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Weathering: cyclical or continuous? An Australian perspective*
G. TAYLOR1† & G. SHIRTLIFF2
1 Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and MineralExploration, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
2 Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and MineralExploration, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia.
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS
Australian Journal of Earth Sciences (2003) 50, 9–17
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* Appendix 1 [indicated by an asterisk (*) in the text and listed at the end of thepaper] is a Supplementary Paper; copies may be obtained from the GeologicalSociety of Australia website (www.gsa.org.au).† Corresponding author: taylor@scides.canberra.edu.au------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix 1: Localities and ages of weathered materials used in this study.a
APPENDIX 1: Localities and ages of weathered materials used in this study.Abbreviations used in the tables are explained below.
CONVENTIONAL DATING TECHNIQUES
Author Age/date Datingtechnique
Locationname
Lat/Long–wherepossible
Weathering materialtype
Twidale1983
Triassic lspmag/lsf KangarooIsland
35,42:137,10
L
Triassic cor/above FleurieuPenins.
35,34:138,20
L
L.Mes lsu N.Tas. 41:145 BfL.Tert. lsf/u Redbank
Plains25,30:150,36
L
L.Tert. lsu/lsu Flinders Qld LL.Cen lsu/- Tasmania Tas LMioc-Plioc lsu Dundas
laterite37,28:141,55
L
L.Cen lsf/- WesternAus.
W.A. L
Twidale1994
Mioc u McDonnelRa.
N.T. L
>Juras. Cor S.GawlerRa.
S.A. Wp
L.Mes-E.Tert
lsu BarossaValley
34,39:138,51
sed
>L.Cret. u Mt. LoftyRa.
34,59:138,43
F
L.Tert u Mt. LoftyRa.
34,59:138,43
F
E-Mid.Tert. Res Pine Cr.Geosyn
N.T. L
E-mid Tert. Cor Vic+Ordvalleys
W.A. L
Twidale&Cambell1995
Palaeogene
u N.+NE.Aus
N+NE Aus L
Twidale1985
Mesozoic lsu Hamersley 22:118 Wp
Tertiary Lsu Hamersley 22:118 FBenbowet al 1995
>L.Tert. lsu L.EyreBasin
27:137 F
L.Quat-Rec.
lsu VictorHarbour
S.A. F
Mes.-Pres. Cor FleuieauPen.
S.A. Wp
*Plioc-pres. Lsu OchrePoint
S.A. F
*Pleist.-Pres.
Lsu Willungaembay.
35,16:138,33
F
E.Mes.-M.Eoc.*
res South Aus. S.A. Wp
L.Olig-M.Mioc
res South Aus. S.A. Wp
L.Mioc.-Pleist.
Res South Aus. S.A. F
>M.Tert* lsu N. Mt. LoftyRa.
S.A. F
*Plioc> lsf HappyValley
S.A. F
*Plioc> lsf HindmarshVall.
35:138 F
*E. Tert.> lsf BarossaValley
34:138 F
*plioc.> lsf Grenn Hills 35,33:138,37
F
Hill et al1995
Trias.-Juras Lp+sed WilsonsProm.
39,05:146,25
Wp
Hill et al1996
Mes-Pres lsu/res Broken Hill 31,58:141,27
F
Hill 1999 Trias-Juras. Res Victoria Vic. W>E.Cret.* lsu Phillip Is +
WilsonsProm.
Vic. Wp
Owen 1954 *E.Tert.> slu Moss Vale 34,33:150,23
lb
M.tert-E.Plioc.
slu Inverell 29,46:151,07
lb
*E.Tert.> slu MtTamborine
N.S.W. lb
*Tert.> slu DarlingRanges
W.A. lb
E.Cretaceous
slu CobourgPen.
W.A. lb
Present slu+cor NorthernAus
North Aus. Lb
Grimes1979
Mes.-E.Tert.
ref+u TennantCk.
N.T. L
E.Tertiary ref+u TennantCk.
N.T. L
Grimes1980
L.Cretaceous.
slu MorneyProf.
