GIO TRNH QUN L D N

Bin tp bi:Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi

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GIO TRNH QUN L D N

Bin tp bi:Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi

Cc tc gi:Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi

Phin bn trc tuyn:http://voer.edu.vn/c/10d828a4

MC LC

1. Li ni u1.1. Li ni u

2. Chng I. M u2.1. Chng I. M u2.2. Khoa hc qun l ni chung2.3. S lc v s pht trin cc t tng qun l2.4. D n l g2.5. Qun l d n l g2.6. Ngi qun l d n

3. Chng II. Lp k hoch d n3.1. Chng II. Lp k hoch d n3.2. Xc nh vai tr trch nhim trong d n3.3. Ti liu m t d n3.4. Bng cng vic3.5. c lng thi gian3.6. Xc nh ri ro3.7. Lp tin thc hin3.8. Phn b lc lng, ti nguyn3.9. Tnh chi ph cho d n

4. Chng III. Cc phng tin phc v qun l d n4.1. S dng phn mm tr gip qun l d n4.2. S lung cng vic4.3. H s d n4.4. K nng hp v trnh by4.5. Xy dng t d n

5. Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n5.1. Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n5.2. Cc c im ca d n CNTT5.3. Kim sot d n5.4. Khon ngoi - Mua sm5.5. Kt thc d n5.6. Bc tranh tng th v Qun l d n5.7. Mt s vn bn php quy lin quan n t chc v trin khai d n

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Tham gia ng gp

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Li ni uLi ni u

Vi s pht trin v cng mnh m ca Cng ngh thng tin (CNTT), nhu cu pht trinphn mm ngy cng tng, c bit l nhng phn mm ln, c phm vi ng dng rngri, xy dng trong nhiu nm, huy ng mt i ng ng o nhng chuyn gia phnmm khc nhau.

Cc phn mm c thit k v xy dng trong khun kh nhng d n CNTT. Rtnhiu bi hc thc t Vit Nam v trn th gii cho thy rng d n cng ln thkh nng thnh cng cng t. Vic qun l d CNTT ngy cng chng t vai tr c bitquan trng ca n, gp phn m bo thnh cng cho d n. Qun l d n, t ch lmt ngh thut, c nghin cu, tng kt v pht trin thnh mt mn khoa hc.y l mt mn hc mang nhiu yu t ca khoa hc x hi, c ng dng trong khoahc t nhin.

Gio trnh nhm gip cho nhng ngi qun l d n CNTT:

Nm c nhng cng vic cn chun b trc khi d n hot ng Trang b nhng phng php lun, bi bn, tiu chun cho vic qun l d n

ni chung v qun l d n CNTT ni ring Cc hot ng qun l v kim sot trong khi d n hot ng Cung cp mt s kinh nghim, bi hc thc t ca qun l d n CNTT Vit

Nam

2. V tr ca qun l d n

Nhn theo quan im tng th, qun l d n CNTT va l mt b phn ca cng nghphn mm va l b phn ca qun l d n ni chung. Chnh v vy m qun l d nCNTT s mang c cc yu t k nng cng (phng php k thut trong CNTT) v ccyu t k nng mm (giao tip con ngi, lnh o, t chc con ngi lm vic). Nidung ca qun l d n CNTT c trnh by trong cc ti liu ging dy Cng nghphn mm sau nhng ni dung v quy trnh lm phn mm, cc m hnh pht trin phnmm, phng php pht trin phn mm, phn tch thit k h thng, v.v... Trong giotrnh ny, qun l d n CNTT c trnh by nh mt mn hc ring, mang mu sckhoa hc x hi nhiu hn, vi vic b sung nhng kin thc sau:

Khoa hc qun l ni chung Qun l d n ni chung Mt s k nng trnh by vn , iu hnh cuc hp, i ph ri ro, ...

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Phng tin qun l d n ni chung

Qun l d n CNTT c trnh by nh mt p dng nhng kin thc chung v qunl d n trong mt lnh vc hp, kt hp nhng c th ca lnh vc chuyn mn cngngh thng tin.

3. Phng php ging dy mn qun l d n CNTT

Cc phng php lun ca qun l d n CNTT c c kt thnh nhng nguyn l cbn. Nhiu nh ngha khng c trnh by di dng cht ch, khng c m hnh tonhc. Vic nm bt nhng kin thc thng c thng qua v d, trao i, tho lun trnlp di s hng dn v gi ca ging vin. Vic hc tp cn i hi s tham giatch cc ca ngi hc.

trnh kh khan, nhm chn trong qu trnh dy v hc, c th p dng cc bin phpsau trn lp:

a/ Ging vin trnh by nhng vn chnh trn lp v nu ra cc tnh hung qun l

b/ Mi c nhn t chun b v trnh by gii php ca mnh cho cc tnh hung qun l bng bi vit

c/ Tho lun tp th trong tng nhm hc vin xy dng gii php ca nhm

d/ i din ca tng nhm trnh by gii php ca nhm cho ton lp v c lp tholun ng gp kin

e/ Nhng ni dung trao i, tho lun c ly t thc t ca th gii v Vit Nam tronglnh vc qun l d n.

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Chng I. M uChng I. M u

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Khoa hc qun l ni chung

Khoa hc qun l ni chung

Khi nim v qun l

Qun l (ni chung) l s tc ng ca ch th qun l ln i tng qun l nhm tc nhng mc tiu nht nh trong iu kin bin ng ca mi trng.

=> C ch th qun l (ngi qun l)

=> C i tng qun l (ngi b qun l)

=> C mc tiu cn t c

=> C mi trng qun l

V sao cn qun l: t mc ch theo cch tt nht trong hon cnh mi trng lunbin ng v ngun lc hn ch. Qun l to ra gi tr gia tng ca 1 t chc.

C th cn phn tch thm yu t qun l trong iu kin bin ng ca mi trng thy s tng phn gia qun l c in v qun l hin i.

Chnh yu t bin ng ny dn ti vic qun l theo d n tr thnh trng tm chothi nay, i lp vi qun l hnh chnh quan liu c in.

V d:

Ch thQ/l

itngQ/l

Mc tiu cn tc Mi trng (c th bin ng)

Qun lsn xuttrongmt nhmy

- BanGimc(ng

Cnb,cngnhn,

- Tng nng sut laong- H gi thnhsn phm=> Quy ra

- iu kin lm vic trong nh my- iukin sinh hot, i li trong thnh ph- Tnhhnh chnh tr, x hi ca nh nc- nh

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u lGimc)

nhnvin

cc ch tiu, con sc th

hng ca th gii- nh hng ca tnhin, kh hu

Qun lhc tptrongtrnghc

BanGimhiu(ngu lHiutrng)

- Giovin-Sinhvin

Dy ttHc tt(Quyra cc ch tiu, cons c th)

- iu kin dy, hc trong trng- iukin sinh hot, i li trong thnh ph- Tnhhnh chnh tr, x hi ca nh nc- nhhng ca th gii- nh hng ca tnhin, kh hu

Mt s khi nim khc nhau (u c chp nhn) v qun l t chc

- Qun l l ngh thut t mc ch thng qua n lc ca nhng ngi khc

(Khi nim nh tnh)

- Qun l l cng tc phi hp c hiu qu cc hot ng ca nhng cng s khc nhautrong cng mt t chc

- Qun l l qu trnh lp k hoch, t chc, ch huy v kim tra cc ngun lc ca cquan, nhm t c mc ch vi hiu qu cao trong iu kin mi trng lun lunbin ng.

y l khi nim mang tnh kin thit, trong :

Lp k hoch: qu trnh thit lp cc mc tiu v nhng phng thc hnhng t mc tiu

T chc: qu trnh xy dng v bo m nhng iu kin t mc tiu Ch huy: qu trnh ch o, thc y cc thnh vin lm vic mt cch tt nht,

v li ch ca t chc Kim tra: qu trnh gim st v chn chnh, un nn cc hot ng m bo

cng vic thc hin theo ng k hoch

c im chung nht ca cc h thng qun l

a. c ch th qun l v i tng qun l

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Thng tin hot ngThng tin iu khin

- Ch th qun l: to ra cc tc ng qun l

- i tng qun l: tip nhn cc tc ng ca ch th qun l

b. Cc mc ch l thng nht gia ch th v i tng qun l

c. C s trao i thng tin nhiu chiu. Ch th qun l phi thu nhn thng tin t nhiungun khc nhau

d. Tnh linh hot, thch nghi, iu chnh, i mi ca ch th qun l. Mi trng qunl lun bin ng.

