ISSN: 2321-5178

Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology

(JoPET)

Jan - April 2014

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

conducted

STM Publication, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private ltd.(Estd. 2006) was launched in the

year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory board members from renowned

institutes.

Objectives of STM Publication(s):

† Scientific, Technical and Medical research promotions.

† Publication of genuine Research/Review, Short Articles and Case Studies through proper review

process.

† Publishing Special Issues on Conferences.

† Preparing online platform for other print Journals.

† Empowering the libraries with online and print Journals in Scientific, Technical and Medical

domains.

† Publishing and distribution of books on various subjects which mainly falls in the category of

Nanotechnology, Scientific and technical writing & Environment, Health and Safety.

Salient Features:

† A bouquet of 100+ Journals that fall under Science, Technical & Medical domains.

† Employs Open Journals System (OJS) A Journal Management & Publishing System.

† The first and one of the fastest growing publication website in India as well as in abroad for its quality

and coverage.

† Rapid online submission and publication of papers, soon after their formal acceptance/ finalization.

† Facilitates linking with the other authors or professionals.

† Worldwide circulation and visibility.

Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology

(ISSN: 2321–5178)

Focus and Scope Covers

† Production of Hydrocarbons

† Petroleum Geology

† Formation Evaluation (Well Logging), Drilling and Economics

† Oil Refining

† Synthetic Fuel Technologies

† Oil Shale Technology

† Reservoir Simulation

Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology is published (frequency: three times a year) in India by STM Journals

(division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. Pvt.) The views expressed in the articles do not necessarily

reflect of the Publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products

described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in

this publication.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any from without written

permission of the publisher.

To cite any of the material contained in this Journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the

beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact STM Journals (info@stmjournals.com)

STM Publication(s)

STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. ) having its Marketing office located at Office

No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journal.

Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the author(s) and are not the opinion of STM

Journals unless so stated.

Subscription Information and Order:

Cost of Journal:

— National Subscription: Rs. 3750/- per Journal (includes 3 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1500/copy

— International Subscription:

— Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 3 print issues)

— Online + Print-$199 (includes 3 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@stmjournals.com

Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India includes speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change

without notice.

Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of

Consortium E-Learning Network. Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi.

Online Access Policy

A). For Authors:

In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, STM Journals also have Open Access

Policy, authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at

nominal cost as follows

India, SARC and African Countries: INR 2500 or 100 USD including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

B). For Subscribers:

— Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of

correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.

— The access will be blocked:

— If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking.

— Due to technical issue.

— Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: STM Journals with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent

media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars

etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each

published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are

also very welcome.

Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:

— Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the

next issue as per the frequency.

— Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will

be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.

— Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.

— Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to STM Journals at least 2 months prior to the dispatch

schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber id and the subscription id.

— Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes

All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only.

If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team:

info@stmjournals.com; Tel : +91 0120-4781211.

Chairman

Mr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director STM Journals, Consortium eLearning Network Pvt. Ltd.(CELNET)

Noida ,India

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra

DirectorCELNET, Delhi, India

Puneet Pandeya

ManagerMonika Malhotra

Assistant Manager

Assistant Editors

Aditya Sanyal

Himani Garg

Himani Pandey

Publication Management Team

Internal Members

External Members

Dr. Bimlesh Lochab

Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

Engineering Centre (ITMMEC)

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu

Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,

Department of Physics,

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

Dr. Rajiv Prakash

School of Materials Science and Technology,

Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University,

Varanasi, India

Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Assistant Professor, Department of

Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra,

Patna, India

Associate Editors

Gargi Asha Jha

Nupur Anand

Priyanka Aswal

Sona Chahal

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group,

Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Baldev RajDistinguished Scientist & Director,

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

(ICGAR)Kalpakkam, India.

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Prof. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Head, Department of

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology,

Rourkela, India.

