CORNELLUNIVERSITY LIBRARY
nm7:H.m.l.l!
the letter
Words containing a letter of prolongation or a doubled consonant.thrownthus:
In Derivatives or Plurals of this description, not found in the Dictionary,or only rendered by meanings which do not fully meet the requirementsof the case, these letters are to beout, to obtain the root, or
the singular,1.\
if
it is
a plural nounthe measures
;
in words of"
J^\i/a'i7, the
well-known form of the Agent or active
participle,
who
does."
JUi
/a"Z,
where also the double consonantfrequently, habitually, by
is
to be rejected, or in
other words, the Ta&did to be removed, intensive of the former,"
who does
way
of trade."
* It is true that, by the arrangement explained in this and the previous paragraph, sometimes different roots or their derivatives are thrown together under the same heading under the heading Jic for:
we give, besides ^add and Hdd, belonging to the root (J*c), also the word ^udd, " pustule," apparently itself a root, and under the feminine form 6.vc we include 'ida-t, " promise, threat," derived from the root (>"^^). But this very juxtaposition of disparate meanings willinstance,strike the attention of a thoughtful student, and continually remind him, that in Arabic, more than in any other language, very similar forms may have a vastly distinct origin.
VI
t
PREFACE.
J^
fi'dl.
Infinitive, exceptionally
case,
however,
it
of the primitive verb (in which alphabetical will be found as a reference in its
the more place), regularly of the third conjugation, along with " doing with regard mufd'ala-t, measurefrequently usedto another,
^U-
doing reciprocally on the part of two or more."fi'l,
Also Plural of nouns of the measure Ji/a'Z,feminine form in6.
fw'l,
and
its
^
^
'^fa'W,
of feminine of the measure J>^\ afal, forming adjectives
defect
and colour
(see Class II.)letters,
Lastly, in Plurals of
words which consist of four or moretrisyllabic,
trieither originally, or through the introduction of servile letters into
literal roots.(1
These plurals are
with a
(
)
after the first,
(\
) after the second,
and
i
()I
after the penultimate consonant.
If all the letters of the singular are radical, the
measure
is
JJUi
fa'dlil,
where the secondbe
corresponds to the fourth and fol;
lowing consonants of the singularquadriliteral,it
andwill
if
the
singular\
is
will
obtained
by dropping theit
of pro-
longation of
the plural;
otherwise
be referred to in
the alphabetical place of the latter.*
The plural measurestriliteral roots, are
of words of four
and more
letters, reducible to
JcU\
afit'il,
plural of nouns, or of certain other plurals beginning,
with
\
or of adjectives of the measure J**^ afal used substan-
tively (see Class II.).
JcUj
tafd'il,
plural of
a1Aj tafila-t.
Infinitive of the second conjugation,
mostly of verbs terminating in a weak consonant (see Class III.).JjVi fa'd'il,
not given in the Dictionary amongst the alphabetical
references
when
it
is
plural of J-i fa'U or Huai fa'ila-t (the
* The plural ^^;J dinVnm, for instance, is not mentioned, in the alphabetical order, because the elimination of the \ points to the singular ^)J dirhiDi, name of the well-known coin but Ej^ safari] is quoted 'anddil as plural of '-t-^aac as plural of J=i-/- safarjal, "quince," 'andalib, " nightingale," because they do not contain all the letters of;
JJ^
their respective singulars. t For instance: g^^ asdh>\ plural of f~o\ nsha', 'isha', "finger"; w_J\^ al-i'ilib, plural of ^^^ alduh, plural of paucity of ^-^ halh, " dog " aa\vjWk/i(/( i/i(, plural of ^->^ adhum, " very black," used substantively Throwing out the for a black horse, or for the chains of a prisoner.;
Alif of prolongation you obtain the heading under which the wished- for information will be found.
PREFACE.The Author'saim, in preparing the present volume, has been to provide
the English student, at a moderate price, with a Dictionary which would
enable him to read, not only Arabic books of a limited vocabulary, asthe Qur'dn, or of a comparatively easy and familiar style, as the Arabian
Nights; but also such other standard works of a wider etymologicalrange, as theal-Hariri,
Hamdsah, the Mu'allaqnt, and, abovelate
all,
the
Maqdmdt
of
which may, with the
Mr. Chenery, be aptly designated as
a "
niceties.