S.W. Qld Wp
L.Eoc-E.Olig.
u CordillosurfaceTennant CkArakun,
SW Qld
NW QldN.Qld
Wp
WpWp
L.Mioc- lsu Kendell N.Qld Wp/L
E.Plioc. Feathersby SW Qld. WpPlioc-Pleist. Lsu Campaspe NW and SE
Qld.Wp
Olig.-M.Mioc.
lsu SW Qld SW Qld Wp
Nott 1994 L.Cret.-M.tert.
res Darwinregion
12,27:130:50
LWp
Nott et al1991
>E.Tertiary u Tathra 36,44:149,59
F
Schmidt etal 1976
Cenozoic corslu RosslynneDamCarisbrookDamEpalockDam
37,30::144,35
37,83:143,49
36,46:144,17
F
F
F
Abell 1981 Miocene slu Cotter andCullerinBlock
35,17:149,13
F
Alexander1984
Miocene u upperMolongloRiver
see above Wp
Alley 1977 >Eocene lsu WakfieldBasin
34:138 L
“ >Miocene lsu BarossaBasin
34:138 L
Bourman1973
Eoc.-Mioc. u Fleurieu P. as above L
Brown et al1992
Paleoc.-Eoc.
Lspmag/lspmag
Myalla L.Cooma
36,14:149,08
bfL
Butt 1989 Mesoz-Pres.
Cor all W.A. W.A FWp
Campanaet al 1964
L.Tert. corr Hamersley as above L
Carr 1966 Paleoc.-E.Eoc.
ls SkillionUpperShoalhaven
34,48:150,19
L
Cretaceous ls LOlig.-Pleist. ls Big Buney
Shoalhaven
L
Coats 1973 >Jurassic* slu Copleyarea
30,33:138,25
F
*Jurassic> slucorr FCoventry L.Plioc. corr Torrens Ck. 20,47:145, Wp
1978 01Miocene corr Wp
Coventry etal, 1985
>Miocene lsiso DennaPlain,UpperFlinders,River
21:143 L
Daily et al,1974
E. Perm -M.Juras.
ls KangarooValley,LoftyRanges,S.L.AyrePen.
See above L
Dixon andYoung1981
Olig.> corr/u BegaBatholith
36,41:149,51
W
Doutch1976
Paleocene corr ArakunaBeds,KarumbaBasin
Gulf Qld. Lbf
Paleoc. -E.Eoc.
u EromangaBasin
24:144 L
Exon et al1970
L.Cret.-L.Olig.
Lsiso(kar) Roma-Amby
26,35:148,20
F
Fenner1930
Miocene lp N.Mt.LoftyRa.
See above F
Glaessner1953
Eocene u KangarooIs.
See above L
Pliocene u “ “ LGlaessner& Wade1958
Eocene u St.VincentBas.
34:138.5 L
Pliocene u St.VincentBas
34:138.5 L
Hays 1967 L.Cret.-M.Tert.
corslu TennantCk.
19,33:134,14
L
Hogan1968
>Jurassic* u Brooklands 18,06:144,08
RK
Horwitz1961
>E.Tertiary corr Mt LoftyRa.
See above F
Hossfeld1926
Cretaceous u “ “ F
Johns 1961 Pliocene u S.EyrePen.
33,34:135,21
L
Mabbutt1965
L.Mioc.-M.Plioc.
lsu Burt Plain 23,12:135,21
L
Mabbutt1988
Perm-Mioc corrRes Meekatherra-Wiluna
26,35:119,20
WpL
Mabbutt1967
M.Tert. lsu AliceSprings
23,42:133,52
L
McGowren,1979
Paleoc.-Eoc.
corres W.A. andS.A.
W.A., S.A. L
“ L.Olig.-E.Mioc.
corres “ “ L
“ Pliocene corres “ “ LMilnes etal, 1985
Juras-Pleis/Pres.
Lsures South S.A. S.A. south L
Northcote1946
Pliocene u KangarooIs.
See above L
Ollier et al1988
Mesozoic lp Yilgarn W.A. Wp
Cenoz-Pres.
