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Infancy: Let’s start with Physical Growth
■ Weight (Average 7.5 lbs)■ Doubles by 4 months■ Quadruples by 24 months
■ Length■ 20 inches at birth■ 32-36 inches by age 2
■ Body proportions: no wonder junior can’t support his head at first
The Brain
■ Size increase (25% to 75%)■ Growth of new dendrites,
which form more connections■ Loss of connectors (pruning)■ Myelination for speed, and
proliferation support■ Variation in maturation
Motor Development
■ Newborn reflexes■ Automatic responses to stimuli■ Include sucking, rooting, palmer grasp,
and even a little walking / dancing■ NOT to be confused with Gross Motor Skills■ Intentional movements of arms, legs,
torso.■ These happen before Fine Motor Skills
Motor Development
■ Fine motor skills■ Precise movements of hand and
fingers (may use visual tracking)■ Eye-hand coordination ■ Enhances baby’s control of the world
by manipulating small objects ■ These take longer to acquire than
gross motor skills
Sensory Development
■ Vision-least developed sense at birth■ Newborn focus 8-16 inches away■ Problems scanning/tracking (initially)■ Binocular vision at 14 weeks (depth)■ Preferences for complex and unusual
objects show up by this time too■ Color vision poor■ Hearing-most developed sense at birth■ Taste, Touch and Smell all good
Nutrition: Ideal Diet
■ Breast milk – easier to digest than formula and helps our baby’s immune system develop
■ Breastfeeding costs less, however minimal support here in public or work places for mom’s privacy
■ When to avoid breastfeeding?■ Feeding formulas have shown some improvements
nutritionally. Lots of promotion for them.■ Fears about bonding issues with formula fed babies
have proven unfounded
Malnutrition
■ In developing countries:
■ Infantile Marasmus■ Kwashiorkor■ In United States:
■ Milk-anemia due to calcium blocking the absorption of iron
Photo Courtesy CDC
Cognitive DevelopmentLanguage and Thought
Jean Piaget gets us started with the Sensorimotor Stage
Between birth and age 2 our baby will begin to shift away from reflexes to problem solvingHe or she will learn how things work by repeating motor behaviorsStill experiences the world through direct contact
Stage One■ Birth to 1 month■ Reflexive actions■ Few schema
Stage Two■ 1-4 months■ 1st adaptations to the environment■ More schema
Stage Three■ 4-8 months■ Repeating actions■ Realizes she can impact on the world
Stage Four■ 8-12 months■ New adaptations and anticipation■ Look forward to upcoming events■ Object permanence achieved
Stage Five
■ 12-18 months■ Experimentation of little scientists■ Discovering features such as
gravity, simple cause and effect■ Trial and error learning
Stage Six
■ 18-24 months■ Mental combinations■ Child begins to “think” in order to
solve problems■ Less reliance on trial and error
learning■ Deferred imitation
COMMUNICATION – STEPS IN LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
■ Newborns have no language skills, but they are still effective with basic communication
■ Use cries, facial expressions, body posture
■ From 2 to 6 months cooing, squealing, babbling and laughing begin, along with pointing and gesturing
■ Taking turns in communication■ Deaf babies also vocalize & begin ‘signing’■ Receptive vocabulary better than expressive■ Begins limiting sounds to languages being heard
12-13 Months
■ First spoken words■ Holophrasic speech■ Underextension■ Overextension■ Vocabulary of about 50 words■ Deaf babies vocalizations disappear by
age 2
18-24 Months
■ Vocabulary growth spurt at 18 months■ Two word sentences at 21 months■ 3-5 word telegraphic (or “text message”)
speech at 24 months
Helping Children Learn to SpeakWhy baby talk?(child-directed speech)
Theories of Language Development
■ Infants teach themselves (Chomsky’s L.A.D.)■ (but must be in person)
■ Infants are taught via reinforcement – operant conditioning (Skinner)
■ Infants learn in order to communicate (Social-pragmatics)
■ All three theories have merit
Psychosocial Development in Infancy
A Look At Early Social Relationships and Emotions
Psychosocial Development: Let’s look first at Emotions
■ Attraction & withdrawal■ Social smiling (2 months), Laughter (3-5 mo)■ Fear, sadness, anger, jealousy (6-8 months)■ Stranger wariness and separation anxiety
■ Self-Awareness (15 months)■ The Rouge Test
■ Guilt, shame and embarrassment
Attachment Styles: Let’s start with Secure Attachments
■ Child receives care, concern and affection
■ Leads to a sense of trust and curiosity: note the tie in with Erikson?
■ Signaled by separation anxiety and stranger wariness
■ The most common attachment style
Insecure-Resistant■ Needs not consistently met■ Insecurity and fear of being alone■ Fussy, clingy, hard to satisfy
Insecure-Avoidant■ No attachment; needs not met■ Child does not seek comfort from
caregiver■ Child is neither curious nor clingy
Disorganized
■ Neither plays nor responds■ Actions of mother■ Cry, freeze, hit, retreat, etc.
Attachment StylesAlso vary by culture: Germany (insecure-avoidant); Japan (insecure-resistant)
Temperament
■ Inborn behavioral tendencies■ A way of relating to people, places
and things■ Not due to parenting■ Shaped into personality
New York Longitudinal Study
■ Activity and Rhythmicity■ Intensity and Mood■ Approach/Withdrawal■ Adaptability and Distractibility■ Persistence and Attention Span■ Sensory Thresholds
Temperament Types
■ Easy or flexible (40% of those categorized)
■ Difficult, active, or feisty (10%)■ Slow to warm up/cautious (15%)■ 35 percent are a combination■ Goodness of fit
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Starting with Trust vs. Mistrust
■ Problems in developing trust may result from premature birth, or...
■ Parents who don’t show affection toward child (an unwanted pregnancy)
■ Upwardly mobile ambitious middle class parents who are too busy
■ Tension, irritability in the household(Stress and neurological development)
Erikson’s Trust Vs Mistrust
■ Requirements for developing trust■ Regular, adequate care■ Sufficient sucking■ Cuddling and physical contact■ Overall message that they are loved
Erikson’s Stage #2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
■ Found in 1-2 year old children■ Toddlers want independence or
autonomy■ Should be allowed to be independent
within safe limits■ Pride requires self-evaluation