Compendium of the Arabic Language " in all its intricacies and The dif&culty of such an undertaking lies in finding the golden mean between a merely alphabetical arrangement, which would swell thebook into an inordinatesize,
and a
strictly etymological disposition
under
roots,
which would, undoubtedly, be more to the taste of the scholar,
but frequently embarrass, and hence discourage, the learner
whom we
want to aid in his
first
steps on a journey sufficiently toilsome in itself.
An
endeavour of this kind has been made by Prof. Cherbonneau, in his
Ai'abic-French Dictionary, and, on a far more extensive scale and in asuperior manner, by Dr. Adolfof the Arabic and
Wahrmund, in his Manual Dictionary German Languages and these two works, especially;
the latter, checked by, and occasionally enlarged upon from the
MuM{
(an Arabic Dictionary, published in Arabic by Dr. P. Bustani in Bey rout),
form the groundwork of our own book, with such modifications andadditions, however, as to secure forit
a fair degree of originality.
We
are
now going
to set forth, as briefly as can be done compatiblyis
with clearness, the general plan on which this Dictionary
worked
out.
The Arabic words are given in their crude form,
i.e.
the form in which
they appear before the grammatical terminations are added, and in
Arabic type only as far as they are represented by the
letters
of the
IV
PREFACE.
alphabet, leaving the rendering of the diacritical signs,to the transliteration.*
Hamzah included,were, a skeleton,
Thus each word forms,itself,
as
it
dead and meaningless in(vowel-points),
by the Harakat and further to be individualized, as of Arab kin by thebut moved intolife
rrab (grammatical
inflection).
To every male,
if
I
may be
allowed to
continue the metaphor, its consort is allotted, that is to say,
under each
heading the form or forms with the feminine terminationto those withoutit, if
are subjoined
both are in use.
This has been done, because
frequently the two forms stand mutually in the relationship of singular
and
plural,
article,
many
and therefore, by bringing them together in the same In a similar way cross-references could be spared.ffinal
derivatives
with a
ts
>
especially
when
forming the so-calledoffspring,if
Nisbah or noun of relation
(in ^5), are, as
a natural
joined
under the same headingbetical order
to the parent-iorm,
but only,
the alphait
would already bring them in immediate contact with
(see e.g. article
JW^
haydl, &c., p. 347).
Roots, whether triHteral or quadriliteral, are found under two headings.
One, placed in parentheses, gives the primitive verbs in the third personsingular masculine, together with their Infinitives,
and the
Infinitives of
the derived conjugations.
In
triliteral
verbs the medial vowel of the
* The student, when about to make use of this Dictionary, is of course supposed to be well acquainted with these signs from his Grammar, and should his text be pointed, he will have no difficulty in finding the equivalent in transliteration, for any word he may look out, by referIf, on the contrary, these signs are ring to the heading in Arabic type. omitted from the text, as is always done in editions printed in the East (for instance, in the Arabian Nights, which he is particularly expected to read), it would be decidedly more bewildering for him to pick out, from perhaps half-a-dozen or more repetitions of the same group of Arabic letters, variously marked, that special combination which he wants while, by using the one heading, which represents the letters in his book, as a master-key for the different meanings, his eye has simply to run over the article in order to ascertain that particulai- form which gives an appropriate sense to the passage in hand. i f If in the first part of an article is placed after a generic noun it if after an adjective, indicates either the female or the noun of unity In the second part, the various forms are it stands for the feminine. given in which a word has a feminine termination without such reference to sex or gender, and here the ' heads the transliteration. (Compare " lion," &c., p. 41 ^' samar, S , " fruit " e.g. the articles >^\ asad, hdrr, S , " hot," &c., p. 268 ; cjili half, " behind," &c. ; 209 &c., p. " difference of opinion," &c., p. 337.) liilfa-t,; ; ;
>
,
;
ii
f
PBEFAOB.elimination of thereferenceif\
vii
leading to the singular), but inserted as a(\
the singular has d
\
)
or
4 (})
after the
second radical.*
J^V fawd'il,
plural of
JtU
fd'il,
and much more frequently
of its
feminine form ^V fd'ila-t.
