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Californians for Pesticide Reform
Natural Resources Defense Council
Broken Trust:
August 6, 1997
CALPIRG Charitable Trust
How Cal-EPA has KeptCalifornians in the Dark about66 Reproductive Toxins
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Broken Trust:How Cal-EPA has Kept Californians in the Dark about 66 Reproductive Toxins
Principal Authors
Jonathan Kaplan, MES, CALPIRG Charitable TrustChris van Loben Sels, Senior Project Analyst, NRDCGina Solomon, MD, MPH, Senior Staff Scientist, NRDC
About Californians for Pesticide Reform
Californians for Pesticide Reform (CPR) is a coalition of public interest organizations committed to protecting publichealth and the environment from pesticide proliferation. The coalition’s mission is to hold government agencies account-able to protecting public health and Californian’s right to know about pesticide use and exposure; eliminate the use of themost dangerous pesticides in California and reduce over-all pesticide use; and educate Californians about environmentaland health risks posed by pesticides.
Action Now, Bay Area Action, Beeline Associates, Biological Urban Gardening Service, California Coalition for Alterna-tives to Pesticides, California Communities Against Toxics, California Indian Basketweavers Association, CaliforniaLeague of Conservation Voters, California Nurses Association, California Public Interest Research Group CharitableTrust, California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation, Center for Environmental Health, Center for Ethics and Toxics,Center for Marine Conservation, Center for Urban Agriculture at Fairview Gardens , Citizens for a Toxic Free Marin,Clean Water Action, Consumer Attorneys of California, Earth Island Institute, Ecology Action, Ecology Center, EcologyTask Force-Southern CA Ecumenical Council of Churches, Endangered Habitats League, Environmental Defense Center,Environmental Defense Fund, Environmental Law Foundation, Environmental Working Group, Food First/Institute forFood and Development Policy, Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education, Greenpeace , Group for Alterna-tives to Spreading Poisons, Health and Habitat, Klaire Laboratories, Inc., Klamath Forest Alliance, Madres del Este de LosAngeles / Santa Isabel, National People’s Campaign, Natural Resources Defense Council, Northcoast EnvironmentalCenter, People for Healthy Forests, Pesticide Action Network, Pesticide Education Network, Pesticide Watch, Physiciansfor Social Responsibility L.A., Physicians for Social Responsibility, San Francisco-Bay Area Chapter, Planning andConservation League, Political Ecology Group, San Francisco BayKeeper, San Francisco DeltaKeeper, Silicon ValleyToxics Coalition, Sustainable Cotton Project, TRAC -The Transnational Resource and Action Center, Urban Habitat,Volunteers for a Health Valley, Willits Environmental Center, Women’s Cancer Advocacy, Resources & Education,Women’s Cancer Resource Center, Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO),
About the CALPIRG Charitable Trust
The CALPIRG Charitable Trust is the 501(c)(3) sister organization of the California Public Interest Research Group(CALPIRG), the state’s leading public interest watchdog organization with over 60,000 members and 15 field officesacross the state. The Trust contributes research, public education and grassroots organizing to defend the environment,protect consumers and promote government accountability.
About NRDC
NRDC is a non-profit environmental membership organization with over 350,000 members and contributors nationwide.Since 1970, NRDC’s scientists, lawyers, and staff have been working to protect the world’s natural resources and toimprove the quality of the human environment. NRDC has officies in New York, Washington, DC, San Francisco, CAand Los Angeles.
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Table of Contents
Preface p. 2
Executive Summary p. 3
Proposition 65 p. 4
Cal-EPA Ignores Federal Indentification of Reproductive Toxins p. 5
Footdragging at OEHHA Prevents Listing p. 6
Non-listed Pesticides in Ground Water p. 7
Non-listed Pesticides in Consumer Products p. 8
Profiles of High Use Non-listed Pesticides p. 10
Non-listed Toxins in Agriculture p. 10
Appendix A: Use of Non-Listed Pesticides by Crop and County p. 15
Appendix B: 66 Non-listed Reproductive Toxins p. 20
Appendix C: Toxicology of Selected Non-listed Toxins p. 21
Appendix D: References p. 22
Appendix E: Pesticide Use by County p. 24
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Preface
Under counsel of the Natural Resources Defense Council, memberorganizations of Californians for Pesticide Reform (CPR) filed legalaction against Cal-EPA's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assess-ment on August 6, 1997 for failure to list 66 toxicants under the state'stoxic right to know law. All of the 66 compounds included in the lawsuithave been identified as reproductive or developmental toxins by U.S.EPA; almost all of them are pesticides. While Cal-EPA continues toignore state law, depriving millions of Californians of their right to knowwhen and where they are exposed to these birth-defect/reproductivedisorder causing chemicals, exposure is likely to be widespread, perhapscommonplace. As this report documents, millions of pounds of thesetoxicants are used every year in California agriculture and are sold tounsuspecting Californians in popular over-the-counter householdproducts.
Unfortunately the use of the non-listed pesticides documented in thisreport is part of a larger problem of increasing pesticide use in Califor-nia. Statewide, total pesticide use has gone up 31% between 1991 and1995 (CDPR Pesticide Use Reports), despite the presence of availablealternative pest control practices. Worse, the use of highly toxic carcino-gens and reproductive toxins, long known to pose risk to human andenvironmental health, continue to be widely used; for many, use in-creases annually.
In the face of this growing proliferation of toxic chemicals, 57 publicinterest organizations have banded together, forming Californians forPesticide Reform. Following the lead of many European nations, CPR iscommitted to turning the corner on pesticide use in California, phasingout the use of the most hazardous toxins and reducing over-all pesticideuse wherever possible.
Get Involved:If you're concerned about pesticides used in your homes, schools, parks,offices or in your community, call CPR toll free at 1 888 CPR 4880.
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Executive Summary
The Cal-EPA’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment(OEHHA) has failed to protect Californians from 66 toxins that causebirth-defects and reproductive harm. The agency has failed to list thesetoxins under the jurisdiction of the state’s right to know law, the SafeDrinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65). Bylaw, OEHHA is required to list under Proposition 65 any carcinogens orreproductive toxins that are so identified by select regulatory agencies,including the U.S. EPA. Although the U.S. EPA identified the 66 toxicchemicals listed here as reproductive toxins in November of 1994, morethan two and half years ago, Cal-EPA has yet to list them as such underthe state law.
Failure to list these chemicals under Proposition 65 deprives Californiansof perhaps their first line of defense against toxic chemical exposure: theright to know. Proposition 65 prohibits any significant exposure of atoxic chemical listed under the Act unless the party causing the exposureprovides clear prior warning, such as a product label or posted sign.Warning requirements both enable Californians to avoid exposure, oftenby choosing safer products or services, and create a powerful incentivefor manufacturers to seek safer chemical alternatives. Manufacturers aredrawn to safer alternatives because they predict that consumers, oncewarned, will buy other, less-toxic products. By harnessing these marketforces, Proposition 65 is credited for the reformulation of many productsand for reducing emissions of listed toxins from industrial facilitiesacross the state.
Proposition 65 also protects California drinking water from contamina-tion by listed carcinogens and reproductive toxins. The law prohibitsanyone from allowing significant amounts of these chemicals to enterdrinking water sources and imposes steep, enforceable fines for viola-tors.
Because OEHHA has failed to list 66 reproductive toxins under thejurisdiction of the law, Californians are inevitably exposed to thesechemicals without their knowledge or consent. Those profiting fromtheir use have little incentive to seek safer alternatives. Finally, Califor-nians have been deprived of their best defense against drinking watercontamination by these reproductive toxins. These concerns are magni-fied by the fact that many of the 66 chemicals are used frequently and inhigh volumes in California:
• Over 26 million pounds of these toxins were used as pesticides inCalifornia in 1995 — one out of every eight pounds of pesticidesused in the state during that year.
• Many of the non-listed toxins are commonly used on fruits andvegetables: California carrots, tomatoes, potatoes and rice eachreceive over one million pounds per year of these non-listedpesticides that cause reproductive harm; these non-listed toxinswere used on over 75 different food crops (based on 1995 data).
• Use of the pesticide metam sodium, the most widely used of all the
The California
Environmental Protection
Agency has failed to
adequately protect
Californians from 66
chemicals that cause birth
defects and reproductive
harm.
p. 6
non-listed toxins, has more than tripled since 1991. In 1995, over15 million pounds of this toxin were used and released in Califor-nia. In addition to being a reproductive toxin, this chemical is a"probable human carcinogen."
• Eight of the 66 reproductive toxins are used in 55 householdproducts — many for pet products that may be sources of expo-sure to children.
• Five of the non-listed pesticides have been implicated for contami-nating 541 drinking water wells in California between 1986 and1992. In 1995 alone, non-listed reproductive toxins warranted 22actions by Regional Water Quality Control Boards for groundwa-ter contamination.
Exposure to these chemicals may increase risk of physical and mentalbirth-defects, reproductive disorders, neurological problems and im-mune system suppression. Pregnant women, children and persons whoare frequently exposed may be particularly susceptible to the healtheffects associated with these toxins. Because these chemicals are sowidely used in California, it’s likely that many of us have been exposedto them.
By keeping Californians in the dark about 66 reproductive toxins,OEHHA has inevitably contributed to unwitting exposures to thesetoxins and failed to set in motion incentives to reduce their use. Theagency has thus failed to protect the people it purports to represent. Ithas broken the public's trust.
The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, known as Proposi-tion 65, was passed by the voters of California in 1986. The law forbidsdischarge of "significant" amounts of known reproductive toxins andcarcinogens into sources of drinking water; it also requires that anypersons using these chemicals provide warning before exposing some-one above a specified threshold dose (C.H.S.C. § 25249). The governor ofCalifornia is required to list which chemicals are “known” reproductivetoxins or carcinogens and to update that list every year. This function iscarried out by a branch of Cal-EPA known as the Office of Environmen-tal Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA).
Chemicals are listed under Proposition 65 if they are listed by anotherso-called “authoritative body.” The U.S. EPA is considered to be anauthoritative body under Proposition 65. Therefore, when U.S. EPA listsa chemical as a carcinogen or a reproductive toxin, OEHHA must alsolist that chemical under Proposition 65.
In enacting Proposition 65, the people of California found that hazardouschemicals pose a serious threat to their health and well-being and thatstate government agencies had failed to provide them with adequateprotections. This was the rationale for providing a broad “right-to-know” about toxins in California. Because of Proposition 65, people in
For over two and half
years, OEHHA has failed
to list and regulate 66 toxic
chemicals under
Proposition 65 that have
been identified by US
EPA to be reproductive
toxins.
Proposition 65 is Californians’
first line of defense against
toxic chemicals.
Proposition 65
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California can make more informed choices about which products andservices to purchase based on health factors. Proposition 65 has had aneven more far-reaching benefit, because companies will often reformu-late a product to remove a carcinogen or a reproductive toxin so thatthey do not have to provide warnings. This has made many consumerproducts safer for all Californians.
