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INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

IN

BIOLOGY

BY,

B.H.SOORYA

RAO


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KENDrIYA VIDYALAYA

VIJAYANARAYANAM PROJECT REPORT BIOLOGY

2014 - 2015

NAME: B.H.SOORYA RAO

STANDARD: XII t

ROLL: 112!

TITLE O" THE PROJECT:

EPILEPSY- A NE#ROLOGICAL

DISORDER

CERTIFICATE:


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Acknowlede!en"#

I $eel %ro&d "o %re'en" !( )n*e'")+"or( %roec" )nB)olo( on "-e 8DETERMINATION O" THE CONTENTS O"COLD DRINS 9

T-)' %roec" wo&ld no" -+*e een $e+')le w)"-o&" "-e

%ro%er r)oro&' &)d+nce o$ )olo( "e+c-er/r'.K.An)'-+. 0-o &)ded !e "-ro&-o&" "-)' %roec")n e*er( %o'')le w+(1 An )n*e'")+"or( %roec")n*ol*e' *+r)o&' d)2c&l" l+ e3%er)!en"', w-)c- -+*e"o o"+)n "-e o'er*+")on' +nd concl&de "-e re%or"'on + !e+n)n$&l no"e. T-ere (, I wo&ld l)ke "o "-+nk'/r'.K.An)'-+ $or &)d)n !e on + '('"e!+")c +')'+nd en'&r)n "-+" )n co!%le"ed +ll !( re'e+rc- w)"-e+'e. R)oro&' -+rd work -+' %&" )n "-)' %roec" "oen'&re "-+" )" %ro*e' "o e "-e e'". I -o%e "-+" )"%ro*e' "o e "-e e'". I -o%e "-+" "-)' %roec" w)ll%ro*e "o e + reed)n ro&nd $or "-e ne3"ener+")on o$ '"&den"' +nd w)ll &)de "-e! )n e*er(%o'')le w+(.


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INTROD4CTION

SIGNS AND SY/PTO/S CA4SES PARTHOPHYSIOLOGY CLASSI5ICATION

SEI64RE TYPES

EPILEPSY SYNDRO/ES /ANAGE/ENT

/EDICATION

S4RGERY

OTHERS DEATH HISTORY SOCIETY AND C4LT4RE

LEGAL I/PLICATION

NOTABLE CASES

RE5ERENCE


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EPILEPSYE6$(6%+7$ro! "-e Anc)en" Greek 7epilpsa8 9:'e);&re:8 )' + co!!on +nd d)*er'e 'e"o$ c-ron)cne&rolo)c+l d)'order'c-+r+c"er);ed( 'e);&re'. So!e de'(nc-rono&' ne&ron+l +c")*)"()n "-er+)n. Ao&" ?@ !)ll)on %eo%le worldw)de -+*ee%)le%'(, +nd ne+rl( 0; o$ e%)le%'( occ&r' )nde*elo%)n co&n"r)e'. E%)le%'( eco!e' !ore
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek


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co!!on +' %eo%le +e. On'e" o$ new c+'e' occ&r'!o'" $re=&en"l( )n )n$+n"' +nd "-e elderl(. A' +con'e=&ence o$ r+)n '&rer(, e%)le%")c 'e);&re' !+(

occ&r )n reco*er)n %+")en"'.E%)le%'( )' &'&+ll( con"rolled, &" no" c&red, w)"-!ed)c+")on. Howe*er, o*er !0; o$ %eo%le w)"-e%)le%'( do no" -+*e 'e);&re con"rol e*en w)"- "-ee'" +*+)l+le !ed)c+")on'. S&rer(!+( econ')dered )n d)2c&l" c+'e'. No" +ll e%)le%'('(ndro!e' +re l)$elon 'o!e $or!' +re con


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E6$(6%+

Classification and external resources

Generalized 3 Hz spike and wave discharges in EEG

ICD-10 G@>G

ICD- ?

D$%(,%(%D.B.

M(/$(P%

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(-M(/$'$( ne&ro?

M(SH D@@
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_Ghttp://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/G40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_Ghttp://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/G41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codeshttp://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=345http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_Databasehttp://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb4366.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlushttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000694.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMedicinehttp://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic415.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headingshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D004827http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_Ghttp://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/G40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_Ghttp://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/G41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codeshttp://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=345http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_Databasehttp://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb4366.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlushttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000694.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMedicinehttp://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic415.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headingshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D004827


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E%)le%'( )' c-+r+c"er);ed ( + lon "er! r)'k o$rec&rren" 'e);&re'. T-e'e 'e);&re' !+( %re'en" )n +n&!er o$ d)eren" w+('.

