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OBSERVERENDE UNDERSØGELSER Kim Overvad Institut for Epidemiologi og Socialmedicin Aarhus Universitet Forår 2002

OBSERVERENDE UNDERSØGELSER - biostat.au.dk¥r2002/forelaesninger... · Institut for Epidemiologi og Socialmedicin ... The prevalence of HPV infection was then examined in relation

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Page 1: OBSERVERENDE UNDERSØGELSER - biostat.au.dk¥r2002/forelaesninger... · Institut for Epidemiologi og Socialmedicin ... The prevalence of HPV infection was then examined in relation

OBSERVERENDEUNDERSØGELSER

Kim OvervadInstitut for Epidemiologi og SocialmedicinAarhus Universitet Forår 2002

Page 2: OBSERVERENDE UNDERSØGELSER - biostat.au.dk¥r2002/forelaesninger... · Institut for Epidemiologi og Socialmedicin ... The prevalence of HPV infection was then examined in relation

Epidemiologisk design

Observerende undersøgelser• beskrivende: Undersøgelsesenheden er populationer

• regional variation• migrationsundersøgelser• korrelationsundersøgelser• tidsrækker

• analytiske: Undersøgelsesenheden er individer• tværsnitsundersøgelser• follow-up undersøgelser• case-kontrol undersøgelser

Eksperimentelle undersøgelser

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Korrelationsundersøgelser

Biologi• rationale• tid

Ikke nødvendigvis personsammenfald• niveau fejlslutning

Confounding• variation i andre risikoindikatorer

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Populationserfaring

TNb+da+cI altt-n-dc-t+n+ba+

Obs. TidI altRaskeSygeEksponering

Sampling• tværsnitsundersøgelse

• N• follow-up undersøgelse

• eksponerede og ikke-eksponerede (n+ og n-)• case-kontrol undersøgelse

• oftest syge og raske (a + c og b + d)

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Cross – Sectional Study, 1

A cross-sectional study was carried out among women attending a university health service to investigate the determinants of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. A sample of 467 women were asked to complete a self-administered questionaire on socio-demographic variables and sexual behaviour at the time of their visit to the clinic. The prevalence of HPV infection was thenexamined in relation to marital status and lifetime number of male sexual partners (Ley et al., 1991).

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Cross – Sectional Study, 2

3.3 (2.1-4.9)68.610210+

2.7 (1.7-4.3)56.1666-9

2.6 (1.7-4.0)54.8934-5

1.5 (0.9-2.4)32.71012-3

1.021.1901

Prevalenceproportionratio (95% CI)

% positivefor HPV

(prevalenceproportion)

No. ofwomen

Lifetime no.ofsexualpartners

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Cross – Sectional Study, 3

102703210+

9019711

No ofwomen

HPV-positive

HPV-negative

Lifetime no ofsexual partners

The prevalence proportion ratio for each exposure level was calculated by forming 2 x 2 tables as illustrated below for women with 10+ partners

Prevalence proportion among women with 10+ partners = 70/102 = 68.6%Prevalence proportion among women with one partner = 19/90 = 21.1%Prevalence proportion ratio = 68.6% / 21.1% = 3.3

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Follow-up Study, 1

The Nurses’ Health Study is a cohort study of 121,700 US Female registered nurses aged 30-55 years when the cohort was established in mid-1976. A total of 1,799 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases were identified during the first 10 years of follow-up from mid-1976 to mid-1986. Analyses were then conducted to investigate the relationship between oral contra-ceptive use and risk of breast cancer. (Romieu et al., 1989).

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Follow-up Study, 2

199222.557444Total

187128,528240Never

21794,029204Ever (current or pastuse)

Incidencerate per100,000 pyrs

Person-yearsat risk

CasesOral contraceptive use

The incidence rates of breast cancer among nurses aged 45-49 years at the time of their entry into the cohort was examined in relation to use of oral contraceptives

Data from Romieu et al. (1989)

Rate ratio = 217 per 100,000 pyrs/187 per 100,000 pyrs = 1.1695% confidence for the rate ratio = 0.96 to 1.40Rate difference = 217 per 100,000 pyrs – 187 per 100,000 pyrs = 30 per 100,000 pyrs95% confidence interval for the rate difference = -8 to 68 per 100,000 pyrs

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Fordele ved observerende follow-upundersøgelser

Fordele• direkte identifikation af studiebasen• indflydelse på eksponeringsfordelingen• kvalitetskontrol af data• eksponeringsoplysninger før sygdom• flere sygdomsudfald• mulighed for beregning af flere associationsmål

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Ulemper ved observerende follow-upundersøgelser

Ulemper• ressourcer

• tid• penge

• enkelt eksponeringer• påvirkning af den diagnostiske proces eller

sygdomsregistreringen• etik

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Oplysninger om eksponering

Hypoteser

Muligheder• specifik (tid og sted)• gennemsnit• max/min• kumuleret

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Associationsmål

t-cn--t+an++

Obs. TidSygeAntal pers.Eksponering

Follow-up undersøgelse, komplet follow-up

Relativt associationsmål• relativ risiko RR = a/n+ / c/n-

Absolut associationsmål• risiko differens RD = a/n+ – c/n-

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Associationsmål

t-cn--

t+an++

Obs. TidSygeAntal pers.Eksponering

Follow-up undersøgelse, inkomplet follow-up

Relativt associationsmål• incidens rate ratio IRR = a/t+ / c/t-

Absolut associationsmål• incidensrate differens IRD = a/t+ – c/t-

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Valg af associationsmål i follow-upundersøgelsen

Sygdomshyppigheden blandt ikke-eksponerede, et relativt oget absolut associationsmål supplerer hinanden.