Finally, Proposition 65 has proven more effective than many environ-mental laws because it enables citizen groups to prosecute violatorsdirectly through litigation. The law leaves users of listed toxic chemicalsliable for large fines if they are caught exposing persons to listed toxinswithout providing prior warning or discharging significant amounts oflisted toxins to drinking water sources.
When U.S. EPA declares a
chemical to be a
carcinogen or reproductive
toxin, Cal-EPA's OEHHA
must regulate that
chemical under
Proposition 65.
". . . moreover, the adverse
effects associated with each
of the chemicals being listed
today are serious and
significant. In some cases the
effects are extreme, such as
cancer or death. In others,
the effects are serious and
lasting, including, for
example, impairment of a
fetus’ or an offspring’s
physical development,
neurological effects
inhibiting motor abilities or
mental processes, or
impairing the ability to
reproduce. . .”
*One of 66 compounds, propargite, is listed under Proposition 65 as a carcinogen but not as a reproductive toxin. Because reproductivetoxins can pose severe health effects after a single exposure, the law regulates them more stringently than carcinogens, which generallyaccumulate risk with repeated exposures. Thus exposure levels which are exempted from warning requirements under Proposition 65are typically significantly higher for carcinogens than for reproductive toxins. For this reason, it is critical that propargite also be listedas a reproductive toxin under the law.
In November of 1994, U.S. EPA published a final rule adding 286 chemi-cals to the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) — the federal right to know lawthat requires industry to disclose emissions and transfers of listed toxicchemicals (U.S. EPA 1995). Like Proposition 65, this federal law hasjurisdiction over a list of toxic chemicals -- the federal list is updated andmaintained by U.S. EPA. In adding 286 chemicals to the federal list, U.S.EPA identified 66 reproductive toxins which were not yet listed underProposition 65. Now, two and half years later, OEHHA has still notlisted these toxins.*
The 286 chemicals on U.S. EPA's list are highly toxic. Only those chemi-cals which are "known or can reasonably be anticipated to cause...serious or irreversible" health effects in humans warrant listing under thefederal law (Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act 42U.S.C. § 11023 (d)(2)(B)("EPCRKA")). Health effects which warrantlisting include cancer; teratogenic effects; serious or irreversible repro-ductive dysfunction, neurological disorders, heritable genetic mutations,or other chronic health effects. In the final rule, U.S. EPA clearly statesthat the 286 chemicals meet these criteria and emphasizes their signifi-cant toxicity:
"...moreover, the adverse effects associated with each of the chemi-cals being listed today are serious and significant. In some cases theeffects are extreme, such as cancer or death. In others, the effects areserious and lasting, including, for example, impairment of a fetus’ or anoffspring’s physical development, neurological effects inhibiting motorabilities or mental processes, or impairing the ability to reproduce..." (59FR 61433)
Cal-EPA Ignores Federal Indentification ofReproductive Toxins
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Footdragging at OEHHA Prevents Listing
Rather than immediately acting to list chemicals already found by U.S.EPA to be reproductive toxins, Cal-EPA's OEHHA has instead created abureaucratic morass. The agency claims that it is required under Propo-sition 65 to re-evaluate each and every study that formed the basis forthe U.S. EPA's listing. In addition, OEHHA intends to conduct twosuccessive notice and comment periods to "foster scientific dialogue"over the merit of U.S. EPA's determination.
These actions violate Proposition 65 and eviscerate the purpose of theauthoritative body listing mechanism. The imposition of proceduralhurdles not authorized by statute or regulation are effectively defeatingthe intent of the voters who enacted Proposition 65 in 1986.
Solvent Escapes Regulation
OEHHA's failure to protect the public from these reproductive toxins isperhaps best exemplified by lack of action in regulating NMP or N-methyl-pyrrolidone. In November of 1994, US EPA said in the FederalRegister that there is sufficient evidence to establish that exposure toNMP is associated with infertility and fetal toxicity. In fact, EPA said,“the body of evidence supports the finding that NMP is uniquely toxic tothe developing fetus.”
In January 1996, 14 months after U.S. EPA's action, OEHHA issuednotice in the California Register that the agency was considering listingNMP as a reproductive toxicant because of identification by an authori-tative body. Five months later, OEHHA’s Notice of Intent to List failedto include NMP. Instead there is a footnote indicating that NMP is still“under review.” It is now over a year later and there has been no listing.
Meanwhile, use of the chemical is widespread:
• NMP is used in the microelectronics industry, in petroleum refining,and as a paint and varnish stripper.
• NMP is sold over the counter for home use as a solvent, cleaner, andstripper.
• Over 70 million pounds of this chemical are manufactured in theU.S. every year.
• The U.S. EPA estimates that over 2.7 million consumers and over70,000 workers are exposed to this chemical every year, many ofwhom reside in California.
Although U.S. EPA has
known for two and half
years that the solvent NMP
is toxic to the fetus, the
chemical remains "under
review" at Cal-EPA's Office
of Environmental Health
Hazard Assessment.
p. 9
While OEHHA delayed
listing pesticides known to
be reproductive toxins in
1995, seven of these
chemicals contaminated
California ground water,
warranting 22 regulatory
actions by Regional Water
Quality Boards.
Sources:
1. For these pesticides, the CaliforniaEnvironmental Protection AgencyDepartment of Pesticide Regulationnoted either a confirmed detection ingroundwater or that preventativeaction had been taken by the State orRegional Water Quality Control Boardregarding contamination with thepesticide. The sources for the wellcontamination data are CaliforniaEnvironmental Protection AgencyDepartment of Pesticide Regulation,Sampling for Pesticide Residues inCalifornia Well Water, 1992 WellInventory Database, Cumulative Report,1986-1992, December 1992 andSampling for Pesticide Residues inCalifornia Well Water, 1995 Update of theWell Inventory Database, December1995.
2. The State concluded that “legal,non-point source agricultural use” ofthe pesticides contaminated wells. SeeCumulative Report, 1986-1992, page 21.
3. Number of confirmed detections.See Cumulative Report, 1986-1992, page14.
4. Number of preventative actionstaken by the State or Regional WaterQuality Control Board regardingcontamination with the pesticide. See1995 Update, pages 125 to 139.
Non-listed Pesticides in Ground Water
The State of California has determined that at least 541 wells have beencontaminated with five of the 66 non-listed reproductive toxins between1986 and 1992. In 1995, eight non-listed reproductive toxins leachedinto groundwater California. Seven non-listed toxins warranted 22regulatory actions by Regional Water Quality Control Boards.
Two non-listed pesticides, diuron and simazine were the source of mostdetected contamination. These two herbicides alone accounted for allbut five of the well poisonings between 1986 and 1992.
Diuron is a reproductive toxin and may cause damage to the developingfetus (New Jersey Department of Health, 1997). The chemical is alsosuspected to be a mutagen, capable of inflicting genetic damage to livingcells. It's ability to cause cancer is inadequately studied.
Simazine is a suspected endocrine disrupter and may cause reproductivetoxicity by impairing exquisitely sensitive human hormone systems(Wiles et al, 1994). Because of the toxin's ability to cause cancer inlaboratory animals, U.S. EPA initiated cancellation of its use as analgaecide in swimming pools, hot tubs and baths in 1994 (U.S. EPA,1994).
Listing these chemicals under Proposition 65 would make it against thelaw to allow significant amounts them to enter drinking water. Inaddition to outlawing this contamination, listing under Proposition 65would provide Californian's with a means of enforcing the law throughcitizen litigation.
Non-listed reproductive toxins foundin California groundwater.
Found in Legal use Number of Number ofgroundwater/ found to contaminated 1995
RWQCB contaminate wells.3 RWQCBaction taken wells.2 Actions.4
in 1995.1
2,4-DB X 1Diazinon X 1 2Dicamba 5Dimethoate 1Dithiocarbamates X 2Diuron X X 191 5EPTC XMolinate X 3Simazine X X 345 6Tebuthiuron X 1
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Non-listed Pesticides in Consumer ProductsEight of the non-listed
reproductive toxins are
used in at least 55 over-the-
counter household
products — many for pet
products that may be
sources of childhood
exposure.
The authors of this report found 55 over-the-counter consumer productscontaining reproductive toxins that Cal-EPA has failed to list underProposition 65. For the following six pesticides and an organic solvent, alist is provided of some of the brand-name products that are currentlyavailable in California stores which contain these reproductive toxins. IfCal-EPA had listed these chemicals under Proposition 65, the productswould all bear warning labels (unless reformulated by the manufactureror exposure levels pose no "significant risk"). Because Cal-EPA failed tolist these chemicals, consumers have no practical way of knowing thatthe products contain reproductive toxins.
There are likely many more products sold in stores that also containthese and other reproductive toxins. We recommend that consumerscheck the product label as the most reliable method of determining whata particular product contains.
Diazinon (organophosphate insecticide)Ace Hardware Diazinon SprayCooke Diazinon Insect GranulesCooke Diazinon SprayDexol Ant, Roach & Spider ControlEnforcer Ant Kill GranulesNew Era 150 Reflecting Flea & Tick Collar for CatsOrtho Bug-B-Gon Insect KillerOrtho Bug-B-Gon Ready Spray (Multi-Purpose Insect Killer)Ortho Diazinon Granules Ortho Diazinon Plus Insect SprayOrtho Diazinon Soil and Turf Insect ControlOSH Ant, Roach & Spider Control OSH Diazinon 25% Insect SprayOSH Diazinon 2% GranulesReal-Kill Diazinon Insect Killer Spray ConcentrateScotts Diazinon Lawn Insect ControlSpectracide Diazinon Insect SprayZema 5 Month Flea & Tick Collar for Cats
Dicamba (herbicide)Best Weed & Feed 15-5-7 for Grass & LawnsCooke Ready-to-Use Spurge, Oxalis & Dandelion KillerDexol Spot WeederLilly Miller Spurge & Oxalis KillerMiracle-Gro Extra Long Lasting Lawn Food Plus Weed ControlOrtho Weed-B-Gon Lawn Weed Killer2OSH Lawn Weed KillerOSH Premium Weed "N" Feed for Grass LawnsSafer Brand Weed-Away Lawn Weed KillerSt. Augustine & Bermuda Grass Weed & Feed
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Spectracide Weedstop Weed Killer for Lawns
Fluazifop-butyl (herbicide)Enforcer Plant Bed Grass and Weed KillerEnforcer Roots and All Grass Weed KillerOrtho Grass-B-Gon Grass Killer (Formula II)Real-Kill Grass WeedSpectracide Systemic Grass & Weed Killer
Hydramethylnon (insecticide)Combat Ant BaitsCombat Outdoor Ant Killing GranulesCombat Outdoor Ant Killing StakesCombat Roach Baits 2Combat Roach Killing Gel for Cracks & CrevicesCombat Roach Killing System 1Combat Superbait Brand Ant BaitsCombat Superbait Brand Insecticide Roach Bait Injection SystemCombat Superbait Brand Insecticide Patented Action Roach ControlCombat Superbait Brand Large Roach Bait1
Naled (organophosphate insecticide)Bansect Flea & Tick Collar for CatsBansect Flea & Tick Collar for DogsSergeants Dual Action Flea & Tick CollarSergeants Sentry V Flea & Tick Collar
N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (solvent)Citristrip Paint and Varnish StrippingGel Fasco 1-Hour Paint Remover
Resmethrin (synthetic pyrethroid insecticide)Dexol Tender Leaf Spider Mite ControlDexol Tender Leaf Whitefly & Mealybug ControlDexol Tender Leaf Whitefly & Mealybug SprayOrtho Outdoor Insect FoggerOrthonex RosePride Insect and Disease ControlTerm-Out Kills Termites, Roaches, Ants
Triforine (fungicide)Ortho RosePride Insect and Disease ControlOrtho RosePride Funginex Rose and Shrub Disease Control
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Non-listed Toxins in Agriculture
Over 26 million pounds of pesticides identified as reproductive toxins byU.S. EPA, but not listed under Proposition 65, were used in California in1995 — one out of every eight pounds of pesticides used in the stateduring that year (CDPR, Pesticide Use Reports). Many of the non-listedtoxins are commonly used on fruits and vegetables: California carrots,tomatoes, potatoes and rice each received over one million pounds ofthese chemicals in 1995, the most recent year for which data is available(CDPR, Pesticide Use Reports). In all, more than eighty different kindsof food crops received applications of non-listed pesticides. No countywas spared: Non-listed pesticides were used all across the state, releasedthrough tens of thousands of agricultural pesticide applications.