T-e d)+no')' o$ e%)le%'( &'&+ll( re=&)re' "-+" "-e'e);&re' occ&r '%on"+neo&'l(. Ne*er"-ele'', cer"+)ne%)le%'( '(ndro!e' re=&)re %+r")c&l+r %rec)%)"+n"' or"r)er' $or 'e);&re' "o occ&r. T-e'e +re "er!ed ree3e%)le%'(. 5or e3+!%le, %+")en"' w)"- %r)!+r( re+d)ne%)le%'(-+*e 'e);&re' "r)ered (

re+d)n. P-o"o'en')")*e e%)le%'(c+n e l)!)"ed "o'e);&re' "r)ered ( +'-)n l)-"'. O"-er
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_epilepsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_epilepsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_reading_epilepsy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_reading_epilepsy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosensitive_epilepsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_epilepsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_epilepsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_reading_epilepsy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_reading_epilepsy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosensitive_epilepsy


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%rec)%)"+n"' c+n "r)er +n e%)le%")c 'e);&re )n%+")en"' w-o o"-erw)'e wo&ld e '&'ce%")le "o'%on"+neo&' 'e);&re'. 5or e3+!%le, c-)ldren

w)"- c-)ld-ood +'ence e%)le%'(!+( e '&'ce%")le"o -(%er*en")l+")on. In $+c", +'-)n l)-"' +nd-(%er*en")l+")on +re +c")*+")n %roced&re' &'ed )ncl)n)c+l EEG"o -el% "r)er 'e);&re' "o +)d d)+no')'.E!o")on+l '"re'', 'lee% de%r)*+")on, 'lee% )"'el$, -e+"'"re'', +lco-ol +nd $er)le )llne'' +re e3+!%le' o$%rec)%)"+n"' c)"ed ( %+")en"' w)"- e%)le%'(. No"+l(,

"-e )n&ence o$ *+r)o&' %rec)%)"+n"' *+r)e' w)"- "-ee%)le%'( '(ndro!e. L)kew)'e, "-e !en'"r&+l c(cle)nwo!en w)"- e%)le%'( c+n )n&ence %+""ern' o$'e);&re rec&rrence. C+"+!en)+l e%)le%'( )' "-e "er!deno")n 'e);&re' l)nked "o "-e !en'"r&+l c(cle.

T-ere +re d)eren" c+&'e' o$ e%)le%'( "-+" +reco!!on )n cer"+)n +e ro&%'.

D&r)n l+"e )n$+nc( +nd e+rl( c-)ld-ood, $er)le'e);&re' +re $+)rl( co!!on. T-e'e !+( e c+&'ed( !+n( d)eren" "-)n', 'o!e "-o&-" "o e"-)n' '&c- +' CNS )n$ec")on' +nd "r+&!+.

D&r)n c-)ld-ood, well>de


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D&r)n +dole'cence +nd +d&l"-ood, "-e c+&'e'+re !ore l)kel( "o e 'econd+r( "o +n( CNS le')on.5&r"-er, )d)o%+"-)c e%)le%'( )' le'' co!!on. O"-er

c+&'e' +''oc)+"ed w)"- "-e'e +e ro&%' +re'"re'', "r+&!+, CNS )n$ec")on', r+)n "&!or', +nd)ll)c)" dr& &'e +nd +lco-ol w)"-dr+w+l.

In older +d&l"', cerero>*+'c&l+r d)'e+'e )' + *er(co!!on c+&'e. O"-er c+&'e' +re CNS "&!or',-e+d "r+&!+, +nd o"-er deener+")*e d)'e+'e' "-+"

+re co!!on )n "-e older +e ro&%, '&c-+' de!en")+.

