Upload
khairunnisa-nurrahma-safitri
View
227
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
1/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
SUPPORT SYSTEM
DR. dr.Zaenal M. Sofro.AIFM,Sport & Circ.Med.
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
2/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
External to Internalenvironment
..
a hint of integration?
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
3/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
4/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
Bone Modeling in Responseto Mechanical Loading
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
5/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
6
Physical activity – energy exp.
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
6/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
7/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
8/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
9/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
HEMATOPOIESIS: Formation of Blood Cells
BONE MARROW!!
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
10/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
Bone Architecture:Cortical andTrabecular Bone
Trabe lar"Can ello s# bone isable to res$ond to
me %ani al stim limore ra$idl& t%an
orti al bone'Minimal Essential Strain"MES# refers to t%et%res%old stim l s t%atinitiates ne( boneformation'
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
11/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
Objective• Be able to describe the relevant
cellular structures involved inmuscle contraction and the eventsthat occur at the cellular level duringthe production of force by filamentinteraction
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
12/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
World largest biceps
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
13/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
Test Weightof Load
• Test the weightby lifting acorner of theobject.
• If it is too heavyor if the objectis an oddshape, STOP
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
14/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
Kathleen Ohman,
View the animation in slide
show
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
15/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
Sliding- lament model ofsarcomere shortening
!. "rrangement of thic# and thin filament$ Ineach sarcomere two sets of actinfilaments e%tend partway toward thecenter. The myosin filaments are arrangedsuch that they partially overlap the actinfilaments. &yosin heads on each side
point away from the center of thesarcomer
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
16/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
'. (uring contraction, the interaction of myosinheads with the actin filaments pulls the thinfilaments toward the center of the sarcomere.The actin and myosin filaments slide past eachother.
). *ross+bridges attachment between myosinheads and binding sites on actin filaments
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
17/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
-. hen a muscle cell is stimulated, myosin headsare energi/ed by "TP. They attach to adjacentactin filaments, and tilt in a short 0power stro#e1toward the center of the sarcomere. 2ach powerstro#e re3uires an "TP. ith many power stro#esin rapid succession, the actin filaments are madeto slide past the myosin filaments.
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
18/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
!"scle Str"ct"re
• Basic functional
unit of the muscleis the sarcomere
• Sarcomere iscomposed ofthic# filaments ofmyosin and thinfilaments of actin
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
19/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
!otor #nit
• (efinition$ – "ll the branches of a
single somatic motorneuron and all the fibersit innervates
• &4 5ecruitment – &ore &4s are activated
when there is a demandfor increased strength
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
20/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
!"sc"lar contraction $%&!"sc"lar contraction $%&
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
21/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
'ontrol of 'ontraction
!. &otor neuron control – 2very muscle cell is contacted by a
motor nerve a%on or a branch of a motornerve a%on."ction pot. In a%on release of "ch
from a%on terminal stimulation ofmuscle fiber
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
22/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
23/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme '. &uscle action potential invades S5 – The membrane of the muscle fiber is
electrically e%citable just li#e a nerve cella%on. "ch causes the muscle fiber todepolari/e and this triggers an all+or+none&"P which is conducted along the full lengthof the muscle fiber and which invades themembranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
24/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme ). *alcium released into cytoplasm,*omple%es with troponin
tropomyosin changes shape
-. Tropomyosin moves, uncoversbinding site on actin cross+bridges form, filaments slide
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
25/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
6. *alcium removed fiber rela%esThe S5 membrane has an active pumpthat pulls *a bac# into the chambers of
the S5. This lowers the intracellular *aion concentration, troponin again bindstightly to tropomysin, tropomyosin againcovers binding sites on actin filaments.*ross bridges can no longer form andmuscle rela%es 7sarcomeres return torest length8
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
26/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
Energ( for contraction
!. *reatine phosphate dephosphoryla tion 9ast regeneration of "TP from "(P and Pi
'. :lycogen glucose. "erobic respirationprovides most of the "TP needed during
moderate e%ercise). Blood glucose and 9atty acids 9uel for
aerobic respiration when muscle glycogene%hausted
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
27/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
-. 9ermentation 7anaerobic metabolism8hen respiratory and circulatory
systems cannot deliver enough o%ygen tosustain muscle contraction duringvigorous e%ercise, glycolysis supplies"TP and produces lactic acid 7lactate8from the brea#down of glucose.
•5ecall that the net yield is ' "TP perglucose mulecule instead of )-+);.
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
28/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
Metabolic adaptations during exercise (Fig. 40-12)
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
29/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
10 contractions
Unlimited
400 contractions
50 contractions
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
30/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
)TLET SE*)+ ,OL)
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
31/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
32/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
!"scle tension strength
fatig"e!. &uscle tension total force developed by
cross bridge activation. Isometric
contraction occurs when the muscle isstimulated but not allowed to shorten7constant length8.
• Strength of contraction 7depends on
muscle si/e, how many cells arecontracting
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
33/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme how rapidly the nervous system isstimulating them= motor unit single
motor neuron and all the musclefibers7cells8 that it forms junctions with.5ecruitment of more motor unitsresults in greater tensiondevelopment8
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
34/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
35/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
This g"re corresponds to point ' on thegraph. The m"scle is stretched to a point
where there is ver( little overlap betweenactin and m(osin. The isometric tension will below.
