Nationalism, Imperialism, and Resistance

Chapter

Fourth Edition

THE WORLD’S HISTORY

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek

Nationalism, Nationalism, Imperialism,Imperialism,and Resistanceand Resistance

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Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance

• French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism– French government based on contract with

the nation--a political group--not with a ruler– French armies took their nationalism and

Code Napoleon on their European conquests– European nationalism a response to French

dominance and French power



Nationalism

• The Periphery of Western Europe– Nationalism strongest on edges of Europe– Two faces of nationalism

Positive: Empowers masses of nation Negative: Leads to conflicts such as World War I

– Nationalism in Latin America was “top down”– Canadian nationalism prevails over

regionalism– U. S. nationalism tied to constitutional oath



Nationalism

• Italy and Germany– Neither unified before 1870– Composed of culturally similar but politically

separate small states before 1870– Regional leaders in both countries sought

unification to obtain national power– Italy had common language and borders,

Germany not as well situated



Nationalism



Nationalism

• Italy and Germany [cont.]– Giuseppe Mazzini provide vision for Italy

Formed Young Italy in 1831 Camillo Cavour provided political power and

alliances from Peidmont Garibaldi added Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Victor Emmanuel II leads unified Italy



Nationalism

• Italy and Germany [cont.]– Otto von Bismarck of Prussia unified Germany– Strong cultural and economic basis for

country Unifying folklore from work of Grimm brothers Economic ties from 1828 zollverein (customs

union)

– Unification achieved by wars (“Blood & Iron”) Defeated Austria (1866) and France (1871) Southern German states voted to join



Nationalism

• The Rise of Zionism– The movement to create a Jewish state– Success of European nationalism transform

prayer for Israel into a movement for it– Nationalism prompts persecution of outsiders

Dreyfus Affair leads to Jewish fears in Europe

– Theodore Herzl the founder and visionary– Not all Jews supported the hope of Israel



The Quest for Empire

• Nationalism led to wars of unification and willingness to control affairs of others to benefit the “nation”– British taxes on India took money out of

Indian economy for British home treasury– British tariffs harsh on Indian textiles during

early industrialization

• Trade rivals for Britain by early 1800s



Nationalism



Nationalism




• Fierce economic competition from US, Germany and France

• Trade and the related desire to control territory led to creation of empires– By 1914: 85% of earth’s surface controlled by

Europe or nations of European ancestry– Economics of nominally independent

countries under European control




• Western European power based on “dual revolutions” of political & industrial change

• Success led to belief in superiority over those parts of the world that had not achieved gains of the “dual revolutions”

• Attitude often carried racial overtones to reinforce belief of superiority








• The Ottoman Empire, 1829-76– Was close to Europe and growing weaker as

demonstrated by Crimean War (1854-6)– Social organization on the “millet system”

People organized by religious group under religious leader to enforce religious laws and collect taxes in contrast to European practice of unified people

After Crimean defeat, the Ottomans pass Humayun edict of 1856 with “equality under the law”




• Southeast Asia & Indonesia, 1795-1880– Earlier colonial competition continues

Britain claims Malaya & Burma France conquers Indochina by 1893 Dutch take Indonesia and institute Kulturstelsel, an

exploitive agricultural system that made peasants devote 1/5 of land to cash rather than personal food crops



Nationalism



Nationalism




• India, 1858-1914– British defeat French for control of India, 1763– British East India Company administers the

colony Increased tax collection & manipulated tariffs Indian economy structured for British benefit

– 1857 mutiny ends East India Company control– Independence movement had to find balance

of positive and negative aspects of British rule




• China, 1800-1914– Manchus colonized extensively & felt

invulnerable in face of the West– Internal problems from 1800

Population growth but no government response Did possess production for export Opium supplied by West to pay for goods




• China, 1800-1914 [cont.]– The Opium Wars

1839-42 war gains extraterritoriality for Britain Refusal to grant diplomatic recognition leads to

second war, 1856-60 Taiping Rebellion (began 1850) one measure of

Chinese disorganization Weakness confirmed when Japan defeats China in

1894-5 war over Korea




• China, 1800-1914 [cont.]– The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900

Boxers were nationalists seeking to drive Europeans out of China

Western victory results in more concessions from China to the West

Promoters of modernization in China opposed by Empress Cixi who served as regent to emperor• Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu

dynasty in 1911



Africa, 1652-1912

• South Africa, 1652-1910– Dutch settlement in 1652– British gain control from Napoleonic Wars