Here the\
of the singular has been
changed into
j
before the
of prolongation of the plural,;
and
throwing out the latter practically, therefore, the rule takes this shape Suppress the of such j:
would have
to be restored after
a plural, instead of the
\
,
to find the singular as given in the
Dictionary, or as to be further derived from the verbal root
All these* (ts
according to the direction in the beginning of this Section. plurals, except JfUi fa'd'il, have parallel forms withi (
)
instead of
)
in the third syllable, corresponding to a long
vowel in the second syllable of the singular.the pluralis
If the latter be d or u,;
given as a reference in
its
alphabetical place
if it is i,
such referencerejection of the2. ) as letter
could be dispensed with, as here again\
the
simple
leads to the singular.is
of prolongation
to be
thrown out in words of the
measures
J^
foi'^l,
intensive of the Patient, rarely of the Agent,
and
^)*fti'ul, Infinitive of
neuter verbs (also
^^
fu'ula-t), or plural
form of nouns.*
We
singular
omit, for instance, the plural iS^ qasd'id, as a reference to the " poem," but we give J^) rasd'il as plural of SJiejJ> qasida-t,
iSLy risdla-t, " mission," &c., and s->i=- hald'ib as plural of a>jU. haluha-t, " milch-camel," for the reason stated in the text.
t In the opening lines of al-Hariri's first Assembly we meet with the expression (^y^^ g^^ tawd'ihu 'z-zamani, which the Commentators explain by iiS\jij ijJ\j=. hawddisu-hu wa qawdzifu-hu. Dropping the j in these three forms we obtain the Agents or participles eU td'ih, " perishing," iAjjU ifddis, " happening, befalling," and >-iJVi qdzif, " flinging, casting," of
whose feminines the said forms would be the regular plurals. But the tell us that it belongs native dictionaries, speaking of the term to the J J^y nawddir, or rare exceptions (plural, on the same principle, of SjJ^ nddira-t, "anything rare "), its singular not being iaJ^ td'iha-t, according to rule, but &^^ mutawwiha-t, feminine of the Agent of the Hence we give it in its second conjugation, " that which casts about." alphabetical place, with the meaning resulting from the explanation of the Commentators, " impelling calamities," or, as Chenery translates it in the quoted passage, " the shocks of the time," while the forms hawddis, qawdzif, and nawddir could be passed over, as easily re-traced to their
^^
,
singular,
PREFACE.^ as letter of prolongation is to
Vlll
3.
be thrown out in words of the
measuresJe* fa'U, intensive of the Agent, rarely of the Patient,JiJtiJi"il,
andsame
where also the Tasdid
is
to be removed, with the
meaning moremeasure
forcibly expressed.finaliS
In this place may further be mentioned the
(a.)
of the
1^^ fubVa, fem. of the comparative form Ji\ afal (see Class 11.). n. Words beginning with the letter \ This class comprises words of
.
the measuresJ*\ afal,f.
oW
fa'ld',
forming adjectives of intransitive verbs,
particularly expressive of defect or colour.J*i\ afal,f. ^Jjti
fu'la,
which forms the comparatives and superla-
tives of
any adjective, not belonging to the previously mentioned
measure.J*\ aful, one of the so-called plurals of paucity.
JUi^ afal, another plural of paucity, but
common
to plurals of
multitudeIf
also,
and therefore of very frequent occurrence.is
any word of this kind\
not found in the Dictionary, the dropping
of the initial
(in the
last-named measure, together with the rejection
of the Alif of prolongation), will lead at once to the verbal root,
from
which the meaningsingular, ifit is
may be
gathered,
if it
is
an adjective, or to the
a plural noun.
afal)
may form a new
plural of theirof
(also occasionally pluraltively, as
The two plurals of paucity (aful and own of the measures J*\j^ afd'il the comparative), and J-tU\ afd'U respecI.
has been mentioned under Class
Totions
this Class belong further the Infinitives
of the derived conjuga-
and sixth, all beginning and having an Alif of prolongation after the last letter but one. The root of such an Infinitive will most easily be found by changing it into a so-called Infinitive in Mini, and applying to it the rules for wordsfifth
from the fourth upwards, except thei,
with
\
beginning with that
letter, as will
be explained under Class IV.
in. Wordsmeasures
beginning with the letter
^
.
