What Neighborhood Are You In? Empirical Findings of Relationships between Residential Location, Lifestyle, and Travel

Project Investigators: Jane Lin, PhD, assistant professorDepartment of Civil and Materials Engineering & Institute of Environmental Science and Policy

Funded by Federal Highway Administration

Problem Statement and Approach

• Studies have shown the importance of residential Studies have shown the importance of residential location, neighborhood type and household lifestyle to location, neighborhood type and household lifestyle to household travel behaviorhousehold travel behavior

• Define neighborhood type using US census Define neighborhood type using US census transportation planning package (CTPP) 2000 datatransportation planning package (CTPP) 2000 data

• Study household travel characteristics (trip rate, mode Study household travel characteristics (trip rate, mode share, travel time and distance) using National share, travel time and distance) using National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) 2001 dataHousehold Travel Survey (NHTS) 2001 data

Boston Chicago

Los Angeles NY city

#vehicles

per person Auto (%)

Walk (%)

Local transit (%)

Commuter train (%)

Bicycle (%)

Other (%)

Urban elite 0.76 70.8 18.9 5.3 0.3 1.5 3.3 Urban/secondary city non-Hispanic Black 0.62 77.0 13.8 5.1 0.2 0.4 3.4

City poor, primarily minority

0.34 33.2 38.4 22.4 0.5 0.8 4.5

Suburban mid-income working class

1.01 89.8 5.7 0.2 0.0 0.8 3.6

Suburban mid-age wealthy

1.00 87.7 7.5 0.6 0.3 0.8 3.2

Suburban young 0.86 87.4 8.4 1.0 0.2 0.9 2.1 Suburban retired 0.92 88.2 7.9 0.6 0.1 0.8 2.4 Rural 0.99 89.6 5.6 0.1 0.0 0.7 3.9 Non-Black Hispanic dominant

0.70 82.9 11.6 2.0 0.2 0.9 2.4

Natural scenic 0.78 78.5 15.3 2.0 0.2 1.1 3.0

Mode share by neighborhood type

INTEGRATED ELECTROCHEMICAL SOIL REMEDIATIONInvestigator: Krishna R. Reddy, Department of Civil & Materials Engineering

Prime Grant Support: National Science Foundation

Problem Statement and Motivation

Technical Approach Key Achievements and Future Goals

•More than 500,000 contaminated sites exist in the U.S. that require urgent remediation to protect public health and the environment

•Existing technologies are ineffective or expensive for the remediation of mixed contamination (any combination of toxic organic chemicals, heavy metals, and radionuclides) in heterogeneous/low permeability subsurface environments

• Innovative and effective new technologies are urgently needed

•Chemical oxidation can destroy organic contaminants, while electrokinetic remediation can remove heavy metals

• Integration of chemical oxidation and electrokinetic remediation is proposed to accomplish simultaneous:

•Electroosmotic delivery of the oxidant into homogeneous and heterogeneous soils to destroy organic contaminants•Removal of heavy metals by electromigration and electroosomosis processes

•Fundamental processes and field implementation considerations are being investigated through bench-scale experiments, mathematical modeling, and field pilot-scale testing

•Bench-scale experiments revealed that:

•Oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide can be introduced into clay soils effectively based on electroosomosis process. Native iron in soils can be utilized as catalyst in Fenton-like reactions. Organic compounds such as PAHs can be destroyed.

•Heavy metals such as mercury and nickel can electromigrate towards the electrode wells and then be removed.

•Electrical energy consumption is low

• On-going research evaluating field contaminated soils, optimization of the process variables, mathematical modeling, and planning of field pilot-scale test.

Real Time and Post Disaster Structural Health Monitoring of Transportation Infrastructure

A. Bassam, A. Tennant, C. Fischer, H. Jia, and Farhad Ansari, Civil & Materials EngineeringPrime Grant Support: National Science Foundation

Problem Statement and Motivation

Key Achievements and Future Goals

• Bridges are the major lifelines of our transportation infrastructure

• Bridge failures under normal traffic operations or during major events such as earthquakes, explosions, or hurricanes stop the flow of traffic, affect safety, and mobility of the traveling public

• Integrate the use of Fiber Optic Sensors & Global Communications in centralized monitoring of Bridges • Developed fiber optic

distributed sensors for detection of cracks, vibrations, and abnormal structural behavior

•Developed a centralized data Processing and structural analysis system

• Developed remote monitoring capability for access by transportation agencies

Smart Sensors Provide a Tool for Preventing Disasters Prior to their Occurrence

Transferability of Household Travel Survey Data in Calibrating and Validating Travel Forecasting Models

Kouros Mohammadian, CMEPrime Grant Support: Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

Problem Statement and Motivation

Technical Approach Key Achievements and Future Goals

• Metropolitan areas with populations of over 50,000 are required to conduct transportation planning.

• Household travel data is critical to transportation planning and modeling

• Surveys are expensive tools

• Emerging modeling techniques (e.g., microsimulation) need much richer datasets that do not exist in most metropolitan areas

• Transferred or simulated data seem to be attractive solutions

• Combine local socio-demographic data from census with probability distributions of activity/travel patterns (from other travel surveys) to simulate local travel survey data.

• Develop and evaluate the concept of creating synthetic household travel survey data

• Test and evaluate procedures of simulating the survey data

• Calibrate models with the synthetic data and compare them to current models & models calibrated using actual travel data

• Extend the approach to other urban areas of somewhat different characteristics to evaluate the transferability of the procedures.

