Old Imperialism

Age of Discovery 1340-1600

What is an Empire? Imperialism?

In the early 1400s, new technology enabled exploration Better maps (cartography) from Marco Polo’s

and Arab geographers’ information had lines of latitude

New ships (caravel) had many masts so had more sail and could go farther with more cargo space

Lateen (triangular) sail and stern rudder enabled ships to sail into the wind

New Technology

Astrolabe Astronomical tool for

solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky

Done by drawing the sky on the face of the astrolabe and marking it, so positions in the sky are easy to find

Was made of brass and was about 6 inches in diameter

Motives - European Monarchs sponsored voyage in hopes of

increased trade (thanks to crusades) and profitable empire

- Portuguese hoped to reach Asia bypassing Italian and Muslim traders in Mediterranean Sea

- Spanish were jealous of Portuguese success and wanted to spread Catholicism (since Protestant Reformation lost many Catholics)

Practice Questions1. In the 14th and 15th centuries, Western Europeans sought an all-water route to Asia in order toa)break the Italian trade monopoly.b)stimulate progress in agriculturec)add new territory to their empires.d)transport surplus population to colonies in Asia.e)engage in slave trade.

Practice Regents2. Which technological development enabled European navigators to determine their location during the Age of Exploration?a)lateen sailb)astrolabec)cross bowd)caravel

What factors were pushing What factors were pushing Europeans to explore?Europeans to explore?

► Decline of Mongol Decline of Mongol Empire in 1400s Empire in 1400s made goods from made goods from the east harder to the east harder to get, more expensiveget, more expensive

► Fall of Fall of Constantinople to Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks the Ottoman Turks in 1453 was a major in 1453 was a major block to tradeblock to trade

Ottoman Empire in 1500

Motives - Later, England, France , and Dutch

explorers searched for a NW passage to Asia

- Some looked for gold or the Fountain of Youth

Practice Regents3. In the late 1400s and early 1500s, what was a major reason for the European voyages of exploration?a)introduction of Enlightenment ideasb)desire to control Constantinoplec)rapid industrializationd)need for alternate trade routes

Practice Regents4. The Crusades indirectly contributed to the discovery of the New World bya)forcing the religious conversion of the Muslim populationb)forcing the Turks to flee from Constantinoplec)stimulating European demand for goods from the Eastd)increasing the power of feudal lords

Zheng HeZheng He

China Does It First !!!!

1402

Reason For ExplorationReason For Exploration

Ming Dynasty had just taken over and kicked out the Mongols – needed to assert themselves and prove their prominence

Wanted to increase trade over Indian Ocean and extend their tribute states

Hired a Chinese Muslim eunich – Zheng-He to do it.

Why is this unusual for Chinese to do? What precidence?

Zheng He’s TravelsZheng He’s Travels

Zheng He’s ship compared to Columbus’s St. Maria

And he had 300 of these!!!!

The Boats - Junks well over 400 feet by 150 feet –

largest wooden vessels ever built

several decks below the main deck and several decks above at the stern of the ship

crew of any where between 450-700 members

able to handle deep ocean weather due to their very deep, sharp keel which gave them more stability

While exploring, demanded native people to submit to the Emperor’s authority

~ if natives refused, force was used~accepting, rulers were rewarded

with gold or silk Brought back trade goods and gifts from

visited lands

As He Traveled

Know This Map !!!Know This Map !!!

ResultsResults Later rulers thought ocean voyages to be

too costly As a result China decided to focus its funds

on its military Chinese rulers found exploration did not

benefit them personally so it was eventually halted

After this emperors discouraged trade with foreign countries – became isolated

This ties into Chinese belief of superiority known as…. What country also went into isolation around this time period?

Let’s Think…. Up until 1450 China had better technology than West. China had more unity than West. China had greater natural resources

including population than West. China had larger cities than West.

What if China did not give up its exploration after Zheng He? How would the world be different today

Practice Regents

5. Which conclusion about Zheng He’s voyages is valid based on the information on this map?a)His fleet traveled only as far as the Bay of Bengal.b)His expeditions sailed to ports in Asia and Africa.c)His fleet conquered and controlled Luzon.d)His expeditions traded directly with the interior of Africa.