This Class contains the
JUij tafalul, Infinitive of the second conjugation of quadriliterals.
^y^
tafil,
^'14'
tafila-t,
and Jc^'
tafd'il (see
with their respective plurals, J-^U* tafi'U Class I.), Infinitive of the second conjuga-
tion of trililerals.
:
PREFACE.JA tafa"ul, Infinitive of the fifth,
IX
and
JcW tafd'ul, Infinitive of the sixth conjugations of the same. By cutting off the initial ta, and throwing out a letter of prolonga
tion or a double consonant,
where such appear, the root
is
obtained,
under which thebe found.rV.l
Infinitive in question, with its different
meanings, will
Words beginning withwords belonging toit is
the letterf*
m.
The
initial,
not radical,i
of
this Class
may be
read with a (Fatliah) or
(Kasrah), in which case
followed by a
triliteral root,it
frequently with
a letter of prolongation in the second syllable, or
may be pronouncedletters.
with u (Dammah), whenliterals,
it
forms participles and verbal nouns of quadri-
and
is
mostly accompanied by one or several more servile
We
will therefore consider
use of dots to indicate
them under two heads, making henceforth the number of radical letters occurring in a word,
as has been done all through the letter
M in
the Dictionary.
It must,
however, be remarked, with
regard to the transliteration in
Roman
character, that only consonantstain a quiescent
and
long vowels
which
in
Arabic conwhile the
weak consonant
are
reckoned to be
letters,
short vowels, as merely represented by orthographical signs, do not
count as such
;
JV* qdl, for instance,
would consist of three
letters,
but
J* qui only of two in the eyes of an Arabic grammarian. 1. The measures of the form ...', i.e. consisting of a triliteral root,
preceded by
initial
ma
or mi, aremxif'il),
J*i* mafal. Infinitive or noun of Action (in certain cases
and noun of Place or Time. ili- mif'ala-t, noun of Instrument. J4/ mifal and These form their plural in Jc\& mafdHl, which could be omitted fromamongst the alphabeticalwould lead to theJecUrt mafd'il,
references, as simply the elimination of the
\
singular.
The noun
of Instrument, however, takes(. \..
more frequently the measure JUi- mifdlandif
'),
with
the plural
such a singular
is
given in the Dictionary, theit,
plural will also be found with a reference to
as here the
dropping ofit
the
\
in the plural
form would
leave
it
still
undecided whether
belongs to the singularto be
JW*
mifdl, or to either of the last
two measures
mentioned in
this Section, viz.
J-Jt*. mif'il,Jyti/.
a rare form of the intensive Agent, and
maful, the regular form of the nomen patientis (Patient) oftriliteral verb.
the transitive
XTheits
PREFACE.plural of the latter (of the measure JcVi- mafd'U) is quoted in
alphabetical place, for the reason stated above, but not that of the\
former, because here the removal of the2.
suffices to find the singular.all
The second category
of words
belonging to this Class are
Participles,Infinitives
nouns of Place or Time, and nonns of Action or so-called " i.e. the initial in Mim, and have the general form
,
syllable
mu
is
followed by an indefinite
numberif
of letters,
from three
to five, which, if not quiescent, are
pronounced with a (Fathah), exceptthe wordis
the penultimate, which takesticiple
i
(Kasrah),
an active parare
(Agent).
At
least three, frequently four, of these letters,
radical, as will be seen
by compai-ing the different measures with thein parentheses.
more general symbols included
These measures are
J*^ (...') muf'il. Agent, muf'al, Patient, noun of Place or Time, and Infinitive in mim of the fourth conjugation of a triliteral.Ji*4^ (....') mufa'lil, Agent, mufa'lal, Patient, &c. of a quadriliteral.
