Question to Consider:What sort of positive and negative impacts did technology have on your day yesterday?

Industrialization, Nationalism, and

Imperialism

Chapters 19-21

I. The Industrial Revolution• A rapid shift from an ECONOMY

based on agriculture (farming) to one based on manufacturing (factories)

• Begins in Britain; factors included…– Increase in food supply (potato)– Leads to growing population (need

jobs)– Entrepreneurs have money to spend– Abundant natural resources (like..?)– Large supply of markets around the

worldthe spinning jenny

I. The Industrial Revolution• Began in Cotton Industry

– Cottage industry• Hand-made crafts at home

– Water-powered loom• More efficient to bring worker to

loom– Steam Engine (James Watt)

• Non-river factories growth of cities

Water-powered cotton mill

I. The Industrial Revolution• Railroads

– Steam-powered locomotive, rails• Faster transport = lower-priced

goods• New jobs in countryside & city• Raw materials:

• Factories– Economic growth led to

investment• More sales led to more

production• More machines needed more

workers• Constant need created labor

shifts • Raw materials:

Rows of urban factories

I. The Industrial Revolution• Spread of Industry

– Nations wanted to compete with Britain’s wealth

– Spread at different rates across Europe, U.S.

– Aided by pro-industry gov’t policies

• Public works, infrastructure (?)

I. The Industrial Revolution• Social Impact

– Industry caused major urban growth

• Effects of overcrowding?– Emergence of new social classes

• Industrial Middle Class– Owners of machines, markets

• Industrial Working Class– Factory workers– Long hours, Low wages,

dangerous conditions (?)– Many women and young children

(?)

I. The Industrial Revolution• Benefits of Capitalism

– Based on Enlightenment ideas of liberty, rationalism

• Private property– Competition encourages

efficiency & productivity• “survival of the fittest”

– Worker free to choose his or her work

• Gov’t plays no role

• Costs of Capitalism– Not concerned with

equality• continues class divisions• “rich get richer, poor stay

poor”— Competition pits people

against each other• Cooperation not

efficient— Laissez-faire does not

factor unemployment• i.e. Great Depression

I. The Industrial Revolution• Social Impact

– Birth of Socialism• Gov’t owns some means of

production• Utopian socialists

– Equality of all people– Replace competition w/

cooperation• Later socialists (Karl Marx)

– Above were impractical dreams– Struggle would lead to revolution– Dictatorship would organize

society– Ultimately, classless society

emerges

Karl Marx

Agree or Disagree?

• _____ The goals and ideals of different political groups often make a move toward unification difficult.

• _____ Threats from outside forces are not usually a factor in the unification of a country.

• _____ A shared history and common traditions may lead to a desire for the establishment of a unified nation.

II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Congress of Vienna– Held by Klemens von Metternich

• Austrian Foreign Minister– After defeat of Napoleon– Goal: maintain stability of

monarchy– Split up territory to balance

power• No monarch could become

dominant– Principle of Legitimacy

• Lawful monarchs would be restored to power after Napoleon to create peace.

Klemens von Metternich

II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Conservatism– Philosophy based on tradition and social

stability• Contain the forces of change• Obedience to political authority• Organized religion maintains stability

– Principle of Intervention• Great powers could send in armies to put

down revolutions

II. Balance of Power in Europe• Liberalism

– People should be as free as possible from governmental restraints

– Beliefs• Protection of civil liberties• Religious toleration• Separation of Church and State• Favor governments with a constitution

– No to democracy• A middle class philosophy • The lower class must be controlled

Question to Consider:What are some examples of “American” culture? What are some characteristics of “American?”

II. Balance of Power in Europe• Nationalism

– People want to unify under a common culture

• Institutions, traditions, language, customs– Political loyalty lies only with the nation– Each nationality should have its own govt– Importance

• German nation w/ one government• Hungarians want to be free from Austrian

Empire

II. Balance of Power in Europe• Nationalism

– Importance (cont.)• Threat to balance of power created by

Congress of Vienna– Conservatives fear the changes

• Liberalism becomes an ally of nationalism– Each group of people should have its

own state: no one state should dominate another

II. Balance of Power in Europe• Unification

– Italy• Northern Italy

– Kingdom of Piedmont has leadership» King Victor Emmanuel II» Appoints Camillo de Cavor as P.M.