Corlp “ “ F
Playford1954
E.Tert. lsu S.DarlingRa.
W.A. L
Prider 1965 L.Eoc.- E.Mioc.
lsf CarnarvanBas,
W.A. L
“ Pliocene corlsu all W.A. W.A. LTaylor andButt 1998
E.Mes-Pres.
Res continentalAus.
Aus. W
Taylor et al1990
L.Dev-L.Mes.
lsu/lspmag Bombala 36,55:149,15
Wp
Woolnough1927
Miocene u continentalAus.
Aus. Lbf
Wright1963
E.Cret.-Pleist.*
corslu Daily R.Bas.
14:131 L
Bird andChivas1988
M.-L.Tert. lspmag/u “ “ L
“ >M.Tert. /lspmag “ “ L
Langford et E.Oligocen res/slu Mar- Qld. F
al, 1995
NOTINCLUDEDINCALCULAT-IONS
e Bundeburg
E.Miocene res/slu Mar-Bundeburg
Qld. F
E.Oligocene
res/slu Rockhampton
Qld. F
M.Miocene res/slu Fitzroyregion
Qld. F
L.Miocene res/slu Fitzroyregion
Qld. F
E.Oligocene
res/slu Townsville 19,16:146,49
F
M.Pliocene res/slu Townsville 19,16:146,49
F
E.-M.Oligocene
res/slu E.CapeYork
Qld. F
L.Mioc-E.Plioc.
res/slu E.CapeYork
Qld. F
Oligocene res/slu Brisbane 27,28:153,01
F
L.Miocene res/slu Brisbane 27,28:153,01
F
E.Oligocene
res/slu E.Suratbasin
28:147 F
L.Miocene res/slu E.Suratbasin
28:147 F
E-L.Palaeoc.
res/slu SW Qld Qld. F
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu Hadden-Curalle
Qld. F
L.Miocene res/slu Tarkarooloo Bas.
Qld. F
E-M.Olig. res/slu Oodnadattaarea
27,33:135,27
F
E.Miocene res/slu EyrePeninsula
33.5:135 F
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu DarlingRanges
W.A. bf
E-M.Palaeoce.
res/slu L.EyreBasin
S.A. Wp
Palaeo-E.Eoc.
res/slu EuclaBasin
S.A.+W.A. F
M-L.Miocene
res/slu Eucla basin S.A.+W.A. F
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu NgaliaBasin
? F
E.Oligocene
res/slu CarnarvonBasin.
W.A. F
Paleocene res/slu W.Fortesque Val
22:117 Wp
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu S.CanningBas.
24:126 F
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu DampierPen.
W.A. F
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu FitzroyGraben
W.A. F
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu Ord/WisoBasins
N.T. F
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu E.Arnhemland
14:146 bfF
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu BarrkleyTabls.
18:136 F
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu W.CapeYork
Qld bf
Pliocene res/slu W.CapeYork
Qld bf
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu Georginabasin
Qld bf
%$%Paleocene
res/slu Diamantina ? Wp
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu Diamantina ? Wp
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu E.Amadeus N.T. F
E-M.Oligocene
res/slu Hale-WaiteBas.
? F
Firman Eocene slu+cor Yallunda S.A. F
1994DISCARDED
ferr.
Plioc.-Pleist.
slu+cor Bopeechee S.A. F
Plioc.-Pleist.
slu+cor LakeCallaborra
S.A. F
Plioc.-Pleist.
slu+cor Mt. LoftyRa.
S.A. F
Plioc.-Pleist.
slu+cor Bordertown S.A. F
Plioc.-Pleist.
slu+cor L.Killakittaooloo
S.A. F
Plioc.-Pleist.
slu+cor L.Ngupakald
S.A. F
Plioc.-Pleist.
slu+cor Myallswamp
S.A. F
Plioc.-Pleist.
slu+cor L.Frome S.A. F
Plioc.-Pleist.
slu+cor KaroondaPalaeo
S.A. F
Camb.-Perm.
