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Standing in for George
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Scalability vs. Performance
Scalability: Ability to gracefully handle additional traffic while maintaining service quality.
Performance: Ability to execute a single task quickly.
Often linked, not the same.
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Why are Scalability and Performance Important?
No hope of growth otherwise.Scalability means you can handle
service commitments of the future.Performance means you can handle the
service commitments of today.Both act symbiotically to mean cost-
efficient growth.
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Why PHP?
PHP is a completely runtime languageCompiled, statically typed languages are
faster.BUT:
– Scalability is (almost) never a factor of the language you use
– Most bottlenecks are not in user code– PHP’s heavy lifting is done in C– PHP is fast to learn– PHP is fast to write– PHP is easy to extend
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When to Start
Premature optimization is the root of all evil – Donald Knuth
Without direction and goals, your code will only get more obtuse with little hope of actual improvement in scalability or speed.
Design for refactoring, so that when you need to make changes, you can.
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Knowing When to Stop
Optimizations get exponentially more expensive as they are accrued.
Strike a balance between performance, scalability and features.
Unless you ship, all the speed in the world is meaningless.
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No Fast = True
Optimization takes effort.Some are easier than others, but no
silver bullet.Be prepared to get your hands dirty.
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General Best Practices
1. Profile early, profile often.2. Dev-ops cooperation is essential.3. Test on production data.4. Track and trend.5. Assumptions will burn you.
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Scalability Best Practices
6. Decouple.7. Cache.8. Federate.9. Replicate.10. Avoid straining hard-to-scale
resources.
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Performance Best Practices
11. Use a compiler cache.12. Be mindful of using external data
sources.13. Avoid recursive or heavy looping
code.14. Don’t try to outsmart PHP.15. Build with caching in mind.
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1. Profiling
Pick a profiling tool and learn it in and out.– APD, XDebug, Zend Platform
Learn your system profiling tools– strace, dtrace, ltrace
Effective debugging profiling is about spotting deviations from the norm.
Effective habitual profiling is about making the norm better.
Practice, practice, practice.
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2. Dev-Ops Cooperation
The most critical difference in organizations that handles crises well.
Production problems are time-critical and usually hard to diagnose.
Build team unity before emergencies happen.Operations staff should provide feedback on behavior
changes when code is pushed live.Development staff must heed warnings from
operations staff.Established code launch windows, developer
escalation procedures, and fallback plans are very helpful.
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3. Test on Production(-ish) Data
Code behavior (especially performance) is often data driven.
Using data that looks like production data will minimize surprises.
Having a QA environment that simulates production load on all components will highlight problems before they occur.
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4. Track and Trend
Understanding your historical performance characteristics is essential for spotting emerging problems.– Access logs (with hi-res timings)– System metrics– Application and query profiling data
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Access log timings
Apache 2 natively supports hi-res timings
For Apache 1.3 you’ll need to patch it (timings in seconds = not very useful)
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5. When you assume…
Systems are complex and often break in unexpected ways.
If you knew how your system was broken, you probably would have designed it better in the first place.
Confirming your suspicions is almost always cheaper than acting on them.
Time is your most precious commodity.
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6. Decouple
Isolate performance failures.Put refactoring time only where needed.Put hardware only where needed.Impairs your ability to efficiently join
two decoupled application data sets.
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Example: Static versus dynamic content
Apache + PHP is fast for dynamic content
Waste of resources to serve static content from here: images, CSS, JavaScript
Move static content to a separate faster solution for static content e.g. lighttpd on a separate box -> on a geographically distributed CDN
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Example: Session data
Using the default session store limits scale out
Decouple session data by putting it elsewhere: – In a database– In a distributed cache– In cookies
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7. Cache
Caching is the core of most optimizations.Fundamental question is: how dynamic does this bit
have to be.Many levels of caching
– Algorithmic– Data– Page/Component
Good technologies out there:– APC (local data)– Memcache (distributed data)– Squid (distributed page/component/data)– Bespoke
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Caching examples
Compiler cache (APC or Zend)MySQL query cache (tune and use
where possible)Cache generated pages or iframes (disk
or memcache)Cache calculated data, datasets, page
fragments (memcache)Cache static content (squid)
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8. Federate
Data federation is taking a single data set and spreading it across multiple database/application servers.
