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MicroRNA-1291-5p sensitizes pancreatic carcinoma cells to arginine deprivation and
chemotherapy through the regulation of arginolysis and glycolysis
Mei-Juan Tu, Zhijian Duan, Zhenzhen Liu, Chao Zhang, Richard J. Bold, Frank J.
Gonzalez, Edward J. Kim, Ai-Ming Yu
Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine,
Sacramento, CA 95817, USA ((M.-J. T., Z. D., Z. L., C. Z., A.-M. Y.));
Division of
Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis School of
Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA (R. J B., E. J K.); Laboratory of Metabolism,
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (F. J
G.)
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Running title: MiR-1291 regulates cancer metabolism
Address correspondence to: Dr. Edward J. Kim, Division of Hematology and Oncology,
Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817;
Email: [email protected]; or Prof. Dr. Ai-Ming Yu, Department of Biochemistry &
Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Email:
[email protected]
Number of Text Pages: 25
Number of Figures: 6
Number of References: 55
Number of Words in Abstract: 214
Number of Words in Introduction: 817
Number of Words in Discussion: 1174
Abbreviations: 2-DG, 2-deoxy-D-glucose; 2-NBDG,
2-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) Amino)-2 Deoxyglucose; AA, antimycin A;
ACN, acetonitrile; ASL, argininosuccinate lyase; ASS1, argininosuccinate synthase;
ECAR, extracellular acidification rate; ESI, electrospray ionization; FA, formic acid;
FPLC, fast protein liquid chromatography; GLUT1, glucose transporter protein type 1;
glycoPER, glycolytic proton efflux rate; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography;
hsa-pre-miR-1291, human miR-1291 precursor; IS, internal standard; KRB, Krebs Ringer
bicarbonate; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy; LLOQ,
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lower limit of quantification; miRNA or miR, microRNA; MRM, multiple reaction
monitoring; MSA, sephadex aptamer tagged methionyl-tRNA; OCR, oxygen consumption
rate; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PC,
pancreatic cancer; PDX, patient derived xenograft; PEG-ADI, pegylated arginine
deiminase; ROT, rotenone; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR.
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Abstract
Cancer cells are dysregulated and addicted to continuous supply and metabolism of
nutritional glucose and amino acids (e.g., arginine) to drive the synthesis of critical
macromolecules for uncontrolled growth. Recent studies have revealed that
genome-derived microRNA-1291-5p (miR-1291-5p or miR-1291) may modulate the
expression of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) and glucose transporter protein type 1
(GLUT1). We also developed a novel approach to produce recombinant miR-1291 agents
for research, which are distinguished from conventional chemo-engineered miRNA
mimics. Herein, we firstly demonstrated that bioengineered miR-1291 agent was
selectively processed to high levels of target miR-1291-5p in human pancreatic cancer (PC)
cells. Following the suppression of ASS1 protein levels, miR-1291 perturbed arginine
homeostasis and preferably sensitized ASS1-abundant L3.3 cells to arginine deprivation
therapy. In addition, miR-1291 treatment reduced the protein levels of GLUT1 in both
AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells, leading to a lower glucose uptake (deceased > 40%) and
glycolysis capacity (reduced approximately 50%). As a result, miR-1291 largely improved
cisplatin efficacy in the inhibition of PC cell viability. Our results demonstrated that
miR-1291 was effective to sensitize PC cells to arginine deprivation treatment and
chemotherapy through targeting ASS1- and GLUT1-mediated arginolysis and glycolysis,
respectively, which may provide insights into understanding miRNA signaling underlying
cancer cell metabolism and development of new strategies for the treatment of lethal PC.
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Significance Statement
Many anticancer drugs in clinical use and under investigations exert pharmacological
effects or improve efficacy of co-administered medications by targeting cancer cell
metabolism. Using new recombinant miR-1291 agent, we revealed that miR-1291 acts as a
metabolism modulator in pancreatic carcinoma cells through the regulation of ASS1- and
GLUT1-mediated arginolysis and glycolysis. Consequently, miR-1291 was effective to
enhance the efficacy of arginine deprivation (PEG-ADI) and chemotherapy (cisplatin),
offering new insights into development of rational combination therapies.
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Introduction
Metabolism reprogramming is one of the major hallmarks of cancer cells, with higher
rates of nutrients (e.g. glucose and amino acids) transport and metabolism than normal
cells essential for rapid proliferation (Counihan et al., 2018; DeBerardinis and Chandel,
2016). Cells predominately metabolize glucose through glycolysis in cytoplasm and
oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in mitochondria to produce ATP
(Martinez-Outschoorn et al., 2017; Pavlova and Thompson, 2016). Different from normal
cells, many carcinoma cells prefer the utilization of glycolysis-derived ATP rather than
OXPHOS-produced ATP, which is called ‘‘Warburg effect’’ or aerobic glycolysis (Asgari
et al., 2015; Hsu and Sabatini, 2008). To meet a high demand of glucose, glucose
transporter protein type 1 (GLUT1) is commonly upregulated in various cancer types (Ooi
and Gomperts, 2015). As such, there are growing interests in developing new strategies to
target glycolysis for the treatment of cancers or improve the efficacy of existing therapies
(Counihan et al., 2018; Dai et al., 2020; Xi et al., 2020).
Aberrant aminolyses are well recognized in cancer cells (Martinez-Outschoorn et al., 2017;
Pavlova and Thompson, 2016) while amino acids are vital components for protein
synthesis and signaling transduction (Wu, 2013). Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid
that can be synthesized within cells from citrulline via argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) and
the rate limiting enzyme argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) but not necessarily at
sufficient quantities and therefore may need to be supplemented by extracellular stores
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generated by diet. Synthesis of arginine within cells is often downregulated in many kinds
of cancers including pancreatic cancer (PC) and thus these cancer cells become more
dependent on the extracellular stores of arginine from the diet (Delage et al., 2010).
Therefore, arginine deprivation therapy has emerged as a new strategy to combat tumor
cells that are auxotrophic for arginine due to ASS1 downregulation (Delage et al., 2010;
Patil et al., 2016). Arginine deprivation can be achieved by using
