AKS 44:Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism

CHAPTER 24.3 – PAGES 692-697 CHAPTER 25 – PAGES 717-741 CHAPTER 28.2 – PAGES 810-813

Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:

• Agricultural Revolution:– Wealthy bought more land

experimentation– Results:

• Tried new agricultural methods

• Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities

– Ex: Jethro Tull invented seed drill

Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

• Crop Rotation:– Improved medieval 3-field

system– Ex:

• Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil nutrients)

• Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients)

• Year 3: Barley• Year 4: Clover

Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:

• Why Britain?:– Natural Resources:

•Water power & coal – fuel machines

•Iron ore – construct machines, tools, buildings

•Rivers – inland transportation

•Harbors – merchant ships set sail

Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:

• Why Britain?:– Economic Expansion:

•Investment in new inventions•Highly developed banking system•Growing trade, economic prosperity,

climate of progress increased demand for goods

Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:

• Why Britain?:– Political Stability:

•No wars on British soil•Positive attitude•Laws to encourage business

• Britain had factors of production (land, labor, and capital)

Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:

Industrialization in GermanyContributing Factors:

Natural Resources:– Obstacle = political

disunity– Coal-rich Ruhr Valley– Led to importation of

British equipment, engineers

– Sent children to England to learn industrial management

• Railroads:– Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr

Valley

Industrialization in GermanyContributing Factors:

• Meiji Reform:– Meiji = “enlightened rule”– Mutsuhito – symbolized pride &

nationalism– Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun

stepped down

Industrialization in JapanContributing Factors

• Transportation:– James Watt – improved steam engine– Robert Fulton – put steam engine in

steamboat– England – canals built – slashed cost of

transporting goods– Improved roads where wagons would

not sink when it rained– Steam-powered locomotives

Industrialization in EnglandProcess:

• Rise of Cities:– Growth of factory system city building

and people shift toward cities (urbanization)

– Built near sources of energy (coal & water)

– London most important

Industrialization in EnglandProcess:

• Living & Working Conditions:– No development plans, sanitary & building

codes– Lacked housing, education– Sickness widespread– Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk– Factories not clean or safe – no aid in case

of injury– Coal mines most dangerous – children and

women employed here b/c they were cheap

Industrialization in EnglandProcess:

• Transportation:– See above

• Economy & Military:– Economic strength spurred ability to

become military power

Industrialization in GermanyProcess:

Industrialization in JapanProcess:• Transportation:

– Followed industrialization– Early 1900s = modern economy– Built railroads

Industrialization in JapanProcess:• Westernization:

– To counter western influence = modernize

– Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study Western ways

– Chose best & adapted– Modernized military

• Modernization:– Coal production

grew– Built thousands of

factories– Expanded unique

production (tea & silk)

– Shipbuilding to be competitive with west

Industrialization in JapanProcess:

IndustrializationWorking Conditions:• Industry created many new jobs• Factories were dirty, unsafe,

dangerous• Factory bosses exercised harsh

discipline• Long-Term Effect:

– Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours, better conditions

IndustrializationSocial Classes:• Factory workers – overworked,

underpaid• Overseers & skilled workers rose to

lower middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class.

• Upper middle class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were.

• Long-Term Effect:– Standard of living rose

IndustrializationSize of Cities:• Factories brought job

seekers to cities• Urban areas doubled,

tripled, or quadrupled in size

• Many cities specialized in certain industries

• Long-Term Effect:– Suburbs grew as people

fled crowded cities

IndustrializationLiving Conditions:• Cities lacked

sanitary codes or building controls

• Housing, water, & social services were scarce

• Epidemics swept through the city

• Long-Term Effect:– Housing, diet, &

clothing improved

Impact of IndustrializationRise of Global Inequality:• Widened wealth gap b/w

industrialized & non-industrialized countries

• Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products

• Began seizing colonies for economic resources imperialism

• Industrialization = tremendous economic power

• Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in all industrialized countries

• Development of middle class – education & democratic participation social reform

Impact of IndustrializationTransformation of Society:

Important WritingsAdam Smith:• Basic Ideas:

– Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress

– Government need not interfere in the economy

• Wrote “Wealth of Nations”

Important WritingsKarl Marx:

• Predicted destruction of the capitalist system & creation of a classless communist state in which the means of production would be owned by the people

• Wrote “Communist Manifesto”

Impact of Urbanization on WomenMixed Blessing:

• Good: Factory work = higher wages than work done at home

• Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made

• Women formed unions in women-dominated fields

• Served as safety inspectors in women-dominated factories

Impact of Urbanization on WomenReform Movements:

• Ran a settlement house to provide social services to residents of a poor neighborhood

Impact of Urbanization on WomenJane Adams:

NationalismUnification of Germany:• Led by Prussia• Otto von Bismarck – Prime

Minister under Wilhelm I– Policy of Realpolitik:

• Tough power politics - no idealism• Issues not decided by resolutions,

but by “blood and iron”• Allowed him to expand Prussia &

achieve dominance

GermanySeven Weeks’ War (1866)• Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war

on Prussia• Prussia (superior training & equipment)

humiliated Austria• Austrians lost Venetia – given to Italy• Had to accept Prussian annexation of more

German territory• Prussia took control of N. Germany – for 1st

time, E & W Prussia joined

GermanyFranco-Prussian War (1870-1871)• Bismarck manufactured “incident” that

caused France to declare war on Prussia• Defeated and humiliated the French• Bismarck became a national hero w/ victory• Final stage in German unification• S. Germans (Catholic) accepted Prussian

(Protestant) leadership• King Wilhelm I crowned “Kaiser” – emperor

– Called empire “Second Reich” (HRE was the 1st)

• Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance by “blood and iron”

NationalismUnification of Italy:• Led by Sardinia• Camillo di Cavour – Prime

Minister under Victor Emmanuel II– Worked to expand Sardinian

Empire– Succeeded through war,

alliances, & help of nationalist rebels

– Red Shirts – Garibaldi-rebel leader

– Unified Italy in process

Germany & Italy - Similarities• Leaders were aristocrats• Nations united by nationalism• One state led unification• Prussia led German unification• Sardinia led Italian unification

JapanModernization Pays Off for Japan• By 1890, Japan had:

– Several dozen warships– 500,000 well-trained, well-armed

soldiers– Became strongest military power in Asia

JapanJapan Gains Western Favor as a Nation-State

• Constitution & legal codes similar to European nations

• Wanted to eliminate extraterritorial rights of foreigners

• 1894 – foreign powers accepted it• Strength & feeling of equality rose• Became more imperialistic-needed

resources for industry.

Reaction to Foreign DominationRusso-Japanese War (1904-1905):• Causes:

– Russia refused to stay out of Korea

– Japanese led surprise attack on Russian navy anchored off coast of Manchuria

Reaction to Foreign DominationRusso-Japanese War (1904-1905):• Results:

– Destruction of Russian navy– Humiliation of Russia and Czar Nicholas

II– Territorial gains for Japan (Manchuria &

Korea)– Withdrawal of Russia from Manchuria &

Korea