdk;&rS&&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm; rvHkavmufrIESifh rqDavsmfrIwdkYaMumifh opfZmpfjrpfwpfckcsif;\ t

a&;BuD;rIonf r½Sif;vif;bJjzpfaeonf/ tpdk;&onf wifydkY&ef&nf½G,fxm;onfh pD;yGm;jzpfopfrsm;\Zmpfjrpf

rsdK;pHktm; cGJjcm;jcif;r&Sdyg (obm0? pdkufcif;? pDrHtkyfcsKyfxm;onfhopfawmrsm;)/ ¤if;tcsufonf jrefrmopf

rsm; Oa&myESifhajrmuftar&du w&m;0ifopfaps;uGufrsm;xHodkY0if&ef twm;tqD;wpfckjzpfaeum udkif

wG,f&efvdktyfonfjzpfonf/12

jrefrmhopf\Zmpfjrpftm; atmufazmfjyygukefpD;qif;onfh vrf;aMumif; (5) rsdK;xHrS ½SmazGEdkifonf –

1/ EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh (jrefrmhopfvkyfief;) opfawmrsm; - pepfwusopfxkwfvkyf&eft

wGuf ypfrSwfxm;onfh jrefrmhopfvkyfief; (MTE) atmuf&Sd tpdk;&upDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh opfawmrsm;

\trsm;pkrSm Armtrsm;pkBuD;pdk;onfh ajrjyefYa'orsm;wGif wnf&Sdonf/13

A[kdtpdk;& (ESifh ,cif

udkvdkeDtpdk;&) wdkYonf xdkae&mrsm;tm; umvMumjrifhpGmxdef;csKyfcJhonf/ xdkopfawmrsm;onf rl

tm;jzifh trsm;u,HkMunfpdwfcsonfh jrefrmha½G;cs,frIpepf (MSS) ESifh ¤if;\wGufcsufxm;aom ESpf

pOfxkwfvkyfrI vsmxm;csuf (AAC) jzifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfonfqdkaomfvnf; tpdk;&u0efcHonfrSm EdkifiHa&;

ESifhb@ma&;zdtm;rsm;aMumifh MSS tm; vufawGUwGif vdkufemjcif;r&SdonfrSm q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;

pGmyif &SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ EUTR odkYr[kwf US Lacey Act wdkYtm; vdkufemEdkifaMumif;jyoEdkifonfh EdkifiHw

um odkYr[kwf EdkifiHtwGif; todtrSwfjyKcH&aompHEIef;atmufwGif jrefrmopftm; twnfjyK

axmufcHjcif;udk &vdkolrsm;\tm½Hkpdkufjcif;udk ¤if;EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyfonfhopfawmrsm;u &&Sd

rnf jzpfonf/

xdkpDrHtkyfcsKyfaeonfhopfawmrsm;xJwGif yg0ifonfrSm &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;ajrmufbufrS ajrmuf

bufydkif;&Sd A[kdajcmufaoGUonfhZkefrsm;txda&muf&SdNyD; &cdkifjynfe,f\wpfpdwfwpfydkif;tcsdKU? tpdk;&

xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif&Sdonfh u&ifjynfe,fESifh ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh A[kd

ajcmufaoGUZkef\ajrmufydkif;wdkY yg0ifonf/

2/ obm0opfawmrsm; - opfxkwfvkyfjcif;vdkufavsmrIrsm; (t"dutm;jzifhwdkif;&if;om;y#dyu©a'o

rsm;wGif) – jrefrmtpdk;& (MTE) onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh opfckwfvSJcGifhvdkufavsmrIrsm;tm; EdkifiH

awmfxdef;csKyfrIatmufr&Sdonfha'orsm; (Oyrm – wdkif;&if;om;xdpyfe,fajrrsm;) &Sd obm0opf

awmrsm;wGif pDrHcsKyfrI jyKvkyfavhr&SdaomaMumifh xdkae&mrsm;rSopfxkwfvkyfrIrsm;onf MTE \

cGifhjyKcsufjzifh jyKvkyfxm;jcif;r[kwfyg (qdkvdkonfrSm “w&m;r0if”)/ xdkA[kdtpdk;&xdef;csKyfrI

atmufwGifr&Sdonfh ae&mrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfESifhrywfoufonfh? opfawmajrrsm;tm; opfxkwf

vkyfrIrS&&Sdonfh 0ifaiG rsm;twGufESifh wcgw&H xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufjcif;twGuftoHk;csonfh

12 Woods, K. ESifh K. Canby?2011/

13 ArmqdkonfrSm EdkifiHwGifta&twGuftrsm;qHk; vlrsdK;pkjzpfNyD; tpdk;&ESifhppfwyfae&mtrsm;pkudk BuD;pkd;xm;olrsm;jzpfonf/ EdkifiH\wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;rSm – ucsif?

½Srf;? u&if? u&ifeD (u,m;)? rGef? &cdkif? csif;ESifhtjcm; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;aexdkifonfhvlrsdK;pkuGJ wpf&mausmfwdkYyg0ifonf/

18

vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm; vTrf;rdk;rIatmuf&Sdae&mrsm;wGif usa&mufonf/14

tpdk;&ESifh tpdk;& xdef;

csKyfrI atmufr&Sdonfh wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGifjyKvkyfonfh opfxkwfvkyfjcif;vdkufavsmay;rI

trsm;pktm; a'owGif;tcGifhxl;cH&&Sdolrsm;xH ay;tyfNyD; ¤if;wdkYxJwGif a'owGif;&Sd jrefrmppfwyf

ESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; (rsm;aomtm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfESifh

rywfoufonfh vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;ESifh cdkifrmonfh qufpyfrI&Sdolrsm;) wdkYyg0ifonf/ xdkrSwqifh

¤if;opftrsm;pkrSm w&m;r0ife,fpyfjzwf ausmfíwifydkYNyD; þudpöwGif w½kwfEdkifiHESifhxdkif;EdkifiH

wkdYxHjzpfonf/

jrefrmA[dktpdk;& ESifh odkYr[kwf ppfwyfonf wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;&Sd obm0opfawmrsm;t

wGif; opfckwfvSJjcif;vdkufavsmrIrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYESpfoufonfh “c½dkeD”ukrÜPDrsm;? txl;ojzifh xdka'o

rsm;wGifaqmif½Gufaeonfh tajccHtaqmufttHk zGHUNzdK;rIpDrHudef;rsm; (Oyrm – a&umwmrsm;? vrf;

rsm; tp&Sdonfh) ESifhywfoufolwdkYtm; ydkrdkwdk;ícsay;vmonf (atmufwGifMunfhyg)/ ¤if;opfrsm;

tm; e,fpyfrSjzwfausmfíwifydkYEdkifNyD; (txuft&m½Sdrsm;xHrS cGifhjyKcsuf&vQif w&m;0ifjyKvkyfEdkif

ajc&Sdonf) odkYr[kwf &efukefrSwqifha&aMumif;jzifh w&m;0ifwifydkYEdkifonf/

Z,m; 1/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd obm0opfawmrsm;twGif; opfxkwfvkyfrIrsm; - opfckwfvSJjcif; vdkufavsmrIESifh

ajrtoGifajymif;toHk;csrIwdkY\ uGmjcm;csufrsm;

opfckwfvSJjcif;vdkufavsmrIrsm; ajrtoGifajymif;toHk;csrI

(“opftoGifajymif;toHk;csrI”) yx0Dwnfae&m trsm;pkonf wdkif;&if;om;

y#dyu©e,fajrrsm;wGif&Sd trsm;pkonf wdkif;&if;om;

y#dyu©e,fajrrsm;wGif&Sd? okdYaomf wdkif;&if;om; r[kwf onfh wdkif;rsm; (Oyrm – ppfudkif;wkdif; a'oBuD;ESifh weoFm&D wdkif;a'oBuD;)/

ygrpf – (xkwfay;ol? tcGefaumufol )

trsdK;om;ESifhha'owGif; jrefrm ppfwyf

MTE jynfolYppfrsm; EdkifiHawmfESifhrywfoufonfh

vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;

trsdK;om;ESifhha'owGif; jrefrmppfwyf

v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif;0efBuD;Xme

MTE trsdK;om;Armppfwyf jynfolYppfrsm; EdkifiHawmfESifhrywfoufonfh

vufeufudkif tkyfpkrsm; xkwfvkyfjcif; + ukefoG,fjcif; “c½dkeD”ukrÜPDrsm;

jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&; txl;tcGifhta&;cH tkyfpkrsm;

jynfolYppfrsm; EdkifiHawmfESifhrywfoufonfh

vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;