Prof.D. N. Rao Professor, Department of Biochemistry,

AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Prof. Jugal KishoreProfessor, Department of Community

Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Pankaj PoddarScientist, Physical & Materials ChemistryDivision, National Chemical Laboratory,

Pune, India.

Dr. Hardev Singh VirkProfessor Emeritus, Eternal

University, Baru Sahib, India.

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee SinghAssociate Professor,

National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.

Dr. Shankargouda PatilAsst. Prof., Department of Oral

Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor, Metallurgical & Materials

Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao GhugalProfessor and Head Department, Govt.College of Engineering Station Road,

Osmanpura, Aurangabad, India.

Prof. Sundara RamaprabhuProfessor, Department of Physics

Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan DhootHead Research & Development,

Nurture Earth R&D Pvt LtdMIT Campus, Beed bypass road,

Aurangabad, India.

Dr. Rakesh KumarAssistant Professor,

Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India

Dr. Priyavrat TharejaHead, Materials and Metallurgical

Engineering department, PEC University of Technology,

Chandigarh, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Editorial Board

Dr. Vineet KumarDepartment of Chemical

Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.

D r. Abhay Kumar Choubey

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum

Technology, Raebareli, India.

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Prof VirenderParkash SharmaDept of Petroleum Engineering School

of Mines Dhanbad – 826004 India.

Dr. Atul SharmaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli, U.P., India.

Dr. Reza RezaeeBob L. Herd Dept. of Petroleum

Engineering, Texas Tech University,Lubbock, TX 79409-3111, USA.

Dr. Mohammad RafiqulAwalBob L. Herd Dept. of Petroleum

Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3111, USA.,

United States.

Dr. Ajay MandalDepartment of Petroleum Engineering

Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India.

Associate Prof VameghRasouliDepartment of Petroleum Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.

Dr. MayankTyagiCraft & Hawkins Department of

Petroleum Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA.

Prof. Mohammed KamilChairman Department of Petroleum Studies Aligarh Muslim University,

Aligarh India.

Prof Hamid Ali Department of Petroleum Studies,

Aligarh Muslim University,AligarhIndia.

Dr. Ravi VadapalliResearch Scientist Adjunct Professor of

Petroleum Engineering Texas Tech University, Lubbock USA.

Editorial Board

Dr. Saman A Aryana Assistant Professor

Department of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering University of Wyoming

USA.

D r. Kiran PatilProfessor Dept. of Petrochemical and

Petroleum Engineering MAEER's, Maharashtra Institute of Technology,

Pune, India.

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Dr. Hamid RahnemaAssistant Professor Department of

Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering The New Mexico Institute of Mining and

Technology USA.

Dr. Baojun BaiAssociate ProfessorGraduate Coordinator

Petroleum Engineering Missouri University of Science And Technology

USA.

Dr. Pradeep B JadhavProfessor and Head Department of

Petroleum EngineeringMaharashtra Institute of Technology

Pune, India.

Dr. Rakesh ChandraDepartment of Earth Sciences,

University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, (J&K)

India.

Dr. Upendra Singh YadavAssistant Professor & Head

Department of Petroleum Engineering,Dit University, Dehradun, India.

Dr. Somnath NandiAssociate Professor Dept. of Petroleum

and Petrochemical Engineering Maharashtra Institute of Technology,

Pune India.

Dr. Subrata Borgohain GogoiAssociate Professor & Head

Department of Petroleum Technology Dibrugarh University

Dibrugarh Assam.

