Memory?◦ Types of memory, CNS regions, memory
impairments Learning?
◦ Models for learning
if attended
Short-term Memory (STM)◦ Limited capacity (7 items)
can use chunking
◦ Brief duration◦ Can be lost without rehearsal or with interference
if attended
Short-term Memory (STM)◦ Limited capacity (7 items)
can use chunking Brief duration can be lost without rehearsal or with interference
Long-term Memory (LTM)◦ more permanent storage
Consolidation - Process by which rehearsal of information in STM results
in transfer to LTM
if attended
retrieval
Amnesia refers to a failure to remember◦ Anterograde amnesia - difficulty in forming new
memories for events that occur after a brain trauma
◦ Retrograde amnesia - inability to recall events that occurred prior to a trauma
Amnesia can be temporary or permanent
Severe anterograde amnesia follows bilateral damage to the hippocampus
Surgery – 1953 for debilitating epilepsy◦ bilateral removal of hippocampus consequences:
severe anterograde amnesia short-term memory intact long term memory prior to surgery
intact motor memories intact
◦medial temporal amnesia
Declarative memory: memories available as facts, events, or specific stimuli
Nondeclarative memory: stimulus-response and motor memories that control behaviors at an unconscious level
Hippocampal dependent
these can be true or false
Prefrontal Cortex-◦ memory deficits – planning, sequence of events
Cerebellum◦ motor memories
amygdala◦ part of the limbic system; emotional memories
Alzheimers disease◦ Hippocampus has many cholinergic neurons◦ basal forebrain – area specifically affected by AD
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Korsakoff’s syndrome◦ severe anterograde amnesia with elements of
confabulation◦ consequence of chronic alcohol abuse
lesions in a number of brain structures including
ECS – electroconvulsive shock
State dependent memories (and state dependent learning)