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AMERICA CLAIMS AN AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE EMPIRE Chapter 10 Chapter 10

AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE Chapter 10 IMPERIALISM & AMERICA Section 1

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Page 1: AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE Chapter 10 IMPERIALISM & AMERICA Section 1

AMERICA CLAIMS AN AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIREEMPIRE

Chapter 10Chapter 10

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IMPERIALISM & IMPERIALISM & AMERICAAMERICA

Section 1Section 1

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IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM- The policy in which stronger - The policy in which stronger

nations extend economic, political or military nations extend economic, political or military control over weaker territories.control over weaker territories.

By the 1880’s, many American leaders thought By the 1880’s, many American leaders thought the U.S. should establish colonies overseas.the U.S. should establish colonies overseas.

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3 FACTORS FUELED AMERICAN 3 FACTORS FUELED AMERICAN IMPERIALISM:IMPERIALISM:

1)1) Desire for military strengthDesire for military strength

2)2) Thirst for new marketsThirst for new markets

3)3) Belief in the superiority of American cultureBelief in the superiority of American culture

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NAVAL POWERNAVAL POWER

Admiral Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. NavyAdmiral Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. Navy Supported growing American naval power so Supported growing American naval power so

the U.S. could compete w/other nationsthe U.S. could compete w/other nations

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U.S.S. U.S.S. MaineMaine & & OregonOregon

U.S. built modern battleships like the U.S. built modern battleships like the MaineMaine & & the the Oregon.Oregon.

The new ships made the U.S. the world’s The new ships made the U.S. the world’s largest naval power.largest naval power.

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U.S. was producing more than Americans U.S. was producing more than Americans could consume…..could consume…..

U.S. needed U.S. needed foreign tradeforeign trade.. American businesses needed markets for their American businesses needed markets for their

products & raw materials for their factories.products & raw materials for their factories.

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Superiority of American Culture:Superiority of American Culture:

The 3The 3rdrd root of American imperialism was a root of American imperialism was a belief that the people of the U.S. were belief that the people of the U.S. were better better than the people of other countriesthan the people of other countries

Believed they had a duty to Believed they had a duty to spread their spread their cultureculture & & Christian religionChristian religion among other among other people.people.

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U.S. Acquires U.S. Acquires AlaskaAlaska & & HawaiiHawaii::

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ALASKAALASKA

William Seward purchases Alaska, for the William Seward purchases Alaska, for the U.S., from Russia in 1867.U.S., from Russia in 1867.

The price? $7.2 million!!The price? $7.2 million!!

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HAWAIIHAWAII The BackgroundThe Background…..….. The Hawaiian islands had been important to The Hawaiian islands had been important to

the U.S. since 1790’s.the U.S. since 1790’s. Merchants stopped there on their way to China Merchants stopped there on their way to China

& India.& India. In 1920’s, American missionaries founded In 1920’s, American missionaries founded

Christian schools & churches on the islandsChristian schools & churches on the islands

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Hawaiian sugar plantations…Hawaiian sugar plantations…

B/c of American owned sugar plantations, by B/c of American owned sugar plantations, by 1900, foreign laborers outnumbered Hawaiians 1900, foreign laborers outnumbered Hawaiians 3 to 13 to 1

This weakened the influence of native This weakened the influence of native Hawaiians.Hawaiians.

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Powerful Hawaiian sugar Powerful Hawaiian sugar growers called for the U.S. to growers called for the U.S. to

annexannex Hawaii to avoid the Hawaii to avoid the tariffs.tariffs.

In 1887, U.S. military forced Hawaii In 1887, U.S. military forced Hawaii to let it build a naval base at to let it build a naval base at Pearl Pearl

HarborHarbor….Hawaii’s best port.….Hawaii’s best port.

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HAWAIIANS LOSE HAWAIIANS LOSE CONTROL OF THEIR CONTROL OF THEIR

ISLANDS:ISLANDS:

HOW?HOW?