Kt lun: Qun l l 1 tin trnh nng ng.

Kt lun: Qun l l mt ngh thut, mt khoa hc, mt ngh

Qun l l mt ngh thut

V sao l ngh thut:

- S a dng, phong ph, mun mu mun v ca s vt, hin tng

- Qun l c quan hnh chnh qun l doanh nghip qun l trng hc qun ld n

- Qun l d n A Qun l d n B

- Khng phi mi hin tng u mang tnh quy lut

- Khng phi mi quy lut u c tng kt thnh l lun

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- Qun l l s tc ng n con ngi, m con ngi th rt phc tp. i hi ngiqun l phi kho lo, linh hot

- Hiu qu qun l ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi qun l, c tnh ca ngiqun l, c may, vn ri

Qun l l mt khoa hc

V sao l khoa hc

- Tng hp v vn dng cc quy lut: kinh t, cng ngh, x hi

- Vn dng nhng thnh tu ca khoa hc, cng ngh trong qun l: cc phng phpd bo, tm l hc, tin hc

Qun l l mt ngh

V sao l mt ngh

- Phi hc mi lm c

- Mun thc hnh c, phi c c nhiu yu t ban u: cch hc, chng trnh hc,nng khiu ngh nghip, ...)

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S lc v s pht trin cc t tng qun l

Hot ng qun l c t rt lu, nhng khoa hc qun l li rt mi m. C tn tinhiu ch thuyt khc nhau v qun l.

Thi Trung Hoa c i

- Khng t: c tr

Khng T: 551 TCN - 479 TCN (Thi Xun Thu) "Nhn" l nguyn tc c bn, quy nh hot ng ca ch th qun l v quan

h vi i tng qun l. ng vin, khuyn khch. Xut pht im ca con ngi: Thin. Cng-T thng nht Khuyn khch ch ngha "qun t", ph ch ngha "tiu nhn" Nhn mnh tm v c ca ngi qun l

- Hn Phi T: Php tr

Hn Phi T: 403 TCN - 221 TCN (Thi Chin Quc) "Php" l nguyn tc c bn, quy nh hot ng ca ch th qun l v quan

h vi i tng qun l. Thng pht cng minh. Xut pht im ca con ngi: c, v li. Cng-T mu thun. ng h chuyn ch, c v c ti Ba khi nim c bn trong qun l: "th" (quyn lc), ""php" (lut php),

"thut" (bin php qun l).

Trng phi c in trong thi k u ca pht trin cng nghip

S ra i: Th k 18, cng nghip bt u pht trin Chu u => ra i cc nh my,cng ty => xut hin nhu cu qun l

L thuyt qun l mt cch khoa hc (Scientific Management)

- Freadrich Winslow Taylor (M), ...

- Quy trnh lao ng hp l, khng trng lp, tn t sc, nng sut cao

- Tiu chun ho cng vic, t ra nh mc, tr lng theo sn phm

- Chuyn mn ho lao ng

- Tin thng l ng c thc y sn xut

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L thuyt "qun l hnh chnh - t chc"

- Henry Fayol (Php), Max Weber (c),...

- Cc chc nng qun l: POSDCORB

P: Planning - Lp k hoch

O: Organizing - t chc (xc nh phn cp qun l)

S: Staffing - qun l nhn s

D: Directing - Ch o

CO: coordinating - Phi hp (=>hp)

R: Reviewing - Kim tra

B: Budgeting - Ti chnh, ngn sch

- Cc nguyn tc qun l

- Cc nguyn tc ra quyt nh

Trng phi tm l - x hi trong thi k hin i

Coi trng mi quan h con ngi Xem xt qun l trn quan im tm l hc Nng sut lm vic ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc yu t tm l, x hi ca i

tng qun l Ngi qun l tm cch gia tng s tho mn tm l v nhu cu tinh thn ca

nhn vin Coi trng mi quan h tt p gia cc thnh vin trong t chc

Trng phi nh lng v qun l

- C gng p dng cc b mn khoa hc khc phc v cho qun l

- Khng coi trng cc yu t tm l, x hi

- Cc b mn khoa hc c p dng cho qun l: L thuyt h tthng, l thuyt xcsut, l thuyt thng k, l thuyt chn mu, l thuyt m phng, l thuyt xp hng, lthuyt quyt nh, tin hc

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Mt vi t tng qun l ca x hi ng i (t 1960 n nay)

V d v mt m hnh mi qun l nh my, doanh nghip ca Nht

Nht Chu u

- Lm vic sut i - Lm vic theo hp ng, c thi hn

- nh gi v bt chm - nh gi v bt nhanh

- Cng nhn a nng - Cng nhn c chuyn mn ho

- C ch kim tra gin tip - C ch kim tra trc tip

- Quyt nh tp th - Quyt nh c nhn

- Trch nhim tp th - Trch nhim c nhn

- Quyn li ton cc - Quyn li ring

T duy v qun l theo d n pht trin mnh trong thi k ph cp cng ngh thng tin,khi m mi trng kinh t tr thnh ton cu v mang tnh bin chuyn khng ngng.

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D n l g

Khi nim v d n

D n l mt tp hp cc cng vic, c thc hin bi mt tp th, nhm t c mtkt qu d kin, trong mt thi gian d kin, vi mt kinh ph d kin.

=> Phi d kin i hnh thc hin (ngun nhn lc)

=> Phi c ngy bt u, ngy kt thc

=> Phi c t nht 1 con s, ni ln kinh ph cho php thc hin cng vic

=> Phi m t c r rng kt qu (output) ca cng vic. Sau khi kt thc cng vic,phi c c ci g, vi nhng c tnh/c im g, gi tr s dng nh th no, hiuqu ra lm sao?

=> Phi c 1 khon tin cp cho D n thc hin. Ngi (hoc n v) cp tin gi lch u t

=> Phi c mt t chc cht ch theo di v thu thp mi thng tin pht sinh trong qutrnh thc hin d n gip cho cc cp lnh o v t d n theo di st sao vic thchin d n

V d

Cc tnh cht ca d n

Phn bit hot ng d n v cc hot ng nghip v

Hot ng d n Hot ng nghip v

To ra mt sn phm xc nh Cho ra cng mt sn phm

C ngy khi u v ngy kt thc Lin tc

i ng nhiu chuyn mn khc nhau=> Kh traoi=> Ngi chia x thng tin

Cc k nng chuyn mnha

i hnh tm thi- Kh xy dng ngay 1 lc tinh thnng i- Kh c iu kin o to thnh vin trongnhm, trong khi cn phi sn sng ngay

T chc n nh- C iukin o to, nng cp ccthnh vin trong nhm

D n ch lm 1 ln Cng vic lp li v d hiu

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Lm vic theo k hoch trong mt chi ph c cp Lm vic trong mt kinhph thng xuyn hng nm

B hu nu khng p ng mc tiu, yu cu Phi m bo lm lu di

Ngy kt thc v chi ph c tnh theo d kin v phthuc vo s qun l

Chi ph hng nm c tnhda trn kinh nghim trongqu kh

Tnh duy nht ca kt qu d n

D n nhm t c mt kt qu m trc cha lm, hoc cha c

=> Kt qu ca d n c hnh thnh dn dn, tng bc, tng giai on. Lm cn u th bit n .

