Memory?◦ Types of memory, CNS regions, memory

impairments Learning?

◦ Models for learning

if attended

Short-term Memory (STM)◦ Limited capacity (7 items)

can use chunking

◦ Brief duration◦ Can be lost without rehearsal or with interference

if attended

Short-term Memory (STM)◦ Limited capacity (7 items)

can use chunking Brief duration can be lost without rehearsal or with interference

Long-term Memory (LTM)◦ more permanent storage

Consolidation - Process by which rehearsal of information in STM results

in transfer to LTM

if attended

retrieval

Amnesia refers to a failure to remember◦ Anterograde amnesia - difficulty in forming new

memories for events that occur after a brain trauma

◦ Retrograde amnesia - inability to recall events that occurred prior to a trauma

Amnesia can be temporary or permanent

Severe anterograde amnesia follows bilateral damage to the hippocampus

Surgery – 1953 for debilitating epilepsy◦ bilateral removal of hippocampus consequences:

severe anterograde amnesia short-term memory intact long term memory prior to surgery

intact motor memories intact

◦medial temporal amnesia

Declarative memory: memories available as facts, events, or specific stimuli

Nondeclarative memory: stimulus-response and motor memories that control behaviors at an unconscious level

Hippocampal dependent

these can be true or false

Prefrontal Cortex-◦ memory deficits – planning, sequence of events

Cerebellum◦ motor memories

amygdala◦ part of the limbic system; emotional memories

Alzheimers disease◦ Hippocampus has many cholinergic neurons◦ basal forebrain – area specifically affected by AD

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Korsakoff’s syndrome◦ severe anterograde amnesia with elements of

confabulation◦ consequence of chronic alcohol abuse

lesions in a number of brain structures including

ECS – electroconvulsive shock

State dependent memories (and state dependent learning)