Quan trắc môi trường (Environmental monitoring Chapter 4)

7/27/2019 Quan trc mi trng (Environmental monitoring Chapter 4)

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Chng 4Xy dngchng trnh

quan trc


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Thitkchng trnh quan trc1. Xc nh r mc tiu quan trc2. Xc nh r kiu, loi quan trc3. Xc nh cc thnhphn mi trngcn quan trc4. Xc nh cc thng s mi trngcn quan trc

5. Lp danh mc cc thng s quan trc theo thnh phn mi trng: ccthng sotihintrng, cc thng s phn tch trong phng th nghim6. Lachnphng n quan trc, xc nh cc ngun tc ng, dngcht

gy nhimchyuivi khu vc quan trc; xc nhvn, itngri ro timnng trong khu vc quan trc; xc nh ranh gii khu vc quan

trc v d bo cc tc nghocnhngbini c thxy ra trong khuvc quan trc

7. Thitkphng n lymu: xc nh tuyn, im lymu v nhdutrnbnhocs;m tv tr, a l, toim quan trc (kinh ,v) v k hiu cc im quan trc


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Thitkchng trnh quan trc8. Xc nhtnsut, thi gian,phng php lymu,phng php quan trc

v phn tch9. Xc dnh quy trnh lymu, th tch mucnly, loidngcchamu,

loi ho chtboqun, thi gian lumu, loimu v slngmukimsot chtlngmu (mu QC)

10. Lp danh mc v khochbo tr,bodng, hiuchun cc thitbhintrng v thitb phng th nghim, bao gmcphngtinbom anton lao ng

11. Lpkhoch nhn lcthchin quan trc, trong nhimvcthca

tng cnbphic phn cng r rng12. Lpd ton kinh ph thchinchng trnh quan trc, bao gmc kinhph thchinbomchtlng v kim sot chtlng trong quan trcv phn tch mi trng

13. Xc nh cc tchc, c nhn tham gia thchinchng trnh.


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1 Xc nhmc tiu quan trc

2 Xc nh thng s quan trc

3 Xc nhphng n quan trc

4 Xc nhphng php lymu

5 Xc nhphng php phn tch

6 Xc nhphng php x l sliu

7 Xc nhphng php trnh by v cngbktqu

Cc bcthitkchng trnh quan trc


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1. Xc nhmc tiu

Mc tiu ca quan trc trc ht l p ng nhu cuthng tin, trong QTMT c cc thng tin y vtrng thi ha hccamtcht, phn tch ha hc nn

cthchin. Mc tiu cnc vo v tr/vai tr cangithchinquan trc

Mc tiu ca quan trc l xc nhvn mi trng,

xc nhmc tiu quan trc nnbtut: Xc nh p lc mi trng Xc nhhintrng mi trng Xc nh nhu cu quan trc


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1. Xc nhmc tiu

p lcmi

trng

Hintrngmi trng

Nhu cuquantrc

Quan trckhi no?

Quan trcci g?

Quan trc u?

Quan trcnhth

no?


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1. Xc nhmc tiu

Mc tiu Thit k ni dung quan trc ng dng

Trngthi, xu

hng

Nghin cu theo khng gian v thigian vi h thng cc thng s nhtnh thng k mc cc yu tmi trng v xu hngdinbinchtlng mi trng

Bo co khi qut trng thi mitrng; d bo trng thi mi trngti mt thi im nht nh trongtng lai hoc mt gi nh trongtng lai

Binng

Thitk m hnh BACI (before, after,control, impact) vis lngmu lyln c ly trc v sau ngun tcng xc nh cc yutnhhngKtlunvsbini theo thi gian

Kt lun v sbin i theo khnggian

Xc nh bin i mi trng donhnghotng c vn l nguynnhn gy ra xo trn(Nu khng th ly c mu trckhi c xo trn, c thlymuthly

mu thay th thng ngun hoc mththngtngt)

D bo

nh lng mi quan h gia ccthng s pht trin m hnh d bomi quan hgia cc thng s ny

Pht trin m hnh d bo cho mthoc nhiu thng s t gi tr ccthng s khc. S dng so snhhintrng mi trngkim tra cc

bini.