As the table below indicates, several of the most widely used non-listedpesticides has increased or remained constant since 1991. In aggregate,the top seven non-listed pesticides, comprising 90% of all agriculturaluse of the non-listed pesticides, more than doubled since 1991. During1995, while OEHHA delayed listing these chemicals under Proposition65, aggregate use of the top seven pesticides increased 23%, or 4,446,420pounds.
A summary of agricultural use of these non-listed pesticides by chemical,crop and county is provided in Appendix A: Use of Non-listed Pesticidesby Crop and County.
Non-listed pesticides that
cause birth-defects or
reproductive harm accounted
for approximately one in
every eight pounds of
pesticide used in 1995.
While Cal-EPA delayed
listing of metam sodium
during 1995, use of the
pesticide increased by over
a million pounds.
Metam Sodium
In addition to being a reproductive toxin, metam sodium is a category B2"probable human" carcinogen (U.S. EPA, memorandum from WilliamBurnam, 1997), mutagen, causing chromosomal aberrations in laboratory
Profiles of High Use Non-listed Pesticides
Use of the Seven Highest Volume Non-listed Pesticides
Source: California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Pesticide Use Reports
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995Metam sodium 4,887,334 8,566,076 8,589,017 11,173,565 15,274,166Diazinon 1,007,052 1,347,402 1,491,710 1,387,854 2,376,883Propargite 1,392,713 1,873,729 1,691,679 1,833,525 1,813,831Molinate 1,147,766 1,387,628 1,533,104 1,540,144 1,427,055Diuron 1,085,864 932,257 1,090,684 1,330,908 1,073,681Simazine 829,264 941,741 1,129,947 897,587 842,712Naled 176,871 164,905 180,041 909,844 711,519
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animals (National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides, December,1991) and is a U.S. EPA's Category I toxin, the agency's highest mosthazardous ranking for acute toxicity (like mustard gas, metam sodiumcan burn skin and respiratory tissue; (Meister, 1997);
Relative to most pesticides used in California, metam sodium is capableof causing health effects at very low doses -- Cal-EPA puts the "NoObserved Effect Level" dose for metam sodium at 0.10mg or less perkilogram of body weight per day (CDPR, 1996). For a 150 pound person,this equals only 1/4000 of an ounce.
Because of its high chronic and acute toxicity, widespread use and abilityto evaporate into ambient air, the California Department of PesticideRegulation has ranked metam sodium third out of 134 pesticide candi-dates for air monitoring and evaluation under the state's Toxic AirContaminant Program. The program is intended to protect Californiansfrom airborne pesticides and requires CDPR to prioritize pesticides basedon their potential for causing significant health impact. Although ambi-ent air monitoring for metam sodium was conducted in Contra CostaCounty in 1993, CDPR's evaluation of the chemical for health risk as anair contaminant is still under review four years later (California Depart-ment of Pesticide Regulation, 1995).
Metam sodium received little attention until the evening of July 14, 1991,when an over-turned rail car spilled 19,000 gallons of the toxin into theSacramento River (Schneider,1991). The highly toxic pesticide killedthousands of fish and devasted over 45 miles of the river’s ecosystem.
In the days immediately following the spill, Cal-EPA’s director of riskassessment assured residents of Dunsmuir who had been exposed tofumes from the spill that they were in no danger of long-term healtheffects. Approximately three weeks after issuing these assurances,however Cal-EPA reversed itself after discovering over-looked chronictoxicity studies that had been submitted by manufacturers years earlier.The studies showed severe spinal and neurological birth-defects in ratsand rabbits which had been exposed to high levels of the toxin. Afterreviewing the studies, Cal-EPA announced that exposure to metam-sodium fumes could cause long-term health effects and urged pregnantwomen in Dunsmuir to take a blood test to determine if the neural tubesof their babies had been damaged.
Cal-EPA officials notified U.S. EPA of the studies only to learn that theircolleagues in the federal agency also had the studies on file, but had alsonever reviewed them.
As noted in the previous section, use of metam sodium has more thantripled since 1991. While OEHHA delayed listing metam sodium underProposition 65, use increased by over four million pounds during 1995,amounting to 15,274,166 pounds used in agriculture that year. Major
After first assuring
residents of Dunsmuir that
a massive metam sodium
release posed no threat, Cal-
EPA reversed itself after
discovering over-looked
toxicity studies and urged
pregnant women in
Dunsmuir to take a blood
test to determine if the
neural tubes of their babies
had been damaged.
Because of its high chronic
and acute toxicity,
widespread use and ability
to evaporate into ambient
air, the California
Department of Pesticide
Regulation has ranked
metam sodium third out of
a 134 pesticide candidates
as a priority for air
monitoring and evaluation
under the state's Toxic Air
Contaminant Program.
p. 14
uses include:
Carrots 5,301,284Tomatoes, processing/canning 2,888,208Potatoes 1,448,609Cotton 1,213,651Soil application, preplant-outdoor (seedbeds etc.) 650,552
Diazinon
Diazinon is associated with a variety of health effects including cancer,mutagenicity and reproductive toxicity.
U.S. EPA reported finding a wide variety of reproductive effects in theoffspring of rats orally administered diazinon: urogenital defects,musculoskeletal abnormalities in offspring, decreased litter size, delayedbehavioral effects, and abnormalities in the immune system and bio-chemical and metabolic abnormalities(Federal Register, January, 1994).
Diazinon has also been associated with harmful health effects in humans.Use of diazinon by farmers in Iowa and Minnesota has recently beenlinked to increased risk of non-Hodgkins lymphoma (Cantor et al, 1992).An epidemiological study of workers at a diazinon production facilityfound that chromosome aberrations were more common than in a groupof non-exposed workers (Kiraly, 1979). Finally, two EPA surveys founddiazinon to be the sixth most frequent cause of accidental death due topesticides and the sixth most frequent cause of pesticide-related hospital-izations (U.S. EPA,1988).
Diazinon is used widely in California and there are many routes ofhuman exposure to this toxin:
• Indoor/Structural Use: In 1995, 1,419,056 pounds of diazinonwere released “within or on buildings” in California. (CDPRPesticide Use Reporting data, 1995) Indoor use of diazinon istroubling because of the pesticide’s ability to persist long afterapplication. Researchers examining diazinon residues in univer-sity dormitories detected residues 42 days following a crack andcrevice application (Cox, 1992).
• Food Residues: According to a 1990 U.S.D.A. survey, diazinon isthe eighth most common detected pesticide residue on food (Cox1992). In 1995, California’s Department of Pesticide Regulationreported a total of 455,460 pounds of diazinon sprayed on food.High use crops include:
Almonds 235,431Peaches 81,566Prunes 76,311Nectarines 62,152
• Consumer products. We found16 over-the-counter pesticideproducts that contain diazinon as the active ingredient, includingflea collars for pets (See the preceding section entitled “Non-listed
Two EPA surveys found
diazinon to be the sixth
most frequent cause of
accidental death due to
pesticides and the sixth most
frequent cause of pesticide-
related hospitalization.
Researchers examining
diazinon residues in university
dormitories detected residues
42 days following a crack and
crevice application. Over 1.4
million pounds of the pesticide
were applied in and around
buildings in California in 1995.
p. 15
Pesticides in Consumer Products” for more information).
• Groundwater. According to U.S. EPA’s Office of DrinkingWater, diazinon contaminated well water has been found in 46states, including California. The agency reports that diazinoncontaminated three percent of the 3,000 groundwater samplesanalyzed (Cox 1992). Diazinon contamination has also warrantedtwo regulatory actions by the Regional Water Quality ControlBoard in 1995 (CDPR,1995; CDPR, 1992).
Because diazinon remains non-listed by Proposition 65, Californians arenot entitled to prior warning before being exposed to this hazardouspesticide.
Propargite
Like metam sodium, propargite stands out amongst the food use pesti-cides for being particularly hazardous. In addition to being a reproduc-tive toxin, propargite is also a B2 "probable human" carcinogen (U.S.EPA, February, 1997) and warrants U.S. EPA's highest Class I ranking foracute toxicity (Meister, 1997).
Propargite bears the unique distinction of being the first of 134 pesticidesranked in order of priority by CDPR for further air monitoring andevaluation as a toxic air contaminant (CDPR, October, 1996). As notedabove, CDPR ranks candidate pesticides for further scrutiny based onthe airborne pesticide's potential to harm public health. CDPR scoredpropargite as potential risk number one because of the chemical'scarcinogenicity, chronic toxicity, acute toxicity, ability to vaporize intoambient air and widespread use in California.
Like metam sodium, however, propargite has seen little regulation as apotential toxic air contaminant. Although propargite has been used foryears in California, and was ranked second in CDPR's 1994 toxic aircontaminant candidate list, the first and only ambient air monitoring forthe chemical was conducted in June of 1996 (CDPR, May 1997). Neitherthe monitoring report nor the required health risk assessment have beencompleted. Because propargite is not listed under Proposition 65,farmworkers and those living in agricultural communities have littleprotection from this pesticide.