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American business groups organized American business groups organized a revolt against Queen Liliuokalani:a revolt against Queen Liliuokalani:

U.S. ambassador U.S. ambassador John L. StevensJohn L. Stevens helped helped them revolt.them revolt.

Planters took control of the islandPlanters took control of the island They established a temporary government .They established a temporary government .

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QUEEN LILIUOKALANIQUEEN LILIUOKALANI In 1893, In 1893, Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani of of HawaiiHawaii gave gave

up her throne.up her throne. Hawaii was about to be taken over by the U.S.Hawaii was about to be taken over by the U.S.

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They established a temporary They established a temporary government .government .

Made American businessman Made American businessman SanfordSanford BB. . DoleDole the president the president..

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1898, HAWAII BECOMES A U.S. 1898, HAWAII BECOMES A U.S. TERRITORYTERRITORY

Stevens urged U.S. government to annex Stevens urged U.S. government to annex Hawaiian Islands.Hawaiian Islands.

President Grover Cleveland refused unless President Grover Cleveland refused unless majority of Hawaiians favored that.majority of Hawaiians favored that.

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1897, 1897, William McKinleyWilliam McKinley became president. became president.

McKinley favored annexation.McKinley favored annexation. 1898, Hawaii became a U.S. 1898, Hawaii became a U.S. territoryterritory..

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THE SPANISH-THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WARAMERICAN WAR

Section 2Section 2

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CUBANS REBEL AGAINST CUBANS REBEL AGAINST SPAINSPAIN

B/w 1868 & 1878, Cubans fought their 1B/w 1868 & 1878, Cubans fought their 1stst war war for independence from Spain.for independence from Spain.

Rebels didn’t win, but forced Spain to abolish Rebels didn’t win, but forced Spain to abolish slavery in 1886slavery in 1886

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U.S. CAPITALISTS INVEST…U.S. CAPITALISTS INVEST…

Invested heavily in sugar cane plantations in Invested heavily in sugar cane plantations in Cuba.Cuba.

Cuban economy collapsed in 1894 when a Cuban economy collapsed in 1894 when a tariff on sugar was imposed in the U.S.tariff on sugar was imposed in the U.S.

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JOSE MARTIJOSE MARTI 1895, Cubans began 21895, Cubans began 2ndnd war for independence. war for independence. Rebellion led by Jose Marti, a Cuban poet & Rebellion led by Jose Marti, a Cuban poet &

journalist who had been living in exile in N.Y.journalist who had been living in exile in N.Y. The rebels wanted the U.S. to join their cause.The rebels wanted the U.S. to join their cause.

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WAR FEVER ESCALATES!WAR FEVER ESCALATES!

1896, Spain sent an army to Cuba to restore 1896, Spain sent an army to Cuba to restore order.order.

Army led by General Valeriano Weyler.Army led by General Valeriano Weyler. Weyler rounded up 300,000 people as Weyler rounded up 300,000 people as

prisoners in Concentration camps.prisoners in Concentration camps.

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Stories of concentration camps widely Stories of concentration camps widely reported in U.S. newspapers.reported in U.S. newspapers.

Rival N.Y. newspapers exaggerated the Rival N.Y. newspapers exaggerated the brutality to attract readers.(“yellow brutality to attract readers.(“yellow journalism”)journalism”)

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William McKinleyWilliam McKinley became became U.S. President in 1897.U.S. President in 1897.

Since many Americans wanted the U.S. to Since many Americans wanted the U.S. to help the rebels against Spain, McKinley help the rebels against Spain, McKinley

tried to find a peaceful solution.tried to find a peaceful solution.

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McKinley’s efforts pay McKinley’s efforts pay off….off….

1) Spain sent General Weyler home1) Spain sent General Weyler home 2) Changed the concentration camp 2) Changed the concentration camp

policy.policy. 3) Gave Cuba limited self-government3) Gave Cuba limited self-government

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But then, 2 events made But then, 2 events made Americans very angry at Americans very angry at

Spain….Spain….

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1) The publication of a letter that insulted the 1) The publication of a letter that insulted the American president….The American president….The de Lome letterde Lome letter was was written by a Spanish diplomat. It criticized written by a Spanish diplomat. It criticized McKinley for being weak.McKinley for being weak.