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2. Xc nh thng s

Thng strng thi: l cc yut mi trngphn nhtnh chtvn c ca mi trng. Ni cch khc, thngs trng thi phn nh tnh chtvn c ca mi trngtrc khi chu tc ng.

Thng sngoi sinh: l cc yut mi trng khng ctrong hthngnhng tc ngn tnh chtcamtsyut mi trng khc trong h

Thng siukhin: l cc yu t bn ngoi a vo

hthngiukhin cc yut trong hthng. Trong nhng nghin cu c th ngi ta c th gp

chung thng s iu khin v thng s ngoi sinh lthng skim sot (control parameters)


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V d: Dinbinchtlngnc sngdinhhngcamtngunthi giu huc

Vng ncsch

Vng suy gimmnh

Vng suy thoi Vng phchi

Vng nc sch

adng ccloi c, u trng

cnh cng vchunchun

C sng y, utrng rui en,

cc loi giunnhiu t

Cbinmt, utrng mui, cc

loi giun, vikhun pht trin

Cc loi csngy, u

trng ruien,cc loi giun

Cc loi c sngy, u trng cn

trng (b ph du,chunchun)


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2. Xc nh thng s

Thng sclachn trong quan trcphipng cc yu cu: Tnh tng tc (tnh idin): thng sphiphn nh chnh xc

vn mi trngcn quan trc. Gi trchunon: ktqu thng sphiphn nh cnhng

tnh cht mi trng v nhngbini mi trng trong sut qutrnh quan trc

Tnh php l: thng s lachnphi c tnh php l chcchntc l l khnnggii thch ccbini mi trngmt cch

c cnc khoa hc v c cng nhnrng ri.Nhvy,viclachn cc thng s c thda trn h thng qun l mi trnghin hnh.

Tnh thch ng: iukinvtcht,kthut,khnng ti chnh

phi cho php thchin phn tch cc thng slachn.


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Quy chunkthutquc giavchtlngncngm

1 pH 14 Cadimi

2 cng 15 Ch

3 Chtrntngs 16 Crom

4 COD 17 ng

5 Amoni 18 Km

6 Clorua 19 Mangan

7 Florua 20 Thy ngn

8 Nitrit 21 St (tng)

9 Nitrat 22 Selen

10 Sunphat 23 Tnghot phng x

11 Xianua 24 Tnghot phng x

12 Phenol 25 E-coli

13 Asen 26 Coliform


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Stt Ch th/(nhm) thng s Phntrm Stt Chth/(nhm) thng s Phn trm1 Nhit 78% 21 Sdngca con ngi 19%2 DO 68% 22 Sinh vtt nhin 19%3 pH 68% 23 BOD 18%4 ngvt KXS 52% 24 COD 18%5 Photpho 49% 25 Quan trctrm tch 18%6 Nit 49% 26 mn 17%7 Vntc dng chy 44% 27 Chim 17%8 c 42% 28 Thcvt trn cn 16%9 cim sinh thi 38% 29 Hnh thi hc dng chy 15%10 su secchi 37% 30 cng 14%11 Vi khun 32% 31 Chlorophyll 14%12 Sngdt 27% 32 Clo 11%13 Lngma 26% 33 Kim loi 10%14 dnin 25% 34 Thnhphn kh 10%15 TSS/TDS 24% 35 Kim tra v tr xy dng 9%16 Thcvtngpnc 24% 36 Thcvtni 7%17 C 22% 37 ngvt hai mnh 6%18 kim 21% 38 Thuc BVTV 5%19 Photographic survey 20% 39 Hydro cacbon 4%20 Loi ym kh 20% 40 c tnh 3%


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3. Xc nhphng n

Phng n quan trccahthng quan trc mi trngquc giacnc cc cp c thmquyn ph duyt.