Great technique for scaling data.Does not inherently promote data reliability.Reduces your ability to join within the data
set.Increases overall internal connection
establishment rate.
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9. Replicate
Replication is making synchronized copies of data available in more than one place.
Useful scaling technique, very popular in ‘modern’ PHP architectures.
Mostly usable for read-only data.High write rates can make it difficult to
keep slaves in sync.
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Problems
On the slave, you should see two threads running: an I/O thread, that reads data from the master, and an SQL thread, that updates the replicated tables.
(You can see these with SHOW PROCESSLIST)Since updates on the master occur in
*multiple* threads, and on the slave in a *single* thread, the updates on the slave take longer.
Slaves have to use a single SQL thread to make sure queries are executed in the same order as on the master
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The more writes you do, the more likely the slaves are to get behind, and the further behind they will get.
At a certain point the only solution is to stop the slave and re-image from the master.
Or use a different solution: multi master, federation, split architectures between replication and federation, etc
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Other uses of replication
Remember replication has other uses than scale out
FailoverBackups
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10. Avoid Straining Hard-to-Scale Resources
Some resources are inherently hard to scale– ‘Uncacheable’ data– Data with a very high read+write rate– Non-federatable data– Data in a black-box
Be aware of these limitations and be extra careful with these resources.
Try and poke holes in the assumptions about why the data is hard to manage.
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11. Compiler Cache
PHP natively reparses a script and its includes whenever it executes it.
This is wasteful and a huge overhead.A compiler cache sits inside the engine
and caches the parsed optrees.The closest thing to ‘fast = true’In PHP5 the real alternatives are APC
and Zend Platform.
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12. Xenodataphobia
External data (RDBMS, App Server, 3rd Party data feeds) are the number one cause of application bottlenecks.
Minimize and optimize your queries.3rd Party data feeds/transfers are
unmanageable. Do what you can to take them out of the critical path.
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Managing external data and services
Cache it (beware of AUPs for APIs)
Load it dynamically (iframes/XMLHttpRequest)
Batch writes
Ask how critical the data is to your app.
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Query tuning
Query tuning is like PHP tuning: what you think is slow may not be slow.
Benchmarking is the only way to truly test this.
When tuning, change one thing at a timeYour toolkit:
– EXPLAIN– Slow Query Log– mytop– Innotop– Query profilers
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Indexing problems
Lack of appropriate indexingCreate relevant indexes. Make sure
your queries use them. (EXPLAIN is your friend here.)
The order of multi-column indexes is important
Remove unused indexes to speed writes
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Schema design (MySQL)
Use the smallest data type possibleUse fixed width rows where possible (prefer
char over varchar: disk is cheap)Denormalize where necessaryTake static data out of the database or use
MEMORY tablesUse the appropriate storage engine for each
table
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Queries
Minimizing the number of queries is always a good start. Web pages that need to make 70-80 queries to be rendered need a different strategy:– Cache the output– Cache part of the output– Redesign your schema so you can reduce the number of
queries– Decide if you can live without some of these queries.
Confirm that your queries are using the indexes you think that they are
Avoid correlated subqueries where possibleStored procedures are notably faster
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13. Be Lazy
Deeply recursive code is expensive in PHP.
Heavy manual looping usually indicates that you are doing something wrong.
Learn PHP’s idioms for dealing with large data sets or parsing/packing data.
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14. Don’t Outsmart Yourself
Don’t try to work around perceived inefficiencies in PHP (at least not in userspace code!)
Common bad examples here include:– Writing parsers in PHP that could be done with a simple
regex.– Trying to circumvent connection management in
networking/database libraries.– Performing complex serializations that could be done with
internal extensions.– Calling out to external executables when a PHP extension
can give you the same information.– Reimplementing something that already exists in PHP
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15. Caching
Mentioned before, but deserves a second slide: caching is the most important tool in your tool box.
For frequently accessed information, even a short cache lifespan can be productive.
Watch your cache hit rates. A non-effective cache is worse than no cache.
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Thanks!
There are longer versions of this talk at http://omniti.com/~george/talks/
There are good books on these topics as well:– Advanced PHP Programming, G. Schlossnagle– Building Scalable Web Sites, C. Henderson– Scalable Internet Architectures, T. Schlossnagle
Compulsory plug: OmniTI is hiring for a number of positions (PHP, Perl, C, UI design)http://omniti.com/careers