Under pressure from public interest groups, the U.S. EPA canceledseveral uses of Propargite in the Spring of 1996, indicating that even lowlevel food residues of the chemical pose greater health risk than previ-ously thought, especially to infants and children (PANUPS, April 1996).Under an agreement with Uniroyal Chemical Company, U.S. EPAcanceled use of propargite on apricots, apples, peaches, pears, plums,figs, cranberries, strawberries, green beans and lima beans-- cropsfrequently eaten by American consumers, particularly children. Accord-ing to EPA, the cancellations should reduce propargite exposure to
Propargite bears the unique
distinction of being at the
very top of CDPR's toxic air
contaminant candidate list -- a
group 134 pesticides ranked
for their potential to cause
significant health risk.
p. 16
adults and children by more than 85%, and to infants by more than 98%.
Unfortunately, none of these cancellations will affect the major uses ofpropargite in California. In 1995, 80% of propargite use in Californiawas for crops not canceled by U.S. EPA (CDPR Pesticide Use ReportingData (1995)):
Cotton 524,537Grapes 316,476Almonds 265,643Corn (forage-fodder) 24,112Grapes, Wine 90,381
Total For All Uses 1,813,831
Propargite is also a health hazard to communities exposed to airbornepropargite and to farmworkers who are exposed through agriculturaloperations. In 1986, propargite injured 198 farmworkers in TulareCounty who were exposed to the chemical while picking oranges(Saunders, 1987.) All of the exposed workers suffered from dermatitis;many suffered severe dermatitis (exfoliating skin).
Citing unacceptable cancer
risk, U.S. EPA canceled
several food uses for
propargite in 1996.
Unfortunately, none of these
cancelations will affect the
bulk of propargite use in
California.
p. 17
Pounds of non-listed reproductive toxicants applied as pesticides, 1995Source: CDPR, Pesticide Use Report Data
Compound Number of applications Pounds applied
Metam-Sodium 4,756 15,274,166Diazinon 67,284 2,376,883Propargite 23,630 1,813,831Molinate 4,586 1,427,055Diuron 16,086 1,073,681Simazine 22,710 842,712Naled 11,944 711,519EPTC 4,225 666,432Dimethoate 36,971 596,791Prometryn 4,318 213,145Thiophanate-Methyl 15,546 122,955Oxydemeton-Methyl 15,258 122,748Bromoxynil Octanoate 4,031 119,837Myclobutanil 28,107 100,956Linuron 2,615 85,931Fenbutatin-Oxide 4,719 80,156Amitraz 2,454 77,198Dicamba and its salts 9574 59,477Vinclozolin 5,900 49,977Cycloate 771 49,8974(2,4-DB), Dimethylamine Salt 698 49,496Triforine 6,512 40,858Metribuzin 1,596 30,953Triadimefon 6,701 22,996Fluazifop-Butyl 4,168 21,265Thiabendazole 2,591 18,561Anilazine 457 17,912Diclofop Methyl 277 16,540Imazalil 257 13,699Bromacil, Lithium Salt 47 6,517Chlorsulfuron 602 6,172Tau Fluvalinate 9,440 5,230Tebuthiuron 249 4,817FenoxaPropositionEthyl 1,043 4,100Fenoxycarb 6,179 1,6734(2,4-DB), Butoxyethanol Ester 13 930Resmethrin and related compounds 1,735 8934(2,4-DB), Isooctyl Ester 13 850Nitrapyrin and related compounds 94 7102,4-DP, incl. esters and salts 162 497Others 25 744
Total pounds of non-listed reproductive toxicants applied in California in 1995 26,130,760Total pounds of pesticides applied in California in 1995: 211,798,752Percent of total pounds of pesticides applied that were non-listed reproductive toxins: 12.3 %
Appendix A: Use of Non-Listed Pesticides byCrop and County
p. 18
Most common applications of non-listed reproductive toxicants, 1995As reported to California’s Pesticide Use Database_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Number of PoundsCompound Commodity applications applied
1. Metam-Sodium Carrots, General 473 5,301,2842. Metam-Sodium Tomatoes 905 3,131,2523. Metam-Sodium Potato (White, Irish, Red, Russet) 142 1,448,6094. Molinate Rice 4,582 1,426,8455. Diazinon Structural Pest Control 24,202 1,419,0566. Metam-Sodium Cotton, General 361 1,213,6517. Metam-Sodium Soil Application, Preplant-Outdoor (Seedbeds,Etc.) 156 650,5528. Naled Cotton, General 6,405 565,2849. Propargite Cotton, General 5,253 524,53710. Diuron Rights Of Way 2,151 504,72411. Metam-Sodium Cantaloupe 81 428,85912. Metam-Sodium Broccoli 195 344,26113. Metam-Sodium Onion (Dry, Spanish, White, Yellow, Red, Etc.) 43 341,54714. Propargite Grapes 5,326 316,47615. Metam-Sodium Peppers (Fruiting Vegetable), (Bell,Chili, Etc.) 91 315,49516. EPTC Alfalfa (Forage - Fodder) (Alfalfa Hay) 1,919 280,91517. Propargite Almond 2,394 265,64318. Propargite Corn (Forage - Fodder) 2,824 254,11219. Metam-Sodium Lettuce, Head (All Or Unspec) 99 245,35420. Diazinon Almond 1,849 235,43121. Metam-Sodium Sweet Potato 36 214,02622. Simazine Orange (All Or Unspec) 3,722 208,49023. Diuron Orange (All Or Unspec) 4,396 201,50924. Prometryn Cotton, General 2,630 190,98525. Metam-Sodium Lettuce, Leaf (All Or Unspec) 278 188,49126. Simazine Grapes 4,880 145,71627. Metam-Sodium Uncultivated Agricultural Areas (All Or Unspec) 68 136,29828. Simazine Rights Of Way 1,209 135,69029. Metam-Sodium Watermelons 38 127,47130. Metam-Sodium N-Outdr Grwn Trnsplnt/Prpgtv Mtrl 67 125,57031. Diuron Alfalfa (Forage - Fodder) (Alfalfa Hay) 1,303 115,70332. Metam-Sodium Parsley (Leafy Vegetable) 40 104,77033. Simazine Grapes, Wine 3,046 104,40734. EPTC Corn (Forage - Fodder) 499 103,50635. Metam-Sodium Brussels Sprouts 85 99,35436. Dimethoate Alfalfa (Forage - Fodder) (Alfalfa Hay) 4,705 98,88037. Propargite Grapes, Wine 1,226 90,38138. Metam-Sodium Celery, General 76 82,96339. Dimethoate Cotton, General 2,212 81,77340. Diazinon Peach 2,508 81,56641. Propargite Walnut (English Walnut, Persian Walnut) 1,236 81,08042. Dimethoate Orange (All Or Unspec) 1,514 79,07143. Diazinon Prune 930 76,31144. Amitraz Cotton, General 2,396 72,96845. Linuron Carrots, General 1,720 67,77946. EPTC Sugarbeet, General 319 67,51347. Diazinon Nectarine 1,877 62,15248. Diazinon Lettuce, Head (All Or Unspec) 5,195 56,10849. EPTC Potato (White, Irish, Red, Russet) 426 58,22550. Oxydemeton-Methyl Broccoli 7,644 51,887
p. 19
Commodities treated with non-listed reproductive toxicants, 1995As reported to California’s Pesticide Use Database
Commodity Pounds Applied
Carrots, General 5,391,329Tomatoes 3,277,513Cotton, General 2,696,721Potato (White, Irish, Red, Russet) 1,520,249Rice (All Or Unspec) 1,430,946Structural Pest Control 1,429,623Rights Of Way 716,672Soil Application, Preplant-Outdoor (Seedbeds,Etc.) 652,010Alfalfa (Forage - Fodder) (Alfalfa Hay) 640,343Almond 636,228Grapes 633,128Orange (All Or Unspec) 526,373Broccoli 453,885Cantaloupe 443,716Corn (Forage - Fodder) 374,842Onion (Dry, Spanish, White, Yellow, Red, Etc.) 369,676Lettuce, Head (All Or Unspec) 361,250Grapes, Wine 359,752Peppers (Fruiting Vegetable), (Bell,Chili, Etc.) 326,277Lettuce, Leaf (All Or Unspec) 228,811Sweet Potato 214,636Walnut (English Walnut, Persian Walnut) 190,200Sugarbeet, General 182,905Peach 160,648Uncultivated Agricultural Areas (All Or Unspec) 145,960Landscape Maintenance 144,370Watermelons 134,597N-Outdr Grwn Trnsplnt/Prpgtv Mtrl 133,115Celery, General 121,870Nectarine 117,345Wheat, General 116,663Brussels Sprouts 108,360Prune 108,268Parsley (Leafy Vegetable) 106,061Beans, Dried-Type 104,490Safflower, General 91,044Strawberry (All Or Unspec) 83,325Corn, Human Consumption 76,470Lemon 68,939Plum (Includes Wild Plums For Human Consumption) 67,147Spinach 65,813Apple 61,667Asparagus (Spears, Ferns, Etc.) 60,260Barley, General 56,925Melons 49,555Cauliflower 49,478N-Outdr Container/Fld Grwn Plants 45,943Beans (All Or Unspec) 44,973Olive (All Or Unspec) 40,707Cabbage 36,901Beans, Succulent (Other Than Lima) 31,287Cucumber (Pickling, Chinese, Etc.) 29,806Gai Lon 28,932
Carrots, tomatoes, cotton,
potatoes, rice, structural pest
control, and rights-of-way were
the highest-volume uses of
non-listed reproductive toxin
pesticides.
