Why do we study United States history?A. History is factualB. Study CHANGE OVER TIMEC. Study of society and the individual…

conservative or liberal. Democrats v. Republicans.

D. Biography of great men and women.E. Bridge from the present to the future. Where

are we going ? F. Study of values. How have values changed

over the years? G. Study of man and his environment.H. Causes- why things occurred?I. History asks “Why”?J. What people did and what they failed to do?

Archeologists have studied the culture of prehistoric humans but records were never kept. These scientists believe the ice age connected Asia with North America. Glaciers retreated and the ocean waters arose and the land was divided. Three great empires arose in Central and South America…these were civilized people. Civilized people: live in one place, record history, astronomy, mathematics, pottery, paintings, hieroglyphics…

MAYAS, AZTECS, INCAS.

MAYAS- Central America- mathematics, hieroglyphics.

AZTECS- first modern cities…Cortes conquered the Aztecs…killed their fighting men and Montezuma.

INCAS- Pizarro- conquered the Incas. These tribes were conquered by the white

man primarily because of disease but also luck, better weapons, horses, and civil wars within the Indian empires

The Crusades (Christians who wanted to spread Christianity from Europe and stop Islam) broadened the horizons of Europeans and stimulated interest in exploration- New World. CULTURAL DIFFUSION

People wanted luxury items from foreign places Renaissance promoted a scientific view of the

world. ( 1300-1600) and encouraged challenging OLD TRADITIONS

New technology such as the compass and astrolabe make sea exploration possible.

Columbus- 1492 – the New World.

Puritans, Catholics, and other religious dissenters such as the Quakers sought religious freedom by migrating to America.

Britain colonized this New World and fought the French during the 1750’s and 1760’s to strengthen her hold as the most powerful nation world wide.

MERCANTILISM fueled colonizationWhy did the colonists attempt to separate

from the ‘mother country” – Britain?

Thomas Jefferson – The Declaration of Independence – 1776- SALUTARY NEGLECT, mercantilism, taxation policies…many other intolerable acts that made separation a reality.

1775-1783- Revolutionary War.John Hancock –President of the Constitutional

Convention that ratifies the Declaration of Independence.

The Articles of Confederation represented a very weak form of central government. The states had fought for independence from Britain now they saw themselves giving up this freedom to another central government. This government was weak and many were confused over federal v. states power.

No power for the federal government to tax or regulate interstate commerce.

Constitutional Convention called to improve the Articles of Confederation; eventually come up with a whole new plan --- Constitution (the Supreme Law of the Land)

Bill of Rights – had to be added in order for states such as NY and VA to ratify the Constitution

Federalist Papers – written by “anonymous” supporters of a strong federal government – James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton

George Washington appointed President – military leader, had many contacts, man of integrity, supported Federalists.

Whiskey Rebellion – gave the New Government a chance to show it’s strength.

First Cabinet / 2 terms / NON-ALLIANCE / NON-ALIGNMENT with Foreign Powers

Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton – their disagreement over the U.S. Bank led to the formation of the first political parties in history

Louisiana Purchase – doubled size of the U.S. (Jefferson)

Strong federal government

Favors wealthy Pro-industryPro – BANKLoose interpretation

of the ConstitutionNortherner / NYHigh protective

tariffs

States’ rightsCommon manPro-agricultureAnti- BankStrict interpretation

of the ConstitutionSouthern Planter/ VALow revenue tariffs

Thomas Jefferson

Caused by Britain and France’s NON-RECOGNITION of U.S. NEUTRALITY (Washington)

America wanted to stay out of the war between Britain and France (they wanted to drag us into it on their respective side)

America went to war with Britain – ended in an Armistice (cease fighting) no land was exchanged

Effects of War of 1812 – America truly gained its’ independence

War Heroes – Andrew Jackson / William Henry Harrison – future Presidents

Characterized by –Increase in Presidential PowerMore people granted citizenshipWestern, young voters support JacksonCommon man – barbaric / powerfulIndian Removal Policy – Trail of TearsAnti-BankNullification Crisis – Tariff of 1828