0-en )n*e'")+")n "-e c+&'e' o$ 'e);&re', )" )')!%or"+n" "o &nder'"+nd %-(')olo)c+l cond)")on' "-+"!+( %red)'%o'e "-e )nd)*)d&+l "o + 'e);&reocc&rrence. Se*er+l cl)n)c+l +nd e3%er)!en"+l d+"+-+*e )!%l)c+"ed "-e $+)l&re o$ 7&&/7),$ 7,))$()


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/&"+")on')n 'e*er+l ene'-+*e een l)nked "o 'o!e"(%e' o$ e%)le%'(. Se*er+l ene' "-+" code

$or %ro"e)n'&&n)"' o$ *ol"+e>+"ed+nd l)+nd>+"ed)on c-+nnel'-+*e een +''oc)+"ed w)"- $or!'o$ ener+l);ed e%)le%'( +nd )n$+n")le 'e);&re'(ndro!e'.

One '%ec&l+"ed !ec-+n)'! $or 'o!e $or!' o$)n-er)"ed e%)le%'( +re !&"+")on' o$ "-e ene' "-+"code $or 'od)&! c-+nnel %ro"e)n'M "-e'e de$ec")*e

'od)&! c-+nnel' '"+( o%en $or "oo lon, "-&' !+k)n"-e ne&ron -(%er e3c)"+le. Gl&"+!+"e, +ne3c)"+"or( ne&ro"r+n'!)""er, !+(, "-ere$ore, erele+'ed $ro! "-e'e ne&ron' )n l+re +!o&n"', w-)c-9 ( )nd)n w)"- ne+r( l&"+!+"er)c ne&ron' 9"r)er' e3ce'')*e c+lc)&! 7C+8 rele+'e )n "-e'e%o'">'(n+%")c cell'. S&c- e3ce'')*e c+lc)&! rele+'e

c+n e ne&ro"o3)n "o "-e +ec"ed cell. T-e-)%%oc+!%&', w-)c- con"+)n' + l+re *ol&!e o$ &'"'&c- l&"+!+"er)c ne&ron' 7+nd N/DA rece%"or',w-)c- +re %er!e+le "o C+en"r( +$"er )nd)n o$o"- l&"+!+"e +nd l(c)ne8, )' e'%ec)+ll( *&lner+le"o e%)le%")c 'e);&re, '&'e=&en" '%re+d o$ e3c)"+")on,+nd %o'')le ne&ron+l de+"-. Ano"-er %o'')le

!ec-+n)'! )n*ol*e' !&"+")on' le+d)n "o
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter


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)neec")*e GABA7"-e r+)n' !o'" co!!on )n-))"or(ne&ro"r+n'!)""er8 +c")on. E%)le%'(>rel+"ed !&"+")on')n 'o!e non>)on c-+nnel ene' -+*e +l'o een

)den")


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E%)le%')e' +re cl+'')


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?.B( "-e e*en" "-+" "r)er' "-e 'e);&re', '&c- +'re+d)n or !&')c

In F, "-e In"ern+")on+l Le+&e A +)n'"

E%)le%'(7ILAE8 %ro%o'ed + cl+'')


16/31

Se);&re "(%e' +re or+n);ed


17/31

Con*er')on d)'order c+n e d)'")n&)'-ed $ro!e%)le%'( ec+&'e "-e e%)'ode' ne*er occ&r d&r)n'lee% +nd do no" )n*ol*e )ncon")nence or 'el$>)n&r(.

J&'" +' "-ere +re !+n( "(%e' o$ 'e);&re', "-ere +re!+n( "(%e' o$ e%)le%'( '(ndro!e'. E%)le%'(cl+'')


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Loc+l);+")on>rel+"ed e%)le%')e', 'o!e")!e' "er!ed

%+r")+l or $oc+l e%)le%')e', +r)'e $ro! +n e%)le%")c$oc&', + '!+ll %or")on o$ "-e r+)n "-+" 'er*e' +' "-e)rr)"+n" dr)*)n "-e e%)le%")c re'%on'e. Gener+l);ede%)le%')e', )n con"r+'", +r)'e $ro! !+n( )nde%enden"$oc) 7!&l")$oc+l e%)le%')e'8 or $ro! e%)le%")c c)rc&)"'"-+" )n*ol*e "-e w-ole r+)n. E%)le%')e' o$ &nknownloc+l);+")on re!+)n &ncle+r +' "o w-e"-er "-e( +r)'e

$ro! + %or")on o$ "-e r+)n or $ro! !ore w)de'%re+dc)rc&)"'.