J4- (...') mufa'Hl, Agent, mufa"al, Patient, &c. of the second conjugation of a triliteral.JcU/.(..
\
.
,)
mufd'il, Agent, mufd'al, Patient,its
noun
of Place or
Time, and in. -J
feminine form ilcW. mufd'ala-t, Infinitive of
the third conjugation of a triliteral.c
J*A- (...') muf'all (for mufalil), Agent, and (for muf'alal) Infinitive in
Mim
of the ninth conjugation of a triliteral.
five measures the root is obtained by simply cutting off the mu, and, where such occur, throwing out the \ of prolongation or doubled consonant, according to the rule given for Class I.initial
In these
JlAx (....;!-)
mutafa'lil,
Agent, mutafa'lal, Patient,
&c. of a
quadriliteral.
J4i
(.
.
.
i^) mutafa'Hl, Agent,
mutafa"al,
Patient,
\ dbi, q.v. v^>^ ubdb, great bulk of water, billow, wave ahdb, luggage also 5 abdba-t, ibdba-t, way, conduct, manner of living longing for INF. of (v^) q.v.;
;
;
;
;
;
whether
... or.;;
v>\ ab, father, patriarch
s^S^ al-ab,
our Heavenly Father
;
ab, ah,
month of Augusttj!] dbi.
;
'~>'S
db-in, see
some fabulous birds for JjjW^ abdwil, pi. of Jy) ibbaid, troops of camels. (^V;\ abdbin, pi. of y^\ ibbdn, q.v. y^.\ ubdtir, without children, soliJaJ^^l abdbil,;
tary.I
(sj\)
inf. i~A abb, >~M\ abdb, ^^\ abdba-t, ibdba-t, put the hand to (as to the sword) move, agitate long for (one's prepare country ) (for a journey) intend ; be straight, upright (as a road, conduct) defeat out v., viii. ii. cryabb,v,; ; ; ; ;
and
^'^\
ibdta-t, passing the night, giving a night's lodging, doing anything at night bime iv. of;
^
iy>-iii>\;\
q.v.
ibdsa-t,
examining; ploughing;abdjir, pi. of yr.pi.
IV. of (>^y) q.v.fs-'^\
abdjir, ^*^^^
bujr, q.v.Jq-V}^ abdjil,
wonder, be astonished (withbi);
>-
sinews of the foot,
abb, pi.
"-jj^
a'ubb, inten;
of J^.^ abjal.ScA>\
tion(\i\)
;
travelling
plan
fodder,u,
ibdha-t,
making public
;
re-
grass,j^\
meadow.j>\
aba (foribdwa-t,
abaw-a);
inf.;
become fatherv.
ii.
take for a father, consider as a father aba'. A, INF. W\ ab', throw, shoot,call;
a person father
vealing, disclosing; giving full permission ; license, licentiousness IV. of (cj?) qv. (j\
ibra-t
;
ibdwa-t, paternity. Jij^^ abdwil, pi. of Jy\ ibbaul. (uw^) abat, xj, INF. abt, ubut,; ;
be
or
seller
of
flea.
swell hot abit. A, the same (with drink) v. inf. ta'albut,
;
Jj^^ abdriq, pi. of ^ijA ahraq, q.v. abdriqa-t, (JJjVj^ abdriq, pi. of
of
kindle, n.cs-}^
abt, abit, obit,
hot
;
abati, for
i^if^ abriq, q.v.
&j^^ abdrima-t,(fc;i^
^J^\
abdriha-t, pi.
ibrahim.
father ; violent anger. abta-t, heat ci.U>\ i6f(Ji, cutting off, plucking
^^^
abati,
my
;
jV}\
abbdz,
who jumps,
leaps
(as a
gazelle).;5jW^
vij^asja^
abdzir,
herbs for seasoning,
of )\j>\ abzdr. (*jj^^ abdzim, buckles, &c., pi. of ^j!^ ibzim. (j-^ wtas, shrew. &A>W^ ubdsa-t, rabble, vagabonds impurities. yoVsl ibdd, vein, sinew pi. o^^ -mSmc^, rope for tying up the forefoot of a camel dbdd, pi. ofpi.; ; ;
accomplishing; iv. of (t=-~?)examination invesinquest scrutiny tigation disputation viii. of (ii-=^.) q.v. cWxj^ ibtihdh, rich harvest; abunoff;
ibtihds,;
;
;
;
;
\sxi\ ibtidd',
dance, plenty. beginning, commenceibtidd' an, in ment, noviciate;
the beginning, at^Xi>^ibtiddr,
first.