European Exploration

What are their motives?

Motives - What is the easiest Motives - What is the easiest way to remember it all?way to remember it all?

► The Three G’s:The Three G’s: GoldGold GloryGlory GodGod

► Although a little Although a little simplistic, this simplistic, this mnemonic is a great mnemonic is a great way to remember way to remember the main the main motivations of the motivations of the European explorers.European explorers.

The First G: GoldThe First G: Gold► Gold was a hot item that explorers were looking Gold was a hot item that explorers were looking

for, but remember that it is really wealth, not just for, but remember that it is really wealth, not just literal gold that explorers were after.literal gold that explorers were after.

► Europe needed gold (and silver) to fuel the rising Europe needed gold (and silver) to fuel the rising banking system (think Medici) banking system (think Medici) – eventually too – eventually too much gold will be found leading to much gold will be found leading to inflationinflation

► Europeans also desired spices (Da Gama’s voyage Europeans also desired spices (Da Gama’s voyage to India made him a 3000% profit!)to India made him a 3000% profit!)

► Other natural resources would come to be sold for Other natural resources would come to be sold for profit as well (timber, sugar, tobacco, ivory, etc.)profit as well (timber, sugar, tobacco, ivory, etc.)

► This competition will be enhanced by the idea of This competition will be enhanced by the idea of mercantilismmercantilism that emerges. that emerges.

Practice RegentsPractice Regents

6. Prices in Spain rose as colonies supplied large amounts of gold and silver. This suggests that Spanish imports of gold and silver led toa)food shortagesb)unemploymentc)inflationd)self-sufficiency

MercantalismMercantalismDidn’t we cover this before – yep it is this Didn’t we cover this before – yep it is this

important.important.►Countries (Motherlands) wanted colonies Countries (Motherlands) wanted colonies

for raw materials and markets for for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.manufactured goods.

►Benefits go to Motherland onlyBenefits go to Motherland only►Desired to have a “Desired to have a “favorable balance of favorable balance of

tradetrade” – where ” – where exportexport (sell) more valuable (sell) more valuable manufactured goods (guns) and manufactured goods (guns) and importimport (buy) cheaper raw materials.(buy) cheaper raw materials.

Practice RegentsPractice Regents

7. Which idea is most closely associated with the economic concept of mercantilism?a)Colonies exist to provide raw materials and markets for a colonial power.b)Wealth and power are based on land exchanged between nobles.c)Goods and services are traded without government interference.d)Property is owned collectively and administered by the state.

The second G: GloryThe second G: Glory► Glory was a relatively Glory was a relatively

new idea in Europenew idea in Europe► Came out of the Came out of the

Renaissance ideal of Renaissance ideal of HumanismHumanism, and the , and the focus on individual focus on individual achievementachievement

► With the rise of the With the rise of the printing press, the idea printing press, the idea of gaining fame for of gaining fame for one’s actions was more one’s actions was more possiblepossible

► Also, individual kings Also, individual kings wanted glory for their wanted glory for their kingdoms, competition kingdoms, competition spreadsspreads

The Triumph of Fame, a Flemish tapestry from 1502.

The third G: GodThe third G: God

► As members of a universalizing religion, As members of a universalizing religion, Europeans had always seen Europeans had always seen spreading spreading ChristianityChristianity as a good thing as a good thing

► Especially after the Reformation, competition Especially after the Reformation, competition will spring upwill spring up

► Colonization will become a race to convert Colonization will become a race to convert native peoples to a particular brand of native peoples to a particular brand of ChristianityChristianity

► Jesuits (Catholics) are some of the most activeJesuits (Catholics) are some of the most active► Spain under Spain under Queen Isabella Queen Isabella will send out will send out

priests on every ship.priests on every ship.

How did these explorations How did these explorations begin?begin?