E%)le%'( '(ndro!e' +re $&r"-er d)*)ded (%re'&!%")*e c+&'e# )d)o%+"-)c, '(!%"o!+")c,+nd cr(%"oen)c. In ener+l, )d)o%+"-)c e%)le%')e' +re"-o&-" "o +r)'e $ro! ene")c +nor!+l)")e' "-+" le+d"o +l"er+")on o$ +')c ne&ron+l

re&l+")on. S(!%"o!+")c e%)le%')e' +r)'e $ro! "-e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptogenic_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptogenic_disease


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eec"' o$ +n e%)le%")c le')on, w-e"-er "-+" le')on )'$oc+l, '&c- +' + "&!or, or + de$ec" )n !e"+ol)'!c+&')n w)de'%re+d )n&r( "o "-e r+)n. Cr(%"oen)c

e%)le%')e' )n*ol*e + %re'&!%")*e le')on "-+" )'o"-erw)'e d)2c&l" or )!%o'')le "o &nco*er d&r)ne*+l&+")on.

T-e ene")c co!%onen" "o e%)le%'( )' rece)*)n%+r")c&l+r )n"ere'" $ro! "-e 'c)en")


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E%)le%'( )' &'&+ll( "re+"edw)"- !ed)c+")on%re'cr)ed ( + %-(')c)+nM %r)!+r(c+re)*er', ne&rolo)'"', +nd ne&ro'&reon'+ll

$re=&en"l( c+re $or %eo%le w)"- e%)le%'(. Howe*er, )"-+' een '"re''ed "-+" +cc&r+"e d)eren")+")one"ween ener+l);ed +nd %+r")+l 'e);&re' )' e'%ec)+ll()!%or"+n" )n de"er!)n)n "-e +%%ro%r)+"e"re+"!en". In 'o!e c+'e' "-e )!%l+n"+")on o$ +'")!&l+"or o$ "-e *+&' ner*e, or + '%ec)+l d)e" c+ne -el%$&l. Ne&ro'&r)c+l o%er+")on' $or e%)le%'( c+n

e %+ll)+")*e, red&c)n "-e $re=&enc( or 'e*er)"( o$'e);&re'M or, )n 'o!e %+")en"', +n o%er+")on c+n ec&r+")*e.

T-e %ro%er )n)")+l re'%on'e "o + ener+l);ed "on)c>clon)c e%)le%")c 'e);&re)' "o roll "-e %er'on on "-e')de 7reco*er( %o')")on8 "o %re*en" )ne'")on o$ &)d')n"o "-e l&n', w-)c- c+n re'&l" )n c-ok)n +nd de+"-.

S-o&ld "-e %er'on re&r)"+"e, "-)' '-o&ld e +llowed"o dr)% o&" "-e ')de o$ "-e %er'on' !o&"-. T-e%er'on '-o&ld e %re*en"ed $ro! 'el$>)n&r( (!o*)n "-e! +w+( $ro! '-+r% ede', +nd %l+c)n'o!e"-)n 'o$" ene+"- "-e -e+d. I$ + 'e);&re l+'"'loner "-+n ? !)n&"e', or )$ !ore "-+n one 'e);&reocc&r' w)"-o&" re+)n)n con'c)o&'ne'' e!erenc(

!ed)c+l 'er*)ce''-o&ld e con"+c"ed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic-clonic_seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic-clonic_seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic-clonic_seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic-clonic_seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services


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T-e !+)n'"+( o$ "re+"!en" o$e%)le%'( )' +n")con*&l'+n"

!ed)c+")on'. O$"en,+n")con*&l'+n" !ed)c+")on"re+"!en" w)ll e l)$e lon+nd c+n -+*e !+or eec"'on =&+l)"( o$ l)$e. T-e c-o)ce

+!on +n")con*&l'+n"' +nd"-e)r eec")*ene'' d)er' (

e%)le%'( '(ndro!e. /ec-+n)'!',eec")*ene'' $or %+r")c&l+r e%)le%'(

'(ndro!e', +nd ')de>eec"' d)er +!on "-e)nd)*)d&+l +n")con*&l'+n" !ed)c+")on'. So!eener+l o$ %+")en"' w)"-e%)le%'(, )n + E&ro%e+n '&r*e(, re%or"ed +" le+'" one

+n")con*&l'+n" rel+"ed ')de>eec". /o'" ')de eec"'


22/31

+re !)ld +nd :do'e>rel+"ed: +nd c+n o$"en e +*o)dedor !)n)!);ed ( "-e &'e o$ "-e '!+lle'" eec")*e+!o&n". So!e e3+!%le' )ncl&de !ood c-+ne',

