Research & ReviewsA Journal of Neuroscience

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

ISSN : 2348-7925

Jan - April 2014

(RRJoNS)

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Neuroscience

(ISSN:2348-7925 )

Focus and Scope Covers

† Behavioral & Cellular Neuroscience

† Clinical Neuroscience

† Computational & Molecular Neuroscience

† Neuroengineering

† Neuroimaging and Neuroinformatics�

† Neurophysiology and Systems Neuroscience

† Cognitive Neuroscience

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Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

Engineering Centre (ITMMEC)

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India

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Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,

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Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

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Varanasi, India

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STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group,

Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Baldev RajDistinguished Scientist & Director,

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

(ICGAR)Kalpakkam, India.

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Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

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Pune, India.

Dr. Hardev Singh VirkProfessor Emeritus, Eternal

University, Baru Sahib, India.

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National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.

Dr. Shankargouda PatilAsst. Prof., Department of Oral

Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor, Metallurgical & Materials

Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.

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Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.

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Engineering department, PEC University of Technology,

Chandigarh, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Editorial Board

Dr. Sanjay RaghavSenior Lecturer- Monash University,

India.

Dr. Amanda BrownJohns Hopkins University School of

Medicine, United States.

Dr. Suja K KunnathAssociate Professor Department of Audiology and Speech Language

Pathology NISH , Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, India.

Dr. Sushil K. JhaSchool of Life Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru

University New Delhi, India.

Dr Nandini Chatterjee SinghNational Brain Research Centre NH-8,

Nainwal Mode Manesar - 122050, India.

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (1)] of Research &

Reviews: A Journal of Neuroscience. The intension of RRJoNS is to create an atmosphere that

stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Neuroscience.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoNS provides an outlet for Research findings

and reviews in areas of Neuroscience found to be relevant for National and International recent

developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of Neuroscience.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for

their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-

ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With

regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality

Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. A Numerical Model to Study Effect of Potential-Dependent Influx on Calcium Diffusion in Neuron Cells Leena Sharma 1

2. Effect of Foot Massage and Reflexology on Physiological Parameters of Patients undergone Neurosurgery Jasvir Kaur, Sukhpal Kaur, Rajesh Chhabra 9

3. Identification of the Effects of Brain Stimulation on Neurophysiology in Parkinson's Disease Patients: Systematic Review Narkeesh, Abhishek, Lekhni, Kanimozhi 17

4. The Effect of Functional Therapy Approach in management of Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Case Study Parneet Kaur Bedi, Narkeesh Arumugam, Kanimozhi 23

ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Neuroscience

RRJoNS (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Neuroscience ISSN: 2348-7925

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

A Numerical Model to Study Effect of Potential-

Dependent Influx on Calcium Diffusion in Neuron Cells

Leena Sharma* Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Pune-411044, India

Abstract Electrical activity within the brain rapidly encodes information about the world but for

these fleeting perceptions to have a lasting impact, long-term changes in the structure

and function of neurons must follow. At the synapse, neurotransmitter reception initiates a number of biochemical signaling cascades in the postsynaptic cells, one of the most

important of which is the elevation of intracellular calcium. Early events induced by the

rise of calcium in dendrites are likely to be local, resulting from posttranslational modifications of the synaptic machinery. However, for long-term structural and

functional changes in the neuron, the calcium signal must regulate the expression of new gene products. A mathematical model has been developed for diffusion of Ca

2+ in the

presence of excess buffer approximation in synaptic cleft. This model incorporates the

effect of potential activity-dependent influx on calcium diffusion process. The parameters like diffusion rate, dissociation rate, conductance, and membrane potential are

incorporated in the above model. Appropriate boundary conditions have been framed using physical processes involved in influx. The finite differences have been employed to

obtain numerical solution to the problem. The relationships among various parameters

have been studied. The concentration and potential profiles have been obtained with respect to position and time.