about&c.).g\oja\
pushing on, setting any work, running inhastening(to
advance,
arms,
(J^^ ubd, q.v.tVj\
S^
armpits, pi. of is carried under the armpits.a6as\i},
nothingness
abd'id, strangers, not related,-i*}^
pi. of
ab'ad.;
ning, original. J\Xm\ ibtizdl, continual use, wearing conwasting disdain, out, tempt.;
Acb\ ibd'a-t, sale, trafficq.v.jVi^^
iv. of
(^)
j^>\
abtar,
f.;
\^;
batrd', curtailed,
ibdq,
&
(tJJ^) q.-^-
JW^
a&aZ,;
i&iZ
J^^; ;
inf. of ubbdq, pi. of i^*! dbiq. camels, pi. of J?\ ifeZ,;i
ibdqa-t, escape
bereft of children useless, vile du. al-abtardn, one's slave and ass.
crippled
S\ysi\
ibtirdd,
refrigeration,
cool-
dbbdl, camel-herdpi.
J^^
ubbdl,
of
JA
dbil;
;
ing.j\\Xi\
ibtizdz,
robbery, abduction.
ibdla-t,
administration;
of;
pro-
perty economy ship tribe.X-J^\ abdlisa-t,yVj\
police
client-
jL-a^ ibtisdl, defiance of danger, contempt of death.|,L-a\ ibtisdm, smiling, smile;
gladf. V;a
i_i~*5V>^
abdlis, devils,
ness, cheerfulness.
pi. of u~*l}^ iblis.
^\of ^\ fatherpi.
abta', pi.
oj*^^ abta'un,
abdn=iil^fi\
du.
fcai'a, pi. 5*}
buta', entire, whole,
and
mother;
;
ibbdn,
(^^\
all.
abdbin, opportunity, favourable
momenttion;
beginning;
;
;
ibdna-t,
distinction, separation
explana-
publication
iv. ofpi.
(i^).fil^\
^V}\ ahdhim, thumbs, ihhdm.
of
departure, abandonabsence. \ixi\ ibtigd', longing, desire. JS:a\ ibtiJcdr, rising early, coming soon in the morning ripeness ;jUxj\ibti'dd,
ing
;
;
first-fruit
;
first
i
njoyment.
; ;
; ;
ut~\
'^\ ibtild', trial, visitation, temptation; passion, inclination, pro pensity calamity, distress. ^A''?^ ihiildi, (m). beginning, undertaking. f^\ ibtild', swallowing, absorp;
same misfortune anything extraordinary riddle, fable,; ; ;
funny'^i
tale.
ibdd',
beginning,;
creation
tion.
revelation. ^\'^\ ibddd, distribution. j)\'^\ ibddr, light of the full moon.
communication
JI^\
^^
being wet recovery. building, construction, foundation. sW^^ ihtihdj, joy, gladness, cheerihtildl,;
ibtind',
t}^^ ibdd', invention innovation lie original thought, origi;
;
;
nality.
JW^
abddl, pi. of;
fulness, alacrity.Jtai\
and J>^ badiling, exchange.
J^
badal, bidl,
ibddl,
exchang-
ibtihdl, supplication, fervent
gW^^
prayer, deprecation. ibtiyd', purchase. (e-.;^) abas, i, calumniate, accuse (ace. or |_slc 'ala) obis, pert,;
^^\ abda', extraordinary, original and beautiful, comp. of gjA>badi'.
impudent.>A>U>^ ibsds,
spreading.;
g>^
abaj, eternity ever.ibjul,
W-.\
abajan, for
JW-.^J