'lee%)ne'', or &n'"e+d)ne'' )n +)". So!e+n")con*&l'+n" !ed)c+")on' -+*e :)d)o'(ncr+")c: ')deeec"' "-+" c+n no" e %red)c"ed ( do'e. So!ee3+!%le' )ncl&de dr& r+'-e', l)*er "o3)c)"(7-e%+")")'8, or +%l+'")c +ne!)+. S+$e"( )ncl&de' "-econ')der+")on o$ "er+"oen)c)"( 7"-e eec"' o$!ed)c+")on' on $e"+l de*elo%!en"8 w-en wo!en w)"-

e%)le%'( eco!e %ren+n".

E%)le%'( '&rer( )' +n o%")on $or %eo%le w)"- $oc+l

'e);&re' "-+" re!+)n re')'"+n" "o "re+"!en". T-e o+l$or "-e'e %roced&re' )' "o"+l con"rol o$ e%)le%")c'e);&re', +l"-o&- +n")con*&l'+n" !ed)c+")on' !+('")ll e re=&)red.

Cer"+)n le')on' re=&)re Lon>"er! *)deo>EEG!on)"or)nw)"- "-e &'e o$ )n"r+cr+n)+l elec"rode' )$non)n*+')*e "e'")n w+' )n+de=&+"e "o )den")$( "-e

e%)le%")c $oc&' or d)'")n&)'- "-e '&r)c+l "+re" $ro!nor!+l r+)n ")''&e +nd $&nc")on. Br+)n !+%%)n(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_video-EEG_monitoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_video-EEG_monitoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_video-EEG_monitoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_video-EEG_monitoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_mapping


23/31

"-e "ec-n)=&e o$ cor")c+l elec"r)c+l '")!&l+")on +reo"-er %roced&re' &'ed )n "-e %roce'' o$ )n*+')*e"e'")n )n 'o!e %+")en"'.

T-e !o'" co!!on '&rer)e' +re "-e re'ec")on o$le')on' l)ke "&!or'or +r"er)o*eno&' !+l$or!+")on',w-)c-, )n "-e %roce'' o$ "re+")n "-e &nderl()nle')on, o$"en re'&l" )n con"rol o$ e%)le%")c 'e);&re'c+&'ed ( "-e'e le')on'.

O"-er le')on' +re !ore '&"le +nd $e+"&re e%)le%'( +'"-e !+)n or 'ole '(!%"o!. T-e !o'" co!!on $or!o$ )n"r+c"+le e%)le%'( )n "-e'e d)'order' )n +d&l"')' "e!%or+l loe e%)le%'(w)"- -)%%oc+!%+l 'clero')',+nd "-e !o'" co!!on "(%e o$ e%)le%'( '&rer( )'"-e +n"er)or "e!%or+l loec"o!(, or "-e re!o*+l o$"-e $ron" %or")on o$ "-e "e!%or+l loe )ncl&d)n"-e +!(d+l++nd -)%%oc+!%&'. So!ene&ro'&reon' reco!!end 'elec")*e surgery

ec+&'e o$ %o'')le ene


24/31

c+nno" e con"rolled ( o"-er !e+n'. /&l")%le '&%)+l"r+n'ec")on'c+n +l'o e &'ed "o decre+'e "-e '%re+do$ 'e);&re' +cro'' "-e cor"e3 e'%ec)+ll( w-en "-e

e%)le%")c $oc&' )' loc+"ed ne+r )!%or"+n" $&nc")on+l+re+' o$ "-e cor"e3. Re'ec")*e '&rer( c+n econ')dered %+ll)+")*e )$ )" )' &nder"+ken w)"- "-ee3%ec"+")on "-+" )" w)ll red&ce &" no" el)!)n+"e'e);&re'.

Be(ond '(!%"o!' o$ "-e &nderl()n d)'e+'e' "-+"c+n e + %+r" o$ cer"+)n e%)le%')e', %eo%le w)"-

e%)le%'( +re +" r)'k $or de+"- $ro! $o&r !+)n%role!'# '"+"&' e%)le%")c&'7!o'" o$"en+''oc)+"edw)"- +n")con*&l'+n"nonco!%l)+nce8, '&)c)de+''oc)+"ed w)"- de%re'')on, "r+&!+ $ro! 'e);&re',+nd S//( #(6('t(/ D(,t I E6$(6%+


25/31

!ore en)n e%)le%'( '(ndro!e' -+*e l)""le r)'k $ore%)le%'(>rel+"ed de+"-.

