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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1: DevianceSection 2: Crime
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Define deviance Explain the nature and social functions of
deviance. Compare the theories that have been
proposed to explain deviance.
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Section 1: Deviance
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Continuously talking to oneself in public Drag racing on a public street or
highway Regularly using illegal drugs A man wearing woman’s clothing Attacking another person with a
weapon
What do they all have in common?
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Most people internalize the majority of the norms in their societies, but may not internalize all the norms and so there isn’t total social control
There are always people who break the rules of a society
Behavior that violates significant social norms is called deviance
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Continuously talking to oneself in public Drag racing on a public street or highway Regularly using illegal drugs A man wearing woman’s clothing Attacking another person with a weapon
What do they all have in common?
They are all examples of deviant behavior
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Because there are so many norms governing behavior, occasional violations are unavoidable
What is considered deviant varies from society to society…
society determines what is deviant
Society determines the consequences for deviant behavior
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
1. people are considered deviant for repeat behavior
▪ So if they once get a ticket for driving their car too fast…that is not deviant
▪ If they continue to be caught driving at high speeds and have reputation of a reckless driver, then called a deviant
2. commits an act that has serious negative consequences for society
▪ i.e. rape, murder, sexual assault, robbery
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Labeling deviance has 2 components:
to be considered deviant by society, an individual must first be detected committing a deviant act, behavior is known to others
the individual must be stigmatized by society
▪ stigma – mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society▪ Cut/burn marks on person, public punishments,
executions, imprisonment, cut direct , spoiled reputation
What is considered deviant varies from society to society and during different time periods
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Emile Durkheim’s The Rules of Sociological Method observed that deviance has some uses in social life.
1. Unifying the Group – serves to draw the line between conforming members of society and “outsiders” – the nonconforming members
2. Clarifying Norms – defines the boundaries of acceptable behavior
3. Diffusing Tension – acts that allow individuals to relieve tension without disrupting the basic fabric of society
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
4. Promoting Social Change – can help prompt social change by identifying problem areas
5. Providing Jobs – provides legitimate jobs for a wide range of people
judges, lawyers, police officers, prison personnel, parole officers, crime reporters
criminologists – social scientists who study criminal behavior
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(continued)
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SECTION 1
Deviance
Perspective Theory Questions
Functionalist How do individuals respond to culturally
approved goals and the legitimate means of
achieving them? (conformity, innovation,
ritualism, retreatism, rebellion)
Strain
Conflict What is the result of competition and
social inequality? (deviance) Who decides
what is deviant? (ruling classes)
Conflict
Interactionist Why do people conform to norms? (The
strength of social ties determines conformity.)
Control
How do people learn conformity or
deviance? (through socialization, or
interaction with others) Where does this
learning mainly occur? (primary groups)
Cultural
Transmission
How do people become identified as
deviant? (through secondary deviance, or
being labeled as deviant)
Labeling
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
FunctionalistTheory
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Structural-Strain Theory– Proposed by Robert K. Merton Theory views deviance is a natural part of society and as the
natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structures of society▪ American society places high value on certain goals, not
everyone has access to legitimate means to achieve these goals▪ People are judged on the basis of how well they meet those
goals under the strain of incompatible goals and means,
individuals fall victim to anomie▪ anomie – situation that arises when the norms of
society are unclear or are no longer applicable, leave individuals without guidelines for behavior and confusion
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Sociologist Robert K. Merton suggest that individuals respond to the culturally approved goals and legitimate means of achieving goals in 5 ways.
Conformity
Innovation: end up deviant
Ritualism: end up deviant
Retreatism: end up deviant
Rebellion: end up deviant
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Mode of Adaptation
Definition Stand on Cultural Goals
Stand on CulturalNorms
Conformity many accept culturally approved goals and means of achieving thesegoals
Accept Accept
Innovation accept cultural goals, but do not accept the approved means to reaching these goals, devise new means for achieving goals and then violate accepted norms (become deviants)
Accept Reject
Ritualism find it impossible to achieve cultural goals by acceptable means, they abandon the goals while continuing expected rules of behavior
Reject Accept
Retreatism reject both cultural goals and acceptable means of attaining them, may drop out of society
Reject Reject
Rebellion want to substitute a new set of goals and means for the approved set
Reject and Replace
Reject and Replace
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Conflict Theory
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Conflict Theorists – deviance is a result of competition and social inequality, struggle between those who possess power and those who do not
people with power commit deviant act to maintain power
people without power to obtain economic rewards or because of low self-esteem and feelings of powerlessness
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Richard Quinney’s Conflict Theory: ruling class labels threatening behavior as deviant lower class has limited opportunity, forced into deviant
behavior to protect their power, ruling class establishes
ideologies to explain deviance as a problem among lower class
law enforcement are directed toward the types of crimes committed by lower classes (results in higher arrest rates)
people without power do not necessarily commit more crimes than others, but are the types of crimes that are most likely to be detected and punished
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Interactionists as either natural in people with weak ties to
the community (control theory) as a learned behavior (cultural transmission
theory) or as a label (labeling theory)
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
control theory – natural occurrence, interest in why people conform rather than the causes of deviance
▪ social ties determine conformity, high integration causes conformity
▪ communities with strong social bonds have lower rates of deviance because strong social control over those who deviate
