America Claims an Empire

1890-1920America Claims an EmpireSection 1: Imperialism & AmericaMain Idea: beginning in 1867 & continuing through the century, global competition caused the U.S. to expand

Why it Matters:U.S. acquired Hawaii and Alaska both became states in 1959ImperialismPolicy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

By 1880s, many American leaders wanted to join imperialist powers of Europe & establish territories

Can you think of the continent during this time period that was almost completely colonized or owned by other countries?- Africa: Only Ethiopia & Liberia were independent

ImperialismWhat philosophy does imperialism fulfill?Manifest Destiny!3 factors that fueled American Imperialism1) desire for military strength2) thirst for new markets3) belief in cultural superiority

Desire for Military StrengthOther nations were establishing a global military presenceThus, America must do the sameBuild up navyResult: 9 steel-hulled cruisers built between 1883-1890The construction of the Maine and the Oregon made U.S. the 3rd largest naval power

QuestionWhich of the following is not a factor for the United States want for imperialism?A. Cultural superiorityB. Desire for military strengthC. A thirst for new marketsD. Desire to ignore racial tensions domestically

Thirst for New MarketsLate 19th Century:Advancements in technology enabled American farms & factories to produce more than Americans could consumeU.S. needed raw materials for its factories and new markets for its agricultural and manufactured goodsImperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution to 1) American overproduction2) and the related problems of unemployment and economic depression (1893)

Belief in Cultural SuperiorityCombination of Social DarwinismSocial Darwinsim: belief that free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittest& racial superiority of Anglo-SaxonsResponsibility to spread Christianity & civilization to the worlds inferior peoples

Alaska & HawaiiWilliam Seward: Secretary of State under Pres. Lincoln & Andrew Johnson1867: arranged for U.S. to buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 MillionSome thought this sill or Sewards folly Alaska became a state in 1959 rich in timber, minerals, & oilHawaii: VideoSince 1790s, America used Hawaii as a stop on their way to China & East India1820s, Yankee missionaries founded Christian schools & churches their children became sugar planters who sold most of their crop to the U.S.HawaiiAmerican-owned sugar plantations accounted for approx. of islands wealthPlantation owners imported laborers from Japan, Portugal, & ChinaForeigners & immigrant workers outnumbered native Hawaiians 1 to 31875: U.S. agreed to import Hawaiian sugar duty-freeMcKinley Tariff of 1890 eliminated this and Hawaii wanted to be annexed to avoid tariff1887: built naval base Pearl Harbor1898: William McKinley annexedHawaii

The Spanish American War Section 2President McKinleyBackgroundSpain owned CubaCubans revolted between 1868 & 1878 (many Americans sympathized with Cubans)When Cuba abolished slavery, Americans put millions into Cuban sugar cane plantations2nd War for Independence1895: Joseph Marti journalistExiled in NY, started rev.Deliberately destroyed property (including sugar mills)trying to provoke U.S.to interveneU.S. is split in feelings

War EscalatesSpanish Response 1896: send in Valeriano WeylerTried to crush rebellion by herding entire rural pop. of central and western Cuba into concentration camps 300,000 & many died

Yellow JournalismNewspaper circulation warWilliam Randolph Heart: New York JournalVs.Joseph Pulitzer: New York WorldBoth printed exaggerated accounts to sell papersi.e.: poisoned wells, children being thrown in shark infested watersYellow Journalism: sensational style of writing, which exaggerates the news to lure and heighten emotions of readersYellow Journalism Video

QuestionWho were the two newspaper tycoons who used yellow journalism to sell papers?Hearst & Pulitzer

Hearst 1863-1951

The Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States.Joseph Pulitzer1847-1911The U.S.S. Maine ExplodesThe De Lome Letter is published calls McKinley weakMcKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens and protect American propertyOn Feb 15, 1898, the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana 260 men were killedThe Spanish were blamed by the papers without any evidence

QuestionWhy did the U.S. eventually declare war on Spain?

Called McKinley weaksupposedly sunk the U.S.S. MaineWhat other reasons could there be?