“c½dkeD”ukrÜPDrsm; jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m

pD;yGm;a&; txl;tcGifhta&;cH tkyfpkrsm;

jynfolYppfrsm; EdkifiHawmfESifhrywfoufonfh

vufeufudkif tkyfpkrsm;

14 OyrmtaeESifh KESAN 2008 tm;Munfh&ef/

19

e,fpyfjzwfausmfukrÜPDrsm; (wdkif;&if;om;xdpyfe,fajrrsm;&Sd)

w&m;0ifrI w&m;0if-MTE ygrpfrsm;&Sd opfrsm;e,fpyfjzwfausmfí

o,f,l jcif;onf w&m;r0ifyg (txl;tcGifhta&;ay;xm;onfh tcgrSvGJí)

w&m;0if-MTE ygrpfrsm;&Sd opfrsm;e,fpyfjzwfausmfí o,f,ljcif;onf w&m;r0ifyg (txl;tcGifhta&;ay; xm;onfhtcgrSvGJí)

a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrI

wefzdk;&Sdonfhopfrmrsm;twGuf tjywf odkYr[kwf a½G;cs,fíopf xkwfvkyfjcif;

pDrHtkyfcsKyfrItpDtpOfr&Sd odkYr[kwf jyefvnfpdkufysdK;jcif;r&Sd

tjywfESifh^odkYr[kwf rD;½dIU

a'ocHrsm;\ajroHk;ydkifcGifhrsm; tpOftvmt& ajroHk;pGJydkif cGifhrsm;tm; todtrSwfrjyK

EdkifiHawmfucGifhjyKxm;onfh a'ocH jynfoltpktzGJUwdkY\ opfawmoHk;ydkifcGifhrsm;tm; rMumcPtodtrSwfrjyK

tpOftvmt& ajroHk;pGJydkif cGifhrsm;ESifh wcgw&H Oya'jyK xm;onfh ajroHk;ydkifcGifhrsm; tm; todtrSwfrjyK

EdkifiHawmfucGifhjyKxm;onfh a'ocH jynfoltpktzGJUwdkY\ opfawmoHk;ydkifcGifhrsm;tm; rMumcP todtrSwfrjyK

3/ obm0opfawmrsm; - ajrtoGifajymif;oHk;pGJrIrsm; - pdkufysdK;a&;pdkufcif;rsm;? a&tm;vQyfppf? owåK

wGif;rsm;ESifh vrf;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf ajrvdkufavsmay;rIrsm; raqmif½GufrDjyKvkyfonfh opfawm½Sif;

vif;jcif;rsm;onf wdkif;jynfwGiftvGefta&;ygonfh opft&if;tjrpfwpfckjzpfaomfvnf; w&m;0if

todtrSwfjyKjcif; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&\ pm&if;tif;udef;*Pef;rsm;xJwGif azmfjyjcif;rsm; ododomom

vpf[if;aeonf/15

opfawmajrrsm;toGifajymif;oHk;pGJjcif;onf o,HZmwayg<u,f0onfh wdkif;

&if;om;y#dyu©e,fajrrsm;wGif trsm;qHk;jyKvkyfum ,cktcsdefwGif xdkae&mrsm;onf EdkifiH\ aemuf

qHk;usef&Sdonfh rxdawGU&ao;aomopfawme,fajrrsm;jzpfum xdktcsufonf tpdk;&\ xdke,f

ajrrsm;tay:ydkrdkxdef;csKyfvdkjcif;ESifh o,HZmwrsm;tm;&,lvdkjcif;\ tydkif;wpfydkif;jzpfonf/ xdkopf

awmajr toGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfhpDrHudef;trsm;pktm; a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;tpktzGJUrsm;ESifh a½G;cs,fcH

xm;&onfht&m½Sdrsm;tm; jrSlqG,fNyD;ajym&mwGif ¤if;wdkYonf Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;BuD;xGm;rI ay:

xGufvm&ef&nf½G,fonfh zGHUNzdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;[kqdkonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;zGHUNzdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;onf

A[kdtpdk;&ESifha'ocHjynfe,frsm;\ zGHUNzdK;rIOD;wnfcsufrsm;xuf tquftoG,faumif;onfh jrefrm

yk*¾vduukrÜPDrsm; opfESifhajrrsm;&&SdEdkif&ef ydkítav;omaeonf/ Oyrm – tpdk;&\ trsdK;om;

qDtkef;zGHUNzdK;rItpDtpOfonf q,f*Pef;ESifhcsDonfh vTrf;rdk;rI&SdaomjrefrmukrÜPDrsm; jrefrmEdkifiH

awmifydkif;&Sd weoFm&Dwdkif;a'oBuD;wGif BuD;rm;onfhqDtkef;vdkufavsmrIrsm; &&SdapcJhonf/ xdkae

&monf xdkif;EdkifiH\e,fpyfwavQmufwGifjzpfNyD; rJacgifa'o\aemufqHk;ajrjyefY Dipterocarp rdk;opf

awm&Sdonfh ae&mvnf;jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdeftxd&vm'frSm trSefwu,f qDtkef;pdkufjcif;xuf opf

ckwfvSJjcif;u ykdrdkrsm;jym;aeonf/16

15 Woods, K, Forthcoming/


20

Z,m; 2/ ZmpfjrpfrsdK;pHrSopfrsm;\ toGiftjyifvu©Pmrsm;

a'ocHjynfol tpktzGJUydkif opfawmrsm;

opfpdkufcif;

EdkifiHawmf pDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh opfawmrsm;

obm0opfawm{&d,mrsm;

opfvdkufavsm rIrsm;

ajrtoGifajymif; oHk;pGJrI

(“opftoGifajymif;

oHk;pGJrI”)

qufpyfonfh ckwfvSJjcif; yrmPrsm;

tusdK; roufa&muf

enf;

tv,ftvwf

rsm;jym;

rsm;jym;

yx0D taetxm;

jrefrmEdkifiHt 0Srf;? ajrodrf; qnf;rItm; qefYusif&eft wGuf twdkif; twmrsdK;pHkjzifh toHk;csjcif;

Armtrsm;pk &Sdonfh tv,fydkif; ajrjyefYrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH tay:ydkif;ESifh atmufydkif;wdkY txd Arm trsm;pk&Sdonfh tv,fydkif; ajrjyefYrsm;

wdkif;&if;om; y#dyu©e,fajr rsm;wGif trsm;pk&Sd

wdkif;&if;om; y#dyu©e,fajrrsm; wGif trsm;pk&Sd aomfvnf; wdkif;&if;om; r [kwfonfhwdkif;rsm; wGifvnf;&Sd (Oy rm-ppfudkif;ESifh weoFm&Dwdkif; a'oBuD;rsm; )

ygrpfrsm;

opfawmXme

opfawmXme MTE

- tpdk;&ESifh a'ocHjrefrm ppfwyf

- MTE

- jynfolYppfrsm; - tpdk;&r[kwf onfh vufeuf udkiftkyfpkrsm;