p. 20
Commodities treated with non-listed reproductive toxicants, con’t.As reported to California’s Pesticide Use Database
Commodity Pounds AppliedMustard, General 28,187Avocado (All Or Unspec) 26,966Chicory (All Or Unspec) 26,758Artichoke (Globe) (All Or Unspec) 26,231N-Outdr Grwn Cut Flwrs Or Greens 24,919Grapefruit 24,452Apricot 24,262Garlic 23,332Bok Choy (Wong Bok) 22,801Pear 22,360Oats, General 19,503Ornamental Turf (All Or Unspec) 19,057Cherry 17,522Animal Husbandry Premises 16,493Kale 16,113Squash (All Or Unspec) 15,001Collards 14,969N-Grnhs Grwn Cut Flwrs Or Greens 14,565Uncultivated Non-Ag Areas (All Or Unspec) 13,708Beets, General 12,974Swiss Chard (Spinach Beet) 12,724N-Grnhs Grwn Plants In Containers 11,169Tangerine (Mandarin, Satsuma, Murcott, Etc.) 10,507Parsnip 9,397Citrus Fruits (All Or Unspec) 9,126Peppers (Chili Type) (Flavoring And Spice Crop) 9,050Cilantro (Chinese Parsley, Coriander Leaves) 8,921Anise (Sweet Alice) 7,936Turnip, General 7,164Basil (Bush, Garden, Sweet) 6,628Onions (Green) 6,573Oats (Forage - Fodder) 6,390Mushrooms 5,658Eggplant (Oriental Eggplant) 4,077Dill 3,958Clover (All Or Unspec) (Forage - Fodder) 3,762Bermudagrass (Forage - Fodder) 3,699Peas, General 3,596Mushroom Houses (All Or Unspec) 3,309Chinese Cabbage (Nappa, Won Bok, Celery Cabbage) 2,653Regulatory Pest Control 2,385Pecan 1,995Leek 1,924Commercial, Institutional Or Industrial Areas 1,879Public Health Pest Control 1,674N-Grnhs Grwn Trnsplnt/Prpgtv Mtrl 1,604Wheat (Forage - Fodder) 1,485Kiwi Fruit 1,442Irrigation Systems (Ditches, Canal Banks, Etc.) 1,409Forage - Fodder Grasses (All Or Unspec) (Hay) 1,302Sorghum/Milo General 1,297Others 17,889
Total 26,130,760
p. 21
1 Fresno 5,397,0422 Kern 4,935,9213 Imperial 3,703,8204 Sacramento 1,287,1085 Tulare 1,094,8746 Kings 900,1607 Merced 884,1008 Santa Barbara 755,5209 Yolo 643,86910 San Joaquin 571,92211 Riverside 551,46812 Stanislaus 532,49813 Colusa 503,25714 Monterey 482,99415 Butte 414,54816 Madera 366,94517 Glenn 356,67318 Ventura 329,98519 Sutter 326,52320 San Luis Obispo 231,43321 Solano 185,15222 Contra Costa 157,51523 Orange 151,48824 Yuba 131,11125 San Diego 123,48426 Del Norte 122,85127 Los Angeles 118,50828 San Bernardino 116,69429 Santa Cruz 103,09230 Alameda 86,04431 Sonoma 84,44732 Santa Clara 78,48933 Modoc 56,76234 Placer 50,07635 San Mateo 49,58036 Tehama 44,05137 San Benito 41,02038 Mendocino 33,22239 Siskiyou 24,97340 Napa 24,42141 Lake 11,75642 Mono 10,02143 Tuolumne 9,65544 Calaveras 9,64345 Shasta 8,15146 Amador 6,73747 El Dorado 6,23248 Marin 6,05349 Nevada 5,91250 Lassen 4,69851 Mariposa 2,77252 San Francisco 2,32753 Plumas 2,12054 Humboldt 1,31755 Inyo 37456 Sierra 10157 Alpine 3858 Trinity 14
Use of Non-listed Pesticides by County (1995)
All 58 California counties
reported using non-listed
pesticides that cause birth
defects or reproductive harm in
1995.
Rank County Total Reported Use (1995)
p. 22
Appendix B: 66 Non-listed Reproductive Toxins
AbamectinAmitrazAnilazineBromacil, Lithium SaltBromoxynil OctanoateChinomethionatChlorsulfuronCycloateCyclohexanol2,4-D 2-ethyl-4-methylpentyl ester2,4-D 2-ethylhexyl ester2,4-DB2,4-DP, incl. esters and saltsDiazinonDicambaDichloropheneDiclofop MethylDimethoateDimethyl chlorothiophosphateDisodium cyanodithiomidocarbamateDiuronEthyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC)Fenbutatin-OxideFenoxprop ethylFenoxycarbFluazifop-ButylFluvalinateHydramethylnonImazalilLinuronMetam-SodiumMethazoleMetiram
MetribuzinMolinateMyclobutanilN-methyl-2-pyrrolidoneNabamNaledNitrapyrinOxydemeton-MethylOxydiazonPotassium dimethyldithiocarbamatePotassium N-methyldithiocarbamatePrometrynPropachlorPropargiteQuizalofop-ethylResmethrinSimazineSodium dicambaSodium dimethylfdithiocarbamateSodium fluoroacetateSodium nitriteSulprofosTau FluvalinateTebuthiuronTerbacilThiabendazoleThiophanate-MethylTriadimefonTributyltin methacrylateTriforineTriphenyltin chlorideTriphenyltin hydroxideVinclozolin
p. 23
U.S. EPA was explicit in describing why it was listing each compound.In each case, the agency reviewed the relevant animal studies on thechemical, and then, in the case of reproductive or developmental toxins,concluded that the evidence warranted additional regulation under thefederal right to know law. Excerpts from this compound by compoundanalysis are presented below (Federal Register, January 1994):
Molinate“In a rat developmental toxicity study, adverse effects included in-creased post-implantation loss, lower fetal body weight, increasedincidence of runts, and external/soft tissue/skeletal variants... Sincemolinate is reaching the gonads in all species, not only in rodents,molinate can reasonably be anticipated to cause fertility/reproductiveeffects in humans.”
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone“Exposure resulted in significant reductions in the male fertility indexand in the female fecundity index. There was also evidence of develop-mental toxicity in both generations after exposure as demonstrated byreduced litter size, reduced postnatal survival, and reduced pupweight... The data presented above clearly show a correlation betweendose and decreased fertility.”
“In addition, EPA believes that the body of evidence supports thefinding that NMP is uniquely toxic to the developing fetus.”
Metam sodium“In rats fed metam sodium, increased variations, retardations, andanomalies were reported... ...the weight of evidence indicates thatmetam sodium induces developmental toxicity. In addition, metamsodium is metabolized to carbon disulfide, a potent developmentaltoxicant.”
Resmethrin“In a one-generation reproduction rat study, administration in the dietproduced an increase in dead pups and lower pup weight amongsurvivors. In a 3-generation reproduction rat study, dietary administra-tion produced an increase in pups cast dead and lower pup weightamong survivors.”
Vinclozolin“...vinclozolin interacts with numerous steroid hormones in male andfemale animals. A broad spectrum of steroid hormones were affected inthese animals.” “Males had increases in testes weights, increasedbilirubin, and prostate atrophy... ...Pseudohermaphroditism occurred inmale offspring of rat. Other developmental effects included develop-mental delays, reduced male and female pup weight, increased stillbirthsand increased pup mortality throughout lactation.”
Diazinon“Urogenital defects in the offspring of female rats orally administered
Appendix C: Toxicology of Selected Non-listedToxins
p. 24
diazinon has been reported. Diazinon also induced musculoskeletalabnormalities in offspring. Post-implantation mortality was increased infemale rats. Similar reproductive and developmental effects wereobserved in mice. Oral administration of diazinon caused decreasedlitter size and delayed behavioral effects in the newborn. [Diazinon]caused abnormalities in the immune and reticuloendothelial system andbiochemical and metabolic abnormalities of the offspring.”
Simazine“Sheep that received simazine had necrotic changes in the germinalepithelium of the testis and disturbances in spermatogenesis.”
Propargite“In a developmental toxicity study in which rabbits were exposeddelayed ossification, increased fetal resorption, decreased fetal viabilityand reductions in fetal body weight were noted. Developmental effectswere also reported in offspring of rats.”
Appendix D: References
California Department of Pesticide Regulation, May 14, 1997, memoran-dum to Assemblyman Fred Keeley.
California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1995, Pesticide AirMonitoring Results Conducted by the California Air ResourcesBoard (1986-1995), EH 95-10.
California Department of Pesticide Regulation, October 1996, Pesticidesfor Evaluation as Candidate Toxic Air Contaminants, EH 96-01.
California Department of Pesticide Regulation, December, 1992, Sam-pling for Pesticide Residues in California Well Water, 1992 WellInventory Database,Cumulative Report 1986-1992.
California Department of Pesticide Regulation, December, 1995, Sam-pling for Pesticide Residues in California Well Water, 1995 Update ofthe Well Inventory Database.
California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Pesticide Use ReportingData 1991-1995.
California Health & Safety Code, California Safe Drinking Water andToxic Enforcement Act of 1986, § 25249.5.
Cantor KB et al, 1992, Pesticides and Other Risk Factors for Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Among Men in Iowa and Minnosota, CancerReseach, 52: 2447-2455.
p. 25
Cox, Caroline, 1992, Diazinon, Journal of Pesticide Reform , Vol. 12, No. 3.
Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act, 42 UnitedStates Code ¶ 11023.
Federal Register, January 12, 1994, Volume 59, 1788-1843
Federal Register, November 30, 1994, Volume 59, 61432-61471.
Kiraly J et al, 1979, Chromosome Studies in Workers Producing Organo-phosphate Insecticides, Archive of Environmental Contamination andogy, 8: 309-319.
Meister, ed., 1997, Farm Chemical Handbook, Meister Publishing Com-pany, Willoughby, Ohio.
Moses M, 1995,Designer Poisons: How to Protect Your Health and Home fromToxic Pesticides., Pesticide Education Center, San Francisco, CA.
New Jersey Department of Health, 1997, Right to Know Program, on lineChemical Fact Index, ftp://alternatives.com/library/envchemh/chem.lst.
PANUPS, April 22, 1996, NGO Challenges EPA Decision to ContinueUse of Propargite. . Pesticide Action Network North America(PANNA), San Francisco, CA.
Pesticides and You, December1991,News from the National CoalitionAgainst the Misuse of Pesticides, pp 9-10.
Saunders D et al, May 1987, Outbreak of Omite-CR-Induced DermatitisAmong Orange Pickers in Tulare County, California, Journal ofOccupational Medicine, Volume 29, No. 5.
Schneider K, August, 23, 1991, E.P.A. Failed to Evaluate Warnings on aLeast 10 Dangerous Pesticides, New York Times,, A14.
U.S. EPA, March 1995, 1993 Toxics Release Inventory Public DataRelease, EPA 745-R-95-010, p. A-6.
U.S. EPA, February 1997, memorandum from William Burnam, Chief,Science Analysis Branch, Health Effects Division.