V d:

Hot ng D n Hot ng nghip v

Nu c cho m ci Nu cm n hng ngy

Xy nh mi (c nhn, cquan)

Xy cc cn h chung c theo k hoch hng nmca thnh ph

Nghin cu mt ti khoahc mi

Dy hc theo k hoch hng nm ca nh trngHng dn lun n sinh vin

Ch to bom nguyn t, tu vtr Sn xut v kh hng lot

Xy dng mt phn mm mi,do c quan t hng

p dng mt phn mm trong hot ng thngngy (qun l k ton, nhn s, vt t, sn xut...)

Ch to mt loi xe my mi Sn xut hng lot xe my theo thit k c sn,theo k hoch c giao

Th nghim mt dy chuynsn xut theo cng ngh mi

Cc hnh thc kt thc d n Hon thnh mc tiu ra v nghim thu kt qu (kt thc tt p) ng thi

hn Ht kinh ph trc thi hn (Kt thc tht bi)

V d: nghin cu ch thuc cha bnh SIDA. Chi tiu ht s tin c cp m vnkhng tm ra li gii

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n ngy cui cng (nu tip tc na cng khng cn ngha)

V d: xy dng sn vn ng cho SeaGame

Cc tiu chun nh gi mt d n l tht bi Khng p ng c cc mc tiu ra ban u Khng p ng c thi hn Vt qu ngn sch cho php (20-30%) Cc l do khin d n tht bi (17%) Khng lng c phm vi rng ln v tnh phc tp ca cng vic =>

d kin nhn lc, thi hn, kinh ph khng chnh xc (21%) Thiu thng tin (18%) Khng r mc tiu (32%) Qun l d n km (12%) Cc l do khc (mua phi thit b rm, cng ngh qu mi i vi t

chc khin cho khng p dng c kt qu d n, ngi b ra i, ....)

=> Khc phc

Xy dng ti liu nghin cu kh thi tht tt cho d n Qun l d n tt

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Qun l d n l g

Qun l d n l g

Khi nim v qun l d n

Qun l d n (QLDA) l vic p dng cc cng c, kin thc v k thut nhm nhngha, lp k hoch, tin hnh trin khai, t chc, kim sot v kt thc d n.

Mt d n c qun l tt, tc l khi kt thc phi tho mn c ch u t v ccmt: thi hn, chi ph v cht lng kt qu.

Lch s s lc

- Vic qun l d n c t thi xa: trong chin tranh, xy dng Kim t thp v cck quan th gii....

- Henry Gantt (u th k 20), a ra khi nim s Gantt => Qun l cng vic theothi gian

- Cui nhng nm 50': PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) v CPM(Critical Path Method) => qun l cng vic trn nhng rng buc khc ( u tin,kinh ph, ...)

- Sau ny, l lun v QLDA c b sung thm nhng tng v t chc, kim sot,s dng ti nguyn (nhn mnh n tnh cht x hi ca khoa hc QLDA)

Phn bit hai loi cng vic: Qun l d n v thc hin d n

C th thm y hnh v s phn bit chc nng cng vic ca ngi qun l dn v ngi qun l chuyn mn nghip v.

Cc phong cch qun l d n

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(1)- (3): Qun l b ng

V d:

- (1) Sau khi vch k hoch ri, ph mc cho anh em thc hin, khng quan tm theodi. Khi c chuyn g xy ra mi ngh cch i ph.

- (2) Mt ti nghin cu khoa hc: Khng c sng kin mi, c quanh qun vi ccphng php c, cng ngh c

- (3) Khng lo lng n thi hn giao np sn phm, n khi d n sp ht hn th milo huy ng tht ng ngi lm cho xong

(4): Qun l ch ng, tch cc. Sut qu trnh thc hin d n khng b ng v kinhph, nhn lc v tin m bo (l tng).

Mt phong cch qun l d n th ng c nhng c tnh:

Ngi qun l lun ng sau cc mc tiu ca d n Hp tp, b kch ng, ngh v tng lai ngn Khi lm quyt nh, ch ngh n cc kh khn tr ngi tm thi, trc mt,

khng ngh n liu rng c phi l 1 bc i ng hay khng. Khng kim sot c tnh th. Nhi khi phi thay i k hoch v t chc

Hu qu ca qun l d n th ng

Kt qu thu c khng n nh, phi sa li thng xuyn

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Tinh thn lm vic trong d n khng ci m, hp tc Nng sut thp, cng vic khng chy Ri lon trong iu hnh Khng s dng hiu qu ngun ti nguyn, nhn lc B ng trc nhng thay i: yu cu ca khch hng, bin ng v nhn s,

=> dn n tnh trng "ngi qun l d n b d n qun l" (the changesmanage the project managers, rather than the project managers managing thechanges)

H s d n km cht lng Ni chung => d n b chm tin , tiu vt qu kinh ph. Cht lng d n

khng m bo, cht lng kh nghi.

Cc nguyn l chung ca phng php lun qun l d n

Linh hot, mm do

V d:

- Lp lch biu thc hin khng cng nhc

- i hnh thc hin khng cng nhc

- Cng c thc hin d n khng cng nhc

- Nguyn vt liu s dng khng cng nhc

Hng kt qu, khng hng nhim v (nhm tho mn n v th hng ktqu d n)

V d:

- D n xy nh

Mc ch: xy nh p

Cc nhim v: mua vt liu, xy, trt, hon thin

- D n lm phn mm

Mc ch: c phn mm p ng yu cu

Nhim v: Thit k, lp trnh, kim th

Huy ng s tham gia ca mi ngi

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- K hoch khng phi l kt qu ca mt nhm ngi khn ngoan, c chn la,nhng ngi c tri ph cho cc nng lc c bit.

- Cn dn ch ho" vic lp k hoch.

- Nhng ngi tham gia d n phi ng gp tch cc cho k hoch, trnh thi thng.

- Trnh nhng thi chng i, khng chp nhn hay khng tun th.

Lm r trch nhim ca mi thnh vin

V d:

- D n phn mm:

Trch nhim ca ngi phn tch, thit k, lp trnh, kim th

- D n xy dng:

Trch nhim ca ngi thit k, ngi thi cng

Ti liu c ng v c cht lng

- Vic lm ti liu l rt quan trng, nhng

- Qu nhiu ti liu tc l c qu t thng tin!!!

Kt qu quan trng hn cng c hay k thut (kha cnh thc dng) To ra cc o tt ( c nh gi ng)

V d: D n lm phn mm. Cc o cho 1 nhn vin lp trnh

S dng lnh ca chng trnh Thi gian hon thnh mt module chng trnh S li pht hin ra khi kim th chng trnh S trang lm ti liu thuyt minh cho chng trnh Tc x l ca chng trnh Tnh thn thin (d s dng) ca chng trnh? Khng phi l mt o tt S d hiu, sng sa trong cch lp trnh? Khng phi l mt o tt Suy ngh mt cch nhn xa trng rng

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Ngi qun l d n

Bng phn vai trong d n

Ngi qun l d n (PM-Project Manager): Chu trch nhim chnh v ktqu ca d n. C vai tr ch cht trong vic xc nh cc mc ch v mctiu, xy dng cc k hoch d n, m bo d n c thc hin c hiu lcv hiu qu

Ngi ti tr d n (PS-Project sponsor). Cp tin cho d n hot ng, phduyt d n, quyt nh cho d n i tip hay cho cht gia chng.

T d n (PT - Project team). H tr cho Ngi qun l d n thc hinthnh cng d n. Bao gm nhng ngi va c k nng v nng lc

Khch hng. (Client): Th hng kt qu d n. Nu yu cu, c ngi h trd n. L ngi ch yu nghim thu kt qu d n

Ban lnh o (Senior Mangement): B nhim Ngi qun l d n v T dn, tham gia vo vic hnh thnh v xy dng d n

Cc nhm h tr (c th c nhiu hay t, tu tng d n): nhm t vn, nhmk thut, nhm th k, ...