- tpdk;&ESifh a'ocHjrefrm ppfwyf - v,f,mpdkufysdK; a&;ESifhqnfajrmif; 0efBuD;Xme

- MTE

- Armtpdk;&ppfwyf - jynfolYppfrsm; - tpdk;&r[kwf onfh vufeuf udkiftkyfpkrsm;

ckwfvSJjcif;ESifh ukefoG,frI

a'ocHjynfol tpktzGJU

jynfwGif; ukrÜPD odkYr[kwf EdkifiHawmf

- MTE

- “c½dkeD” ukrÜPDrsm;

-jynfolYppfrsm; - tpdk;&r[kwf onfh vufeuf udkiftkyfpkrsm;

- “c½dkeD” ukrÜPDrsm; - e,fpyfjzwf ausmfukrÜPDrsm; (wdkif;&if;om; xdpyfe,fajr rsm;twGif;) - jynfwGif; EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m

- jynfolYppfrsm; - tpdk;&r[kwf onfh vufeuf udkiftkyfpkrsm;

- “c½dkeD” ukrÜPDrsm; - jynfwGif; EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;tcGifh xl;cHrsm;

21

pD;yGm;a&;tcGifh xl;cHrsm;

aps;uGuf

0rf;a&;zlvHk rItwGufom

jynfwGif; trsm;pk

trsm;pkrSm &efukefrSwqifh wifydkY

trsm;pkrSm &efukefrSwqifh wifydkYESifh e,fpyfjzwfausmf

wefzdk;&Sdonfhopf rsm;tm; wifydkY? wefzdk;enf;onfh opfrsm;tm; jynfwGif;wGifoHk;

w&m;0ifrI

tusdK; roufa&muf

tm;aumif;

tm;aumif;

tv,ftvwf- enf;

tv,ftvwf

a&½Snf wnfwHhcdkifNrJrI

jrifhrm;

jrifhrm;

tv,ftvwf- edrfh

edrfh

r&Sd

a'ocHajr oHk;pGJydkifcGifhrsm;

tv,ft vwf-jrifh

r&Sd

r&Sd

r&Sd

r&Sd

ajrtm;½Sif;vif;&ef MTE xHrS&&Sdygu (trsm;pkrSm us,fjyefYonfhpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;)? xkdYaemuf

opfonfh &efukefrSwifydkYvQif w&m;0ifjzpfonf/ tcsdKUtajctaersm;wGif vdkufavsmay;rIonf

EdkifiH\e,fpyfwGif&SdaeaomaMumifh opfrsm;tm; e,fpyfjzwfausmfí wdkuf½dkufwifydkYvQif wifydkYrnf

jzpfum xdkopfrsm;tm; txl;uif;vGwfcGifhrsm;r&&Sdxm;ygu w&m;r0ifopfrsm;[k owfrSwfrnfjzpf

onf/ vdkufavsmrIrsm; rsm;aomtm;jzifhvkyfavh&Sdaom umuG,fxm;onfhopfawmrsm; odkYr[kwf

vdkufavsmrIrsm;twGif;rSmyif a'ocHrsm;onf ajroHk;pGJydkifcGifhr&Sdyg/17

4/ opfpdkufcif;rsm; - opfpdkufcif;rsm;xHrS&&Sdonfhopfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfESifh yk*¾vduopfpdkufcif;rsm;

tMum; vuf&Sd&ifqdkifae&onfh jyóemrsm;aMumifh t"duusaomopfZmpfjrpf r[kwfao;yg/ opf

pdkufcif;rsm;wGif yk*¾vdu&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf csrSwfxm;onfh A[kdtpdk;&\rl0g'onf a½SUaemuf

rnDí rwnfNidrfao;um t"dutvm;tvm&Sdonfh yk*¾vdu&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ &if;

ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;\vHkNcHKrItwGuf pdwfrcsEdkifMuao;yg/ ,cktcsdefwGif opfpdkufcif;u@twGuf &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESH&ef yk*¾vdutydkif;udktm;ay;aeaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmfu rnfonfhaiGa&;aMu;a&;qGJaqmifrI

rsdK;rS jyKvkyfay;jcif;r&Sdao;onfhtjyif uRef;onf EdkifiHawmfydkifrsdK;pdwfjzpfaeoa½GUvnf; uRef;rsm;

pdkufjcif;rS&&Sdrnfh tusdK;tjrwfonfvnf; ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfaeonfhtjyif t&nftaoG;aumif;

onfh rsdK;pdwfrsm;onfvnf; Zmpfjrpf&Sm&efcufcJvQuf&Sdonf/ xdkYtjyif ajrydkifqkdifjcif;rcdkifvHkrIonf

vnf; tvm;tvm&Sdonfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;twGuf tusdK;taMumif;qDavsmfonfh pdk;&drfrIjzpfum

ajrvdkufavsmrI&&Sdxm;onfh ae&mrsmwGifvnf; v,form;rsm;\ ajrodrf;qnf;jcif;udkqefYusifae

rIrsm;onfvnf; ¤if;wdkYtm; pdwfroufomrI jzpfaponf/ vsifjrefpGmavsmhyg;vmonfh obm0

opfawmrsm;tm; tpm;xdk;&ef opfawmXmeonf opfpdkufcif;pDrHudef;rsm;tm; jyefvnf½Sifoefvm

&ef OD;wnfcsufrsm;csrSwfxm;onf/

5/ a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkifopfawmrsm; - 1992 ckESpfopfawmOya'ESifh 1995 ckESpfopfawmrl0g'

wdkYonf aus;vufa'ocHjynfolrsm;tm; tuefYtowfwpfckjzifh w&m;0ifaxmufcHrIay;onfh

1995 ckESpf a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkif opfawma&;&mñTefMum;csufrsm; (CFI) tm; opfawmrsm;

17 Oberndorf, R.? 2012/

22

udk opfawmXmeESifhtwl rltm;jzifh yl;wGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfaponf/ tpdk;&\a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkif

opfawmrsm;twGuf ESpf 30 trsdK;om;pDrHudef;onf uefYowfrIrsdK;pHkaMumifh ¤if;\&nfrSef;csuf

a&muf&Sd&ef rsm;pGmvdkaeao;onf/18

1995 ckESpfpDrHudef;onf a'ocHvlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; ¤if;

wdkY\ a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkifopfawmrsm;wGif xkwfvkyfcGifhr&Sdum aemufvmrnfh trsdK;om;opf

awmOya'topfwGif xnfhoGif;rnfh jyifqifxm;onfhopfawmrl0g'wGifvnf; xdkenf;wljzpf

rnf/ ,cktcsdeftxd rnfonfha'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkifopfawmrS opfrmrsdK;pdwfrsm; (uRef;opf

ESifhysOf;uwdk;) tm; aus;½Gm 3 ½GmtwGuf pwifckwfvSJjcif;r&Sdao;yg/ rnfonfhtpdk;&tpDtpOfxJ

wGifrS a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkifopfawmrsm;tm; wdkif;jynf\opfu@twGuf opfrsm;yHhydk;&ef

xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;r&Sdyg/ xdkYtjyif a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkifopfawmrsm;tm;&nfñTef;í rnfonfh

trsdK;om;axmufcHcsuftpDtpOfrS r&Sdao;yg/

pufrIpdkufysdK;vdkufavsmrIrsm;ESifh opf½SmazGjcif;wdkY\ tcsdwftquf

ajrvdkufavsmrIrsm;? txl;ojzifh pufrIpdkufysdK;Zkefrsm;onf vsifjrefpGmjzifh “toGifajymif;oHk;pGJjcif;opf” \

ta&;ygaomZmpfjrpftopfrsm; jzpfvmonf/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;t0Srf;&Sd pdkufysdK;a&;vdkufavsmrIrsm;rS 5.2 rDvD,H