Sluc+cor Playfair W.zone
S.A. Wp
L.Cret. slu+cor AckaringaP.sol
S.A> P.sol
L.Cret. slu+cor San MarinoP.sol
S.A> P.sol
*Camb-Perm*
Sluc+cor Playfair W.zone
S.A. Wp
L.Cret. slu+cor AckaringaP.sol
S.A. P.sol
L.Cret.-E.Paleoc.
slu-cor San MarinoP.sol
S.A. P.sol.
PALAEOMAGNETIC DATING TECHNIQUES
Idnurm andSenior1980
Paleoc.-Olig.
Pmag SE Qld SE Qld. Wp
Idnurm andSenior1978
30(±15)Ma Pmag EromangaBas.Canaway prof.
Qld. Wp
60(±10)Ma Pmag EromangaBasinMorneyProfile
Qld. W
Nott et al1991
19(±9)Ma Pmag LongBeach and
37,04:149,55
F
7 Ma ± 4My Pmag Turra 36,54:149, F
beach 54Acton andKettles1996
27-21Ma Pmag NewEngland
N.S.W. b
Schmidt etal 1982
L.Tertiary Pmag Flat RockCk.Bredbosouth
36,09,30:149,11,40
Wp
Schmidt etal 1976
25-20Ma. Pmag N.PerthBas.
W.A. L
5-3Ma Pmag KangarooIsland
S.A. WpL
25-15Ma Pmag SpringfieldBasin
“ “
Abell 1985 Olig.-Plioc. Pmag MolongloFlats
35,25:149,27
Wp
Pillans1977
66-33Ma Pmag Bredbo N.S.W. L
Pillans et al1999
M.Carbonif. Pmag N.ParksMine
N.S.W. Wp
Cenozoic(Mioc.)
Pmag “ “ Wp
Ruxton andTaylor1980
Miocene pmag UpperShoalhaven
NSW bf
Ruxton andTaylor1982
Mid-Tertiary
pmag M.Shoalhaven
NSW. bf
“ Plioc.-Pleist.
pmag “ NSW. Wp.
Schmidtand Ollier1988
L.Cret-E.Tert.
pmag NewEngland
N.S.W. Wp
K/Ar and Ar/Ar DATING TECHNIQUES
Dammer1999
Mioc. 18.9(±0.2)-9.2(±0.3) Ma
Kar-Mn Mt Sydney 21,24:121,11
Wp
Eocene.48.2(±0.9)Ma
Kar-Mn Mt Sydney 21,24:121,11
Wp
E.Eoc-M.Olig.37.1(±0.4)-30.5(±0.3)Ma
Kar-Mn Horseshoe 25,27:118,34
Wp
Eocene.52(±0.9)Ma
Kar-Mn Horseshoe 25,27:118,34
Wp
L Eoc -Olig Kar-Mn Elsa 19 11:125 Wp
34.9(±0.4)-30(±0.5)Ma
Prospect 18
Miocene.18.2(±0.4)Ma
Kar-Mn WoodieWoodie
21,38:121,14
Wp
Eoc.-Olig.39.3(±0.5)-27.8(±0.3)Ma
Kar-Mn WoodieWoodie
21,38:121,14
Wp
Eocene.51.1(±0.5)-48.5(±0.8)Ma
Kar-Mn WoodieWoodie
21,38:121,14
Wp
L.Miocene.5.6(±0.4)Ma
Kar-Mn Mt Gordon 25,10:15,04
Wp
Plioc -Pres.1.4(±1.4)Ma
Kar-Mn Mundijong 32,18:115,59
Wp
Olig.-Mioc.24.5(±2)Ma
Kar-Mn Kalgoorlie 30,45:121,28
Wp
Eoc.-E.Olig.34.4(±0.5)Ma
Kar-Mn Halls Creek 18,14:127,40
Wp
Eocene.47.5(±0.7)Ma