Thc t Vit Nam: thng thng Ngi qun l d n l ngi ph trch ban iu lhnh (cn gi Ban qun l d n)z

La chn nhn s cho Ban d n v cc nhm chuyn mn

Cc tiu chun cn c Kin thc k thut C chuyn mn c bit g phc v d n? c kinh nghim vi d n tng t no cha? Hin c tham gia d n no khc khng? Nu c th khi no kt thc? C th dnh bao nhiu thi gian cho d n? Khi lng cng vic chuyn mn hin nay ca ngi ? c th gim bt? d

on thi gian ti? C th tham gia sut qu trnh d n c khng? C hng hi tham gia nhm d n khng? C truyn thng lm vic vi hiu qu cao khng? C ngn np v qun l thi gian tt khng? C tinh thn trch nhim khng? C tinh thn hp tc khng? Th trng ca ngi c ng h khng? Nhng iu nn trnh Tuyn chn nhng ngi ging mnh

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Thiu ngi c sng kin hay ham hc hi Hiu lm ni dung ca d n Trch nhim khng r rng Quyn hn khng r rng Phn vic khng u, khng r rng Khng xc nh c nhng ngi lin quan n d n Mc tiu chung khng r Thng tin khng thng sut Thnh vin thiu tin tng nhau - nghi k nhau quyn Li c nhn ca thnh vin khng ph hp vi cng vic ca d n Khng cam kt thc hin k hoch Khng c tinh thn ng i Khng quan tm ti cht lng cng vic

Ni v ngi qun l d n

- Trch nhim ca ngi qun l d n

L ngi c nh hng ti mi ngi t ti cc mc ch v mc tiu ca d n. Cnhng trng trch:

Nm vng nhng ni dung bao qut chung v cng vic, cu trc phn vic,lch biu v ngn sch.

Trao i vi cc anh em

Bao gm cc bo co, biu mu, bn tin, hi hp, v th tc lm vic. tng l traoi ci m v trung thc.

ng vin, khuy ng tinh thn lm vic

Bao gm khch l, phn vic, mi tham gia v u quyn.

Theo di cng vic

Bao gm theo di, thu thp hin trng v nh gi hin trng

H tr cho mi ngi Xy dng tp th vng mnh, bng nhiu cch, bao gm:

B nhim ngi ph trch

Phn b trch nhim

Khuyn khch tinh thn ng i

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Lm pht sinh lng nhit tnh

Thnh lp s thng nht ch huy

Qun l trch nhim

Cung cp mi trng lm vic tt

Trao i vi anh em

- Cc sc p trn vai ngi qun l d n

Nhng sc p lm cho ngi qun l thng ri vo phong cch qun l b ng. lcc sc p:

T pha khch hng Uy tn, danh d Ti chnh T th trng cp trn Th tc hnh chnh Nhn s (s ng thun, s hp tc, s "chung thu") Th trng (cnh tranh) Chun sn phm/bo m cht lng Ngun nhn lc hn ch Cng ngh

- Phm cht ca ngi qun l d n

Kh nng tm s, thng cm vi ngi khc. Ngi qun l d n phi ckh nng quan h tch cc vi mi ngi. H phi tch cc nghe v c khnng thng cm vi nhu cu ca mi ngi.

Kh nng din t. Ngi qun l d n phi c kh nng trnh by cc tng ca mnh di dng li v vit. Trnh by li thng xut hin vi ccd n v k nng trnh by tt l tuyt i cn thit ng vin t. K nngvit tt l cn thit chun b ti liu d n.

Tnh kin quyt. Ngi qun l d n phi khng trnh n vic a ra ccquyt nh cng rn. Mt khc cng khng nn hp tp trong nh gi. Tuynhin cn a ra quyt nh ng lc v chp nhn trch nhim v cc hu qu.

Tnh khch quan. Ngi qun l d n nn khch quan, c bit khi nhnnhng thng tin quan trng khng mun nghe.

Ton tm ton . Ngi qun l d n nn dn ton tm ton cho s thnhcng ca d n. Sn sng cung cp nhng h tr cn thit v k thut, iu hnhhnh v ti chnh hon thnh cc mc ch v mc tiu. Vic thiu nhit tnh

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c th tr thnh ly lan sang nhng ngi tham d khc, lm cho nng sut cth b gim.

u tu, gng mu, li cun. Ngi qun l d n cn c kh nng lm chomi ngi tham d vo d n v duy tr s tham d cho ti khi t c ccmc ch v mc tiu. Nu ngi qun l d n khng th ng vin c anhem th c nhm s khng thc hin tt cng vic

Trung thc. Nu ngi qun l d n khng t v mt ny, th vic qun l dn s rt kh khn. S tin tng s b suy gim, gy n tng khng tt ca anhem.

Nht qun. Ngi qun l d n khng th i chch tm nhn, ngoi tr nhnghon cnh bt kh khng. Ngi qun l d n phi ra cc quyt nh t ticc mc ch v mc tiu d n. Tnh nht qun nui dng cho s n nh vlm cho nhng ngi tham d thch ng vi hon cnh thay i. Vic thiunht qun hay dn n s bt ng.

Tm nhn xa trng rng. Ngi qun l d n phi c kh nng thy kt qucui cng, cho d n khng r rng trong nim ca nhng ngi khc. Hphi c kh nng hnh dung d n i ti u v bo m mi th xy ra tti tm nhn d n.

Phn ng tch cc. Ngi qun l d n khng i cho s vic xy ra ri mihnh ng. Phi a ra sng kin gi cho d n tin ln theo k hoch. Phichp nhn phc tp v s thay i. (Cha kho l qun l thay i ch khngphi phn ng th ng).

Nhng tr ngi cho vic qun l d n

Vic a vo k lut qun l d n khng d dng. Mt s ngi chng li victhc hnh qun l d n bi v h cm thy n ng chm ti "c lp chuynmn" ca mnh, mun "giu ngh"

Mt s khc c cm gic lun b "sm soi", theo di pht Mt s khc u tranh vi qun l d n bi v h cm thy n ngn cm s

sng to. Mt s ngi chng li qun l d n v kh chu vi nhng phin phc hnh

chnh (hp hnh, bo co, ly ch k, ...). Thc ra l nhng vic cn thitthc s

Vic ra quyt nh ca ngi qun l

Ra quyt nh l mt hnh ng quan trng ca ngi qun l.

Thc cht, qun l l mt qu trnh ra quyt nh

- Cc mc ra quyt nh: (tu vo tm nh hng ca quyt nh n mc tiu qunl)

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cp cao, cc quyt nh lin quan ti cc mc tiu chung cp trung gian, cc quyt nh lin quan ti cc mc tiu c th, cc vn

chuyn mn, cng ngh cp thp, cc quyt nh lin quan trc tip n s ch o thc hin v

nghip v trong hot ng

V d:

Qun l sn xut

Quyt nh tng thm/ ct gim 1 phn xng sn xut (cp cao) Quyt nh tng lng ng lot, ci tin ch tin thng (cp cao) Quyt nh ci tin 1 dy chuyn sn xut (cp trung gian hoc cp thp) Quyt nh tin hc ho qun l (cp cao hoc cp trung gian) Quyt nh tr lng 1 nhn vin vi phm k lut (cp thp) Quyt nh cho ton b nh my ngh 1 ngy i picnic tp th

Qun l trng i hc

Quyt nh quy ch tuyn sinh (cp cao) Quyt nh m thm 1 khoa mi (cp cao) Quyt nh tng/gim 1 mn hc (cp cao hoc cp trung gian) Quyt nh tng hc bng cho mt s hc sinh gii (cp trung gian) Quyt nh thay i lch thi (cp thp hoc cp trung gian)

- Nguyn tc ra quyt nh:

Khng ra quyt nh v vn khng cn thch hp

V d:

Khng ra quyt nh vi vng, khi vn cha chn

V d:

Khng ra quyt nh thiu hiu lc thi hnh

V d:

Khng ra quyt nh thuc trch nhim, quyn hn ca ngi khc

V d:

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Chng II. Lp k hoch d nChng II. Lp k hoch d n

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Xc nh vai tr trch nhim trong d n

n v ti tr d n

Cp tin cho d n hot ng, ph duyt d n, quyt nh cho d n i tip hay chocht gia chng.