{ucefYjzpfNyD; Zlvdkifv 2013 ckESpfta&mufwGifxkwfay;cJhNyD; trsm;pkrSmjrefrmukrÜPDrsm;xHodkYjkzpfNyD; ¤if;

onf ,cifESpf\ 3.5 rDvD,H{urSwufvmonfjzpfNyD; xdkESpfrwdkifrDESpfwGif 2 rDvD,H{u A[kdESifha'o

qdkif&m tpdk;&rSwfwrf;rsm;uqdkonf (yHk 2)/

yHk 2/ pdkufysdK;a&;vdkufavsmrIrsm;atmuf&Sd ajr{&d,m (2011-2013)

¤if;vdkufavsmrIrsm;\ &mckdifEIef;tenf;i,frSm zufpyfvkyfief;rsm; odkYr[kwf tjynfht0EdkifiHjcm;ydkifukrÜPD

rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; tcsdKUrSm EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;u aiGaMu;ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKxm;onfh jrefrm

ukrÜPDrsm;jzpfonf/

pkdufysdK;a&;vdkufavsmrIrsm;\ 60 &mcdkifEIef;txuf (t"dutm;jzifh ZD0avmifpmESifh &mbm) wdkYonf a'o

ESpfckwGifomwnf&SdNyD; ¤if;wdkYonfwdkif;jynf\ opfawma'otrsm;qHk;&Sdonfh weoFm&Dwdkif;a'oBuD;ESifh

ucsifjynfe,fwdkYjzpfonf/19 tcsuftvufrsm;t& opfawma'orsm;wGif&Sdonfh pdkufysdK;a&;vdkufavsmrIrsm;

xHrS&&Sdaomopfrsm;\trsm;pkrSm pdkufysdK;a&;ESifhopfawm0efBuD;Xme 2 ckpvHk;wdkYxHrS tpdk;&\w&m;0ifcGifhjyK

csuf&&SdNyD; &efukefrSwqifh wifydkYygonf/ vkdufavsmrIrsm;onf EdkifiH\xdpyfe,fajrrsm;wGif wnf&Sdygu t

oGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfhopfrsm;onf e,fpyfrS w&m;r0ifausmfjzwfrIrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/

18 ausmf wifh? Springate-Baginski? ESifh Mehm udkudkBuD;? 2011/

19 Woods. K.? 2013/

23

Z,m; 3/ jynfe,f wdkif;a'oBuD;t& jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; pdkufysdK;pD;yGm;vdkufavsmrIrsm;? 2010^11-2012^13

jynfe,f^ wdkif; a'oBuD;

csrSwfay;onfh ({uaygif;)

pdkufysdK;onfh ({uaygif;)

2010^11

2011^12

2012^13

vdkufavsmay; onfh %

Zlvdkif 2013 txd

pdkufysdK; onfh %

weoFm&DÄ 671,594 993,887 1,896,970 36.4% 395,455 19%

ucsif 596,180 1,396,575 1,381,165 26.5% 172,348 12.5%

ppfudkif; 100,057 259,273 533,406 10.2% 19,543 3.7%

{&m0wD 193,353 285,844 335,331 6.4% 212,969 63.5%

½Srf; 117,096 160,626 323,833 6.2% 120,403 37.2%

rauG; 202,492 211,292 219,578 4.2% 95,949 43.7%

yJcl; 19,772 52,238 200,150 3.8% 91,074 45.5%

&cdkif - 7,826 131,667 2.5% 13,176 10.0%

&efukef 30,978 30,980 80,208 1.5% 76,243 95.1%

rEÅav; 10,300 6,262 56,046 1.1% 14,497 25.9%

u&if 2,161 4,011 34,946 0.7% 15,867 45.4%

aejynfawmf - 7,408 17,554 0.3% 5,217 29.7%

csif; - 1,542 1,743 0.0% 118 6.8%

u,m; - - - - - -

rGef - - - - - -

pkpkaygif; 1,943,983 3,417,762 5,212,597 1,196,859 23%

Zmpfjrpf – pdkufysdK;a&;pDrHudef;Xme (DAP)? MOAI? aejynfawmf/

Ä – weoFm&Dwdkif;a'oBuD;twGuf tcsuftvufrsm;onf (2012^13) a'oqdkif&m½Hk;rS &&Sdonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH\ opfukefoG,frI\ t"duvkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeolrsm;

a,bk,stm;jzifh jrefrmhopfukefoG,frItm; t"duvkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeol (5) rsdK;u xdef;csKyfxm;NyD; ¤if;

wpfckcsif;pDwGif opfawmajrrsm;ESifhopfrsm;&&SdyHk? yx0Dtaetxm;? pwif wifydkYonfhae&mrsm;? w&m;0if

rItwdkif;twm? a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrI? usifh0wfqdkif&mZmpfjrpf½SmazGjcif; tp&SdonfwdkYESifhywfoufNyD; udk,f

ydkifyHkpHrsm;&SdMuonf/ opfwifydkYrItm; vufawGUwGif atmufazmfjyyg t"duopfvkyfudkifaqmif½Gufolrsm;ESifh

opfpD;qif;rIrsm;taeESifh cGJjcm;owfrSwfEdkifonf –

1/ jrefrmEdkifiHopfvkyfief;½Sifrs;toif; (MTMA) – MTMA onf EdkifiHawmfuausmaxmufaemufcHjyK

onfh yk*¾vduopfvkyfief;tzGJUtpnf;jzpfNyD; ¤if;onf MTE xHrSopfrsm;&,lum tzGJU0ifrsm;odkY t"d

utm;jzifhwifydkY&ef cGJa0ay;onf/ MTMA onf tpdk;&udk,fpm; EdkifiHjcm;rSopf0,folrsm;tm; qGJ

aqmifívnf;aumif;? rMumcPqdkovdk EdkifiHjcm;opfukefonfrsm; jrefrmopfrsm;0,f,l&ef Mum;cH

ay;onf/ tao;pm;ESifh tv,ftvwfopfukrÜPDrsm;onf MTMA xHrS opfrsm;r&&Sdum t

aMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYonf MTMA \tzGJU0ifrsm; r[kwfMuyg/

2/ BuD;rm;NyD;vTrf;rdk;rI&Sdonfh jynfwGif;vkyfief;tkyfpkrsm; (qdkvdkonfrSm- “c½dkeD” ukrÜPDrsm;) – tBuD;pm;

vlodrsm;NyD; &efukefwGiftajcpdkufum xdyfwef;ppfwyft&m½SdBuD;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;onfhjrefrmukrÜPDrsm;

(“c½dkeD” ukrÜPDrsm;) onf MTE ucGifhjyKonfh opfckwfvSJcGifhvdkufavsmrIrsm; (wdkif;&if;om;y#dyu©

24

e,fajrrsm;wGif ydkírsm;jym;vm) ESifh obm0opfawmrsm;wGif ajrtoGifajymif;oHk;pGJrIpDrHudef;rsm;

&&SdMuonf/ opfckwfvSJcGifhvdkufavsmrIrsm;ESifh ajrtoGifajymif;oHk;pGJrI zGHUNzdK;rIpDrHudef; (pdkufysdK;a&;?

a&tm;vQyfppf? owåKwGif;? vrf;cif;jcif; tp&Sdonfh) wdkYrS&&Sdonfhopfrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh

&efukefrSwqifh w&m;0ifwifydkYaomfvnf; tcsdKUonf EdkifiH\xdpyfe,fajrrsm;wGif&Sdaomtcg w&m;

r0if (tcsdKUtcgwGif w&m;0ifygrpfrsm;yif&&Sdonf) e,fpyfjzwfausmfíukefoG,frIjyKvkyfonf/ ¤if;

onf toGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfhopfrsm;\ t"duvkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeoljzpfonf/

3/ &efukefrSwqifhwifydkYaeaom EdkifiHwumopfukefonfrsm; – EdkifiHwumvkyfief;vkyfudkifaeolrsm;?