► The first to encourage The first to encourage new ship explorations new ship explorations was Prince Henry of was Prince Henry of Portugal, known as Portugal, known as ““Prince Henry the Prince Henry the NavigatorNavigator””

► Started an institute for Started an institute for seafaring and exploringseafaring and exploring

► Combined ship Combined ship technology learned from technology learned from Islam with new Islam with new European innovationEuropean innovationss

Spain vs. Portugal

Portugal had Disadvantage in Asian trade – faced Atlantic, not Mediterranean. 1488 - Bartholomeu Dias rounded Cape of Storms (Good Hope) in Africa

Spain In 1492, Queen Isabella sponsored Columbus’ voyage West to India to share in spice trade and spread Christianity

Practice Regents8. Which geographic feature of Spain and Portugal most enhanced their ability to engage in exploration?a)peninsular locationb)mountainous regionc)extensive river systemd)fertile plain

Practice Regents9. One reason Spain sponsored the first voyage of Columbus to the west was toa)find a more direct trade route to Asiab)obtain military technologyc)make contact with the Empire of Benind)trade in established ports in the Americas

Treaty of Tordesillas Spain and Portugal disputed each others right

to explore new lands, so the Pope arranged a settlement (since both were Catholic nations)

1494- Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which drew a Line of Demarcation through the western Atlantic

Portugal’s Explorers since Treaty

1497-1498 - Vasco da Gama reached India around Africa.

1500- Pedro Cabral found Brazil

Spain 1513- Vasco de

Balboa found Pacific Ocean; Juan Ponce de Leon found Florida

1519-1522- Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the globe

Strait of Magellan – Naming of “Pacific” THE STRAIT OF

MAGELLAN WAS A CONNECTION BETWEEN THE PACIFIC AND THE ATLANTIC OCEAN.

IT WAS A 300 MILE MAZE OF MANY DIFFERENT ISLANDS.

Named Ocean – Pacific because so calm

Magellan’s Travels - FERDINAND SAILED FOR SPAIN TO SHOW THAT

THE SPICE ISLANDS BELONGED TO SPAIN AND NOT TO PORTUGAL.

260 MEN AND 5 SHIPS SET OUT ON THE VOYAGE BUT ONLY 18 MEN AND ONE SHIP SURVIVED THE VOYAGE.

MAGELLAN DIED ON APRIL 21, 1521 IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS BY ANGERING THE NATIVES BY CONVERT THEM TO CHRISTIANITY.

Practice Regents10. What was a result of the efforts of Prince Henry of Portugal, Christopher Columbus, and Ferdinand Magellan?a)The importance of Mediterranean trade routes was established.b)The modern concept of universal human rights was promoted.c)The European view of the physical world was transformed.d)An understanding of the benefits of cultural diversity was encouraged.

England

1497- John Cabot, an Italian, explored North America from Delaware to Newfoundland looking for a Northwest passage to Asia

1578-79- Sir Francis Drake raided Spanish settlements on the West coast of the Americas, then sailed around the globe back to England

France Netherlands

1524- Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian, explored from the Carolinas to Nova Scotia

1534-36- Jacques Cartier sailed up St. Lawrence River, looking for the Pacific

1609- Henry Hudson, of England, sailed up Hudson River to Albany, looking for NW passage

South America Spanish rulers granted conquistadores the right

to establish colonies in exchange for 1/5th of any treasure they found

This reduced risk to monarchs, since the conquistadores used their own money

Viceroyalties of New Spain (Mexico) and Peru had Monarch-appointed viceroys in charge with Council of Indies in Spain to make laws

In each town/city, the King appointed members of a cabildo (city council) which preserved order

Fransico

Pizarro

1519- landed in Mexico in search of gold

Negotiated with Montezuma, the Aztec leader, until he agreed to become a subject of the Spanish king.

Destroyed Tenochtitlan, causing the Aztec Empire to crumble.