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Follow-up undersøgelse

t-n-dc-

t+n+ba+

Obs.tidI altRaskeSygeEksponering

Ved sjældne sygdomme er n+ og n- samt b og d meget større end a og c

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Case-Control Study, 1

A population-based case-control study was carried out in Spain and Colombia to assess the relationship between cervical cancer and exposure to human papillomavirus (HPV), selected aspects of sexual and reproductivebehaviour, use of oral contraceptives, screening practices, smoking, and possible interactions between them. The study included 436 incident cases of histologically confirmed invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix and 387 control of similar age randomly selected from the general Population that generated the cases (Muñoz et al., 1992a).

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Case-Control Study, 2

6.62 (3.07-14.27)8466+

1.94 (1.39-2.70)741252-5

1.03052650-1

Odds ratio (95%confidenceinterval)

ControlsCervicalcancercases

Number ofsexualpartners

Risk of developing cervical cancer in relation to the lifetime number of sexual partners.

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Case-Control Study, 3

741252-5 (exposed)

3052650-1 (unexposed)

ControlCervical cancercases

Number ofsexual partners

The odds ratios for each category of exposure were calculated in the following way:

Odds ratio = (125/265) / (74 x 305) = 1.94

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Fordele ved case-kontrolundersøgelser

Fordele• ressourcer

• tid• penge

• flere eksponeringer• hypotese genererende

• etik

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Ulemper ved case-kontrolundersøgelser

Ulemper• afgrænsning af studiebasen• kvalitetskontrol af data

• eksponering• effekt

• enkelt sygdomme• ikke økonomisk ved studiet af sjældne eksponeringer• associationsmål

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Studiebasen

Studiebasen er den populationserfaring, vi ønsker at beskrivepå baggrund af undersøgelsen

Studiebasen er de personer, for hvem det gælder, at de villeblive cases, givet de udviklede den sygdom, der studeres

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Eksponering

Eksponeringssandsynlighed

Muligheder for at øge eksponeringssandsynligheden• restriktion

• geografi• køn• alder• andre specielle studiebaser

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Associationsmål

t-n-dc-t+n+ba+

Obs. TidI altRaskeSygeEksponering

Stikprøve af raske• case – non-case design

Associationsmål• OR = a/c / b/d• OR ~ RR

• sygdommen sjælden• RR tæt ved 1,0

Case-kontrol undersøgelse, komplet follow-up

Page 25: OBSERVERENDE UNDERSØGELSER - biostat.au.dk¥r2002/forelaesninger... · Institut for Epidemiologi og Socialmedicin ... The prevalence of HPV infection was then examined in relation

Associationsmål

t-n-dc-t+n+ba+

Obs.tidI altRaskeSygeEksponering

Case-kontrol undersøgelse, komplet follow-up

Stikprøve af studiebase – personer i alt• case-base design• kumulativ incidens proportions sampling

Associationsmål• ”OR” ~ RR• uafhængig af sygdomshyppighed• uafhængig af størrelsen af RR

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Associationsmål

t-n-dc-

t+n+ba+

Obs.tidI altRaskeSygeEksponering

Case-kontrol undersøgelse, komplet follow-up

Estimerings- og vurderingsproblemer• cases i referencegruppen• statistiske metoder

Referencegruppen kan bruges i flere undersøgelser med forskellige endpoints

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Associationsmål

t-n-dc-t+n+ba+

Obs. TidI altRaskeSygeEksponering

Stikprøve af studiebasen – observationstid• case-base design• incidence density sampling• hver gang en case opstår samples reference personer fra den aktuelle studiebase

Case-kontrol undersøgelseInkomplet follow-up (censureringer)

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AssociationsmålCase-kontrol undersøgelse

Inkomplet follow-up (censureringer)

t-n-dc-

t+n+ba+

Obs. TidI altRaskeSygeEksponering

Associationsmål• ”OR” ~ IRR

• uafhængig af sygdomshyppighed og størrelse af IRR

Estimerings- og vurderingsproblemer• cases i referencegruppen• statistiske metoder

Referencegruppen er specifik for den pågældende undersøgelse

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Case-kontrol undersøgelse ifollow-up undersøgelse

Ikke økonomisk at gennemføre en follow-up undersøgelse,men heller ikke mulig at indhente relevante eksponerings-oplysninger på det tidspunkt, hvor cases og referencepersonerkan identificeres.

• N-3 fedtsyrer i 30. graviditetsuge