t"dutm;jzifh tm½SaiGaMu;vnfywfrI0if½dk;rsm;jzpfoonfh puFmyl? befaumuf? rGefbdkif;ESifh

a[mifaumifwdkYonf t"dutm;jzifh wdkif;jynfpDrHtkyfcsKyfrIatmuf&Sd opfawmrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;

t"due,fajrrsm;twGif;&Sd obm0opfawmrsm; 2 ckpvHk;rS MTE cGifhjyKxm;aomopfrsm;tm; rSm,l

í &efukefqdyfurf;rSwqifh w&m;0ifwifydkYonf/

4/ e,fpyfjzwfausmf opfukefonfrsm; – ¤if;xJwGif e,fpyf 2 bufpvHk;rS ukefonfrsm;yg0ifNyD;? ,ck

udpöwGif tao;pm;ESihftv,ftvwf wdkif;&if;om;ukrÜPDrsm;? ukefonfrsm;? jrefrmbufjcrf;rS

wdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wifoGif;rnfhEdkifiHrsm; a'owGif;opfukefonfrsm; (Oyrm-

w½kwfEdkifiHESifhxdkif;EdkifiHrS) yg0ifonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfcJhaomppfaemufydkif;

wGif tpdk;&topfESifhjyKvkyfonfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;aMumifh pwifyGifhvm

aomopfa[mif;rsm;&Sdonfh e,fpyftem;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;y#dyu©Zkefrsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpf½SmMuonf/

xdkopfrsm;onf MTE cGifhjyKcsufr&&Sdum e,fpyfrsm;rSjzwfausmfí w&m;r0ifwifydkYjcif;jzpfonf/

5/ &efukeftajcpdkufonfh jynfwGif;opfukefonfrsm;^xkwfvkyfolrsm; – &efukeftajcpdkufonfh t

vwfpm;t½G,f jrefrmukrÜPDrsm; avvHwifonfhtcgrsm;wGif pDrHtkyfcsKyfxm;onfhESifh obm0opf

awmrsm;xHrS MTE cGifhjyKxm;onfhopfrsm;tm; avQmuf,lEdkifonf/ odkYaomf trsm;pkrSma0pk&&ef Edkif

iHa&;tquftoG,frsm; &SdMuonf/ jynfwGif;oHk;aps;uGuftwGufrSmrl trsm;pkrSm arSmifcdkaps; (aps;

EIef;BuD;jrifhpGmjzifh 0,f,l&) wGif 0,fMuonf/ xkdukrÜPDrsm;onf opfawmrSt&if;tjrpfrsm; wdkuf

½dkuf&&Sd&ef opfckwfvSJcGifhvdkufavsmrIrsm;r&BubJ ppftpdk;&ESifhydkrdktquftoG,faumif;onfh ukrÜ

PDrsm;ESifh MTE xHrS opfrsm;wkduf½dkuf&&Sdonfh EdkifiHydkifopfxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; cufcJrIBuD;

pGmjzifh ,SOfNydKifMuonf/

&efukefrSwqifhwifydkYaeaom EdkifiHwumopfukefonfrsm;

&efukefrSwqifhwifydkYaeaom EdkifiHwumopfukefonfrsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rsm;rsm;pm;pm;

&Sdonfh tv,ftvwfrStBuD;pm;ukrÜPDrsm;yg0ifNyD; tm½S\b@ma&;tcsuftcsmusaom ae&mrsm;wGif

tajcjyKxm;um jrefrmEdkifiH\ tylydkif;opfrsm;tm; a'owGif;ESifhurÇmhaps;uGufxH wifydkYvQuf&Sdonf/

EdkifiHwum tm½SukrÜPDrsm;onf puFmylEdkifiH&SdbPfpm&if;ay;acsrIrsm;jzifh MTE xHrS avvHrsm;udk,lonf/

xdkopftrsm;pkrSm ta&taoG;tvGefjrifhonfh uRef;opfvHk;rsm;jzpfNyD; tpdk;&xdef;csKyfNyD;pDrHuGyfuJonfh

uRef;opfawmrsm;rS trsm;qHk;,lonf/ toGifajymif;oHk;pGJrIrS&&Sdaom opfrsm;uJhodkYaom tjcm;ZmpfjrpfrS

vmaomopfrsm;onfvnf; 0ifNyD;a&maESmaeEdkifonf/ MTE rScGifhjyKaomopfrsm;onf &efukefqdyfurf;rS

wqifh tdEd,EdkifiH? rav;½Sm;EdkifiH? w½kwfEdkifiH? puFmylEdkifiHESifh xkdif;EdkifiHwdkYuJhokdYaom tm½Sqdyfurf;

NrdKUrsm;xHodkY wifydkYonf/ wifoGif;onfhukrÜPD odkYr[kwf wqifh0,folu wefzdk;jznfhjr§ifhrIjyKvkyfNyD;vQif

jrefrmEdkifiHrS jzwfom; (Sawn Wood) ESifh opfawmxGufypönf;rsm;tm; tacsmxnfjyKvkyfonfhEdkifiHrS xGuf

onf[krSwfom;NyD; urÇmtESHYodkYwifydkYjcif; odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;aps;uGufwGif a&mif;csjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfavh

25

&Sdonf/ þvrf;aMumif;onf urÇm&Sdtylydkif; opfaps;uGufrsm;twGuf t"duBuD;pdk;aeonfh jrefrmh

opfrsm;wifydkYyHkjzpfonf/

e,fpyfjzwfausmf opfukefonfrsm;

a'otwGif; e,fpyfjzwfausmfopfukefonfrsm; (trsm;pkrSm w½kwfjynfrBuD;ESifhxdkif;EdkifiHwdkYrS jzpfaomf

vnf; tdE´d,EdkifiHta½SUajrmufbufESifh b*Fvm;a'h½SfEdkifiHwdkYrS ukefonfrsm;vnf;yg0if) onf rsm;aomtm;

jzifh tao;pm; odkYr[kwf tvwfpm;ukrÜPDrsm;jzpfNyD; ¤if;wkdY\pD;yGm;a&;&nf½G,fcsufrSm jrefrmESifhe,fpyf

jzwfausmfukefoG,frI jyKvkyf&efjzpfonf/ opfZmpfjrpfrsm;rSm wdkif;&if;om;xdpyfe,fajrrsm;wGif&Sdonfh ouf

&ifhopfawmrsm; (wcgw&H tpdk;&xdef;csKyfrIr&Sdonfh e,fajrrsm;) jzpfMuNyD; tNrJr[kwfaomfvnf; yHkrSeftm;

jzifh tpdk;&xdef;csKyfrIr&Sdonfh e,fajrrsm;tm;jzwfNyD; opfo,f,lydkYaqmifa&;rsm;jyKvkyfum rMumcPqdko

vdk ppfNyD;y#dyu©ESifhtMurf;zufrIrsm; &Sdonfhae&mrsm;wGifjzpfonf/ ukefonfrsm;onf a'ocHaphpyfñSdEdIif;

a&;tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh wqifhvkyfudkifNyD; ¤if;wdkYrSm ArmppfwyfESifhtpkd;&r[kwfonfh vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;

ESifh tenf;tusOf;tm;jzifh a'ocHtpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm; yg0ifonf/ a'ocHwdkif;&if;om; opfukefonfrsm;ESifh

jrefrmbufrS tpdk;&r[kwfonfh vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;ESifhqufpyfaeonfh wdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;

acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ¤if;opfxkwfvkyfrItay;t,lrsm;tm; aqmif½Gufay;onf/