Kar-Mn Halls Creek 18,14:127,40
Wp
Miocene.15(±4.3)Ma
Kar-Mn Goddiadarie
20,46:117,09
Wp
Miocene.17.7(±0.2)Ma
Kar-Mn Roeburne 23,16:119,34
Wp
Miocene.8.6(±0.2)Ma
Kar-Mn Mt.Newman
28,30:121,05
Wp
L.Miocene.5.5(±0.3)Ma
Kar-Mn HamersleyRiver
33,45:119,35
Wp
Olig.-Mioc.23.9(±1.1)Ma
Kar-Mn HamersleyRiver
33,45:119,35
Wp
L.Eocene.36.4(±0.5)Ma
Kar-Mn Wallangie W.A. Wp
L.Miocene.8.1(±1.4)Ma
Kar-Mn PhillipsRiver
33,42:119,56
Wp
Miocene.12.7(±0.1)Ma
Kar-Mn MtDesmond
33,38:120,08
Wp
L.Eoc-Mioc.29.6(±7.6)Ma
Kar-Mn SuddeenJerk
W.A. Wp
Miocene.19.9(±0.3)Ma
Kar-Mn Broadarrow 30,27:121,20
Wp
Miocene.15.3(±0.2)Ma
Kar-Mn PortHedland
20,18:118,35
Wp
Dammer etal 1996
Eocene.43.7(±1.2)-42.1(±1.3)Ma
Kar-Mn groote Is. 14,00:136,30
Wp
Oligocene.(30.5(±1.3)-29.5(±0.4)Ma
Kar-Mn Groote Is. 14, 00:136,30
Wp
Olig.-Mioc.26.2(±0.6)-6(±0.8)Ma
Kar-Mn Groote Is. 14, 00:136,30
Wp
Vasconseles 1996
Cretaceous. 82(±2)-77(±1)Ma
Kar-Mn NW Qld. NW Qld Wp
Paleocene.63(±2)Ma
ArAr-Mn NW Qld. NW Qld. Wp
Bird et al1990
Mioc6.25 (±0.7),12.0(cor.)Ma
Kar-Mn KingscoteKangarooIs.
35.4:137.35
Wp
Recent0.74(±0.2)Ma
Kar-Mn PortNoarlunga
35.09:138.29
w
Miocene11.1(±0.1)Ma
Kar-Mn Stuart Ck. 30.0:137.15
w
L.Miocene8.4(±0.1)Ma
Kar-Mn Andamooka
30.29:137.125
w
Miocene11.8 (±0.2),15.6 (±0.3)-17.9(±0.5)Ma
Kar-Mn CooberPedy
29.0:134.4 w
Paleocene Kar-Mn Wonyulgun 24.49:119. Wp
60.9(cor.)Ma
na Hill 46
Pliocene4.87(±0.6)Ma
Kar-Mn Kanowna 30.38:121.4
w
Plioc.-Pres.1.61(±0.4)-3.91(±0.7)Ma
Kar-Mn Kidstongold mine
18.5:144.0 w
Pliocene2.3 (±0.1) -3.1(±0.2)Ma
Kar-Mn Mt.Leyshon 20.2:146.2 w.
E.Paleoc.-Eoc.47 (±0.4),49.3(±cor.), 62(cor.)Ma
Kar-Mn Springsure 21.14:148.13
w
OXYGEN ISOTOPE DATING TECHNIQUES
Bird &Chivas1988(b)
Permian Oiso Wingerbore -15m
31,53:150,52
K
E.Permian Oiso Quirindi1237m
31,30:150,41
K
E.Permian Oiso Gundawarra 123m
30,2:150,03
K
M.-L.Permian
Oiso “-129m “ K
Permian Oiso Dunedoo 32,01:149,24
K
Bird andChivas1989 + Birdand Chivas1993
>M.Tert. Oiso Toowoomba
27.8:152.0 RK
PLM Oiso “ “ RK>M.Tert. Oiso Morney
Prof.25.34:141.5
RK
M.Tert.> Oiso CanawayProf.