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (1)] of Journal of

Petroleum Engineering & Technology (JoPET). The intension of JoPET is to create an atmosphere

that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Petroleum Engineering &

Technology.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoPET provides an outlet for Research findings and

reviews in areas of Petroleum Engineering & Technology found to be relevant for National and

International recent developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of Petroleum Engineering & Technology.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for

their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-

ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With

regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality

Research/Reviesw findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. Extraction of Rice Bran Oil and Its Application in Producing Biodiesel Karthik KV, Deepa H A, Priya S, Sathya T 1

2. Review of Subsea Pipeline for Minimizing Thermal and Pressure Expansion Mukund Ketkar, Kiran D. Patil 10

3. Shale Gas in India: Status and ChallengesVikas Mahto, Rajat Jain 23

4. Study on Effect of Insulation Design on Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis: An Important Aspect in Subsea Pipeline DesigningSrikant Sadafule, Kiran D. Patil 33

ContentsJournal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology

JoPET(2014) 1-9 © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2321-5178

Volume 4 Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Extraction of Rice Bran Oil and Its Application in

Producing Biodiesel

Karthik KV*, Deepa H A, Priya S, Sathya T

Chemical Engineering Department, DSCE, India

Abstract Increased environmental awareness and depletion of resources are driving industry to develop viable alternative fuels from renewable resources that are environmentally

more acceptable. Vegetable oil is a potential alternative fuel. The most detrimental

properties of vegetable oils are its high viscosity and low volatility and these cause several problems during their long duration usage in compression ignition (CI)

engines. The most commonly used method to make vegetable oil suitable for use in CI engines is to convert it into biodiesel, i.e. vegetable oil esters using process of

transesterification. Rice bran oil obtained from rice bran which contains 12% oil is an

underutilized non-edible vegetable oil, which is available in large quantities in rice cultivating countries, and very little research has been done to utilize this oil as a

replacement for mineral Diesel. In the present work, the transesterification process for

production of rice bran oil methyl ester has been investigated. Rice bran oil methyl ester thus produced was characterized to find its suitability to be used as a fuel in

engines. Results showed that biodiesel obtained under the optimum conditions has comparable properties to substitute mineral Diesel, hence rice bran oil methyl ester

biodiesel could be recommended as a mineral Diesel fuel substitute for compression

ignition (CI) engines in transportation as well as in the agriculture sector. The yield of

rice bran oil ester is around 87% which can be increased to 98% using two stage

transesterification processes.

Keywords: Rice bran oil, Biodiesel, Transesterification

JoPET(2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2321-5178

Volume 4 Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Review of Subsea Pipeline for Minimizing Thermal

and Pressure Expansion

Mukund Ketkar1,2

, Kiran D. Patil2*

1UHDE India Ltd., UHDE House, LBS Road, Vikhroli (West), Mumbai, India

2Department of Petrochemical and Petroleum Engineering, MAEER’s, Maharashtra

Institute of Technology, Pune, India

Abstract As the offshore oil and gas fields have been exploited in deeper water, subsea pipelines

are required to operate at high temperatures and pressures. It causes subsea pipelines to be more subject to movements both in lateral and axial directions due to

the loads produced by high temperatures and pressures. Some high temperature pipelines have experienced the cumulative axial displacement of an overall

pipeline length over a number of start-up/shut-in cycles, which is commonly known as

“Pipeline walking”. The objective of this paper is to review the phenomenon of pipeline walking, expansion bend (Z Piece) and optimize thermal expansion in pipeline

by specially focusing on a short and high temperature pipeline and identify key

parameters of it in terms of the pipeline design. During designing the pipeline to control or mitigate the accumulated walking over the life of the pipeline system, one

can see changing in field layouts and high installation costs related to mitigation measures. It is therefore important to assess if the walking is a potential issue in the

early design phase. This paper highlights the general pipeline technology in terms of

the pipeline expansion design, pipeline thickness calculation, analyze the temperature and pressure profiles for the given pipeline and thermal transients along the pipeline

during shutdown and restart operations. Understanding an axial movement of short

pipelines due to the resultant of the thermal transient is the key selflessness in the pipeline walking assessment. Thus, a numerical model of pipeline based on the thermal

transient load is developed by the finite element method. It shows the effect of the transient temperature profile on pipeline walking. Also it focuses on the effect of axial

friction factors related to pipe-soil interaction as the sensitivity study. Lastly, we briefly

discuss potential mitigation options to prevent pipeline walking. The global axial movement phenomenon can lead to various pipeline integrity consequential effects of

accumulated axial walking. Hence, the pros and cons of possible mitigation measures are also discussed in connection with the sensitivity study results.