T-e NICEN+")on+l Sen")nel A&d)" o$ E%)le%'(>Rel+"edDe+"-', led ( :E%)le%'( Bere+*ed: drew +""en")on "o"-)' )!%or"+n" %role!. T-e A&d)" re*e+ledM :,@@@de+"-' occ&r e*er( (e+r )n "-e 4K +' + re'&l" o$e%)le%'(: +nd !o'" o$ "-e! +re +''oc)+"ed w)"-'e);&re' +nd o$ de+"-' were %o"en")+ll(+*o)d+le:.

Cer"+)n d)'e+'e' +l'o 'ee! "o occ&r )n -)-er "-+ne3%ec"ed r+"e' )n %eo%le w)"- e%)le%'(, +nd "-e r)'ko$ "-e'e :co!or)d)")e': o$"en *+r)e' w)"- "-ee%)le%'( '(ndro!e. T-e'e d)'e+'e')ncl&de de%re'')on+nd +n3)e"(d)'order', !)r+)ne+nd o"-er-e+d+c-e', )n$er")l)"(+nd low 'e3&+l l))do. A""en")on>

de


26/31

In "-e %+'", e%)le%'( w+' +''oc)+"edw)"- rel))o&'e3%er)ence' +nde*en de!on)c%o''e'')on. In +nc)en" ")!e', e%)le%'(w+' known +' "-e :S+cred D)'e+'e: 7+' de'cr)ed )n+ ?"- cen"&r( BC "re+")'e ( H)%%ocr+"e'8 ec+&'e%eo%le "-o&-" "-+" e%)le%")c 'e);&re' were + $or! o$

+""+ck ( de!on', or "-+" "-e *)')on'e3%er)enced (%er'on' w)"- e%)le%'( were 'en" ( "-e od'.A!on +n)!)'"H!on$+!)l)e', $or e3+!%le,e%)le%'( w+' &nder'"ood +' +n +""+ck ( +n e*)l'%)r)", &" "-e +ec"ed %er'on co&ld eco!e re*ered+' + '-+!+n"-ro&- "-e'e o"-erworldl( e3%er)ence'.

A c-+%"er $ro! + B+(lon)+n "e3"ook o$ !ed)c)ne,d+")n $ro! +o&" @@@BC +nd con')'")n o$ @"+le"', record' !+n( o$ "-e d)eren" 'e);&re "(%e'we recon);e "od+(, +nd )" e!%-+');e' "-e'&%ern+"&r+l n+"&re o$ e%)le%'(, w-)le "-e A(&r*ed)c"e3" o$ C-+r+k+ S+!-)"+ 7+o&" @@BC8, de'cr)e'e%)le%'( +' :+%+'!+r+:, ).e., :lo'' o$ con'c)o&'ne'':.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_possessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_possessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaman


27/31

In !o'" c&l"&re', %er'on' w)"- e%)le%'( -+*e een'")!+");ed, '-&nned, or e*en )!%r)'onedM )n"-e S+l%Q"r)re, "-e )r"-%l+ce o$ !odern

ne&rolo(,Je+n>/+r")n C-+rco"$o&nd %eo%le w)"-e%)le%'( ')de>(>')de w)"- "-e !en"+ll( re"+rded,"-o'e w)"- c-ron)c '(%-)l)', +nd "-e cr)!)n+ll( )n'+ne.InT+n;+n)+"o "-)' d+(, +' w)"- o"-er %+r"' o$ A$r)c+,e%)le%'( )' +''oc)+"ed w)"- %o''e'')on ( e*)l '%)r)"',w)"c-cr+$", or %o)'on)n +nd )' el)e*ed ( !+n( "oe con"+)o&'. In +nc)en" Ro!e, e%)le%'( w+' known

+' "-e Morbus Comitialis7d)'e+'e o$ "-e +''e!l(-+ll8 +nd w+' 'een +' + c&r'e $ro! "-e od'.

S")!+ con")n&e' "o "-)' d+(, )n o"- "-e %&l)c +nd%r)*+"e '%-ere', &" %oll' '&e'" )" )' ener+ll(decre+')n w)"- ")!e, +" le+'" )n "-e de*elo%edworldM H)%%ocr+"e're!+rked "-+" e%)le%'( wo&ldce+'e "o e con')dered d)*)ne "-e d+( )" w+'&nder'"ood.