War with Spain Erupts Remember the MaineApril 20th, U.S. declared war1st battle took place in the Philippine IslandsU.S. with Commodore George Dewey took the Philippines by August

War in the CaribbeanNaval blockade in CubaWhile navy was superior, army needed training125,000 American volunteers not trained very well17,000 went to Cuba 4 African American regiments & the Rough Riders - Roosevelt

Rough Riders & San Juan HillJuly 1: battle started on Kettle HillDramatic charge from the Rough Riders and 2 African American cavalries cleared way for the battle of San Juan HillEven though Roosevelt & his units only played a minor part in this battle, U.S. newspapers declared him hero of San Juan HillDue to victory, invaded Puerto Rico on July 25August 12th: U.S. & Spain signed armistice 15 week warDec. 10th, 1898, met in Paris and signed treaty

Results:Spain freed CubaU.S. gets: islands of Guam, Puerto Rico, & sold the Philippines for $20 million to the U.S.

Treaty of Paris DebateSide 1: ImperialismMcKinley: that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all [the Philippine Islands], and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize them.

Side 2: does the U.S. have the right annex the Philippines?Does treaty violate the Declaration of Independence? deny self-government to newly acquired territoriesBooker T. Washington lets deal with our own domestic racial prejudices firstSamuel Gompers feared Filipino immigrants taking American jobsDoes the U.S. have a duty to fight for freedom in neighboring countries? Late 1890s, American newspapers ran sensational stories about Spains harsh rule of CubaThis angered many AmericansFight for Cubas freedomFirst, do a free writethen work in groupsDiscuss the medias potential to sway public opinion and maybe even dictate events in what ways do dramatic headlines influence American opinion?What circumstances might prompt the U.S. to intervene in neighboring countries when should the U.S. intervene?23HomeworkRead Ch 18 Section 3Take NotesRead, highlight, & annotate the primary source Platform of the Anti-Imperialist League

Section 3 Acquiring New LandsPuerto RicoSome wanted statehood & others self rule as an American territoryU.S. did not give promises regarding independencePuerto Rico was 1st governed by the U.S. military then it returned to civil governmentU.S. appoints governor & the people can appoint both houses of legislature in 1917Puerto Ricans have U.S. citizenshipPuerto Rico kept American presence in Caribbean & protect a soon-to-be project the Panama Canal

Cuba & the United StatesCuba is independent U.S. passed the Teller Amendment stating that the U.S. didnt want CubaMilitary stayed in Cuba & left many of the same officials who served Spain in office those who opposed were imprisoned or exiledBut the U.S. did provide clothing, helped farmers, built schools, improved sanitation, & eliminated yellow fever

Cuba & the United StatesThe Platt Amendment1900: Cuba wrote a constitutionU.S. wanted a provision in it called the Platt Amendment1) Cuba could not make treaties that limit its independence or foreign power ruling over part of its territory2) Cuba was not to go into debt3) U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations & refueling stations1903 became part of the treat between U.S. & Cuba stayed in effect for 31 yearsCuba was a U.S. protectorate, a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.Big part of why U.S. wanted to stay involved with Cuba:Investments in sugar, tobacco, mining industries, railroads, & public utilities

President Obama & CubaVideoFilipinos RebelFilipinos outraged about Treaty of ParisEmilio Aguinaldo rebel leaderFeb. 1899, Filipinos revoltAmerica = Spain???America imposed authority on colonythat wanted independenceU.S. forced Filipinos to live in designated zones, poor sanitation, starvation, & diseaseSame practices that U.S. condemned Spain forWhat other time period can you think of that is similar?Native Americas

Philippine-American War ResultsSet up similar government to Puerto RicoU.S. President appoints governor, who would then appoint the upper house of the legislature & the people elect the lower houseJuly 4, 1946 became an independent republic

Foreign Influence in ChinaChina at this time was known as the sick man of Asia due to war & foreign interventionU.S. wanted Chinese markets and were worried that China was going to be cut up into colonies and the U.S. is shut out1899: John Hay (U.S. Secretary of State) issued the Open Door notesNo single nation has a monopoly on trade with any part of China

The Boxer Rebellion & AmericaEurope dominated most of Chinas big cities A lot of tensionSome Chinese formed secret societies that pledged to rid the country of foreign devilsThe Boxers (called that by Westerners b/c they knew martial arts) killed missionaries, foreigners, & Chinese Christian convertsAugust 1900, Japan, Britain, France, Germany, & U.S. stormed Chinese capital & after 2 months ended the Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion ResultsResult: John Hay issued more Open Door policy notesStated: U.S. will safeguard for the world the principle of equal & impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire

Reflects 3 American beliefs about the U.S. industrial capitalist economy:1) Americans believed growth of economy depended on exports2) U.S. had right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open3) feared that closing an area to American products, citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival.

Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains1900: McKinley gets reelected to a second term against William Jennings Bryan (opposed imperialism)What does McKinley getting reelected show about the majority of Americans view on imperialism?

Push back: the Anti-Imperialist League included many prominent American leaders:Former president Grover ClevelandAndrew CarnegieJane AddamsWrong to rule people without their consentHomeworkRead ch 18 section 4Take notes

America as a World PowerMain Idea:The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution added to Americas military and economic power.

Why it matters now?American involvement in conflicts around 1900 = 1) involvement in World War I and 2) later U.S. role as a peacekeeper for the world todayTeddy Roosevelt1901 McKinley assassination = Roosevelt (was V.P.) comes into office1905 Roosevelt mediates a resolution between Russia & Japan1904: Russia declared war on Japan over control of KoreaBoth Russia & Japan were imperialist powersRoosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for arranging the Treaty of Portsmouth

Roosevelt & the Panama CanalNeed for canal1) reduce travel time for commercial & military ships 2) Provides a short cut between Pacific & Atlantic oceans

Columbia controlled Panama & thus U.S. needed Columbias permission Talks broke downBunau-Varilla organized a rebellion of Panama v. Columbia & U.S. provided warships in 1903 as Panama declared independence U.S. gets permission to build canal - $10 million to Panama & $250,000 in rent per yearPayments were to begin in 1913By supporting Panama, U.S. damaged relations with a lot of Latin AmericaAugust 15, 1914: Panama Canal opened for business

Panama CanalVideoRoosevelt CorollaryMonroe Doctrine (1823): demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nationsMany Latin American countries needed loans from Europe to build railroads & develop industriesFeared that if these countries defaulted on loans, European countries would interveneRoosevelt based his policy on an African proverb Speak softly and carry a big stick1904: added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrineforce the United Statesto the exercise of an international police powerWhat does this mean?Use force to protect economic interests in Latin America Dollar DiplomacyU.S. uses its police powerExample: 1911 rebellion in Nicaragua almost left it in bankruptcyTaft arranged for U.S. bankers to loan Nicaragua moneyBankers were given right to recover their money by collecting custom duties from NicaraguaU.S. bankers also gained control of Nicaraguas state owned railroad system & its national bankRevolt against Nicaraguan president = 2,000 marines sent & stayed until 1933Taft administration followed the policy of using U.S. government to guarantee loans to foreign countries by American businessmenCalled dollar diplomacy & used to justify keeping European powers out of the Caribbean

Woodrow Wilson & Mexican RevolutionWilson: moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests.Mexico had been ruled by dictator, Porfirio Diaz, for 30 yrsFriend of U.S.Encouraged foreign investments thus, many Americans owned a large share of Mexican oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranchesWealth gap1911 Madero led overthrow of government but was not successful in powerAfter 2 years, General Huerta took over and Madero was murderedWilson refused to recognize this government calling it a government of butchersWilson waited for an incident to invade a few Americans arrested Wilson sends marinesAlmost go to war but doesnt Huerta regime crumbles & Carranza comes into power 1915 Wilson removes troopsRebellion in MexicoFrancisco Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata opposed CarranzaWhen U.S. supported Carranza, Villa threatened U.S.1916, Carranza invited American engineers to operate mines, but Villa intervened & took the men off a train and shot them2 months later, Villa killed 17 AmericansWilson sent in troops to find Villa but eventually U.S. troops & Carranzas troops clash with death on both sidesCarranza demanded removal of troopsEventually both sides back down and strict oil and mineral rights on foreign investorsCarranza ruled oppressively until 1920

American Imperialism Big PictureU.S. intervention in Mexico shows model of American imperialist attitudes1) superiority of free-enterprise2) democracyArmed intervention

Foreign policy goals reached1) expanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure continued economic growth2) modern navy3) exercise its international police powerHomeworkStudy for ch 17 & 18 Quiz