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U.S.S. MAINEU.S.S. MAINE....2)2) The battleship The battleship U.S.S. MaineU.S.S. Maine exploded on exploded on

February 15, 1898.February 15, 1898.

The ship had been stationed in Cuba to protect The ship had been stationed in Cuba to protect American lives.American lives.

Cause of the explosion was not known….. But…Cause of the explosion was not known….. But…

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Newspapers blamed SpainNewspapers blamed Spain..

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WAR WITH SPAIN WAR WITH SPAIN ERUPTS!!!!ERUPTS!!!!

April 20, 1898, U.S. went to war April 20, 1898, U.S. went to war w/Spain.w/Spain.

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THE PHILIPPINESTHE PHILIPPINES

11stst battle took place in the Philippines. battle took place in the Philippines. Philippines had been a Spanish colony for 300 Philippines had been a Spanish colony for 300

years.years. In 1896, Philippines rebelled against Spanish.In 1896, Philippines rebelled against Spanish.

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George DeweyGeorge Dewey

On May 1, 1898, American naval commander On May 1, 1898, American naval commander George DeweyGeorge Dewey sailed into Manila Bay in the sailed into Manila Bay in the Philippines.Philippines.

His ships destroyed the Spanish fleet there.His ships destroyed the Spanish fleet there. For the next 2 months, U.S. soldiers fought on For the next 2 months, U.S. soldiers fought on

the side of the Filipino rebels.the side of the Filipino rebels. Spanish surrenderedSpanish surrendered (in the Philippines) to (in the Philippines) to

the U.S. in August.the U.S. in August.

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Meanwhile, back in CubaMeanwhile, back in Cuba………… American navy blocked off the harbor of American navy blocked off the harbor of

Santiago de Cuba.Santiago de Cuba.

Spanish ships could not leave.Spanish ships could not leave. American troops then landed on the island in American troops then landed on the island in

June 1898.June 1898.

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ROUGH RIDERS:ROUGH RIDERS: Unit of volunteersUnit of volunteers Theodore Roosevelt one of their leaders.Theodore Roosevelt one of their leaders. Rough Riders helped win the important battle Rough Riders helped win the important battle

of San Juan Hillof San Juan Hill American newspapers made Roosevelt a hero.American newspapers made Roosevelt a hero.

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THEODORE ROOSEVELT The Rough Riders U.S. Army 1st Volunteer Cavalry commanded by Lt. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt

                                                                                                    

                                                                                                                           

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Spanish SurrenderSpanish SurrenderJuly 25, 1898!July 25, 1898!

When the Spanish ships tried to leave the When the Spanish ships tried to leave the harbor, their fleet was destroyed.harbor, their fleet was destroyed.Spain then surrendered to U.S.Spain then surrendered to U.S.

(The entire war only lasted 113 days!)(The entire war only lasted 113 days!)

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TREATY OF PARISTREATY OF PARIS

Spain quickly agreed to a peace Spain quickly agreed to a peace treaty….treaty….

What were the terms?What were the terms?

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1) 1) CubaCuba is granted is granted independenceindependence!!

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2) Spain gave Puerto Rico & the 2) Spain gave Puerto Rico & the Pacific Island of Guam to the U.S. Pacific Island of Guam to the U.S.

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3) U.S. paid Spain $20 mill. For 3) U.S. paid Spain $20 mill. For the annexation of the the annexation of the PhilippinePhilippine

IslandsIslands..

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Debate in U.S. about Debate in U.S. about Imperialism:Imperialism:

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris touched off debates in U.S. . touched off debates in U.S. . President McKinley was in favor of it.President McKinley was in favor of it. Some Americans said annexing territories Some Americans said annexing territories

violated the spirit of the violated the spirit of the Declaration ofDeclaration of IndependenceIndependence..