B nhim ngi qun l d n Thit lp cc mc tiu ca d n v m bo rng nhng mc tiu ny c

p ng K cc hp ng php l, khi c yu cu Xt duyt v gii quyt cc yu cu cp thm tin pht sinh Xt duyt v gii quyt cc yu cu v quyt nh v thay i C quyn k duyt nhng thay i lin quan n phc tho d n K xc nhn nghim thu nhng kt qu ch cht nht K xc nhn kt thc d n

Khch hng

Th hng kt qu d n. Nu yu cu, c ngi h tr d n. L ngi ch yu nghimthu kt qu d n

Pht biu yu cu H tr cho t d n thng tin m bo thnh cng Xt duyt, nghim thu v k nhn sn phm bn giao

Ban lnh o (Ban ch o)

B nhim cc chc danh ca D n: Qun l d n, th k, cc trng nhm,....

Xt duyt v gii quyt nhng vn lin quan n ch o cp cao Xem xt tc ng ca d n ln cc d n khc v hot ng khc ca t chc/

n v Kim im tnh hnh thc hin d n m bo d n trong thc hin trong phm vi xc nh Hng dn v cc vn c lin quan ti qun l ri ro Xem xt v gii quyt cc yu cu Xem xt v t vn v nhng yu cu thay i d n

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T chuyn mn

Cung cp thng tin lp k hoch thc hin d n, cc cng vic phi lm,cc sn phm chuyn giao, v cc c lng

Hon thnh cc cng vic nh c xc nh trong bn k hoch d n Bo co hin trng cho ngi qun l d n Xc nh nhng thay i ngay khi xut hin

Mt vi hng dn tr gip

- Nng lc qun l ca trng nhm v s ngi trong mi nhm

Trng nhmS nm kinh nghim

Chuyn mn T chc Lnh o

S lng ti a thnh vin trong nhm

6 4 3 7 2

5 3 1 4 2

4 2 0 2 1

+ Chuyn mn: Kinh nghim v cng vic (phn tch, pht trin/lp trnh, bo tr, ...)

+ T chc: Kinh nghim v t chc lm phn mm v phng php lun pht trin

+ Lnh o: Kinh nghim v ph trch

V d:

+ Mt trng nhm, nu cha c kinh nghim v lnh o, khng nn b tr ph trchnhm nhiu hn 3 ngi

+ Mt nhm gm 7-9 ngi phi do 1 ngi ph trch c t nht 6 nm kinh nghim lmthc t, trong 4 nm t chc v 3 nm ph trch

- Thnh phn, c cu

Loi D n Mi trng pht trin phn mm % ngi lnh ngh % phn tch vin

C C 25-33 25-33

C Mi 33-50 25-33

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Mi C 33-50 33-50

Mi Mi 50-67 33-50

+ Loi d n v loi mi trng l c khi nhm pht trin phn mm c t nht 2 nmkinh nghim v d n v mi trng thc hin d n

+ Ngi lnh ngh l ngi c trn 5 nm kinh nghim trong cc cng vic lin quann pht trin phn mm

+ Phn tch vin l nhng ngi c hc v tng hun luyn ngi khc v vicxc nh bi ton v tm gii php cho ng dng.

Bin tng ca m hnh thc , th hin c th hnh ng kim th.

M hnh ng xon c

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Mi vng m l mt giai on ca m hnh thc

Mi giai on c 4 phm vi hot ng

- Lp k hoch

- Xc nh mc tiu, rng buc v cc chn la

- c lng cc chn la, ri ro v cch ch ng

- Pht trin

Mi ng ly tm l mt c hi hp kim im

Lm hnh mu (prototype)

Li im

Va hc va lm D i thoi vi ngi dng, li cun ngi dng vo vic D lm r yu cu nghip v Gim bt c cng vic bo tr sau ny

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Nhc im

Ngi dng c th hiu nhm gia 1 hnh mu v sn phm cui cng Pht sinh chi ph v thi gian cho vic lm hnh mu

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Ti liu m t d n

Mc ch v mc tiu ca d n

Mc ch: (Goals) l nhng m t d n s t ti ci g. Mc ch ni chung khng oc.

Mc tiu: (Objectives) l cc tp hp con (c th o c) ca mc ch. Vic t timt mc tiu s ni ln rng vic t ti cc mc ch tng th ca d n i n mcno.

Quan h gia mc ch v mc tiu

Mc tiu phi l:

Chi tit c th ca mc ch Ph ho v nht qun cho mc ch Khi tt c cc mc tiu t c, c ngha l mc ch t c

V d: D n xy cu

Mc ch:

Xy dng mt ci cu hin i qua sng Hng trong phm vi mt khong thi gian chophp v trong phm vi ngn sch cho php

Cc mc tiu h tr cho mc ch ny:

Cu ch c xe t c ti trng ti a 15 tn

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Trng lng cu cn nh hn 20% so vi cc cy cu hin nay c cng chiu di

Tui th ca cu phi m bo trn 50 nm

m bo cho 4 ln xe t chy, 2 ln xe my v 2 ln ngi i b

Kinh ph cp pht 5 triu la

Cu s xy xong trc ngy 2 thng 9 nm xxxx.

v.v...

Ch : Cha cn m t thit k k thut ca cy cu

V d 2: D n xy dng bnh vin tnh

Mc ch ca d n: Xy dng mt bnh vin a khoa hin i, phc v vic cha bnhv chm sc sc kho cho nhn dn trong tnh

Cc mc tiu ca d n:

Bnh vin c khun vin 20 000 met vung Bnh vin c 20 phng ni tr, vi 300 ging bnh Bnh vin c cc Khoa: Tim/mch, xng, .... Bnh vin c khong 50 bc s, 100 y t, 200 h l lm vic v phc v nhn

dn Kinh ph d kin: 4 triu USD Thi gian d kin: 2 nm

V d 3: n Tin hc ho qun l hnh chnh Nh nc, giai on 2001-2005

Mc ch d n: Xy dng v a vo hot ng h thng thng tin in t ca ngv Chnh ph, nhm nng cao hiu lc, hiu qu iu hnh ca Chnh ph, Th tngChnh ph, Lnh o cc B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph v chnhquyn a phng cc cp.

Cc mc tiu d n

a/ Nng cp mng Tin hc din rng Chnh ph

b/ o to tin hc cho lc lng cn b vin chc trong cc c quan qun l nh nc

c/ Xy dng cc c s d liu quc gia (C s d liu quc gia v h thng vn bn quyphm php lut, C s d liu quc gia v cn b, cng chc, C s d liu quc gia v

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dn c, C s d liu quc gia v ti nguyn t, C s d liu quc gia v ti chnh,v.v...)

d/ Tin hc ho cc dch v cng: ng k kinh doanh, cp giy php xy dng, cp giychng nhn quyn s dng t, v.v...

Thi gian thc hin n : 5 nm 2001-2005

Kinh ph thc hin n: 1000 t VND

Ti liu m t d n

L ti liu xc nh ra phm vi ca d n v trch nhim ca nhng ngi tham d.

L c s thng nht kin trong s nhng bn tham gia d n. Khi thng nht v nidung ti liu m t d n , khch hng, ngi ti tr d n v ngi qun l d n coinh nht tr:

V cc mc ch v mc tiu ca d n. Ai chu trch nhim lm vic g

Thng thng, khi xy dng ti liu m t d n, ny sinh nhng bt ng kin.

