Chapter 10 America Claims an Empire

Section 1Imperialism and America

• What is imperialism? Name some countries who were imperialist before 1898.

• What is the difference between imperialism and expansionism?

• Why do you think American’s prefer to call it expansionism?

Bell Ringer 10/8/2015

American Expansionism

• Imperialism – the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

• Does expansionism differ? Why do we prefer to call it expansionism?

3 factors for American imperialism/Expansionism:

• 1. desire for military strength• 2. thirst for new markets• 3. belief in cultural superiority

Desire for Military Strength• Other nations were

establishing a military presence around the world

• Alfred T. Mahan – Admiral in the US Navy

• Urged the United States to strengthen the navy in order to compete with other nations

Thirst for New Markets

• Why?– Advances in technology

enabled farmers and factories to produce more than American citizens could use

– Needed more raw materials for the factories

– New markets to sell the goods to

Belief in Cultural Superiority• Some people believed

and argued that Americans had a responsibility to spread Christianity and their beliefs to other nations

• Social Darwinism – a belief that free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittest

Alaska

• Purchased in 1867• Cost $7.2 Million– Arranged by William

Seward (Sec. of State under Abe Lincoln & Andrew Johnson)

• Become a state in 1959• Rich in timber, minerals,

and oil

Hawaii

• Pearl Harbor – 1887 became a naval base and refueling station for American ships

• Sugar plantations became a huge part of the Hawaiian economy

• 1898 – Congress proclaimed Hawaii an American territory

• 1959 – became a state

The Spanish-American War

Chapter 10Section 2

Cubans Rebel Against Spain

• Cuba Libre! – a free Cuba• Jose Marti – Cuban poet and journalist who

wanted Cuba to be an independent nation

War Fever Escalates

• Valeriano Weyler – sent by Spain to Cuba to restore order

• Gathered more than 300,000 Cubans into concentration camps where many died of hunger and disease

Yellow Journalism

• Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers

• Weyler’s actions fueled a war of words between the New York Journal and the New York World

• New York Journal – William Randolph Hearst

• New York World – Joseph Pulitzer

The De Lome Letter• 1898 published by the New

York Journal• Written by Enrique Dupuy de

Lome – the Spanish minister to the United States

• Criticized President McKinley – “weak and a bidder for the

admiration of the crowd”– Why is this such a big deal?– Roosevelt had been bad

mouthing McKinley for quite some time. (Called him “White livered” and that McKinley “had the backbone of a chocolate éclair”

The U.S.S. Maine• Feb. 15th 1898 – the ship blew

up outside of Havana• 266 were killed• Blame placed on the Spanish • “Remember the Maine!!”

becomes battle cry for war• 1976, study proves sinking of

the Maine was an accident

War in the Philippines

• First battle of the Spanish-American War

• George Dewey – commander of a fleet in the U.S. Navy – defeated a fleet of Spanish ships at Manila

• Allowed the American troops to take land in the Philippines

War in the Caribbean

• Naval blockade of Cuba – blocked the Spanish Navy Fleet in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba

• Rough Riders – volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt

San Juan Hill

• Most famous land battle of the Spanish-American War

• July 1st 1898• A quick victory over

the Spanish fleet in the harbor followed resulting in the complete destruction of the fleet

Treaty of Paris

• December 10th 1898• Spain freed Cuba and

turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States

• Spain sold the U.S. the Philippines for $20 million dollars

“Splendid Little War”• 5,462 died, but only 379 in battle• Most died from diseases

– Malaria, typhoid, dysentery or yellow feverEnd of Spain’s New World Empire

Ch 10 Sec3

Acquiring New Lands

The Foraker Act• This act ended U.S. military

rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil govt. there.

• This act also gave the U.S. President the power to appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and legislators. Only members of the lower house would be elected by the Puerto Rican people.

• This act also squashed the hopes that many had of having Puerto Rico become a state.

The Platt Amendment• Amendments to the Cuban

Constitution were forced to happen as a result of this Platt Amendment. This amendment said:

• 1) Cuba couldn’t make a treaty that would limit its independence or allow a foreign power to control it.

• 2) U.S. could not intervene in Cuba.

• 3) Cuba was not to go into debt.• 4) U.S. could buy or lease land on

Cuba for naval and refueling stations.

Cuba…

• Then became a U.S. protectorate, or a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

The Philippines

• The Filipinos were outraged when they learned of the terms of the Treaty of Paris. The treaty called for American annexation of the Philippines.

• A man by the name of Emilio Aguinaldo, led rebel Filipino troops against the U.S. using guerilla tactics to fight against annexation and fight for an independent Philippines. The war was costly and atrocities were committed by the American troops.

Aftermath of the Filipino War…

• The U.S. would set up a government very similar to the one established in Cuba. The Philippines would be a protectorate until July 4, 1946.

China…• To protect U.S. trading

interests Secretary of State John Hay issued in 1899 a series of policy notes or statements called the Open Door Notes.

• These notes were sent to other imperialist nations to get them to share trading rights to China, so that no one single nation had exclusive trading rights to China. The other imperialist nations reluctantly agreed to this policy.

China and the Boxer Rebellion…• The Boxers were a group of

Chinese people that resented foreign/ western influence & control of trade and culture in China.

• The growing resentment led to the Boxer rebellion where Chinese martial artists went around killing any Chinese accepting Christianity and other westerners. Thousands of Chinese died as a result of the rebellion, but ultimately it was unsuccessful in stopping western

influence and trade in China.

Imperialism

• Was favored by most Americans because they reelected a pro imperialism president in William Mckinley as opposed to an anti-imperialist William Jennings Bryan.

• As a result of Imperialism the United States had gained an empire by 1900.

• Later anti-imperialist sentiments would arise and gain support.

America as a World Power

Ch. 10 Section 4

Negotiations between Russia & Japan• Japan secretly asked the U.S. to help negotiate

a peace treaty• Mediated by Teddy Roosevelt– Helped him win the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize

• Japan received half of Sakhalin Island, & Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea

Panama Canal• Would reduce travel time

for military and commercial ships

• Would provide a shortcut between the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans

• Work began in 1904• Some 43,400 workers

were employed• 5,600 of those died

– Disease– Accidents

Roosevelt Corollary

• Added to the previous warnings of the Monroe Doctrine

• Announced in 1904• the U.S. claimed the

right to use military intervention to protect its’ interests in Latin America

Dollar Diplomacy• U.S. policy of using the nation’s economic

power to exert influence over other countries• Created under William Howard Taft

– American bankers & businessmen loaned money to help keep Latin American countries afloat. • Haiti, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic

– This guaranteed that the Americans would be repaid (with interest of course)

– Also guaranteed that these countries would be friendly (i.e. buy American goods) with America.

– We sent “collectors” to get our money, and then also sent Marines to reassure payment of debts

Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy

• The U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests

Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata

• Rebels that led the rebellion in Mexico vs. the Carranza led government

• John J. Pershing was sent by President Wilson to capture Villa either dead or alive

United States Foreign Policy Goals of the early 20th century

• 1. it expanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy

• 2. built a modern navy to protect its interests abroad

• 3. exercised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America