U.S. EPA, 1988, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Guidance for
p. 26
AlamedaBROMACIL LITHIUM SALT 257BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 79CHLORSULFURON 18DIAZINON 15,912DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 194DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 848DICAMBA 9DIMETHOATE 271DIURON 43,230FENOXYCARB 21FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 68METAM-SODIUM 12,703MYCLOBUTANIL 26NALED 1RESMETHRIN 2SIMAZINE 6,913TAU FLUVALINATE 118TEBUTHIURON 6THIOPHANATE-METHYL 3,582TRIADIMEFON 547TRIBUTYLTIN METHACRYLATE 4TRIFORINE 5VINCLOZOLIN 996
85,810
AlpineDIAZINON 38
38
AmadorBROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 151DIAZINON 270DIMETHOATE 42DIURON 1,900EPTC 244FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 1FENOXYCARB 1FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 20LINURON 180METRIBUZIN 50MYCLOBUTANIL 88NALED 334PROPARGITE 641SIMAZINE 2,670TEBUTHIURON 11THIOPHANATE-METHYL 40TRIADIMEFON 92
6,737
Butte4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 278BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 451CHLORSULFURON 14DIAZINON 31,129DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 23DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 102DICAMBA 1DICLOFOP METHYL 164DIMETHOATE 152DIURON 14,829EPTC 4,119FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 2,815FENOXAPROP ETHYL 475FENOXYCARB 18FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 64METAM-SODIUM 191METRIBUZIN 4MOLINATE 322,316MYCLOBUTANIL 144NALED 604OXYDEMETON-METHYL 56PROPARGITE 13,225RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 1RESMETHRIN 6SIMAZINE 12,676THIOPHANATE-METHYL 4,450TRIADIMEFON 33TRIFORINE 5,714VINCLOZOLIN 429
414,483
Appendix E: Pesticide Use by County
p. 27
CalaverasDIAZINON 984DICAMBA 5DIMETHOATE 60DIURON 4,177MYCLOBUTANIL 91OXYDEMETON-METHYL 3PROPARGITE 420SIMAZINE 3,873TEBUTHIURON 9THIOPHANATE-METHYL 17TRIADIMEFON 3
9,643
Colusa4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 251AMITRAZ 67BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 498CHLORSULFURON 9CYCLOATE 969DIAZINON 8,465DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 252DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,016DICAMBA 1DICLOFOP METHYL 1,025DIMETHOATE 3,333DIURON 6,304EPTC 6,636FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 162FENOXAPROP ETHYL 1,954FENOXYCARB 1FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 89LINURON 19METAM-SODIUM 27,530METRIBUZIN 2,056MOLINATE 383,826MYCLOBUTANIL 22NALED 6,906OXYDEMETON-METHYL 1,369PROPARGITE 45,969RESMETHRIN 3SIMAZINE 3,251TAU FLUVALINATE 91THIOPHANATE-METHYL 427TRIADIMEFON 282TRIFORINE 384
503,165
Contra Cos4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 62ANILAZINE 1BROMACIL LITHIUM SALT 335BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 446CHLORSULFURON 35DIAZINON 23,780DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 259DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,162DICAMBA 6DICLOFOP METHYL 85DIMETHOATE 6,022DIURON 23,069EPTC 3,231FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 63FENOXYCARB 31FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 17LINURON 208METAM-SODIUM 84,345METRIBUZIN 972MYCLOBUTANIL 470NALED 91OXYDEMETON-METHYL 560PROPARGITE 4,289RESMETHRIN 1SIMAZINE 5,964TAU FLUVALINATE 56THIOPHANATE-METHYL 1,386TRIADIMEFON 170TRIFORINE 25VINCLOZOLIN 7
157,148
Del NorteDIAZINON 354DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 5DICAMBA 1DIURON 2,858METAM-SODIUM 119,503RESMETHRIN 1SIMAZINE 53TAU FLUVALINATE 23THIOPHANATE-METHYL 51
TRIADIMEFON 1122,851
Ed Dorado24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 3BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 21DIAZINON 2,517DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 20DIMETHOATE 6DIURON 1,004FENOXYCARB 7FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 4LINURON 11MYCLOBUTANIL 134PROPARGITE 90SIMAZINE 2,074TAU FLUVALINATE 1TEBUTHIURON 6THIOPHANATE-METHYL 307TRIADIMEFON 26TRIFORINE 2
6,232
Fresno24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 44(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 4,808AMITRAZ 12,869ANILAZINE 73BROMACIL LITHIUM SALT 580BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 28,730CHLORSULFURON 23CYCLOATE 3,650DIAZINON 206,500DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 452DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,852DICAMBA 1DICLOFOP METHYL 925DIMETHOATE 51,707DIURON 91,797EPTC 67,334FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 10,761FENOXAPROP ETHYL 28FENOXYCARB 18FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 2,986IMAZALIL 1,835LINURON 2,472METAM-SODIUM 3,804,322METRIBUZIN 197MOLINATE 5,949MYCLOBUTANIL 15,146NALED 312,991NITRAPYRIN OTHER RELATED 23NITRAPYRIN 206OXYDEMETON-METHYL 17,349PROMETRYN 13,923PROPARGITE 564,087RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 1RESMETHRIN 38SIMAZINE 143,450TAU FLUVALINATE 27TEBUTHIURON 29THIABENDAZOLE 3,142THIOPHANATE-METHYL 9,232TRIADIMEFON 1,071TRIFORINE 7,338VINCLOZOLIN 6,549
5,394,477
Glenn24-DP DIMETHYAMINE SALT 444(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 2,440BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 847DIAZINON 12,628DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 269DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,087DICLOFOP METHYL 2,420DIMETHOATE 2,561DIURON 7,360EPTC 13,473FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 1,064FENOXAPROP ETHYL 409FENOXYCARB 1IMAZALIL 6METAM-SODIUM 16METRIBUZIN 138MOLINATE 285,634MYCLOBUTANIL 6NALED 838OXYDEMETON-METHYL 7PROMETRYN 84PROPARGITE 15,359SIMAZINE 6,579TEBUTHIURON 13
p. 28
THIABENDAZOLE 39THIOPHANATE-METHYL 2,487TRIADIMEFON 80TRIFORINE 776
356,665
Humboldt24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 3CHLORSULFURON 15DIAZINON 67DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 7DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 46DICAMBA 3DIURON 523FENOXYCARB 1MYCLOBUTANIL 39RESMETHRIN 3SIMAZINE 341TAU FLUVALINATE 1TEBUTHIURON 6THIOPHANATE-METHYL 167TRIADIMEFON 45TRIFORINE 5VINCLOZOLIN 43
1,317
Imperial4(24-DB) BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 7394(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 19,624AMITRAZ 488BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 16,992CYCLOATE 10,129DIAZINON 57,984DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 19DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 78DICLOFOP METHYL 1,389DIMETHOATE 78,753DIURON 10,069EPTC 148,679FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 1,252LINURON 16,035METAM-SODIUM 3,322,308METRIBUZIN 2,838MYCLOBUTANIL 207NALED 286OXYDEMETON-METHYL 4,543PROMETRYN 680PROPARGITE 2,939SIMAZINE 972TRIADIMEFON 4,659TRIFORINE 364VINCLOZOLIN 1,793
3,703,820
InyoDICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 3DIURON 86RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 4RESMETHRIN 33SIMAZINE 116TEBUTHIURON 129THIOPHANATE-METHYL 2
374
Kern4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 87AMITRAZ 15,204BROMACIL LITHIUM SALT 2,379BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 14,305CHLORSULFURON 7CYCLOATE 116DIAZINON 125,867DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 207DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 917DICAMBA 1DIMETHOATE 73,272DIURON 111,675EPTC 47,068FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 9,213FENOXYCARB 19FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 5,898IMAZALIL 735LINURON 40,317METAM-SODIUM 3,915,263MYCLOBUTANIL 14,077NALED 40,953OXYDEMETON-METHYL 3,129PROMETRYN 121,455PROPARGITE 281,523RESMETHRIN 186SIMAZINE 88,489TAU FLUVALINATE 9TEBUTHIURON 101
THIABENDAZOLE 2,816THIOPHANATE-METHYL 15,429TRIADIMEFON 1,264TRIFORINE 971VINCLOZOLIN 248
4,933,200
Kings4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 863AMITRAZ 23,594BROMACIL LITHIUM SALT 354BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 7,124DIAZINON 26,558DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 1,672DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 6,725DIMETHOATE 47,131DIURON 43,417EPTC 68,533FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 480FENOXYCARB 5FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 1,482LINURON 509METAM-SODIUM 321,584MYCLOBUTANIL 667NALED 144,106OXYDEMETON-METHYL 2,936PROMETRYN 9,340PROPARGITE 184,932SIMAZINE 5,424TAU FLUVALINATE 1TEBUTHIURON 1THIOPHANATE-METHYL 1,501TRIADIMEFON 11TRIFORINE 787VINCLOZOLIN 406
900,144
Lake4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 9AMITRAZ 673DIAZINON 1,213DIMETHOATE 442DIURON 1,900EPTC 10FENOXYCARB 1METAM-SODIUM 20MYCLOBUTANIL 164OXYDEMETON-METHYL 3PROPARGITE 486SIMAZINE 6,830THIOPHANATE-METHYL 2TRIADIMEFON 3
11,756
Lassen4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 45BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 393CHLORSULFURON 8DIAZINON 128DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 394DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,582DIURON 1,530FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 22METRIBUZIN 567MYCLOBUTANIL 12SIMAZINE 17
4,698
Los Angeles24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 34(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 94AMITRAZ 1ANILAZINE 171BROMACIL LITHIUM SALT 684BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 242CHLORSULFURON 47DIAZINON 66,328DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 54DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 425DICAMBA 16DIMETHOATE 719DIURON 31,435EPTC 24FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 106FENOXYCARB 219FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 591LINURON 416METAM-SODIUM 1,068METRIBUZIN 49MYCLOBUTANIL 67NALED 1,093OXYDEMETON-METHYL 20PROPARGITE 1,999
p. 29
RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 3RESMETHRIN 91SIMAZINE 6,197TAU FLUVALINATE 248TEBUTHIURON 990THIOPHANATE-METHYL 4,077TRIADIMEFON 597TRIFORINE 34VINCLOZOLIN 266
118,374
Madera4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,128AMITRAZ 846BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 3,139CHLORSULFURON 8DIAZINON 54,997DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 112DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 450DICLOFOP METHYL 157DIMETHOATE 11,488DIURON 35,550EPTC 4,534FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 8,534FENOXYCARB 4FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 1,617LINURON 1,150METAM-SODIUM 81,334MOLINATE 240MYCLOBUTANIL 4,785NALED 18,938OXYDEMETON-METHYL 602PROMETRYN 1,850PROPARGITE 81,303RESMETHRIN 1SIMAZINE 47,673TAU FLUVALINATE 133TEBUTHIURON 27THIOPHANATE-METHYL 4,553TRIADIMEFON 55TRIFORINE 471VINCLOZOLIN 52
365,730
MarinBROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 7DIAZINON 2,243DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 9DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 47DICAMBA 7DIMETHOATE 47DIURON 3,207FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 1FENOXYCARB 8FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 7MYCLOBUTANIL 25NITRAPYRIN OTHER RELATED 1NITRAPYRIN 13RESMETHRIN 2SIMAZINE 303TAU FLUVALINATE 23THIOPHANATE-METHYL 82TRIADIMEFON 20