Ti liu m t d n cn xem nh bn cam kt gia ngi qun l d n, ngi ti trd n v khch hng. Khi tt c cc bn k k c ngha l ng tun th theo nidung ca ti liu m t d n. Thm ch c th t iu kin rng vic khng tun thsau ny s b pht.

- Ni dung ch yu ca ti liu m t d n

Gii thiu d n

M t ngn gn v d n

Gii thch ca d n v xc nh nhng bn tham gia chnh

C th bao gm mt s thng tin v bi cnh lch s

Mc ch v mc tiu Phm vi d n

Xc nh ranh gii ca d n

Sn phm kt qu ca d n

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Nhng g c a vo trong d n v nhng g b a ra ngoi khun kh d n

Nhng ngi lin quan chnh

L nhng c nhn hoc tp th chu tc ng trc tip ca d n.

Ngun nhn lc thc hin d n

Xc nh ngun nhn lc ch cht, cng vi trch nhim ca mi ngi (hoc nhmngi) s m nhn.

Khng nn ch xc nh cc ngun nhn lc bn trong 1 t chc

Cc im mc thi gian quan trng Kinh ph

Nu c th, kinh ph c phn chia theo tng giai on

La chn cng ngh pht trin phn mm Phn hiu chnh/iu chnh

Ghi li nhng im chnh sa so vi ln phc tho u tin

Ch k cc bn lin quan

- V d: M t d n "Gii to v Di dn xm liu Thanh Nhn"

Tn d n: Nh trn

Ngi qun l d n : ng Nguyn vn X

Danh sch Ban qun l d n:

- ng Nguyn Vn X, trng ban

- ng A (chc danh)

- B B (chc danh)

- ng C (chc danh)

Ch u t: UBND qun Hai B Trng - Tp Ha Noi

Gii thiu d n:

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- Thnh ph chun b xy dng Cng vin tui tr trn din tch 12 ha. Cn gii phngmt bng ti xm liu Thanh Nhn .......

Mc ch v mc tiu d n:

Mc ch: Di chuyn ton b dn c ti xm liu Thanh Nhn ri i ni khc, giiphng mt bng.

Mc tiu: - Di chuyn 5000 dn thuc 800 h dn c trong cc cm dn c C1, C2,...phng PPP, Qun QQQ

- Thi hn di chuyn: phi xong trc ngy 01 thng 6 nm 2001

- Ni nh c mi: Cc Khu Tp th Linh m, Php Vn, Trung Ho,...

Phm vi d n:

Lp k hoch di dn, la chn cc n v, cng ty h tr v phi hp v thc hin dichuyn. Nhng dn c thuc cc din sau l nm trong phm vi ca d n

- Thuc cc cm C1, C2,...

- C h khu thng tr

- C cc loi giy chng nhn s dng t, s hu nh,

Nhng ngi lin quan chnh trong d n

- Nhng dn c thuc din n b

- Nhng dn c sinh sng trong phm vi gii to nhng khng thuc din n b

- .....

Ti nguyn d n (ngun nhn lc)

- Cng an qun, Cng an phng

- UBND Qun, phng

- Cty xy dng v pht trin nh TP H Ni

- Lc lng thanh nin xung phong tnh nguyn thuc trng H Kinh t Quc dn

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- ......

Cc im mc thi gian quan trng

- Khi ng d n: thng 1 nm 2001

- Xong h s cng vic: thng 3 nm 2001

- Duyt danh sch nhng c nhn v h gia nh trong din gii to: thng 5 nm 2001

- Sp xp vo cc a ch mi - t 1 (30%): thng 7 nm 2001

- Sp xp vo cc a ch mi - t 2 (40%): thng 10 nm 2001

- Sp xp vo cc a ch mi - t 3: (30%): thng 2 nm 2002

- Gii quyt cc trng hp c bit : thng 4 nm 2002

- ....

Kinh ph. 40 t VND, c phn b vo cc thi im sau:

- Sau khi ph dut d n: 5 t

- Thng 5 nm 2001: 15 t

- Thng 11 nm 2001: 15 t

- Thng 3 nm 2002: 5 t

Hiu chnh/iu chnh

Cha c g

Ch k cc bn lin quan

n v ti tr d n

Ngi qun l d n

i din Cng An qun Hai B Trng

i din Cty xy dng v pht trin nh TP H Ni

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- Ti liu m t cho d n cng ngh thng tin

M t d n

Bi cnh thc hin d n

Hin trng s dng CNTT trc khi c d n

Nhu cu phi ng dng phn mm

Mt s c im ca phn mm s xy dng

Xy dng t u hay k tha mt h thng tin hc c sn

Xy dng ton b h thng hay ch 1 b phn

Mc ch v mc tiu ca d n

Mc ch tng th ca phn mm: Tin hc ha hot ng g?

Mc tiu ca phn mm: (c gng c th ha cc mc tiu minh ha cho mc ch)

Khi lng d liu m phn mm phi x l

Nhng hot ng nghip v c tin hc ha

Li ch thu c sau khi p dng phn mm

....

Phm vi d n

Nhng ngi c lin quan n ng dng ca phn mm

Nhng hot ng nghip v c tin hc ha/cha c tin hc ha

Ngun nhn lc thc hin d n (s lng + tiu chun la chn)

Cn b nghip v

+ i din cho ngi dng

+ Am hiu nghip v

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Ngi phn tch

Ngi thit k

Ngi lp trnh

Ngi kim th

Ngi ci t, trin khai

Ngi hun luyn cho ngi s dng

Ngi bo hnh, bo tr

....

Cc im mc quan trng

- Ngy nghim thu ln 1

- Ngy nghim thu ln 2

- Ngy a phn mm vo ng dng

- .....

Cc bc tin hnh khi lm ti liu m t d n

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Lu

- Nhng im cn trnh trong vic xc nh d n

Ni dung khng y (c bit l cc rng buc i vi d n) C nhng yu cu khng kh thi => sau ny khng th p ng c. Trnh vit nhng cu vn khng r ngha => dn n hiu nhm Kinh nghim thc t: Bn phc tho d n c cc bn k vo, nhng b

ct k v khng ai xem li. n khi thc hin d n c th c nhng thay i,nhng khng ai c. Khng nn coi rng nhng thay i c cc bnnht tr.

- Cng b v khai trng d n

Cng b quyt nh ph duyt d n Hp khai trng d n

- Nu sau khi khai trng d n, khng kh li lng xung, nn lm g?

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Lp tc triu tp cuc hp ngn vi cc t vin ng vin, khch l cc t vin Gii quyt mi t tng lo ngi, thiu tin tng, v khng hiu r v chng

trnh cng vic. Hi cc thnh vin xem c vn g khng. Nhc cc thnh vin phng v pht hin cc ri ro nh hng n d n.

La chn cng ngh thc hin d n

- Gip cho vic xc nh

Cc yu cu chuyn mn i vi nhng thnh vin

Mi trng pht trin phn mm

Cc cng vic cn chun b cho vic bo tr h thng

- Cn lm r nhng im sau

H thng phn cng, my tnh, thit b

H thng mng, website

H iu hnh

H qun tr c s d liu

C s d liu tp trung hay phn tn

Ngn ng v cng c pht trin phn mm

Phn mm xy dng l mt cng c tng qut hay l phn mm chuyn dng

Phn mm c nh hng nh th no i vi ngi s dng, c gy ra nguy him khng(tnh quan trng ca vic kim th phn mm)

Mi trng vn hnh phn mm

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La chn m hnh pht trin phn mm

M hnh thc

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Bng cng vic

Cch thc hon thnh mc ch v mc tiu l to ra bng cng vic, xy dng ccc lng thi gian, xy dng lch trnh thc hin, phn b lc lng, tnh chi ph, vqun l ri ro.