The U.S. Senate The U.S. Senate approvedapproved the treaty on the treaty on February 6, 1899.February 6, 1899.

http://www.historywiz.com/primarysources/treatyofparis1898.htm

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ACQUIRING NEW ACQUIRING NEW LANDSLANDS

Section 3Section 3

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RULING PUERTO RICORULING PUERTO RICO:: American forces landed in Puerto Rico in July American forces landed in Puerto Rico in July

1898.1898. Many Puerto Ricans began to resent the Many Puerto Ricans began to resent the

military government.military government. In 1900, Congress passed the In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker ActForaker Act

which ended military rule & set up a civil which ended military rule & set up a civil governmentgovernment

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IN 1917, PUERTO RICANS IN 1917, PUERTO RICANS BECOME U.S. CITIZENS!BECOME U.S. CITIZENS!

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Control over CUBA…Control over CUBA…

Although Cuba was officially independent Although Cuba was officially independent after the war, the U.S. army remained there for after the war, the U.S. army remained there for 4 years4 years

It punished Cubans who were against this It punished Cubans who were against this American American occupationoccupation..

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PLATT AMENDMENTPLATT AMENDMENT::

When Cuba’s new government wrote a When Cuba’s new government wrote a constitution in 1900, the U.S. insisted they add constitution in 1900, the U.S. insisted they add the “the “PLATT AMENDMENTPLATT AMENDMENT””

This limited Cuba’s rights in dealing w/other This limited Cuba’s rights in dealing w/other countries….gave the U.S. special privileges, countries….gave the U.S. special privileges, including the right to intervene to preserve including the right to intervene to preserve order.order.

http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=55

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PROTECTORATEPROTECTORATE….….

Cuba became a U.S. “Cuba became a U.S. “protectorateprotectorate”.”. A “A “ProtectorateProtectorate” is a country whose affairs ” is a country whose affairs

are partially controlled by a stronger power.are partially controlled by a stronger power. The U.S. insisted on these rights b/c of its The U.S. insisted on these rights b/c of its

economic interests in Cuba.economic interests in Cuba.

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FILIPINOS REBELFILIPINOS REBEL

They were angry that the U.S. had They were angry that the U.S. had annexed their islands after years of annexed their islands after years of

fighting for independence.fighting for independence.

Opponents to American Rule of the Philippines

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EMILIO AGUINALDOEMILIO AGUINALDO

Filipino rebel leader who believed that the Filipino rebel leader who believed that the U.S. had promised independence.U.S. had promised independence.

He felt the U.S. had betrayed the Filipinos He felt the U.S. had betrayed the Filipinos after helping them win independence.after helping them win independence.

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1899, Aguinaldo started a rebellion that lasted 1899, Aguinaldo started a rebellion that lasted 3 years. (Philippine-American War)3 years. (Philippine-American War)Pictured below are Filipino P.O.W.’sPictured below are Filipino P.O.W.’s

U.S. won & set up a government similar to the U.S. won & set up a government similar to the one it had set up in Cuba.one it had set up in Cuba.

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CHINA:CHINA: By 1899, many countries had economic By 1899, many countries had economic

interests in Chinainterests in China U.S. wanted to be able to trade with China too.U.S. wanted to be able to trade with China too. Secretary of State John Hay sent the “OPEN Secretary of State John Hay sent the “OPEN

DOOR NOTES” to these countries calling for DOOR NOTES” to these countries calling for China’s port to be open to ALL countries.China’s port to be open to ALL countries.

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BOXER REBELLION:BOXER REBELLION:

In 1900, a secret society in China started a In 1900, a secret society in China started a rebellion to protest “rebellion to protest “western influencewestern influence”.”.

Troops from countries (including U.S.) fought Troops from countries (including U.S.) fought the rebel, or “the rebel, or “BoxersBoxers”.”.

After the After the Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion was defeated, U.S. was defeated, U.S. issued more Open Door notes to make sure issued more Open Door notes to make sure other countries didn’t make colonies out of other countries didn’t make colonies out of China.China.

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How did Americans feel about U.S. How did Americans feel about U.S. imperialism?imperialism?