6,053
MariposaBROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 1DIAZINON 867DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 4DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 19DIURON 482METAM-SODIUM 12PROPARGITE 2RESMETHRIN 1SIMAZINE 1,381TEBUTHIURON 3
2,772
MendocinoAMITRAZ 552BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 22CHLORSULFURON 7DIAZINON 661DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1DICAMBA 4DIMETHOATE 4,044DIURON 2,040FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 20FENOXYCARB 4METAM-SODIUM 18,654MYCLOBUTANIL 808NALED 84PROPARGITE 697
SIMAZINE 5,499TAU FLUVALINATE 1TEBUTHIURON 40THIOPHANATE-METHYL 7TRIADIMEFON 37TRIFORINE 19VINCLOZOLIN 20
33,222
Merced24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 424-DP DIMETHYAMINE SALT 14(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 3,136AMITRAZ 2,586BROMACIL LITHIUM SALT 908BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 7,036CHLORSULFURON 1CYCLOATE 3,859DIAZINON 21,557DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 255DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,033DICAMBA 1DICLOFOP METHYL 511DIMETHOATE 15,395DIURON 50,618EPTC 46,740FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 10,116FENOXAPROP ETHYL 10FENOXYCARB 1FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 1,468METAM-SODIUM 503,823METRIBUZIN 1,064MOLINATE 10,629MYCLOBUTANIL 2,786NALED 39,183OXYDEMETON-METHYL 328PROMETRYN 633PROPARGITE 123,745RESMETHRIN 14SIMAZINE 24,274TAU FLUVALINATE 168TEBUTHIURON 1TERBACIL 16THIABENDAZOLE 12THIOPHANATE-METHYL 8,853TRIADIMEFON 48TRIFORINE 2,076
882,890
Modoc4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 142BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 12CHLORSULFURON 6DIAZINON 25DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 805DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 3,232DICLOFOP METHYL 73DIMETHOATE 395DIURON 7EPTC 673FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 228METAM-SODIUM 48,340METRIBUZIN 2,597THIABENDAZOLE 16TRIADIMEFON 90VINCLOZOLIN 60
56,700
Mono4(24-DB) ISOOCTYL ESTER 710BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 16DIAZINON 5DIMETHOATE 239METAM-SODIUM 9,051TEBUTHIURON 1
10,021
MontereyANILAZINE 325BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 1,344CHLORSULFURON 61CYCLOATE 1,135DIAZINON 78,138DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 185DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 924DICAMBA 2DIMETHOATE 44,785DIURON 21,038EPTC 5,986FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 2,931FENOXYCARB 42FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 66LINURON 5,471
p. 30
METAM-SODIUM 182,825METRIBUZIN 39MYCLOBUTANIL 5,464NALED 29,113OXYDEMETON-METHYL 47,244PROMETRYN 7,641PROPARGITE 4,329RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 2RESMETHRIN 13SIMAZINE 18,322TAU FLUVALINATE 1,080THIABENDAZOLE 284THIOPHANATE-METHYL 2,127TRIADIMEFON 1,665TRIFORINE 190VINCLOZOLIN 20,212
482,983
NapaBROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 244
DIAZINON 432DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 8DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 32DIMETHOATE 3,885DIURON 1,596FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 484FENOXYCARB 4METRIBUZIN 8MYCLOBUTANIL 4,436NALED 31PROMETRYN 8PROPARGITE 331RESMETHRIN 1SIMAZINE 11,909THIOPHANATE-METHYL 405TRIADIMEFON 604TRIFORINE 3
24,421
NevadaANILAZINE 10DIAZINON 2,690DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1DIMETHOATE 1DIURON 2,021FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 4FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 1METAM-SODIUM 34MYCLOBUTANIL 45SIMAZINE 1,012TAU FLUVALINATE 2THIOPHANATE-METHYL 59TRIADIMEFON 33
5,912
Orange24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 8AMITRAZ 152ANILAZINE 1,965CHLORSULFURON 176CYCLOATE 2DIAZINON 21,543DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 39DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 515DICAMBA 20DIMETHOATE 2,075DIURON 5,979FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 1,714FENOXYCARB 283FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 312METAM-SODIUM 93,015METRIBUZIN 36MYCLOBUTANIL 88NALED 636OXYDEMETON-METHYL 263PROMETRYN 465PROPARGITE 2,483RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 13RESMETHRIN 181SIMAZINE 13,235TAU FLUVALINATE 353TEBUTHIURON 319THIOPHANATE-METHYL 4,540TRIADIMEFON 612TRIFORINE 289VINCLOZOLIN 105
151,415
PlacerDIAZINON 5,683DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 36DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 179DIMETHOATE 7
DIURON 7,142EPTC 602FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 83FENOXAPROP ETHYL 72FENOXYCARB 4FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 3LINURON 48METAM-SODIUM 2,181MOLINATE 31,679MYCLOBUTANIL 12OXYDEMETON-METHYL 2PROPARGITE 1RESMETHRIN 1SIMAZINE 1,750TAU FLUVALINATE 1TEBUTHIURON 153THIOPHANATE-METHYL 342TRIADIMEFON 28TRIFORINE 68
50,076
PlumasBROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 22CHLORSULFURON 4DIAZINON 40DIURON 1,939OXYDEMETON-METHYL 2SIMAZINE 110TRIADIMEFON 2
2,119
Riverside24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 34(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 3,603AMITRAZ 205ANILAZINE 13BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 1,763CHLORSULFURON 204CYCLOATE 324DIAZINON 33,263DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 219DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,076DICAMBA 1DIMETHOATE 43,360DIURON 34,386EPTC 53,821FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 225FENOXYCARB 158FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 637IMAZALIL 1,365LINURON 612METAM-SODIUM 327,802METRIBUZIN 1,351MYCLOBUTANIL 1,808NALED 7,742NITRAPYRIN OTHER RELATED 2NITRAPYRIN 18OXYDEMETON-METHYL 88PROMETRYN 1,227PROPARGITE 5,042RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 1RESMETHRIN 8SIMAZINE 19,024SULPROFOS 171TAU FLUVALINATE 59TEBUTHIURON 1,156THIABENDAZOLE 1,618THIOPHANATE-METHYL 4,381TRIADIMEFON 4,562TRIFORINE 107VINCLOZOLIN 2
551,406
Sacramento24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 94(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 183ANILAZINE 6BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 2,715CHLORSULFURON 25CYCLOATE 3,908DIAZINON 1,164,082DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 323DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,395DICAMBA 3DICLOFOP METHYL 559DIMETHOATE 2,874DIURON 29,241EPTC 12,151FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 28FENOXAPROP ETHYL 76FENOXYCARB 48FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 26LINURON 236
p. 31
METAM-SODIUM 12,390METRIBUZIN 545MOLINATE 25,202MYCLOBUTANIL 827NALED 383NITRAPYRIN OTHER RELATED 40NITRAPYRIN 362OXYDEMETON-METHYL 309PROPARGITE 5,051RESMETHRIN 4SIMAZINE 17,890TAU FLUVALINATE 12TEBUTHIURON 121THIOPHANATE-METHYL 5,696TRIADIMEFON 355TRIFORINE 11VINCLOZOLIN 2
1,287,086
San Bernardino24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 554(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 209AMITRAZ 124ANILAZINE 13BROMACIL LITHIUM SALT 251BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 240CHLORSULFURON 86DIAZINON 11,102DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 46DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 326DICAMBA 15DIMETHOATE 4,909DIURON 35,881FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 50FENOXYCARB 31FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 396IMAZALIL 449METAM-SODIUM 43,608MYCLOBUTANIL 29NALED 6,736OXYDEMETON-METHYL 4PROMETRYN 247PROPARGITE 965RESMETHRIN 29SIMAZINE 8,370TAU FLUVALINATE 34TEBUTHIURON 534THIABENDAZOLE 411THIOPHANATE-METHYL 1,268TRIADIMEFON 168TRIFORINE 24VINCLOZOLIN 49
116,658
San Diego24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 79ANILAZINE 701BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 351CHLORSULFURON 20DIAZINON 27,574DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 13DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 126DICAMBA 36DIMETHOATE 2,681DIURON 9,032EPTC 27FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 352FENOXYCARB 166FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 235IMAZALIL 20LINURON 12METAM-SODIUM 55,226METRIBUZIN 178MYCLOBUTANIL 258NALED 622OXYDEMETON-METHYL 165PROPARGITE 16RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 1RESMETHRIN 10SIMAZINE 10,640TAU FLUVALINATE 877TEBUTHIURON 910THIABENDAZOLE 27THIOPHANATE-METHYL 11,408TRIADIMEFON 704TRIBUTYLTIN METHACRYLATE 274TRIFORINE 123VINCLOZOLIN 621
123,484
San FranciscoDIAZINON 965DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 41
DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 171DICAMBA 1DIURON 698FENOXYCARB 20FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 6RESMETHRIN 7SIMAZINE 11TAU FLUVALINATE 7THIOPHANATE-METHYL 375TRIADIMEFON 25TRIFORINE 1
2,327
San Joaqui4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 2,343BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 9,840CHLORSULFURON 43CYCLOATE 7,884DIAZINON 31,591DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 695DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 2,832DICAMBA 1DICLOFOP METHYL 2,810DIMETHOATE 21,011DIURON 72,790EPTC 59,590FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 6,447FENOXAPROP ETHYL 18FENOXYCARB 29FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 194LINURON 7,877METAM-SODIUM 157,442METRIBUZIN 4,597MOLINATE 8,626MYCLOBUTANIL 9,681NALED 9,769OXYDEMETON-METHYL 493PROPARGITE 95,690RESMETHRIN 85SIMAZINE 53,965TAU FLUVALINATE 40TEBUTHIURON 58THIABENDAZOLE 2THIOPHANATE-METHYL 3,346TRIADIMEFON 695TRIFORINE 395VINCLOZOLIN 450
571,330
San Luis O24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 2ANILAZINE 118BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 744CHLORSULFURON 133CYCLOATE 119DIAZINON 7,859DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 252DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,082DICAMBA 10DIMETHOATE 10,193DIURON 6,926EPTC 989FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 315FENOXYCARB 9FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 32LINURON 2,991METAM-SODIUM 176,661MYCLOBUTANIL 1,899NALED 1,701OXYDEMETON-METHYL 8,241PROMETRYN 772PROPARGITE 3,448RESMETHRIN 1SIMAZINE 4,378TAU FLUVALINATE 178TEBUTHIURON 4THIABENDAZOLE 101THIOPHANATE-METHYL 715TRIADIMEFON 87TRIFORINE 49VINCLOZOLIN 1,212
231,220
San Mateo24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 424-DP DIMETHYAMINE SALT 8BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 16CHLORSULFURON 15DIAZINON 5,810DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 352DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,486DICAMBA 3DIMETHOATE 730
p. 32