/+n( &r)'d)c")on' $or)d cer"+)n +c")*)")e' "o %er'on''&er)n $ro! e%)le%'(. T-e !o'" co!!onl(%ro-))"ed +c")*)")e' )n*ol*e o%er+")on o$ *e-)cle' or!+c-)ner(, or o"-er +c")*)")e' )n w-)c- con")n&o&'

*))l+nce )' re=&)red. Howe*er, "-ere +re &'&+ll(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8rehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8rehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates


28/31

e3ce%")on' $or "-o'e w-o c+n %ro*e "-+" "-e( -+*e'"+)l);ed "-e)r cond)")on. T-o'e $ew w-o'e 'e);&re'do no" c+&'e )!%+)r!en" o$ con'c)o&'ne'', -+*e +

len"-( +&r+ %reced)n )!%+)r!en" o$ con'c)o&'ne'',or w-o'e 'e);&re' onl( +r)'e $ro! 'lee%, !+( ee3e!%" $ro! '&c- re'"r)c")on', de%end)n on loc+ll+w'. T-ere )' +n ono)n de+"e)n )oe"-)c'o*er who'-o&ld e+r "-e &rden o$en'&r)n "-+" +n e%)le%'( %+")en" doe' no" dr)*e + c+ror ( +n +)r%l+ne.

In "-e 4.S., %eo%le w)"- e%)le%'( c+n dr)*e )$ "-e)r'e);&re' +re con"rolled w)"- "re+"!en" +nd "-e( !ee""-e l)cen')n re=&)re!en"' )n "-e)r '"+"e. T-e +!o&n"o$ ")!e 'o!eone need' "o e $ree o$ 'e);&re' *+r)e')n d)eren" '"+"e', &" )' !o'" l)kel( "o e e"ween"-ree !on"-' +nd + (e+r. T-e !+or)"( o$ "-e ?@'"+"e' %l+ce "-e &rden on %+")en"' "o re%or" "-e)rcond)")on "o +%%ro%r)+"e l)cen')n +&"-or)")e' 'o "-+""-e)r %r)*)lee' c+n e re*oked w-ere +%%ro%r)+"e. A!)nor)"( o$ '"+"e' %l+ce "-e &rden o$ re%or")n on"-e %+")en"' %-(')c)+n. A$"er re%or")n )' c+rr)ed o&",)" )' &'&+ll( "-e dr)*er' l)cen')n +enc( "-+" dec)de'"o re*oke or re'"r)c" + dr)*er' l)cen'e.

/+n( no"+le %eo%le, %+'" +nd %re'en", -+*e c+rr)ed"-e d)+no')' o$ e%)le%'(. In !+n( c+'e', "-e)r
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America


29/31


30/31

A "o"+l o$ ?, 7?. !en8 )nd)*)d&+l' were'creened. T-ere were @F %re*+len" +nd )nc)den"c+'e' o$ +c")*e e%)le%'(. T-e %re*+lence +nd +*er+e

+nn&+l )nc)dence r+"e 7AAIR8 w)"- F? con'%ec)(e+r %er)od, @ c+'e' o$ +c")*e e%)le%'( d)ed. T-e

+*er+e +nn&+l !or"+l)"( r+"e 7AA/R8 w+' . 7F?CI .?>.8 %er @@,@@@ %o%&l+")on %er (e+r.Co!%+red "o "-e ener+l %o%&l+")on o$ Kolk+"+, "-e+ll>c+&'e '"+nd+rd);ed !or"+l)"( r+")o 7S/R8 $or%er'on' w)"- e%)le%'( w+' .? o*er+ll 7!en .Mwo!en .8. T-ere w+' no ')n)c+&'e S/R $or e%)le%'( rel+")*e "o "-e ener+l%o%&l+")on )', -owe*er, ')!)l+r "o "-+" o$ de*elo%edn+")on'.

0)le( Per)od)c+l', Inc. @@ In"ern+")on+l Le+&eA+)n'" E%)le%'(.


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-""%#en.w)k)%ed)+.orw)k)E%)le%'(

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'!U'&%lU+*on.,or.rc.r%w.,c$.o'U$%ec@Fe?dcU)w@U)-
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