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Travis Hirschi Interactionist Perspective:
control theory:
▪ people form bonds in 4 ways
▪ form attachments with others who accept the norms of society
▪ strong belief in the moral codes of society
▪ show commitment to traditional societal values and goals
▪ fully involved in non-deviant behavior and activities
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Cultural Transmission theory [Interactionist]– based on socialization and sees deviance is a learned behavior Learned through interaction with others who are
engaging in deviant acts the norms and values being transmitted are deviant, the
individual becomes socialized into deviant behavior rather than socially acceptable behavior
cultural transmission views all individuals as conformists▪ difference between deviants and rest of society is the
norms the individual chooses to conform to▪ Deviant chooses to conform to norms that are not
accepted by the larger community
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
differential association – refers to the proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals If the majority of a person’s interactions are with
deviant individuals, the person will be socialized into patterns of deviant behavior
Based on Edwin Sutherland, learning of deviant behavior occurs in primary groups and have personal relationships with people who commit crimes
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
labeling theory – focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant, rather than why people perform deviant acts
▪ all people commit deviant acts yet not everyone is labeled as deviant
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Lemert and Becker: deviance has 2 types: primary and secondary▪ primary deviance – nonconformity that goes undetected
by those in authority, occasional acts and well concealed acts, do not consider themselves deviant and neither does society
▪ secondary deviance – results in the individual being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true▪ degradation ceremony – public setting, individual is
denounced, found guilty, or given new identity of a deviant, people are judged in light of their new label, becomes master status, restricts options in society, self-fulfilling prophecy
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Identify the principal types of crime in the United States.
Explain the characteristics of the American criminal-justice system.
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Section 2: Crime
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
crime – any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) published annually by the FBI
chart page 187 limits on statistics:
not all complaints make it to official stats of formal reports
not all crime reported (family or friends)
only file formal reports on serious crime
officer is influenced to file a formal report based on attitude of individual making the complaint
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
1. Violent Crime – includes murder, robbery; most victims are African Americans; small percent of all crimes committed
▪ Robbery- larceny from the person or presence of another by violence or threat.
2. Crime Against Property – stealing or damaging other’s property; includes burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), vehicle theft, arson; more common than violent crimes (1 every 3 seconds)
▪ Burglary- the act of breaking and entering a dwelling at night to commit a felony
▪ Larceny- the unlawful taking and removal of another person's property.
3. Victimless Crime – includes prostitution, gambling, illegal drug use; offender is the only victim
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
4. White Collar Crime –committed by high-status individuals in the course of their professions (politicians, corporate employees); includes fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement; estimate costs of $300 billion
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(continued)
Bernie Madoff
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
5. Organized Crime – the pursuit of crime as a big business, use legitimate business as a front for criminal activities
crime syndicate – large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence
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SECTION 2
Question:What are some
characteristics of the
American criminal-justice
system?
Crime
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SECTION 2
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Police
have the most control over who
is arrested for crimes; use
police discretion, which has
raised the controversial issue of
racial profiling
Courts
determines the accused’s guilt
or innocence in a court trial and
then assigns a punishment;
actually settles 90 percent of
cases through plea bargaining
Corrections
includes probation,
imprisonment, parole; serves
four functions—retribution,
deterrence, rehabilitation, and
social protection
Juvenile-Justice System
applies to offenders younger
than 18; guarantees juvenile
defendants the same legal rights
and privileges as adults; often
provides more services
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SECTION 2
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Police
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Police – have most immediate control over who is arrested for a criminal act
police discretion – police have the power to decide who is actually arrested
▪ size of population, number of criminal offenses, and number of police officers make discretion necessary
▪ factors that influence police discretion: seriousness of offense, wishes of the victim, attitude of suspect, presence of bystanders, race
▪ racial profiling - practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crime than white Americans
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SECTION 2
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Courts
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Courts – determine the guilt or innocence of an accused person by means of a trial and assigns some form of punishment if there is a guilty finding
90% of all case are settled through plea bargaining
▪ plea bargaining – process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentences
▪ allows courts to reduce volume of caseloads with avoiding expensive and time-consuming trials
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SECTION 2
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Corrections
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Corrections – sanctions (prison, parole, probation) used to punish those found guilty of crimes sanctions serve 4 functions▪ retribution: act of revenge for victim and society▪ deterrence: discourage offenders from committing
future crimes▪ rehabilitation: reform criminals so they can return to
society as law-abiding citizens▪ social protection: prevent additional crimes
recidivism – term for repeated criminal behaviors, 62% of released prisoners will be charged with new crimes, 41% will return to prison within 3 years
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SECTION 2
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Juvenile-
Justice
System
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Juvenile-Justice System – used to punish offenders younger than age 18, developed in the 1960s
courts must now guarantee juveniles same legal rights and privileges as adult defendants
try to provide more services
can be tried as adults for serious offenses
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