27.2:144.4 RK
M.Tert.> Oiso YarramanClay
26.9:151.9 RK
PLM Oiso Toowamba 26.4:152.0 RKPLM Oiso Springsure 24.2:148.2 RK>M.Tertiary Oiso Brooklands 26.7:151.8 RKM Tertiary> Oiso Tongarah 41 0:148 0 SK
M.Tertiary> Oiso Collie 33.1:116.5 RKM.Tertiary> Oiso Coolgardie 29.9:121.2 RK>M.Tertiary Oiso Nambour 27.0:160.0 RKPLM Oiso Kangaroo
Is.35.6:137.6 RK
PLM Oiso Copley 30,33:138,25
RK
PLM Oiso Birdwood 35.8:139.0 RKM.Tertiary> Oiso Maleny 26.8:152.9 RK>M.Tertiary Oiso Algebuckin
a30.6:138.4 RK
M.Tertiary> Oiso FleurieuPen.
36.6:138.3 RK
M.Tertiary> Oiso KangarooIs.
35.7:137.3 RK
M.Tertiary> Oiso Billa Kallina 29.9:136.2 illiteM.Tertiary Oiso Stuart Ck.
Billa Kallina30.1:137.3 RK
M.Tetiary> Oiso Vic. 37.6:142.5 RKM.Tertiary> Oiso Lal, Lal
Kaolin Pit,Ballarat.
37.7:144.0 RK
M.Teetairy>
Oiso PittongKaolin Pit,Ballarat
37.7:143.5 RK
M.Tertiary> Oiso Vic. 38.4:146.2 RKM.Tertary> Oiso Newer
Basalts37.8:146.2 RK
PLM Oiso GippslandBasin
38.2:146.5 RK
PLM Oiso GipslandBasin 500-550mdepth
38.2:146.5 SK
PLM Oiso Mt.Edgerton
37.6:144.1 RK
M.Tertiary> Oiso Vic. 36.5:146.3 RKM.Tertiary> Oiso Monaro
Prov.36.2:149.0 RH
PLM Oiso Bombala 36.9:149.4 RKM.Tertiary> Oiso “ “ RSM.Tertiary> Oiso Cooma 36.4:148.9 RK>M.Tertiary Oiso below
above“ RK
M.Tertairy> Oiso nearCooma
36.6:149.4 RH
M.Tertiary> Oiso Ulladulla 35.3:150.6 RKM.Tertiary> Oiso Armidale 30.5:151.7 RKL Eocene Oiso near 35 2:149 8 RK
BraidwoodM.Tertiary Oiso Marulan 34.8:150.0 RKPLM Oiso Gulgong 32.2:149.5 SKMT-Olig. Oiso “ 32.3:149.5 RKM.Tertiary> Oiso near
Bourke29.5:145.8 RK
>M.Tertiary Oiso SW ofBredbo
36.0:149.2 RK
>M.Tertiary Oiso SEHighlands
36.6:149.3 RK
>M.Tertiary Oiso NewEngland
30.7:151.7 RK
>M.Tertiary Oiso Bombala 36.9:149.1 RK>M.Tertiary Oiso Elsmore 34.6:150.2 RK>M.Tertiary Oiso White
Rocks36.8:150.0 RK
PLM Oiso Coonabarabran
31.4:149.3 RK
PLM Oiso Adaminabypit
36.0:148.8 SK
PLM Oiso Maffra pit 36.5:149.0 SKPLM Oiso Gongolgon 30.3:145.9 SKM.Tertiary> Oiso L.Bunyan 36.2:149.2 SKPLM Oiso Merrimbula 36.9:149.9 SIMM.Tertiary> Oiso “ 36.5:149.2 RKPLM Oiso Mt.Coolon 21.3:147.1 RKPLM Oiso Lowmead
Basin24.4:151.7 SK
Abbreviations.
Ages.
E. Tert. = Paleocene through to early Eocene.L. Tert. = Miocene and PlioceneL. Cainozoic = Pliocene and Quaternary.M. Tert. = OligoceneIt should be noted that many dates actually have no maximum age boundary.Some Pre-Jurassic or Pre-Cretaceous weathering date were given anarbitrary cut off of Carboniferous.