With the reelection of President William With the reelection of President William McKinley in 1900, it seems that most McKinley in 1900, it seems that most Americans agreed w/imperialism.Americans agreed w/imperialism.

An An Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League formed including formed including former president Grover Cleveland, Andrew former president Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, & Mark Twain.Carnegie, Jane Addams, & Mark Twain.

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AMERICA AS A AMERICA AS A WORLD POWERWORLD POWER

Section 4Section 4

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President McKinley Assassinated!President McKinley Assassinated!

Pres. McKinley assassinated in 1901.Pres. McKinley assassinated in 1901. Teddy Roosevelt becomes president & Teddy Roosevelt becomes president &

continues policies of “imperialism”continues policies of “imperialism”

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TEDDY ROOSEVELT & TEDDY ROOSEVELT & THE WORLD….THE WORLD….

Roosevelt 1Roosevelt 1stst used U.S. influence to used U.S. influence to help settle the Russo-Japanese Warhelp settle the Russo-Japanese War

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RUSSO-JAPANESE WARRUSSO-JAPANESE WAR Began in 1904 when both Began in 1904 when both RussiaRussia & & Japan Japan

wanted to control wanted to control Korea.Korea.

Japan captured Korea & also invaded Japan captured Korea & also invaded ManchuriaManchuria… which was controlled by Russia… which was controlled by Russia

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RooseveltRoosevelt mediatesmediates……

1905, representatives of Russia & Japan met.1905, representatives of Russia & Japan met. Roosevelt used his personal charm to help Roosevelt used his personal charm to help

them them negotiatenegotiate a compromise. a compromise. They signed a treaty, and Roosevelt received They signed a treaty, and Roosevelt received

the 1906 the 1906 Nobel Peace PrizeNobel Peace Prize for his efforts. for his efforts.

The Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway.

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PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL Idea was to build a canal to connect the Idea was to build a canal to connect the

Atlantic & Pacific Oceans.Atlantic & Pacific Oceans. Such a canal would cut travel time for ships Such a canal would cut travel time for ships

b/c they wouldn’t have to go all the way b/c they wouldn’t have to go all the way around South America.around South America.

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Panama was a province of Columbia.Panama was a province of Columbia. Columbia did not agree to the canal.Columbia did not agree to the canal. So, U.S. helped Panama rebel against So, U.S. helped Panama rebel against

Colombia.Colombia.

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Panama became Panama became independent…independent…

Then, U.S. got Panama’s permission Then, U.S. got Panama’s permission to build the canal.to build the canal.

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Construction of the Panama Canal:Construction of the Panama Canal:

Work began in 1904 & took 10 yearsWork began in 1904 & took 10 years In 1913, there were 43,400 workers on the In 1913, there were 43,400 workers on the

hard & dangerous project.hard & dangerous project.

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Canal officially opens Aug. 15, 1914Canal officially opens Aug. 15, 1914Over 1,000 ships passed through that 1Over 1,000 ships passed through that 1stst year year

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ROOSEVELT ROOSEVELT COROLLARYCOROLLARY

Roosevelt’s statement to Congress in 1904… He Roosevelt’s statement to Congress in 1904… He wanted the U.S. to be the major power in the wanted the U.S. to be the major power in the

Caribbean & Central AmericaCaribbean & Central America

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Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary was the logical was the logical result of the result of the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine of 1823 of 1823

Roosevelt now said that the U.S had the right to intervene in Roosevelt now said that the U.S had the right to intervene in Latin American countries to protect U.S. business interests.Latin American countries to protect U.S. business interests.

(“Big Stick” policy)(“Big Stick” policy)

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NICARAGUANICARAGUA

In 1911, In 1911, Pres. TaftPres. Taft used Roosevelt’s used Roosevelt’s policy in policy in NicaraguaNicaragua..