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
36/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
)t point , on the graph there is considerableoverlap between actin and m(osin. There are
man( active cross bridges so the isometrictension will be high.
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
37/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
)t point ) there is a lot of overlap betweenactin and m(osin b"t the actin laments are
p"shing on each other. This distorts thelaments wea/ening the cross bridges.
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
38/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
!"scle twitch tetan"s• hole muscle stimulated by brief
electrical shoc# record isometrictension, rela%ation over time.5epeated shoc#s cause 0staircase1tension development.
• Tetanus large contraction due to
rapid, repeated stimulation so thattwitches run together
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
39/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
0atig"e• &aintained tetanic contraction leads to
eventual decline in tension fatigue.• Some muscles fatigue rapidly, but also
recover rapidly.• Other muscles fatigue more slowly, but
ta#e much longer to recover.
• 5egular e%ercise can ma#e muscles moreresistant to fatigue by increasing bloodsupply and number of mitochondria
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
40/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
!"scle 'ontraction
!. Stimulation causes release of *a'> fromSarcoplasmic 5eticulum 7muscle 258
'. *a'> binds to troponin 7 * subunit8). Structural change in troponin removes
tropomyosin from actin+myosin bindingsite
-. &yosin head contacts actin molecule6. &yosin "TPase splits "TP providing
energy for 0rowing bac#ward1 motion ofmyosin head
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
41/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
;. "nother "TP molecule becomesbound to myosin causing release,return of head to normal state, andreattachment to actin 7 if *a'>present8
?. 5epeat process until contractionattained
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
42/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
!"scle 'ontraction!echanics• &uscles "re Organi/ed Into &otor
4nits
– hen a single nerve enters a muscle itsplits and ma#es neuromuscular junctions 7@&As8 with several musclecells
– " nerve and the muscle cells it ma#es@&As with is called a motor unit
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
43/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme • hen the nerve fires the whole
motor unit is stimulated and themuscle cells contract together
• &uscle with large motor units havecoarse movements
• &uscle with small motor units givefine, graded movements
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
44/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
45/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
'ross-,ridge 0ormation
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
46/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
)ctin !(o lament
1"ringcontraction
calci"m binds totroponin
'overs actin-bindingsites at rest
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
47/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
2ole of 'a 34 in !"scle
'ontraction
Ca +2'a 33
'a 33
5 )ctin-binding sitesare exposed as a res"ltof 'a 34 binding totroponin complex thatca"ses aconformational shift oftropom(osin
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
48/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
'ross-,ridge '(cle
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
49/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
Cross-bridge Cycle
This animation by Mi e !ee"es#$aboratory of Molec%lar &iology in the U'and the Cambridge (nstit%te for Medical)esearch
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
50/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
S"mmar(6
Excitation-'ontraction'o"pling
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
51/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
Two ,asic T(pes of'ontraction )re Isotonicand Isometric
• In an isotonic contraction the
muscle shortens, #eeping a constanttension• In an isometric contraction the
muscle does not shortens andtension builds up• &ost real contraction are mi%tures of
the ' types
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
52/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme • " Single @erve Impulse Produce a
&uscle Twitch – Single stimuli usually release enough
"*h in the @&As of the motor unit toproduce action potentials in the musclemembranes
– This will cause the muscle to contractafter a short delay
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
53/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme • Order of events. "ch release
muscle action potential *arelease contraction
• " simple twitch gives only ' +) C ofthe ma%imum tension possible+themuscle starts to rela% before the
ma%imum is reached
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
54/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme • &uscle *ontraction *an Summate to
Produce &ore 9orce – If a second stimulus is given before a
muscle rela%es the muscle will shortenfurther, building up more tension than asimple twitch+ this is called summation
– If many stimuli are given very close
together the muscle will go into asmooth continuous contraction calledtetanus
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
55/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme • "nother ay to Increase the 9orce
of *ontraction is to 5ecruit &ore&otor 4nits – 2ach muscle is made up of tens of
thousands of motor units – 9orce generated by a muscle can be
increased by firing more and moremotor units
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
56/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme • (ifferent Types of S#eletal &uscle
9ibers Speciali/e for 2ndurance orSpeed – &uscle cells 7fibers8 speciali/e for their
type of activity• "theletes have fiber types that match their
activities
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
57/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme • 2ndurance fibers 7type I 8
– Dave many mitochondria+themitochondria give these fibers a red
appearance because one of themitochondrial en/ymes contains 9e
– "lso contain a red pigment calledmyoglobin which stores O'
– *ontract slowly but resist fatigue
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
58/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme • 9ast twitch fibers 7type II8
– 9ibers speciali/ed for fast contractionsare white+they contain few
mitochondria – 5elying on glycolysis to supply energy
7glycolysis is faster than respiration8 – *ontract rapidly but fatigue 3uic#ly
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
59/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
• 9iber type is mostly geneticallydetermined, but some e%perimentshave shown conversion of one fibertype into another
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
60/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme
8/18/2019 II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt
61/61
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
InternationalProgramme