– Plays both sides in a war between France and Austria: ends up with territory in the north

II. Balance of Power in Europe• Unification

– Italy• Southern Italy

– Giuseppe Garibaldi» Raises army of 1,000, called the Red

Shirts» Conquers Sicily, moves into the

mainland» Unifies Southern Italy, gives land to

Piedmont, Italian Unification is complete under King Victor Emmanuel II

II. Balance of Power in Europe• Unification

– Germany• Prussia is the strongest state

– Known for militarism (reliance on one’s military)

– King William I appoints Otto von Bismarck as P.M.» Tricked France into war w/Prussia;

“Franco-Prussian War”» French surrender, cede territory» William became Kaiser (Caesar) of

Germany

II. Balance of Power in Europe• Emergence of the Nation-State

– What we think of as “country” or “nation”

• Common territorial boundary• Common culture, race?

– Result of capitalist culture (?)– Most people consider themselves

members of a nation-state– Over 200 today, third less than 30 yrs old– Impact of nation-state on the use of force?

Questions to Consider: Heart of Darkness

What opinion does the author have of the “criminals” (the indigenous African people)?

 How might this novel have effected the public opinion of Europeans toward their governments’ policies of imperialism in Africa?

  What statement do you think Conrad was trying to make when he named this novel Heart of Darkness?

ImperialismImperialism

III. European Imperialism• Imperialism

– The extension of a nation’s power over other lands.

• Causes– Western, capitalist states wanted new markets

and raw materials

• Justifications– Social Darwinism

• In struggles between nations, fit will survive– “White Man’s Burden”

• “Civilize” the “savage” races of world

III. European Imperialism• Direct rule vs. indirect rule

– Direct• Local rulers are removed and replaced

by set of officials from ruling country• Ex.: India

– Indirect • Local rulers are left in power and

work for the ruling country• Ex.: Dutch East Indies

Imperialism•the policy of extending a nation's economic, political, and/or social control over a weaker nation; the policy of extending territory or establishing dominance over another nation.

Agree or Disagree?• _____ An industrialized country can easily

control a country that is not industrialized.

• _____ Imperialists should expand into locations that benefit their need to transport goods and raw materials.

• _____ Imperialists should expand into areas that have natural resources they can use.

Types of Imperialism• Colony - direct control by the mother country• Protectorate - Native ruler remains in place, but with

foreign power's advisers• Sphere of Influence - Foreign power has exclusive rights to

development• Concession - Foreign power has right to develop one specific

aspect of the economy• Lease - Foreign power rents an area from a less developed

country

Cause #11. Economic• Need for raw materials (coal,

cotton...) and markets • Trade• Source of cheap labor • Invest excess capital at a high rate of

return• Make loans to colonies for building

railways, steamship lines...

Cause #2

2. Political• Acquire territory• Obtain bases and outposts for military• Establish a government; belief colonies were unfit to self-

govern• Desire for great power status (colonies meant power and

prestige)• Ambitions of power, glory, and national greatness• Demonstrate the power of their military and strength of

their weapons

Cause #3

3. Social• Spread Christianity to the colonies

("White Man's Burden")• Belief of superiority • Evolution/"survival of the fittest" (Social

Darwinism)• Duty to spread their race, beliefs, and

Western culture• Educate the colonies

ETHNOCENTRISM

Colonial Empires around the World

Imperialism Around the World

Imperialism in Africa

Imperialism in AfricaMain Ideas:• Ignored the claims of African

ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states

• Europeans established colonial claims

Why it matters today:• African nations continue to

feel the effects of the colonial presence of 100 years ago.

How did it happen?• Explorers, missionaries, and reporters go in to Africa• Some make claims on the land• Greed, nationalism, racism, and philanthropy motivate

European colonialism.• Superior arms, the steam engine, medicines, and African

rivalries help Europeans dominate Africa• Berlin Conference divides land among European nations• Divisions ignore ethnic and linguistic groupings• Europeans take advantage of the natural resources• Africans treated cruelly, exploited, and subject to unfair

battles

Did they ever resist?• Of course!• However, there was a lack of organization and

weapons• Ethiopia was successful

• played Europeans against one another• meanwhile stockpiled weapons• eventually declared war on the Italians & won

Impact on AfricaPositive• reduced local warfare• humanitarian efforts

• improved sanitation• hospitals• schools

• increased lifespan & literacy rate

• economic expansion• brought markets, railroads,

dams, & phone lines

Negative• lost control of land & freedom• new diseases• famines• breakdown of traditional

culture• men forced to leave villages

to work in mines or govt. projects

• boundary issues

Imperialism in Africa• Which European

countries colonized Africa?

• Why would Madagascar be colonized before Uganda?

• Which country was not colonized by a European nation? Why Not?