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A rebellion had left the country in debt.A rebellion had left the country in debt. Taft arranged for U.S. bankers to loan Taft arranged for U.S. bankers to loan

Nicaragua $...Nicaragua $... In exchange, American business took control In exchange, American business took control

of the railroads & banks…also collected of the railroads & banks…also collected Nicaragua’s custom dutiesNicaragua’s custom duties

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DOLLAR DIPLOMACY:: Nicaraguans didn’t like this arrangement.Nicaraguans didn’t like this arrangement. They rebelled. The U.S. sent in troops to They rebelled. The U.S. sent in troops to

Nicaragua preserve peace.Nicaragua preserve peace. Those who didn’t like this kind of intervention Those who didn’t like this kind of intervention

called it “called it “dollar diplomacydollar diplomacy”.”.

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WOODROW WILSON’SWOODROW WILSON’S MISSIONARY DIPLOMACYMISSIONARY DIPLOMACY

Why did President Wilson send Why did President Wilson send troops to Mexico?troops to Mexico?

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President Wilson took a step beyond President Wilson took a step beyond Presidents Monroe & Roosevelt…Presidents Monroe & Roosevelt…

Wilson added a “Wilson added a “moralmoral” tone to Latin ” tone to Latin American policy.American policy.

His “His “missionary diplomacymissionary diplomacy” meant that the ” meant that the U.S. could not officially recognize U.S. could not officially recognize governments that were oppressive, governments that were oppressive, undemocratic, or opposed to U.S. business undemocratic, or opposed to U.S. business interests.interests.

A revolution in Mexico tested this policy…….A revolution in Mexico tested this policy…….

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MEXICAN PEASANTS & MEXICAN PEASANTS & WORKERS REBEL:WORKERS REBEL:

They rebelled in 1910 against their military They rebelled in 1910 against their military dictator.dictator.

The start of the Mexican Revolution: The start of the Mexican Revolution: the Serdán family opens a revolt in Puebla, Nov.18.1910 the Serdán family opens a revolt in Puebla, Nov.18.1910

2 new governments followed, the 22 new governments followed, the 2ndnd headed headed by by GeneralGeneral Victoriano Huerta.Victoriano Huerta.

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Wilson refused to support Wilson refused to support the the HuertaHuerta government b/c it government b/c it

came to power through came to power through violence.violence.

When a new leader, When a new leader, Venustiano CarranzaVenustiano Carranza, , took power in Mexico, Wilson withdrew took power in Mexico, Wilson withdrew

the troopsthe troopsTHEN…..THEN…..

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Francisco “Pancho” Villa….Francisco “Pancho” Villa….Leader of rebels who revoltedLeader of rebels who revolted againstagainst Carranza Carranza

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Some American’s killed Some American’s killed by Villa’s followers…..by Villa’s followers…..

U.S. wanted to capture Villa.U.S. wanted to capture Villa.

Mexican government gave U.S. Mexican government gave U.S. permission to send in troopspermission to send in troops

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Wilson sent General John J. Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to Mexico with Pershing to Mexico with

15,000 soldiers15,000 soldiers

A year later, Villa was still free.A year later, Villa was still free.

Wilson then stationed 150,000 Wilson then stationed 150,000 Natl’Guardsmen along the border.Natl’Guardsmen along the border.

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General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing

PERSHING, JOHN J. Brigadier General, U.S. Army Commander decorations U.S. Army, Supplement V, 1941 Home Town: Laclede, Missouri Date of Action: June 15, 1913

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Mexicans angered by Mexicans angered by U.S. invasion.U.S. invasion.

1916, U.S. troops fought w/Carranza’s 1916, U.S. troops fought w/Carranza’s army.army.

In 1917, Wilson withdrew U.S. troops b/c In 1917, Wilson withdrew U.S. troops b/c U.S. was facing possible war in Europe.U.S. was facing possible war in Europe.

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Mexico finally adopted a Mexico finally adopted a constitution, regained control of constitution, regained control of their own resources & put limits their own resources & put limits

on foreign investmenton foreign investment

American intervention in Mexico American intervention in Mexico showed how far the U.S. was willing showed how far the U.S. was willing to go to protect its economic interests.to go to protect its economic interests.

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COMING NEXT…..COMING NEXT…..

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WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I

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