Keywords: Calcium concentration, buffers, neurotransmitters, diffusion of calcium,

electrical properties, potential activity

RRJoNS (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Neuroscience ISSN: 2348-7925

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Effect of Foot Massage and Reflexology on Physiological

Parameters of Patients undergone Neurosurgery

Jasvir Kaur1, Sukhpal Kaur

2*, Rajesh Chhabra

3

1Civil Hospital Phillaur, Punjab.

2National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh

3Department of Neurosurgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh

Abstract Foot massage and reflexology is one of the strategies to fulfill the goals for human touch

and holistic care. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of “foot massage

and reflexology” on physiological parameters, i.e., systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation of patients who have undergone neurosurgery. The

study was carried out in neurosurgery intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital. Using purposive sampling technique, 30 patients were enrolled in this study. A protocol

on the procedure of foot massage and reflexology was developed. An observation

checklist was used to record the parameters under study. The parameters were recorded before, immediately after and after 30 min of the intervention. Mean age (years) ± SD of

study subjects was 48.5 ± 12.3. 56.7% were males. Immediately after the intervention, there was significant decrease in high systolic blood pressure and improvement in oxygen

saturation. While comparing immediate and after 30 min effect of intervention, there was

significant reduction in the heart rate in second observation and there was significant improvement in oxygen saturation in first observation. Further studies may be carried

out to evaluate the long-term effects of foot massage and reflexology. The technique may

be put in practice after proper training of the nursing personnel.

Keywords: Physiological parameters, neurosurgery patients, foot massage and

reflexology

RRJoNS (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Neuroscience ISSN: 2348-7925

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Identification of the Effects of Brain Stimulation on

Neurophysiology in Parkinson’s Disease Patients:

Systematic Review

Narkeesh*, Abhishek, Lekhni, Kanimozhi Department of Physiotherapy, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is after Alzheimer’s disease the most common progressive

neurodegenerative disease with prevalence of 150–200/100000. Etiology is not well known except for inheritance. It is associated with various neurophysiologic disorders.

The aim is to concise view of various studies about the relation between the brain stimulation either unilateral or bilateral and subthalamic or pallidal on gait patterns,

speech defects, cognition, behavior changes, mood swings, tremors and memory. This

was a systemic review in which researcher used inclusion criteria as set by PICO to define the question and then underwent various articles on PUBMED, MEDILINE

CENTRAL, INMED, textbooks, newspapers, etc., and using PRISMA a systemic review

was compiled to illustrate the relation of those different studies. On comparison, it can be concluded that the brain stimulation is an effective treatment for various problems of PD

such as gait, balance, tremors, dyskinesia, working memory, reducing the dosage, etc. However it does have some adverse effects on speech, cognition and behavior. Moreover,

it also induces psychiatric complications such as OCD, mania, aggression, etc. Therefore

researchers suggest that the intervention should be used with precaution and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a better option for brain stimulation.

Keywords: Brain stimulation, parkinson’s disease, cognition, gait, psychiatric

complications, tdcs, prisma

RRJoNS (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Neuroscience ISSN: 2348-7925

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

The Effect of Functional Therapy Approach in

management of Spastic Diplegic Cerebral

Palsy: A Case Study

Parneet Kaur Bedi, Narkeesh Arumugam*, Kanimozhi Department of Physiotherapy, Punjabi University, Patiala, India

Abstract Children with cerebral palsy typically receive physical therapy to facilitate motor

development and to enhance their independence in motor skills, self-care, play, and

leisure activities. Different treatment strategies exist and all these aim at leading children

with cerebral palsy toward the greatest degree of independence possible. In recent years, numerous publications have questioned both the assumptions and the effectiveness of

neurophysiological approaches. Functional recovery and carryover has always been

reproached. Functional activities have always been associated with goal specific training and rehabilitation. The present case study focuses on the functional approach for

recovery in cerebral palsy.

Keywords: Cerebral palsy, functional approach, task, spastic