¤if; MTE r[kwfonfhopfrsm;tm; ukefwifum;BuD;rsm;rS armfawmfqdkifu,ftao;av;rsm;txdjzifh tpkd;&

cGifhjyKxm;onfh*dwfrsm;rS odkYr[kwf awmvrf;rsm;jzifh e,fpyfjzwfausmfí wkduf½dkufukefoG,frIjyKvkyfMuonf/

uRef;ESifhuRef;r[kwfonfhopfrmrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh opfvHk;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; tenf;pktcsdKUrSm

jzwfom; ESifh useftcsdKUrSm y&dabm*rsm;jzpfNyD; ¤if;onftxl;ojzifh xkdif;EdkifiHxHwifydkYonfhtcgrsm;wGif jzpf

onf/ [muGufrsm;aMumifh tqifhjrifhjrefrmt&m½Sdrsm;tm; ukef;vrf;opfwifydkYrIrsm;udk w&m;0if>cif;csuf

rsm;jyKvkyfcGifh ay;xm;aomfvnf; jrefrmtrsdK;om;Oya't& opfrsm;tm; e,fpyfjzwfausmfNyD;ukefoG,fjcif;

onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh w&m;r0ifyg/20

jrefrmEdkifiHESifhukef;vrf;opfukefoG,frI jyKvkyfjcif;tm; qefYusif

onfh aMujimcsufrsm;jyKvkyfcJhaom xdkif;EdkifiH21

\A[kdtpdk;&ESifhw½kwfEdkifiH22

wdkYonf jrefrmEdkifiH\ e,fpyf

jzwfausmfopfukefoG,fa&;tm; w&m;0ifwm;jrpfcsufrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;tajctaeudk xyfrHNyD;yHhydk;ay;&ma&muf

onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\xdpyfe,fajrrsm;&Sd tpkd;&r[kwfonfh vufeufudkiftkyfpktcsdKUonfvnf; ¤if;wdkYvTrf;rdk;

rI&Sdonfhe,fajrrsm;wGif opfxkwfvkyfjcif;tm;wm;jrpfaomfvnf; ¤if;tm;vufawGUwGifjrefrmA[dktpdk;&uJh

odkYyif vdkufemrIenf;yg;onf/23

20 &JvGif? 2006? Xinhua ? 2006? KNG? 2007/ ukef;vrf;opfukefoG,frIonf w&m;r0ifaMumif;aMujimxm;onfh pm½Gufpmwrf;rSmenf;yg;NyD; (þ footnote wGif&Sd

onfh udk;um;csufrsm;tm;Munfh&ef)? opfawmXmeonf yHkrSeftm;jzifh ukef;vrf;rSjzwfausmfonfh opfwifydkYrItm;w&m;r0if[kqdkonf/ 21

opfwifoGif;rIESifh jynfwGif;o,f,lydkYaqmifrIwdkYESifhywfoufonfh vuf&Sdxdkif;EdkifiH\pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHrSopfrSm xdkif;EdkifiHtwGif;odkY w&m;0ifwif

oGif;&ef ppfrSefonfh jrefrmtpdk;&\cGifhjyKcsufrsm;jzifh &efukefrSwqifha&aMumif;rS wifydkY&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkif;tpdk;&onf jrefrmhopfvHk;rsm;tm; ESpfEdkifiHMum; e,fpyfrSjzwf ausmfwifydkY&ef txl;>cif;csufrsm;ay;Edkifaomfvnf; vGefcJhaom 10 ESpfumvwGif þuJhodkYjyKvkyfjcif; tvGefenf;yg;onf/ opftacsmxnfrsm;? txl;o jzifh uRef;y&dabm*rsm;tm; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rS&&SdNyD; tacsmxnfjyKvkyfxm;aMumif;twnfjyKonfh ppfrSefaompm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh xdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyftm;jzwfausmfNyD; wifydkYEdkifonf/ odkYaomf ydkenf;onfhyrmP&Sdonfh tacsmxnfrjyKvkyf&ao;aomopfvHk;rsm;onf xdkif;tpdk;&\cGifhjyKcsufrygbJ e,fpyftm;ukef;vrf;rSjzwfausmfvQuf

&Sdonf (Woods, K. ESifh K. Canby ? 2011)/ 22 “jrefrmESifh,leefjynfe,ftMum; opfrsm;ESifhwGif;xGufypönf;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&efjyKvkyfonfh Mum;jzwfaqmif½GufrIrsm;”/ ,leefjynfe,f\ jynfolYtpdk;&u arv 11?

2006 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefonf/ rl0g'udk;um;csufeHygwf – rl0g'½Hk;? ,leef «2006» 91/ Xinhua 2006 wGifvnf; MunfhEdkifonf/ 23 Oyrmtm;jzifh ucsifjynfe,fESifh½Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;? ,leefe,fpyfwavQmufwGif vIyf½Sm;aeonfh ucsifvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUESifh wyfrawmf (KIO/A) onf ¤if;wkdY\ydkif

euftwGif; opfckwfvSJjcif;onf w&m;r0if[k ¤if;wkdY\ 2002 ckESpfwGifjyKvkyfcJhonfh aMujimcsuf (xdk KIO aMujimcsufonf pma&;q&m file oGif;xm;onf) ESifh

xyfrHí 2011 ckESpfwGifjyKvkyfonfhaMujimcsufrsm;wGif yg0ifonf (KNG? 2011)/

26

Box 1/ w½kwf-jrefrme,fpyfjzwfausmf opfukefoG,frI

trsm;odMuaom e,fpyfjzwfausmfw&m;r0ifukefoG,frI OyrmwpfckrSm jrefrm-w½kwfukefoG,fa&;vrf; aMumif;jzpfNyD;? ¤if;taMumif;odcJhonfrSm MumjrifhNyDjzpfNyD; av;eufonfhylyifrIrsm;vnf; jzpfay:apcJhonf/ 2000 ckESpfrsm;tapmydkif;wGif w½kwfEdkifiHuwifoGif;onfh jrefrmopftrsm;pkrSm jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif; &Sd ,leefxdpyfe,fajrrSjzpfonf/

24 owif;ydkYcsufrsm;t& ¤if;ukefoG,frIonf w&m;r0ifopfckwfvSJrIrsm;? ajr

odrf;qnf;rIrsm;? opfawmtm;tajccHonfh vlaerIb0rsm;qHk;½HI;jcif;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;y#dyu©rsm;jzpfay:vm &ef avmifpmjyKvkyfay;ouJhodkYjzpfaomfvnf; a'ocHvlxkrsm;twGuf tusdK;tjrwftenf;i,fom jzpfap onf/

25 jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif;&Sd opfawmrsm;wGifjzpfyGm;aeonfh opfckwfvSJrIrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; w½kwfEdkifiH

\tcef;u@tay: jynfwGif;ESifhEdkifiHwumtm½HkpdkufrIrsm;onf 2006 ckESpftv,fydkif;wGif jrefrm-w½kwf tjyeftvSef tpdk;&oabmwlnDcsufjzpfay:apNyD; ¤if;wdkYa0iSxm;onfhe,fpyfwavQmuf&Sd e,fpyfjzwfausmf opfukefoG,fa&;tm; wm;qD;&efjzpfonf/

26 xdktcsdefrSpí w½kwf-jrefrmopfukefoG,frIonf &efukef&Sdqdyf

urf;rsm;xHodkY ydkía½TUajymif;vmNyD; opfrsm;tm; w½kwfEdkifiH\ta½SUbufqdyfurf;rsm;xHodkY w&m;0ifwifydkY vmMuaomfvnf; ¤if;onf w½kwfopfukefonfrsm;twGuf ukefusp&dwfydkrdkrsm;jym;aponf/ odkYaomf t qifhjrifh jrefrmpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;onf ukef;wGif;opfwifydkYrIrsm;tm; a½G;cs,fNyD;w&m;0ifjyKvkyfcGifh&SdyHkay:um ¤if;onf EdkifiH&Sd tjcm;t&if;tjrpfxkwfvkyfonfhu@rsm;wGif udkifwG,fyHkESifhqifvQuf&Sdonf/

