Phonological Awareness

Phonics

Spelling

Melinda Carrillo

Best Predictors of Reading Success

• Letter Knowledge

• Phonological Awareness

• Knowledge About Print

Terminology• Phonological Awareness

• Phonemic Awareness

• Phoneme

• Phonics

• Morpheme

The awareness of and the ability to manipulate language.

The understanding that speech is composed of individual sounds and the ability to manipulate those sounds.

The smallest unit of sound.

A system of teaching reading and spelling through sound-symbol relationships.

The smallest meaningful unit of language.

Letter KnowledgeA child who can recognize most letters with thorough confidence will have an

easier time learning about letter sounds and word spellings than a child who also has to work at distinguishing

the individual letters.Adams, 1990

Phonemic AwarenessPhonemic awareness is more highly related to learning to read than are tests of general intelligence, reading

readiness, and listening comprehension.

Stanovich, 1993

Phonemic AwarenessIt is unlikely that children lacking phonemic

awareness can benefit fully from phonics instruction since they do not understand what letters and spellings are suppose to

represent.

Juel, Griffith, & Gough, 1986

Phonological Awareness Activities

Rhyming Phoneme

Blending

Phoneme CountingSyllable Counting

Phoneme Deletion

Phoneme SegmentationPhoneme Change

Rhyming

Read AloudsNursery Rhymes

Sentence Completion“I see a frog,

sitting on a ____.”

Phoneme Blending

All Oral

Put the sounds together/c/ /a/ /t/ = cat

Phoneme Segmentation

All Oral

Break the sounds apartCat = /c/ /a/ /t/

Lake = /l/ /a/ /k/

Phoneme Deletion

All OralDrop a sound

Say “cat”.Now drop the /c/.

What do you have?

Phoneme Change

All OralDrop a sound and add a sound.

Say “dog”.Drop the /d/ and add a /l/.Drop the /g/ and add a /t/.

5 Tasks of Phonemic Awareness

• Knowledge of nursery rhymes• Compare and contrast sounds• Orally blend words• Orally segment words• Phonemic manipulation tasks

Knowledge About Print

How books work.

Text flows from left to rightRead the page top to bottom

Line sweepConcept of word

Phonics and Decoding

English Language44 Phonemes (sounds)

25 Consonant Phonemes19 Vowel Phonemes

Over 200 ways to spell 44 sounds!

DecodingPoorly developed word

recognition skills are the most pervasive and

debilitating source of reading difficulty.

Adams, 1990

Phonics Instruction Should…Be daily

Be completed by the end of 2nd grade

Be built on a foundation of phonemic awareness

Be systematic and explicit

Be focused

Provide practice with decodable texts

Include regular assessment

Provide for intervention

Systematic Explicit Phonics Instruction

• Phonemic warm-up• Teach sound/symbol• Practice blending• Apply to decodable text• Dictation and spelling• Word work

4 Ways To Read Words• Decoding – Reading words that are unfamiliar in print

• Analogy – Recognizing how spelling is similar to known words

• Prediction – Guess what the word might be

• Sight – Using memory to read words that have been read before

Types of Literature forBeginning Readers

• Decodable Text

• High Quality Trade Books

• Predictable Texts

Instructional Modifications for English Learners

Decodables – with visual supportpreceded by ELDcommon vocabulary

Student/Teacher Generated Textpractice sound/symbolreinforce phonics

High Quality Trade Booksbuild academic language

What To Do If They Don’t Get It?

Re-teach 3 years of phonics?

Focus on exactly what they need to learn and teach it!