DIURON 1,428FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 20FENOXYCARB 11FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 6LINURON 2METAM-SODIUM 27,950MYCLOBUTANIL 22NALED 185OXYDEMETON-METHYL 557PROPARGITE 3RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 1RESMETHRIN 14SIMAZINE 5,147TAU FLUVALINATE 96TEBUTHIURON 1THIABENDAZOLE 527THIOPHANATE-METHYL 4,791TRIADIMEFON 203TRIFORINE 32VINCLOZOLIN 161
49,580
San Benito24-DP DIMETHYAMINE SALT 65ANILAZINE 4BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 1,068CHLORSULFURON 2DIAZINON 8,070DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 64DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 287DICLOFOP METHYL 8DIMETHOATE 6,808DIURON 1,884EPTC 24FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 37FENOXYCARB 45FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 10LINURON 13METAM-SODIUM 13,959METRIBUZIN 550MYCLOBUTANIL 227NALED 2,102OXYDEMETON-METHYL 2,377PROMETRYN 173PROPARGITE 310RESMETHRIN 4SIMAZINE 1,426TAU FLUVALINATE 4THIOPHANATE-METHYL 747TRIADIMEFON 352TRIFORINE 8VINCLOZOLIN 359
40,984
Santa Barb4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 22ANILAZINE 840BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 355CHLORSULFURON 4,698CYCLOATE 681DIAZINON 7,835DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 122DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 505DICAMBA 5DIMETHOATE 12,956DIURON 13,570EPTC 4,367FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 561FENOXYCARB 12FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 8LINURON 6,191METAM-SODIUM 645,413METRIBUZIN 75MYCLOBUTANIL 3,113NALED 4,369OXYDEMETON-METHYL 21,554PROMETRYN 2,384PROPARGITE 329RESMETHRIN 1SIMAZINE 17,227TAU FLUVALINATE 552TEBUTHIURON 5THIABENDAZOLE 26THIOPHANATE-METHYL 1,569TRIADIMEFON 314TRIFORINE 348VINCLOZOLIN 5,511
755,520
Santa ClaraAMITRAZ 3ANILAZINE 7BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 401
CHLORSULFURON 214CYCLOATE 50DIAZINON 26,178DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 267DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,237DIMETHOATE 1,622DIURON 19,458EPTC 223FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 40FENOXYCARB 304FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 14LINURON 15METAM-SODIUM 20,863METRIBUZIN 265MYCLOBUTANIL 776NALED 461OXYDEMETON-METHYL 720PROMETRYN 423PROPARGITE 14RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 1RESMETHRIN 13SIMAZINE 2,855TAU FLUVALINATE 48TEBUTHIURON 10THIABENDAZOLE 161THIOPHANATE-METHYL 940TRIADIMEFON 398TRIFORINE 184VINCLOZOLIN 13
78,179
Santa Cruz24-DP DIMETHYAMINE SALT 1ANILAZINE 4BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 31DIAZINON 6,763DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 8DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 43DIMETHOATE 2,661DIURON 1,302FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 255FENOXYCARB 48FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 7LINURON 135METAM-SODIUM 78,473MYCLOBUTANIL 806NALED 2,559OXYDEMETON-METHYL 2,508PROMETRYN 139PROPARGITE 3,702RESMETHRIN 3SIMAZINE 522TAU FLUVALINATE 320THIABENDAZOLE 114THIOPHANATE-METHYL 1,258TRIADIMEFON 407TRIFORINE 93VINCLOZOLIN 906
103,066
Shasta4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 23ANILAZINE 2BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 162CHLORSULFURON 35DIAZINON 1,327DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 56DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 251DICAMBA 10DIURON 4,598FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 2FENOXYCARB 3FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 38LINURON 10METAM-SODIUM 5METRIBUZIN 150MYCLOBUTANIL 82OXYDEMETON-METHYL 1PROPARGITE 162RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 2RESMETHRIN 15SIMAZINE 955TAU FLUVALINATE 12TEBUTHIURON 16THIOPHANATE-METHYL 231TRIADIMEFON 4
8,151
SierraDIURON 62SIMAZINE 38
100
p. 33
Siskiyou24-D 2-ETHYLHEXYL ESTER 2784(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 228BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 155CHLORSULFURON 29DIAZINON 17DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 391DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,582DICLOFOP METHYL 158DIURON 7,289EPTC 11,224FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 82METRIBUZIN 2,822MYCLOBUTANIL 5SIMAZINE 349THIOPHANATE-METHYL 306TRIADIMEFON 41VINCLOZOLIN 8
24,965
Solano24-DP BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 14(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 3,244BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 878CHLORSULFURON 18CYCLOATE 4,444DIAZINON 12,956DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 268DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,104DICAMBA 2DICLOFOP METHYL 3,309DIMETHOATE 8,052DIURON 20,106EPTC 10,697FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 48FENOXYCARB 24FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 3LINURON 50METAM-SODIUM 95,130METRIBUZIN 2,671MYCLOBUTANIL 395NALED 538NITRAPYRIN 5OXYDEMETON-METHYL 35PROPARGITE 12,442SIMAZINE 7,781TAU FLUVALINATE 4TEBUTHIURON 1THIOPHANATE-METHYL 833TRIADIMEFON 88TRIFORINE 23VINCLOZOLIN 1
185,152
SonomaBROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 252CHLORSULFURON 19DIAZINON 7,581DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 54DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 221DICAMBA 2DIMETHOATE 5,548DIURON 4,711FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 556FENOXYCARB 13FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 4METAM-SODIUM 35,521METRIBUZIN 12MYCLOBUTANIL 6,589NALED 117PROPARGITE 2,006RESMETHRIN OTHER RELATED 6RESMETHRIN 62SIMAZINE 20,269TAU FLUVALINATE 13THIABENDAZOLE 28THIOPHANATE-METHYL 606TRIADIMEFON 216TRIFORINE 30VINCLOZOLIN 4
84,440
Stanislaus24-DP DIMETHYAMINE SALT 124(24-DB) BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 284(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 1,2564(24-DB) ISOOCTYL ESTER 140ANILAZINE 41BROMACIL LITHIUM SALT 335BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 4,865CHLORSULFURON 1CYCLOATE 22DIAZINON 34,856
DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 130DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 585DIMETHOATE 24,888DIURON 30,086EPTC 21,512FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 12,126FENOXAPROP ETHYL 2FENOXYCARB 18FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 135METAM-SODIUM 239,885METRIBUZIN 976MOLINATE 4,813MYCLOBUTANIL 2,228NALED 14,612OXYDEMETON-METHYL 567PROMETRYN 51PROPARGITE 90,689RESMETHRIN 19SIMAZINE 36,056TAU FLUVALINATE 313THIABENDAZOLE 14THIOPHANATE-METHYL 8,179TRIADIMEFON 208TRIFORINE 1,136VINCLOZOLIN 1,277
532,064
Sutter4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 109AMITRAZ 324BROMACIL LITHIUM SALT 432BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 758CHLORSULFURON 18CYCLOATE 2,402DIAZINON 46,837DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 56DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 245DICLOFOP METHYL 851DIMETHOATE 4,902DIURON 4,962EPTC 1,621FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 2,786FENOXAPROP ETHYL 758FENOXYCARB 1FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 13LINURON 1METAM-SODIUM 24,125METRIBUZIN 1,886MOLINATE 205,940MYCLOBUTANIL 268NALED 2,599OXYDEMETON-METHYL 435PROPARGITE 12,002SIMAZINE 3,167TEBUTHIURON 2THIOPHANATE-METHYL 531TRIADIMEFON 127TRIFORINE 7,844VINCLOZOLIN 518
326,522
TehamaBROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 232CHLORSULFURON 10DIAZINON 15,512DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 30DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 120DICLOFOP METHYL 307DIMETHOATE 510DIURON 6,989EPTC 550FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 1,003FENOXYCARB 1FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 22METAM-SODIUM 11MOLINATE 4,453MYCLOBUTANIL 59NALED 910PROPARGITE 6,192SIMAZINE 5,111TEBUTHIURON 1THIOPHANATE-METHYL 885TRIADIMEFON 12TRIFORINE 1,129
44,050
TrinityDIAZINON 2DIURON 11
14
Tulare24-DP DIMETHYAMINE SALT 7
p. 34
4(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 720AMITRAZ 16,985BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 7,613CHLORSULFURON 81DIAZINON 98,935DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 1,811DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 7,508DIMETHOATE 73,223DIURON 175,097EPTC 53,916FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 4,908FENOXYCARB 3FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 2,551IMAZALIL 4,606METAM-SODIUM 107,874METRIBUZIN 60MYCLOBUTANIL 20,288NALED 55,400OXYDEMETON-METHYL 2,467PROMETRYN 41,621PROPARGITE 220,040SIMAZINE 180,949TAU FLUVALINATE 138TEBUTHIURON 20THIABENDAZOLE 5,190THIOPHANATE-METHYL 5,475TRIADIMEFON 838TRIFORINE 4,518VINCLOZOLIN 1,919
1,094,761
TuolumneCHLORSULFURON 2DIAZINON 1,963DICAMBA 6DIURON 4,393MYCLOBUTANIL 4NABAM 1OXYDEMETON-METHYL 4SIMAZINE 3,201SODIUM DIMETHYL DITHIOCARBAMATE 1TEBUTHIURON 58THIOPHANATE-METHYL 22
9,655
Ventura24-DP DIMETHYAMINE SALT 183ANILAZINE 13,618BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 367CHLORSULFURON 44CYCLOATE 3,235DIAZINON 15,924DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 4DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 193DICAMBA OTHER RELATED 3DICAMBA 18DIMETHOATE 3,697DIURON 38,053EPTC 151FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 691FENOXYCARB 16FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 637IMAZALIL 4,590LINURON 934METAM-SODIUM 197,612METRIBUZIN 58MYCLOBUTANIL 777NALED 2,934NITRAPYRIN 2OXYDEMETON-METHYL 3,618PROMETRYN 10,029PROPARGITE 2,260RESMETHRIN 2SIMAZINE 15,628TAU FLUVALINATE 160TEBUTHIURON 45THIABENDAZOLE 4,034THIOPHANATE-METHYL 4,095TRIADIMEFON 804TRIFORINE 110VINCLOZOLIN 5,387
329,913
Yolo4(24-DB) BUTOXYETHANOL ESTER 1624(24-DB) DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 4,589BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 4,865CHLORSULFURON 35CYCLOATE 6,967DIAZINON 16,626DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 793DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 3,235DICLOFOP METHYL 1,790
DIMETHOATE 19,243DIURON 15,941EPTC 16,862FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 105FENOXAPROP ETHYL 253FENOXYCARB 16FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 4IMAZALIL 94LINURON 16METAM-SODIUM 466,045METRIBUZIN 4,142MOLINATE 56,314MYCLOBUTANIL 746NALED 1,592NITRAPYRIN OTHER RELATED 4NITRAPYRIN 34OXYDEMETON-METHYL 186PROPARGITE 17,675RESMETHRIN 1SIMAZINE 4,536TAU FLUVALINATE 26TEBUTHIURON 12THIOPHANATE-METHYL 484TRIADIMEFON 300TRIFORINE 75VINCLOZOLIN 4
643,775
YubaAMITRAZ 2,526BROMOXYNIL OCTANOATE 42DIAZINON 23,649DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT OTHER RELATED 23DICAMBA DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 98DIMETHOATE 93DIURON 6,003EPTC 821FENBUTATIN-OXIDE 1,052FENOXAPROP ETHYL 46FENOXYCARB 1FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL 12METAM-SODIUM 46MOLINATE 81,435MYCLOBUTANIL 261OXYDEMETON-METHYL 1PROPARGITE 6,941SIMAZINE 1,862TEBUTHIURON 18THIOPHANATE-METHYL 689TRIADIMEFON 8TRIFORINE 5,095VINCLOZOLIN 391
131,111
p. 35