27

,aeYwGif ykdíenf;yg;vmaomfvnf; rsm;jym;ao;onfhopfyrmPonf ,leefe,fpyfrS opftrsm;pktm; w &m;r0ifjzwfausmfNyD; ulrif;xHodkYqufNyD;ydkYonf (xdkrSwqifh w½kwfEdkifiH\ta½SUbuf yifv,furf;½dk;wef; xHodkY)? yHk 3wGifazmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;/ ,leef\ jynfe,fNrdKUawmfjzpfaomulrif;onf w½kwfEdkifiHxHodkY jref rmopfrsm;wifydkY&mwGif tBuD;qHk;yef;wdkifjzpfonf/

28 2006 ckESpftv,fydkif;wGif tjyeftvSefjyKvkyfcJhaom

jrefrmESifhw½kwftMum; e,fpyfjzwfausmfukefoG,fa&;tm; ta&;,laqmif½GufrIrsm;aemufydkif;wGif wefzdk;&Sd onfhopfyrmPaygif;rsm;pGmonf jyefvnfwkd;jrifhvmNyD; vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;wGif ydkírsm;jym;onf/ ¤if; onf taMumif;rsdK;pkHaMumifhjzpfNyD; ¤if;wkdYxJwGif EdkifiHwumtm½Hkpl;pdkufrIenf;yg;jcif;? ucsifa'otwGif; “y #dyu©opf” ckwfvSJjcif;udktm;xnfhjcif;ESifh {NyDv 2014 ckESpfwGif jyKvkyfrnf[k arQmfrSef;xm;aom opfvHk; wifydkYrIydwfyifjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ ulrif;xHodkYvmonfh odkYr[kwf wifydkYonfh wifydkYrItm;vHk;onf ukef;vrf; jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyftm;jzwfausmfí jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ {NyDv 2013 ckESpfwGif vmrnfhtpdk;&\ opf vHk;wifydkYrIydwfyifjcif;tm;a½S;½IíESifh ,ckESpftapmydkif;jyefvnfjzpfay:vmonfh ucsify#dyu©tay: tpdk;& \tarQmftjrifr&SdzdkYvdkaMumif; opfvHk;yrmPrsm;pGmonf w½kwfe,fpyfNrdKUjzpfaom eefa'gif;&Sd w½kwft aumufcGefppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;rSwqifh ,leefjynfe,ftwGif;odkY ukef;vrf;rSjzwfausmfNyD;0ifoGm;onfudk awGU &Sd&onf/ opfrsm;tm; ½Srf;jynftaemufajrmufbufESifh ucsifjynfe,fta½SUawmifbuf&Sd tpdk;&xdef;csKyfrI atmuf&Sd a'orsm;wGifckwfvSJNyD; jrefrmtpdk;&ESifhtpdk;&r[kwfonfh vufeufudkiftkyfpk 2 ckpvHk;xdef;csKyf xm;onfh e,fajrrsm;tm;jzwfausmfí ,leefjynfe,ftwGif;odkY0ifum vrf;aMumif;wavQmufwGifvnf; t pdk;&r[kwfonfh vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;u tcGefaumufvQuf&Sdonf/

29 ¤ifjzpfpOfrsm;tm; ydkrdkem;vnf&efESifh

vTrf;rdk;rIjyKvkyfEdkif&ef okawoeESifhaxmufcHtm;ay;rI ydkrdkjyKvkyf&efvdktyfonfjzpfonf/

24 Global Witness? 2005? Woods? 2011/

25 Kahrl? Weyerhaeuser ESifh Yufang?2004? Woods? 2011/

26 “jrefrmESifh,leefjynfe,ftMum; opfrsm;ESifhwGif;xGufypönf;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&efjyKvkyfonfh Mum;jzwfaqmif½GufrIrsm;”/ ,leefjynfe,f\ jynfolYtpdk;&u arv 11?

2006 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefonf/ rl0g'udk;um;csufeHygwf – rl0g'½Hk;? ,leef «2006» 91/ Xinhua 2006 wGifvnf; MunfhEdkifonf/ 27

EdkifiH&Sd xdyfwef;tpdk;&ESifhppfwyft&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf Oya'pdk;rdk;rItxufwGif qufvufí rsm;pGmaqmif&GufaeNyD; wdkif;jynf\Oya'opfrsm;twGif;wGif pnf;rsOf;

pmydk'ftopfrsm;jznfhpGufNyD; 0efBuD;rsm;ESifh¤if;wdkY\txufwGif&Sdonfh tmPmydkifrsm;tm; ydkrdktmPmvTJay;aeonfh vuf&SdjyKjyifajymif;vJrIumvtwGif;wGif qufvuf jzpfyGm;vQuf&Sdonf/ 28 aemufvmrnfh Forest Trends

29 Forest Trends okawoD? {NyD 2013/

27

yHk 3/ w½kwfEdkifiH\ a'otvdkuf jrefrmEdkifiHrSopfawmxGufypönf;rsm; wifydkYrI

Zmpfjrpf – w½kwftaumufcGefpm&if;udef;*Pef;rsm;? Forest Trends \ pkpnf;rI/

jynfwGif;wGif rsm;pGmvTrf;rdk;vQuf&Sdaom vkyfief;tzGJUrsm; (“c½dkeDukrÜPDrsm;”)

,cktrsdK;pm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\pD;yGm;a&;wpfckvHk;wGif tvGefta&;ygonfhtcef;u@rSyg0ifNyD; opfu@

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tquftoG,fvnf;rsm;pGm&Sdonfh ausmfMum;aom &efukefwGiftajcpdkufonfhukrÜPDBuD;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH

\pD;yGm;a&;u@tm;vHk;eD;yg;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonf/ ukrÜPDydkif½Sifrsm;onf wdkif;jynf\xdyfwef;ppf

wyftqifhrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;onfh pD;yGm;a&;qufqHrIrsm;&SdNyD; tpdk;&topfvufatmufwGifyif wdkif;jynf\0if

aiG&&SdEdkifrI tvm;tvmtrsm;qHk;&Sdonfh vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom ppftpdk;&tm; aqmufvkyfa&;? [dkw,fESifhc

&D;? owåKwGif;? opfESifh,ckwGif pdkufysdK;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wkdYwGif ulnDaqmif½GufvQuf&Sdonf/30 ¤if;ukrÜPDrsm;

\ ppfwyft&m½SdBuD;tcsdKUESifh trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyf (CEOs) tcsdKUwdkYonf vTwfawmftrwfrsm; (MPs)tjzpf

vwfwavm cefYtyfcHxm;Mu&olrsm;jzpfNyD; tcsdKUrSm tpdk;&topftwGif;wGif tqifhjrifht&m&SdBuD;rsm;

jzpfonf/

xdktkyfpkonf wdkif;jynf\ tBuD;pm;opfckwfvSJcGifhvdkufavsmrIrsm;ESifh opfukefoG,fydkifcGifhrsm;\ trsm;pktm;

MTE xHrS&&SdNyD; ¤if;txJwGif BudK;0dkif;opfawmrsm;twGif;rS pdkufysdK;pD;yGm;vkdufavsmay;rIrsm;vnf; yg0if

onf/ tcsdKUjzpf&yfrsm;wGif tpdk;&aqmufvkyfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifrItwGuf tcaMu;tjzpf

opfckwfvSJcGifh vdkufavsmrIrsm;ay;onf/ xdkenf;jzifh opfckwfvSJcGifhvdkufavsmrIrsm;onf xdyfwef;ppfwyf

t&m&SdBuD;rsm;ESifhukrÜPDrsm;tMum; aiGaMu;pepfwpfcktjzpf&SdaeNyD; ppftpdk;&\ oD;oefY,EÅ&m;armif;wH

wpfckjzpfaeonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ ppfwyfESifhtpdk;&wkdYESifh eD;uyfpGmqufEG,faejcif;onf opfckwfvSJrIESifho,f,lydkY

aqmifrIwdkYtwGuf ygrpfrsm;ESifhuefx½dkufrsm;ESifhxdkrSwqifh MTE \ w&m;0ifopfwifydkYrIygrpfrsm; &&Sdjcif;wdkY

udk yHhydk;ay;onf/ ¤if;wdkYxJrSwcsdKUrSm udk,fydkifqdyfurf;rsm;ESifh ukefaowåmoabFmrsm; ydkifqdkifMuonf/ xdk

tajctaeonf ,ckvwfwavmjyKjyifajymif;vJrI umvrwdkifrDwGif usdef;ao&SdcJhNyD; trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;qdkif