Imperialism in ChinaImperialism in China

Big Problems in Little China• Little interest in trade with the west• British have unfavorable balance of trade• Solution: smuggle in opium• Result: 12 million addicted Chinese• Aftermath: War breaks out when British refuse to

stop trading the drug

Opium Wars• British merchants:

• earned huge profits by smuggling opium

• brought it from Turkey and India

1839• Chinese troops tried to stop

smuggling and started war

1842• British won the Opium War • Signed first of many treaties

with China

Opium Smokers

Treaty of Nanjing• Gave Hong Kong to

Britain• opened four other ports

to British trade• Criminal cases involving

British citizens would be decided back home

The signature page of the Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the Opium War

between Britain and China.

What do you think???•Pretend you are a Chinese citizen. How would the Treaty of Nanjing make you feel? Explain.

Problems Increase• Treaties are disgraceful• poverty & political corruption create problems for China• 14 year Taiping Rebellion expressed the discontent of the

Chinese people as peasants revolted against the leaders• Govt resists modernization• Spheres of influence (West & Japan)• Open Door Policy with the U.S. (allows trade, but protects

from colonization)• Boxer Rebellion- expressed discontent of foreign rule

• unsuccessful but brought nationalism• govt began to reform

Taiping Rebellion• Opium War hurts the Qing

Dynasty• Rebellion:

• Taiping rebels versus the Qing Dynasty

• Qing got help from European countries

• wanted the dynasty to win so the treaties could remain in effect.

• Qing Dynasty stayed in power

Imperialism• Imperialist nations had won their

struggle for power in China• Great Britain, France, Germany,

Russia, Japan• all take large sections of China as

Spheres of Influence• What did that mean?

• had exclusive trading rights

The Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion Empress Ci Xi

Hated foreigners encouraged secret

groups to chase the foreigners out of China

Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, also known as the “Boxers”

Hated foreigners (Europeans)

Secretly worked with the Empress to chase out the foreigners

A company of the Bengal Lancers escorts Count Alfred von Waldersee, supreme commander of the

Allied forces that helped suppress the Boxer Rebellion, to the Meridian Gate of the Forbidden

City.

The Boxer RebellionJune 1900:

Boxers killed 100’s of foreigners and 1000’s of Chinese Christians

• Took control of BeijingEuropean countries sent 25,000 troops

Killed 1000’s of Chinese Boxer Rebellion is a failure Foreigners remain in China

Loss of the Mandate?Chinese people were losing respect for the dynasty seek change

Sun Yixian•1905-

• Revolutionaries form the United League later called the Kuomintang, or the Nationalist Party

•Sun Yixian named leader• Attacked Qing troops without success

The Revolution of 1911 1908-

2 year old Prince Pu Yi became emperor of China

• 1911- • Sun Yixian becomes

first president of the new Republic of China

Imperialism in IndiaImperialism in India

Effects of Imperialism in India• British East India Company• 1857 Sepoy Rebellion leads to British control of the

subcontinent

Gandhi-Considered the Father of Indian Independence

Methods used- boycotts of products which were held by

a British monopoly – cloth, and saltCivil Disobedience -Non-violent protests,

marches,

Famous Quotes

• “ We will not strike a blow, but we will receive them.”

• “They may torture my body, break my bones, or even kill me. Then, they will have my body, but not my obedience”

• In the end, you (the British) will walk out (leave India) because 100,000 Englishmen simply cannot control 350 million Indians if those Indians refuse to cooperate. Peaceful, nonviolent, noncooperation until you yourself see the wisdom of leaving.”

India’s Independence• Major Problems:

• Diverse cultures• Poverty• Industrialization

•Conflict between Hindus and Muslims led to a separation and the creation of the Muslim nation of Pakistan

Effects of Imperialism on the European Countries:• Clash/War between the European Countries• Europeans lost lives in wars to control native people in

India, Africa, and China• Feeling of superiority prevented imperialists from seeing the

value and learning from other cultures• Europeans became economically dependent on the cheap

raw materials and markets of the colonies• Cultural diffusion - influenced the art, food, language, and

clothes design

Effects of Imperialism on Conquered People:

Positive:• Infrastructure improved• Education improved• Access to medical care increased• Food supply increased• Economic development stimulated• Internal conflicts decreased

Effects of Imperialism on Conquered People:

Negative:• People with common culture separated• Natural resources exploited• Native cultures damaged• Economic self-sufficiency lost• Cash crops overemphasized• Family life disrupted• Native life expectancy diminished