1529- Pizarro landed in Peru

Took advantage of a civil war in the Inca Empire and captured Atahualpa, their leader, and executed many officials

Without a strong leadership, the Inca forces were no match for Pizarro,

Hernando Cortes

Practice Regents11. The Encounter occurred as a result of European explorers crossing thea)Atlantic Oceanb)Sahara Desertc)Andes Mountainsd)Mediterranean Sea

Reasons for Ease of Conquest Spanish had better weapons (guns/cannons) Spanish had horses which frightened the Aztec

and Inca Spanish were thought to be gods Disease (small pox) carried by Europeans

weakened both empires by wiping out entire villages

Indian nations hated their oppressive rulers and helped the Spanish

Practice Regents

12 Which statement can best be supported by the information provided in the graph?a)The Indian population in Mexico steadily increased between 1500 and 1700.b)The effects of the Spanish conquest on the Indian population in Mexico were most severe between 1500 and 1540.c)The Spanish conquest of Mexico improved the standard of living for the Indian population in Mexico.d)Spanish influence in Mexico had ended by 1700.

Treatment of Indians

Spanish government granted settlers encomiendas, right to demand taxes or labor from Indians

forced Indians to mine silver, died of cave-ins, malnutrition,overwork,and disease.

Practice Regents13. Which country is responsible for the extensive colonial use of the encomienda labor system?a)Englandb)Francec)the Netherlandsd)Spain

Practice Regents14. The Spanish encomienda system in the Americas resulted ina)the strengthening of indigenous culturesb)political independence for the coloniesc)the exploitation of nativesd)religious freedom for the majority of peasants

Bartolome de Las Casas pleaded with Spanish authorities to rectify maltreatmentThe New Laws of 1542 were passed, forbidding Indian slavery and granting them the right to own land

Bartolome de Las Casas

de Las Casas suggested African slaves be used for plantation farming, and Spain began importing thousands of slaves

Brazil

King of Portugal appointed captain general to oversee colony he gave loyal subjects land

and the donatario (land owner) enlisted settlers to farm or trade on his land

imported slaves to work sugar plantations

MOST SLAVES THAT CAME TO AMERICAS CAME TO WORK IN SUGAR FIELDS OF BRAZIL

North America Until 1600s, Dutch, English, and French were too

busy with religious wars and political troubles to explore. Then they explored north of Mexico where Spain/Portugal were not strong.

Spain, looking for legendary cities of gold, explored north first, but settlements were not as profitable as southern ones, so they were paid little attention

As the colonies of England, France, and the Netherlands grew, they competed for land

England took New Netherland from Dutch, renamed New York

French,allied with Algonquin, fought Dutch,allied with Iroquois, and caused Indian tribes to clash

Dutch / Swedish Colonies

Netherlands organized Dutch West India Company and built a colony in present-day New York under Peter Minuit - New Netherland, gave land to patroons (wealthy landowners) who brought over farmers to work their estates

French Colonies

After Cartier explored St. Lawrence, French found that furs could be sold for great profits in Europe

France did little to encourage settlement of New France, forbidding Huguenots to move to escape persecution. Got along much better with natives because of that.

Samuel de Champlain set up a permanent settlement in Quebec, from which the French expanded farther into Canada, setting up trading posts and forts for fur trade

English Colonies English settled from Newfoundland to Georgia,

eventually had 13 colonies, small farms in North, plantations in South

elected assembly controlled king-appointed governor’s salary and consented to his laws

fought with Indians for land Many came to colonies for religious freedom

Puritans in MA, RI, CT ; Quakers in PA ; Catholics in MD

Languages Groups – Cultural Diffusion

Practice Regents15. Why is Catholicism a major religion practiced in Latin America?a)Spain conquered and colonized much of Latin America.b)Disputes over international boundaries within Latin America were settled by the pope.c)The traditional beliefs of Africans were incorporated into the cultures of Latin America.d)The Church provided Latin America with a strong central government.e)

Practice Regents16. Which of these events during the Age of Exploration was a cause of the other three?a)Europeans brought food, animals, and ideas from one continent to another.b)European diseases had an adverse effect on the native populations of new territories.c)Warfare increased as European nations competed for land and power.d)Advances in learning and technology made long ocean voyages possible.