&mpD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;? txl;ojzifh opfawmu@wGifjzpfay:vmrnfh jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;onf

30 ¤if;wdkYxJrS tcsdKUukrÜPDrsm;onf wdkuf½dkuf odkYr[kwf oG,f0dkufNyD; tenf;ESifhtrsm; rl;,pfaq;0g;xkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh jzefYjzL;jcif;tygt0if Oya'ESifhqefYusifaom

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif½Gufaeonf[k vnf; xifjrif&onf/

28

wdkif;jynf\pD;yGm;a&;ESifh txl;ojzifh t&if;tjrpfxkwfvkyfjcif;wGif ¤if;wdkY\BuD;pdk;aeonfhtaetxm;tm;

rnfuJhodkYtusdK;oufa&mufrI &Sdrnfqdkonfudk rodEdkifao;yg/

xdkukrÜPDrsm;tm;ay;xm;aom tcsdKUopfckwfvSJcGifhvdkufavsmrIrsm;onf EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd tpOftvmt& tpkd;

&u pDrHtkyfcsKyfonhfopfawme,fajrrsm; (jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;) wGif wnf&Sdaomfvnf; &mckdifEIef;trsm;

tjym;rSm ArmvlrsdK;rsm;\ pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIr&Sdonfhopfawmrsm;ESifh ydkírsm;jym;vmonfrSm wdkif;&if;om;y#dyu©

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ajymif;oHk;pGJonfh opfawmajrrsm;xHrS opftrsm;tjym; (odkYaomf yrmPtm;jzifhrod) &&SdNyD; ¤if;wdkYxJwGif

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(“toGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfhopf”) udk,fwdkifyif½Sif;vif;rIrsm;jyKvkyfNyD; &efukefrSwqifh MTE \cGifhjyKcsufjzifh

wifydkYrIrsm;jyKvkyfonf/

¤if;ukrÜPDrsm;jyKvkyfonfh opfckwfvSJjcif;? o,f,lydkYaqmifjcif;ESifh ukefoG,frIjyKvkyfjcif;wdkYonf jynfwGif;oHk;

ESifh wifydkYrItwGuf opftm;vHk;\ ukefoGif;jcif;uGif;quf (supply chain) tm; jznfhqnf;ay;NyD; ¤if;ukef

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xkwf&ef rnfonfhenf;vrf;rS rcsrSwfxm;yg/

vTrf;rdk;rI&SdonfhukrÜPDtcsdKUxJwGif yg0ifonfrSm Htoo Trading? Max Myanmar? Yuzana? Dagon ESifh Asia

World wdkYjzpfonf/ Yuzana ukrÜPDonf {u 200,000 &SdonfhZD0avmifpmvdkufavsmrItm; ucsifjynfe,f

taemufydkif;&Sd [l;aumif;csdKifh0Srf;wGif vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufae&m ¤if;ae&monf urÇm\tBuD;qHk;usm;ab;rJh

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tiftm;tBuD;qHk; yk*¾vduopfukrÜPDwpfckjzpfonfh Htoo Trading wdkYonf jrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif;&Sd weoFm&D

wdkif;a'oBuD;wGif tajcpdkufonfh qDtkef;vkyfief;rsm;tm; aqmif½GufaeNyD; ¤if;ae&monf ta½SUawmif

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ppfwyfonf ucsifjynfe,f&Sd y#dyu©jzpfyGm;aeaomae&mrsm;&Sd opfawmrsm;wGif tBuD;pm;a&umwmrsm;

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UMFCCI tm; ,cktcsdefwGif jrefrmpD;yGm;a&;avmuu “c½dkeD” tjzpfowfrSwfxm;onfhyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u

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udk;um;usrf;rsm;

Buchanan, J., Kramer, T. and K. Woods. 2013. Developing Disparity: Regional investment in Burma's borderlands. TNI and BCN, Amsterdam, February.

Eleven News, 2012. “Myanmar to ban timber exports in 2014.” 29 October.

Forest Trends, 2013 (forthcoming) China-Myanmar timber trade update. Policy Brief. Global Witness, 2005. A Choice for China: Ending the destruction of Burma’s northern frontier forests. London, UK. Global Witness, 2009. A Disharmonious Trade: China and the continued destruction of Burma's northern frontier forests. London, UK. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). 2011. Tropical Timber Market Report, Market Information Service, Vol. 16, No. 14, July 16-31.

Kachin Network Group (KNG), 2007. "Maj-Gen Ohn Myint bans gold mining, logging in Kachin." 17 July. Kachin Network Group (KNG), 2011. "KIA bans logging in northern Burma." 15 December. Kahrl, F., Weyerhaeuser, H., and S. Yufang, 2004. Navigating the Border: An Analysis of the China-Myanmar Timber Trade. World Agroforestry Center, Forest Trends. Karen Environmental and Social Action Network (KESAN). 2008. Khoe Kay: Biodiversity in Peril. Chang Mai, Thailand. Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG), 2013. Losing Ground: Land conflicts and collective action in eastern Myanmar. Thailand. Kyaw Tint, Springate-Baginski, O. and Mehm Ko Ko Gyi. 2011. Community Forestry in Myanmar: Progress and Potentials. Yangon: ECCDI. Milieu Defensie 2009. Sanctioned but not Stopped: Research on timber trade between the European Union and Burma. Amsterdam. Oberndorf, R. 2012. Legal Review of Recently Enacted Farmland Law and Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law: Improving the legal & policy frameworks relating to land management in Myanmar. Land Core Group (LCG) of the Food Security Working Group (FSWG), Yangon, Myanmar. Su Phyo Win, 2013. "Pressure mounts on blacklisted business leader." Myanmar Times. 4 August. Transnational Institute (TNI) and Burma Center Netherlands (BCN), 2013. Access Denied: Land rights and ethnic conflict in Burma. Policy Briefing no. 11, May. Woods, K. 2011. “Conflict Timber along the China-Burma Border: Connecting the Global Timber Consumer with Violent Extraction Sites.” In: Tagliacozzo, E. and Wen-Chin Chang (Eds.); Ethnic Chinese Merchants and Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia: A History through Commodities. Duke University Press. Woods, K. 2013. Emerging Agribusiness Trends in Myanmar: Opportunities and challenges for poverty reduction. Yunnan University Press, Kunming, China. Woods, K., Forthcoming. Agro-Timber Conversion in Myanmar: The next driver of deforestation. Forest Trends, Washington D.C.

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Woods, K. and K. Canby, 2011. Baseline Study 4 Myanmar: Overview of Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade. Forest Trends and European Forestry Institute (EFI). Xinhua, 2006. "Yunnan Public Security Border Defense Brigade takes actions to ensure the Yunnan-Burma timber and mineral trading cooperation." 27 March. Ye Lwin, 2006. "Bid to end illegal timber trade." The Myanmar Times. 16-22 January.

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Forest Trends Report Series Edk0ifbmv? 2013 …...twGuftm;jzifh (yHk 1 tm;Mun&efh f) jrefrmEifiH\opftwGuf tBuD;qHk;aps;uGufjzpfonf/ tjynfjynfqif &m tylydkif;opfawm umuG,fa&;tzUGJ (ITTO)