(Abominations)Compromise Tariff of 1833Force Bill (Act) – gave President power to use force

to eliminate nullifiers from South CarolinaEconomic Depression

Abolitionism – Anti-SlaveryTranscendentalism – Nature / Protest Technology /

Civil Disobedience Prison Reform Second Great Awakening – movement back to

religionWomen’s Rights – suffrage / Seneca Falls

ConventionEducation Reform – Horace Mann – MassachusettsLiterary and Artistic Reform – Hudson River

School – American Culture

Annexation of Texas – after Texas fought for its’ independence from Mexico / Lone Star Republic

Mexican – American War – 1848 -- gained full title to Texas / annexed California (reopened the slavery issue in the U.S.)

Gained future states of Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado

President James K. Polk – settled the treaty line in Oregon

Economy – Tariffs / economic diversity of North / Plantation agriculture of the South (no industry)

Cultural differences – slavery / industry

Slavery – became the major issue of the Civil War DURING THE WAR itself

American inability to Compromise over the issues of economy and slavery

Compromise of 1850 – reopens issue of slavery

Uncle Tom’s Cabin – fictional account of slavery

Kansas – Nebraska Act – microcosm of Civil War

Dredd Scott v. Sanford – Supreme Court Decision over slavery

John Brown’s Raid on a Harper’s Ferry, VA Federal arsenal – became a martyr for slaves everywhere / many Southerners began to believe that ALL Northerners were like Brown

Election of 1860 – Election of Abraham Lincoln

Short Term

Military LeadershipMilitary TraditionMarksmanshipDefensive War –

HOMEHome-field

Advantage

MoneyPopulationRailroadFactoriesNavyFoodSupportive

Government -- TAX

Union

States’ Rights DEFENSIVE WARWar of Movement

Lee / Jackson / Longstreet / Stuart

Preserve the UnionAnaconda Plan

Blockade Southern Ports

Divide the ConfederacyCapture Richmond, VA

TOTAL WAR (1864)“Scorched Earth” PolicySherman / Grant /

SheridanUse overwhelming

numbers to their advantage -- WIN

Plans Lincoln’s 10% Plan of Amnesty –

bring the South back in to the fold / LenientRadical Republican Plan –

PUNISH the South for wrongdoing (leaving the Union) – 50% Plan / Military Districts ruled by Military Governors (suspension of Habeas Corpus)

Voting rights for BlacksNo voting rights for former Confederate officers Pass the 13th , 14th, 15th Amendments (abolish

slavery)Johnson’s Plan – Lenient as well

Was disastrous for the South Allowed the Radical Republican to pass their

plan through CongressAndrew Johnson became President1st President to be impeached / avoided

conviction by 1 vote

Corruption / scandal in his cabinetThe first Blacks are elected to Congressional positions

in the South (Senators and Representatives) Why?Black people gained the right to vote AND white

confederates refused to sign the Union loyalty oaths so they didn’t have the franchise (right to vote)

Carpetbag rule in the SouthCarpetbaggers – Republicans who wanted to get wealthy

off of Southern disaster (War had ruined everything in South – physically, emotionally, financially)

Industrialization grew because Grant allowed business to go unchecked

Panic of 1873 – Jay Gould / Railroad speculation / banks ruined / common man has a strong dislike for the wealthy

Election of 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden (Democrat)

Democrats had gradually regained power in the South (Solid South Democratic voting bloc – white power)

Jim Crow Laws (Southern state legislatures passed laws that kept blacks subservient to whites)

Sketchy Election Returns in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana Voter Corruption gave the election to Hayes

Democrats agreed to abandon the investigation and give Presidency to Hayes if the Union troops would leave the South (Compromise of 1877) – RECONSTRUCTION ends