Abolish slavery, 1834, but claim best land Restrict vote but pass Masters and Servants Act

– Dutch Boer Trek to avoid British customs– Zulu War to resist British control– South African importance less after Suez

opens



Nationalism



Nationalism



Africa, 1652-1912

• Egypt, 1798-1882– Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) controls Egypt

after French leave and Ottomans are ineffective

– Expands Egyptian power to Sudan and Arabia Ali a moderate on religion but faces Wahabism Son Ismail agrees with French to build Suez Canal

– Modernization policy had mixed results– Egyptian power underscores Ottoman

weakness



Africa, 1652-1912

• Algeria, 1830-71– Part of weakening Ottoman empire– French attack Algeria as center of piracy in

1830 and then claim control of country Meet extensive resistance from Muslim

Brotherhood

– Numerous Europeans migrate to Algeria and take best farmland

– European minority (13%) controls majority Muslim population by 20th century



Africa, 1652-1912

• Islamic Religious Revival– Revival in Sahel region (edge of Sahara)– West African revivals

Uthman dan Fodio in Hausaland al-Hajj Umar in Massina Samori Toure on Niger River

– East Africa Muhammad Ahmed, a mahdi in Sudan



Africa, 1652-1912

• Islamic Religious Revival [cont.]]– Western Orientation in West Africa

Sierra Leone a haven for freed slaves Liberia created by American Colonization Society New European export communities

• Cotton production on Niger River• Europeans stay along coast while Africans maintain

inland contacts and production• River transport with short stretches of railroad

Europeans seek greater control from the 1880s



Africa, 1652-1912

• Europeans & the Scramble for Africa– Knowledge of Africa provided by exploration

Needed for commerce, missions, & science Most famous is the Stanley-Livingston episode

– Berlin Conference of 1884 prevents open competition among European powers

– African resistance to European claims met with force



Africa, 1652-1912

• Europeans & the Scramble for Africa [cont]– Labor Issues: Coercion and Unionization

1913 Native Lands Act excludes Africans from 87% of South African land

Need for miners in South African gold and diamond mines leads to low pay and the break up of families that can’t afford to move to the mines

Trade union membership restricted to white workers

Race trumped free market capitalism and labor solidarity



Gender Relationships in Colonization

• Sexual liaisons with local colonial women ended with arrival of European women– Create boundaries between Europeans &

locals– European families claim role as models of

highest values of imperial country– No female solidarity between local &

Europeans– Some adoption of European models in colony



Anti-Colonial Revolts, 1857-1914

• Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.) accompanied by resentment at discrimination

• Colonials initially sought restoration of idealized, independent past

• Later movements sought freedom within setting of modern institutions– Young Turks– African National Congress (South Africa)



Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914

• The End of the Shogunate– Japanese isolation ends with Commodore

Perry– Regional leaders decide to remove Shogun--

administered Japan in name of the emperor and stood in way of modernization

– Meiji Restoration began as regional revolt & ended with confiscation of Shogun’s land and restoration of direct rule by the emperor assisted by daimyo




• Policies of the Meiji Government– Seek knowledge of world with two year tour– Import advisors in industry & agricultural– 130 foreigners in government by 1879– Restructure Government

Daimyo give lands to emperor & become governors

War with those who won’t Create western style army using German model










• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]– Restructuring the Economy

Revitalized agriculture yields landlord profits for investment in commerce and industry

Government finances early industrial ventures

– Urbanization Existing cities were regional capitals New cities combined old businesses and

entertainments with new westernized sectors



Nationalism




• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]– Cultural and Educational Change

Westernization in fashion, calendar & measurement

Extensive study of western writings including Mill and Spencer

Centralized, compulsory education• Ninety per cent of boys and girls attend school by 1905




• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]– Gender Relations

Restoration of emperor reinforced male control of household

Women & minors barred from political activities Women gain vote after World War II Women have few legal rights after 1898 Civil Code Goal of women’s education was to create “good

wives and wise mothers”




• Policies of the Meiji Governemnt [cont.]– War, Colonialism & Equality in the Family of

Nations Seek control of tariffs--done by 1911 Expansion into Korea & Manchuria makes Japan

dominant East Asian power Equality with Europe in 1902 alliance with Britain Defeat of Russia in 1905 underscores possession

of “great power” military Annex Korea, 1910



Nationalism and Imperialism

• Nationalism instilled pride and hope but also competition for resources & prestige

• Dual revolutions tie nations and peoples more closely together

• Imperialism claim to benefit those colonized but meet resentment

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Nationalism, Imperialism, and Resistance