ivimtchng trnh quan trc quy m nh yu cu xc nhphng n quan trcgm c cc ni dung sau:

i tng quan trc

Loi hnh quan trc

H thng nh gi

Cch thc t chc thc hin

nh gi ri ro


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itng quan trc

Ngun tcng cim mitrngchu tcng


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Phm vi tc ng

Qu trnh Phm vi khng gian Phm vi thi gianThyvn(chy trn bmt)th Vng Vi phtvi gi

Nng thn Vng NgyVnchuyn/chuynkhiLng cc thnhphnhtrn Luvc m/hKhuch tn phn t oxy vo nc Ncmt m/ngyKhuch tn phn t oxy vo bn Nctngy cm/ngyHa hcOxy ha st

Nc v bn

Vi pht

Oxy ha mangan Nc v bn Vi ngySinh hcPht trinca vi sinh vt Nc v bn Vi giPht trincato Nc v mt bn Vi ngyPht trincangvtcln Nc v bn Vi thng


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Phm vi i tng Kch thc

Global Tri t > 10.000 kmMeso Vng lnh th, t nc > 100 km

Intermediate Lu vc, sng, h > 1 kmField Rung, vn, bi thi > 1 m

Macro

ng vt, thc vt, cc

t > 1 mmMicro Ht t, nm, vi khun > 1 mUltra-micro Virus, phn t > 1 nm

Atomic Nguyn t, di nguyn t < 1 nm

Geologic Thi gian a cht > 10.000 nm

Lifetime i 20 100 nmAnnual Nm > 1 nmSeasonal Ma > 3 thng

Daily Ngy > 24 giHourly Gi > 60 pht

Instantaneous Tc thi < 1 giy

Phm vi tc ng


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iukin khoahc,kthut, nhnlc, chi ph, tnh

php lCncc tnh cangunthicimvnchuyn cc

cht trong mi trnglachngia haiphng n:

Nhiuaimvitnsutthp

hay

taimvitnsutcao?


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Hthngnh gi

Xc nh cc yut: Cng cthng k Cng ckimchun

Cng cnh gi chtlng mi trng Phthuchthngqun l mi trnghin hnh Phthuc nhu cusdng thng tin Tiu chun/quy chun

Chth/chs mi trng Ph thuc mc ch s dng, nhu cu s dng trong

tng lai


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Nhn lc Kthut/thitb Kinh ph Trch nhim php l

v..vnh gi ri ro

Tchcthchin


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4. Xc nhphng n lymu

Ly u?Khi no?

Ly bao nhiu?Nhth no?

Mc tiu quan trc

- Tuyn quan trc

- Xu hngim nng

- Sai s cho php

Khnngbinng

- Khng gian

- Thi gian

Hiuqu/Li ch- Chi ph cho php

- Chi ph lymu

- Chi ph phn tch

Tnh php l

- Tin ch

- Khnngnh gi

- Khnngchpnhn

Chng trnh lymu


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Phng n lymu

Phng php lymu V tr lymu Slngmucnly

Tuynlymu (mnglilymu) Tnsutlymu

Kthutlymu

Kthutlymu Kim sot chtlngmutihintrng Kthutboqunmu


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5. Xc nhphng n phn tch

Thitb phn tch Phng php phn tch theo tng thng s Phng php hiuchun v mbochtlngktqu

oMc tiu quan trc

Thng s quan trc

Tnh php l

iukinthct


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Xl sliu: Hiuchnhsliu X l thng k Phn tch sliu

Lutr

Yu cusliu: Tnh ng Tnh chnh xc

Tnh ngnht idin theo khng gian Lin tcvthi gian Tnh hon chnh

6. Xc nhphng n xl sliu


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7. Xc nhphng n trnh by v cngbktqu

png nhu cu thng tin: Lutr b mtquc gia

Cng khai trong cc bo co hintrng mi trng Cngb trn thng tin i chng Phcv nghin cu khoa hc Cc nhimv khc

Documents

Quan trắc môi trường (Environmental monitoring Chapter 4)