Bng cng vic (BCV). Lit k phn cp cc sn phm, sn phm ph, cc cng vicchnh/ph cn thit hon thnh d n. Mt BCV l cn c xy dng cc c lngthi gian v chi ph c ch, lch trnh thc hin

c lng thi gian. c lng thi gian theo cc cng vic chnh/ph c lit ktrong BCV. C mt s k thut c lng c th p dng

Lch trnh thc hin. T BCV v cc c lng thi gian xy dng lch biu.

- Xc nh mi quan h logic gia cc cng vic

- p dng cc c lng thi gian cho mi cng vic

- Tnh ngy thng cho tng cng vic, c lu n cc rng buc i &vi d n. Qualch biu s thy r c nhng cng vic "cng thng" nhm hon thnh d n nghn.

Phn b lc lng, ti nguyn

- Ti nguyn ca d n: con ngi, cung cp, vt t, trang b v khng gian lm vic.

Sau khi duyt li cc ti nguyn, c th xc nh liu ti nguyn c hon thnh snphm hay khng.

Tnh chi ph

Bao gm chi ph cho tng cng vic v cho ton b d n.

Chi ph c tnh cui cng chnh l kinh ph cn cp. Trong khi thc hin d n, ngiqun l d n theo di hiu qu chi ph so vi kinh ph.

Kim sot ri ro

Ri ro l mt s kin c th e do v cn tr d n thc hin nhng mong mun c xc nh trong ti liu d n ca nhng ngi quan tm/hoc c quyn li i vid n. Khi mt ri ro thc s xy ra th phi lo m gii quyt.

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Cn lng trc cng nhiu cng tt cc ri ro :

- Hn ch s xut hin

- Nu ri ro xut hin, hn ch thit hi cho d n

Khi nim v bng cng vic (BCV)

BCV l mt danh sch chi tit nhng g cn c hon thnh mt d n. Vic xy dngBCV buc ngi qun l d n phi vt c ngh ra nhng g phi lm hon thnh dn. Nu lm BCV tt, s xc nh chnh xc cc bc hon thnh d n.

BCV l c s c lng chi ph. T BCV s c 1 bc tranh chung v kinh ph d n

BCV l c s xc nh trch nhim gia cc c nhn

BCV l c s xy dng lch trnh thc hin d n.

Tham gia xy dng BCV: ngi qun l d n, khch hng, thnh vin t, ngi ti trd n v Ban qun l d n.

Cu trc BCV

C chiu hng trn xung. Bt u t sn phm ton b v chia n ra thnh nhng yut nh hn.

So snh: Chun b dn bi cho mt bi vn. Mi ch u c chia thnh nhng ch con, v mi ch con li c chia thm na thnh cc phn nh.

Ch : Quan h gia m t cng vic v m t sn phm

Sn phm: danh t (bao gm: u vo, u ra, ng tc x l)

Cng vic: ng t, m t mt qu trnh hot ng, x l

BCV c th c phn thnh nhiu mc. Khng phi tt c "nhnh" ca BCV u cnchi tit cng s mc. Mi mc cho php to ra lch biu v bo co tm tt thng tin titng mc .

BCV ch vit "ci g", ch khng vit "nh th no";

Trnh t ca tng cng vic l khng quan trng. (Mc du quen c t tri sang phi).Xc nh trnh t trong giai on lp lch trnh

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BCV bao gm hai thnh phn chnh.

- Danh sch sn phm: DSSP (Product Breakdown Structure)

- Danh sch cng vic: DSCV (Task Breakdown Structure)

DSSP: m t theo trnh t t trn xung

Mc phn cp tu theo phc tp ca sn phm. Ni chung, sn phm cng phctp th s cc mc cng ln hn.

Sn phm ton b v tng sn phm con c m t bng danh t.

DSCV: xc nh cc cng vic cn thc hin xy dng tng sn phm conv chung cuc xy dng nn sn phm ton b.

DSCV c chia thnh nhiu mc v m t t trn xung di.

Mi cng vic u c m t bng ng t (hnh ng) v mt b ng.

Kt hp c 2 danh sch sn phm v danh sch cng vic, ta c Bng cng vic chi tit

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C phn DSSP v DSCV u c nh m duy nht. M s xc nh v tr, hay mc,ca phn t trong BCV

Lu : Na trn ca BCV bao gm cc m t sn phm

Na di ca BCV bao gm cc m t cng vic ( ra c sn phm)

Cc bc xy dng BCV

Vic xy dng mt BCV tt, phi mt nhiu gi- thm ch hng ngy - lm vic ct lcv sa cha.

Bc 1. Vit ra sn phm chung nht. Dng danh t hay thut ng m t trc tip 1cch vn tt (v d: H thng phn mm qun l nhn s, Bnh vin a khoa, Cu mi,....). Thng tin ly t ti liu "Phc tho d n"

Bc 2. To danh sch sn phm: Phn r sn phm chung nht thnh cc sn phm con cc mc thp hn. Ni chung, khong 2-3 mc di l .

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Bc 3. To lp Danh sch cng vic M t cc cng vic di mi sn phm mcthp nht.

Sau phn r tng cng vic ra thnh cc mc thp hn.

Cu hi: Phn r chi tit cng vic n mc no?

Tr li: Nu mt cng vic cn lm nhiu hn 2 tun (hoc 80 gi) th nn phn r tip.

Bc 4. nh m cho mi ca Bng Cng vic.

Mc 0: nh m 0.0 cho sn phm chung nht

Mc 1: nh cc m 1.0, .2.0, 3.0 cho cc sn phm con

nh s tip mi trong BCV mt m s duy nht, theo cch sau:

- T trn xung di

- T tri sang phi

- Nu l 1.0. => nh s tip l 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, ....

- Nu l 1.1 => nh tip l 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, ...

- Nu l 1.2 => nh tip 1.2.1, 1.2.2, .....

- Khng phn bit ni dung trong 1 l sn phm hay cng vic

V d:

0.0

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3

1.1.1 1.1.2 3.2.1 3.2.2

Bc 5. Xt duyt li BCV

- Tt c cc thuc danh sch sn phm u c danh t (v c th tnh t i km),

- Tt c cc thuc danh sch cng vic c ng t ra lnh v b ng,

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- Tt c cc u c m duy nht.

Bng cng vic cho d n CNTT

Trnh by bng cng vic theo trch nhim. V d:

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Nhng im cn lu

- Cc cch dn dng khc nhau trn mt BCV

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Dn dng theo trnh t, cng on

- Bt u bng sn phm chung nht, trn cng

- Lit k danh sch cc sn phm theo giai on

- Vit nt phn danh sch cng vic

V d:

BCV theo giai on

Dn dng theo phn s/trch nhim

- Bt u bng sn phm chung nht, trn cng

- Phn chia theo cc trch nhim khc nhau

- Vit nt phn danh sch cng vic

V d:

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Cc cch trnh by khc nhau i vi BCV

Cng mt BCV c th c nhiu cch trnh by.

a/ Trnh by trn bng trng to, dng vi cc mnh giy dnh mu vng

Mi l 1 t dnh => d thay i, di chuyn

b/ V BCV trn bng trng to, v cho n khi no xong th thi, chp ra giy

c/ V trn giy. Khng thch hp i vi cc d n ln

d/ V trn my tnh. C th d dng sa i v lu li cc phin bn khc nhau

Trong mi cch trnh by, cui cng BCV bt buc phi in ra giy, theo mt quy nhno .

Chng hn:

0.0 sn phm chung nht

1.0 sn phm con 1.0

1.1 sn phm con 1.1

1.1.1 m t cng vic 1.1.1

1.1.2 m t cng vic 1.1.2

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1.2 sn phm con 1.2

2.0 sn phm con 2.0

3.0 sn phm con 3.0

v.v...