Keywords: Pipeline walking, Subsea stress analysis, Subsea pipeline, Thickness

calculation, Fem analysis

JoPET(2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2321-5178

Volume 4 Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Shale Gas in India: Status and Challenges

Vikas Mahto*, Rajat Jain

Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian School of Mines

Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India

Abstract With decline of production in gas fields, India became sixth largest natural gas

importer in the global market. Seeing the domestic demand, it is essential to unlock

shale gas from different shale gas plays in India. The key elements of shale gas production include the extensive drilling campaign, the need for hydraulic fracturing

and realization of global growing of production facilities and flowlines. Also, advanced

technologies are required for development of shale gas fields to make fruitful discoveries. The major problems encountered during drilling a shale gas well in India

are additional reaming, hole enlargement, wellbore instability, costly fishing and side tracking operations. Water management, fracture geometry and presence of faults are

also some of the major issues for fracturing of shale formations. This paper focuses on

the current status and potential of shale gas in India. It also describes the challenges and their proposed solutions for development of shale gas plays.

Keywords: Shale gas, Hydraulic fracturing, Energy, Multilateral drilling

JoPET (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2321-5178

Volume 4 Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Study on Effect of Insulation Design on Thermal-

Hydraulic Analysis: An Important Aspect in Subsea

Pipeline Designing

Srikant Sadafule1,2

, Kiran D. Patil2*

1UHDE India Ltd., UHDE House, LBS Road, Vikhroli (West), Mumbai, India

2Department of Petrochemical and Petroleum Engineering, MAEER’s, Maharashtra Institute

of Technology, Pune, India

Abstract The most imperative and challenging operational hazards for oil and gas pipelines are the risks associated with the transportation of fluids. When water, oil and gas flow

simultaneously inside the pipeline, there are quite high chances that, water and hydrocarbon fluids can form and deposit hydrate such as wax and asphaltene on the

inner surfaces of the pipeline and gradually blocking it. In this paper we explore and

compare the various types of insulation and to find the optimum thickness of insulation required to maintain the temperature of the fluid inside the pipeline, above the

hydrate/wax formation temperature to ensure smooth flow. Presence of high water cut, changes in pressure and temperature along the pipeline leads to internal corrosion. Also

because of incompatible water mixing, scales may form and get deposited inside the

pipeline and restrict the flow hence, causing operational problems to downstream processing facilities. The key challenge faced by engineers is how to design a pipeline to

assure that multiphase fluids are be safely and economically transported from the

reservoir all the way to the downstream processing plants and the end users. The

complete knowledge of dynamic fluid properties and a proper thermal-hydraulic analysis

of the system are required to develop strategies for controlling the solids such as hydrates, wax and asphaltenes, and sometimes scale and sand. The practice of

identifying, quantifying, and mitigating of most of the flow risks associated with

pipelines, specifically subsea systems, is called flow assurance. The knowledge of fluid properties and thermal-hydraulic analysis of the system is utilized is essential to develop

a concept or strategies for controlling the formation of solids such as hydrates, wax, asphaltenes, and scale from the system. Flow assurance refers to ensuring the flow of

produced hydrocarbons from the reservoir to the processing facility or to the point of

sale. In this work, an Excel spreadsheet calculation comparison has been done to see the effect of various insulation material with different thicknesses on the temperature profile

of the fluid in deep water environment. The hydrate and wax formation temperatures is

first known and critical radius of insulation is calculated to obtained the required thickness of insulation in order to mitigate cool down of the fluid.

Keywords: Flow assurance, Hydrates, Wax, Asphaltenes, Thermal insulation

thickness