• A new approach is designed to improve travel-forecasting process.• Use of synthetically derive data was appealing • The appeal of the approach lies in its low-cost, relative ease of use, and freely availability of the required data Future improvements include:• More detailed classification of the data using advanced clustering schemas.• Improve the data simulation techniques • Include tours, joint trips, etc.• Use synthesized and transferred data for model calibration and validation.

Next-Generation Power ElectronicsNext-Generation Power ElectronicsInvestigator: Sudip K. Mazumder, Electrical and Computer EngineeringInvestigator: Sudip K. Mazumder, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Prime Grant Support: NSF, DOE (SECA and I&I), PNNL, CEC, NASA, Ceramatec, Airforce (award pending), TI, AlteraPrime Grant Support: NSF, DOE (SECA and I&I), PNNL, CEC, NASA, Ceramatec, Airforce (award pending), TI, Altera

Problem Statement and Motivation

Technical Approach Key Achievements and Future Goals

• To achieve reliable interactive power-electronics networksTo achieve reliable interactive power-electronics networks

• To design and develop power-management electronics for To design and develop power-management electronics for residential and vehicular applications of renewable/alternate residential and vehicular applications of renewable/alternate energy sources (e.g., fuel and photovoltaic cells)energy sources (e.g., fuel and photovoltaic cells)

• To achieve higher power density and realize systems on chip To achieve higher power density and realize systems on chip

• Stability and Stabilization of Power-Electronics Networks:Stability and Stabilization of Power-Electronics Networks:a) Global stability analysis of stochastic and functional hybrid systema) Global stability analysis of stochastic and functional hybrid systemb) Stabilization using wireless networked controlb) Stabilization using wireless networked control

• Optimal Fuel Cell based Stationary and Vehicular Energy Optimal Fuel Cell based Stationary and Vehicular Energy SystemsSystemsa) Resolving interactions among energy source (such as fuel cells), a) Resolving interactions among energy source (such as fuel cells), power electronics, and balance of plant. power electronics, and balance of plant. b) Fuel-cell power-electronics inverter design that simultaneously meet b) Fuel-cell power-electronics inverter design that simultaneously meet criteria of cost, durability, and energy efficiencycriteria of cost, durability, and energy efficiency

• Robust and efficient power devices and smart power ASICRobust and efficient power devices and smart power ASICa) High-speed, EMI immune, wide-bandgap power devicesa) High-speed, EMI immune, wide-bandgap power devicesb) Integration of low- and high-voltage electronics on the same chipb) Integration of low- and high-voltage electronics on the same chip

• First, wireless distributed control dc/dc and multiphase First, wireless distributed control dc/dc and multiphase converters and three-phase induction motor controlconverters and three-phase induction motor control

• First, zero-ripple, multilevel, energy-efficient fuel cell inverterFirst, zero-ripple, multilevel, energy-efficient fuel cell inverter

• First, photonically-triggered power transistor design for power First, photonically-triggered power transistor design for power electronicselectronics

• First, nonlinear VRM controller for next-generation Pentium First, nonlinear VRM controller for next-generation Pentium processorsprocessors

• Comprehensive solid-oxide-fuel-cell (SOFC) spatio-temporal Comprehensive solid-oxide-fuel-cell (SOFC) spatio-temporal system modelsystem model

Combustion and Emissions Research Relevant to Practical SystemsS. K. Aggarwal, MIE/UIC; I. K. Puri, Virginia Tech; V. R. Katta, ISSI; D. Longman, ANL.

Primary Sponsors: ANL, NASA, NSF

Quantifying the Effects of Fluid Flow Characteristics Near the Nozzle Tip on Diesel Engine Particulate Emissions

• This research is being performed in collaboration with ANL.

• ANL’s Advanced Photon Source (APS) is used to obtain quantitative data of CAT HEUI 315B fuel injector spray.

• State-of-art flame diagnostic tools will be used to obtain in-cylinder images and data of the fuel injector spray and combustion in a CAT single cylinder engine.

• In collaboration with CAT the KIVA-3V code will be developed further and various sub-models, such as for fluid breakup, will be improved.

• Parametric studies will be performed to quantify the effects of fuel injection pressure, tip orifice size and geometry on engine performance, emissions, and particulate formation.

Gravitational Effects on Partially Premixed Flames

• Fire suppression on Earth and in space.• Multi-scale modeling of combustion and

two-phase phenomenon.• Application of advanced CFD methods

using detailed chemistry and transport models to characterize the effective of various fire suppressants..

Simulation of Partially Premixed Flames Burning a Variety of Fuels

• Blending Hydrogen to primary reference fuels to improve combustion and emission characteristics.

• Flame structure, extinction, and emission characteristics of high pressure flames with different fuels [H2, CH4, n-heptane, Synthetic Gas] in engine-like conditions.

• Innovative strategies to reduce combustion-generated pollutants.

• Extensive use of computer graphics and animation.

• Experimental and numerical investigation of structure and emission characteristics of n-heptane flames.

Achievements• Developed comprehensive CFD-based reacting flow codes using

detailed chemistry and transport models for a variety of flames.

• Application of these codes to investigate

structure and emission characteristics of high-pressure partially premixed flames (PPF).

stabilization, liftoff, and blowout of nonpremixed and partially premixed flames in Earth and Space environments.

effect of hydrogen blending with hydrocarbon fuels on flame stability and emissions of NOx, soot, etc.

combustion and emission characteristics of alternative fuels, such as hydrogen, synthetic gas, ethanol, and bio-diesels.

• Develop innovative strategies including partial premixing, alternative fuels, and fuel blending to improve combustor performance and reduce pollutants emissions.