Other symbols used in the dates are ‘>’ used for pre and post period dates.For example >Mioc. means weathering occurred up to and including theMiocene; Mioc.> means weathering occurred from the Miocene to the present.A ‘*’ was used for non-inclusive dates. Using the previous example >Mioc.*would mean weathering occurred up to but not including the Miocene,therefore tabulation would stop at Oligocene.
DATING TECHNIQUE ABBREVIATIONS
Pmag or pmag = Palaeomagnetic dating techniques. Alone this representeddirect dating of the weathering. In some cases pmag dating of boundarybasalts was used to constrain weathering dates. In these cases there wouldbe some other technique abbreviation included like lspmag (lithostratigraphicusing pmag dated materials [basalts]).
Ls or ls = lithostratigraphic. Normally used with something else like lspmag(as above) or lsf (lithostratigraphic using sediments dated by the fossil record.
F or f = using material dated by the fossil record.
Cor or cor = correlative. These dates relied upon the dates of other similarlooking weathering products within the same region or within a near by region.Note that these correlations were not always near by and the dating of theoriginal used for correlation was often by correlation also. Hence, there was atendency for a string effect across the entire country or most of it at leastwhere large groups of laterites were assigned a single age. This may haveplayed a significant role in the mapping and referencing of large areas of thecontinent as a single event, ancient land surface.
U or u = unknown, ie. no reason for the age was given.
Lp or lp = landscape position. Its position in the landscape relative to othergeological materials. Often these dates are accompanied by the datingtechnique used for the other materials like pmag for basalts.
Res or res = research based. Basically referenced from another source.These were checked back to the other source before being included. If theother source could not be found then they were included and given the
technique ‘res’.
Sed = based on the dating of a sediment with no technique given for thesediment date.
Iso or iso = isotopic dating. See Pmag for procedure.
Kar or kar = Potassium Argon isotopic dating.
Ar /ar or ar/ar = Argon/Argon isotopic dating
Oiso = oxygen isotopic dating.
Note that when dates were given spanning a certain period the actualmethods delineating each end point of the period were separated by a divisionstroke. For example lspmag/lsf for a date of Cretaceous through to Eocene,would mean that the date was made lithostratigraphically with the Cretaceousboundary delineated by a pmag dated basalt and the Eocene boundarydelineated by a sediment dated by the fossil record. Incidentally this wouldreceive a weighting of 5*.
WEATHERING MATERIALS ABBREVIATIONS.
These were quoted as the exact description from reference.
L or l = laterite
Wp = weathering profile
Sed = weathered sediment
F or f = ferricrete
W or w = weathering, the exact description not given but in most cases theauthor (s) were referring to large scale weathering for example, “mostweathering in Australia occurred during the …..”. It was also used howeverwhen the author did not refer to the material being specifically associated witha weathering profile but to references similar, for example “weathering to 30metres” or “deeply weathered granite”.
B or b = bauxite or bauxitic material
Pis = pisolith
Lwp = lateritic weathering profile
Lb = laterite/bauxite
Bfl = bauxite/ferricrete/laterite
p.sol = paleosol.
RK = residual kaoliniteSK = sedimentary kaolinite
SIM = smectite/illite/muscovite material
V = vermiculite
Al = alunite
Categories for dating techniques and assigned weighting used for allconventional dating.
Note: A weighting of 1 was used as the standard base. For those techniquesdeemed more valid a weight was given, proportional in validity compared tothe standard base. For example a weighting of 5 was given to techniquesconsidered to be 5 times more valid than standard.
Conventional techniques (weights are in parenthesis)
Lithostratigraphic via palaeomagnetic dating of overlying or underlyingmaterials (5) Lithostratigraphic via isotopic dating of overlying or underlying material (5)Lithostratigraphic via fossil dating of overlying or underlying material (5)Landscape Position eg position in regards to known tectonism (1)Independent geological - includes all other conventional methods includingassumptions, unknown, correlation over land, stratigraphic correlation overland and unknown research methods (1)
Palaeomagnetic-Dating Fe-oxides in the profile
Oxygen isotope- dating mainly kaolinite in the profile
K/Ar and Ar/Ar isotope-mainly dating Mn oxides.
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