Cn phi vit trn my tnh .

Ngun thng tin xy dng BCV: Ti liu, v Con ngi

Ti liu:

Ti liu c lin quan ti d n: Phc tho d n, bo co nghin cu tin kh thi, boco nghin cu kh thi

Ti liu khng lin quan ti d n: cho cc thng tin ph tr. V d: s t chc cquan, cc th tc hnh chnh, quy tc lm vic, ...

Con ngi: Nhng ngi c mi quan h trc tip, hay gin tip, vi d n. Tiu chun ca mt BCV tt Mi nhnh ca BCV c chi tit ti mc thp nht, (qui tc 80 gi) Mi ca BCV c nh s duy nht. Mi ca Danh sch sn phm c th hin bng danh t (v tnh t) Mi ca Danh sch cng vic c th hin bng ng t v b ng. Mi cng vic trong BCV, u c xc nh y c phn hi v chp thun t mi ngi lin i n BCV

Lu : Mi ngi chp thun BCV khng c ngha l khng th thay i. Khi d n tintrin, c th cp nht BCV, vi nhng phn xt tht kht khe.

t ti s ng thun (gim thiu s chng i) Ly ch k ca nhng ngi c lin quan (trc tip hoc gin tip) Chun b bn tho ca BCV, gi cho mi ngi c trc Hp tho lun, i n nht tr v k Kim sot cc phin bn ca BCV

Nguyn tc: khng bao gi nn vt b cc phin bn trc, cn bit c nhng rcri ny sinh do s thay i.

i khi c th quyt nh tr li bn gc ban u.

Cn ghi ngy thng cho tng phin bn nh s hiu phin bn.

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c lng thi gian

c lng thi gian kh hn xy dng bng cng vic. Nguyn tc: c lng thi gian cho mi cng vic nh, t c c s c

lng ton b thi gian cho d n (Bottom-up) c lng thi gian s l c s nh gi tin ca qu trnh thc hin d

n. Trong khi c lng thi gian, xc nh lun cng vic no quan trng hn

cng vic no, cng vic no phi lm trc cng vic no => l c s xydng lch biu thc hin d n

Cc k thut lm c lng thi gian

c lng phi khoa hc

- Da trn kinh nghim ch quan, cm tnh

- Nhanh v d dng,

- Kt qu thiu tin cy.

Ch nn dng trong cc trng hp

- i ng chuyn mn rt c kinh nghim, c k nng cao, i hnh c nh

- D n quy nh, bt buc phi theo

c lng PERT

Thch hp i vi nhng d n

- i hi tnh sng to

- coi trng cht lng kt qu cng vic hn l thi gian hon thnh d n

Cng thc PERT

- Cn lm ba c lng thi gian cho mi cng vic

- Kt hp li c con s cui cng.

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c lng kh d nht (ML-Most Likely): thi gian cn hon thnh cngvic trong iu kin "bnh thng" hay "hp l".

c lng lc quan nht (MO-Most Optimistic): thi gian cn honthnh cng vic trong iu kin "tt nht" hay "l tng" (khng c tr ngino)

c lng bi quan nht (MP-Most Pessimistic): thi gian cn hon thnhcng vic mt cch "ti nht" (y tr ngi)

c lng cui cng tnh theo cng thc:

(MO + 4(ML) + MP)/6

- V d: cc cng vic lin quan n lp mng ni b cho c quan

(EST: estimation - c lng thi gian lm d n)

n v tnh: ngy

Tn cng vic MO ML MP EST

V s v khoan tng 2 3 5 3.2

Lp cc ng gen 1 2 4 2.2

i dy 1 2 4 2.2

Lp cc hp ni 0.5 1 2 1

Lp cc my tnh, my ch, Hub 2 3 3 2.8

Kt ni cc my tnh, my ch vo h thng dy mng 1 2 4 2.2

Th xem mng thng cha 0.5 1 10 2.4

Tng thi gian 8 14 32 16

Sau , tng thm "mt t thi gian" cho mi cng vic (thi gian tiu ph gia chng).Thng thng tng thm 7% - 10%

Tn cng vic EST % EST cui cng

V s v khoan tng 3.2 10% 3.52

Lp cc ng gen 2.2 10% 2.42

i dy 2.2 10% 2.42

Lp cc hp ni 1 10% 1.1

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Lp cc my tnh, my ch, Hub 2.8 10% 3.08

Kt ni cc my tnh, my ch vo h thng dy mng 2.2 10% 2.42

Th xem mng thng cha 2.4 10% 2.64

Tng thi gian 16 10% 17.6

u im ca PERT

Buc phi tnh n rt nhiu yu t (nu mun c c MO, MP). Buc Ngi qun l d n phi trao i vi nhiu ngi (t c s ng

thun) Gi tr nhn c l gi tr cn bng gia 2 thi cc => c ngha v ng tin

cy Lm cho vic lp k hoch tr nn chi tit hn. Nu gp mt c lng l qu

ln (vt qu 2 tun hoc 80 gi) => phi phn r cng vic

Nhc im ca PERT

- Mt thi gian (ca 1 ngi v ca c tp th), khi d n c qu nhiu cng vic. (Tuynhin: Th mt thi gian ban u cn hn mt thi gian sau ny)

- C th xy ra: tranh lun hng gi v gi tr bi quan nht cho cng vic => c nguy clm cho mi ngi chn nn. (Tuy nhin: cn phi xem li nhng ngi t ra chn nn:trnh chuyn mn, tinh thn vt kh, ...)

- C th dn n nhng tng ton rt vn vt => lm cho Ngi qun l d n ch "thycy m khng thy rng". (Tuy nhin: c th dng EXCEL tr gip)

Nng sut ton cc

Gi thit l tng rng mi th u hon ho 100%

Xy dng bng "khim khuyt" i vi cng vic. Khim khuyt l nhng im c thnh hng xu n tin cng vic. V d:

Khim khuyt Phn trm

Tinh thn thp 15%

K nng cha cao 5%

Cha quen lm trong d n 10%

Trang thit b khng tt 5%

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M t cng vic m h 10%

Tng cng 45%

Nng sut ton cc

100% + 45% = 145%

T suy ra thi gian c tnh thc hin cng vic (quy tc tam sut). C th:

Thi gian l tng T gi 100%

Thi gian c lng x gi 145%

x = T x 145% (gi)

Nhn xt:

Rt n gin, mang tnh ch quan Nhanh. Khi iu chnh bng "khim khuyt" => d dng tnh li thi gian. Thun tin => hay c dng Nghi ng v tnh chnh xc????

Cc bc khi lm c lng

1. Khng nh Bng Cng Vic (BCV) l tt2. Lit k cc cng vic trong BCV, vit trong bng c lng, c dng

S hiu M t cng vic Gi Ngy

1.2.1 ........ .... ....

1. Xc nh nhng ngi cn trao i khi lm c lng (i vi tng cng vic)2. Hp ring tng ngi3. Thc hin tnh ton4. Hp c nhm thng nht chung, c th chnh sa li s liu. Ghi li bin bn

v ly ch k

7. Phn pht bin bn cui cng cho mi ngi.

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Nhng im cn lu

- Nhng tr ngi gp phi khi c lng, khin cho c lng l khng chnh xc

Thiu thng tin, thiu tri thc. V d: mt cng vic chuyn mn do nhngchuyn gia k thut cao m nhim, lm th no bit c h thc hintrong bao nhiu ngy?

Khng lng trc c nhng phc tp k thut Khng lng trc c s ho thun hay bt ha ca nhng thnh vin khi

thc hin d n Sau khi a ra mt c lng thi gian ri, c lng c th b nhng

kin khc gp : c tnh thu ngn li hoc dn di ra. => ly kin t vn Sc p ca cp trn: thng mun thu ngn thi gian thc hin cng vic. Thiu thi gian cn nhc, tnh ton. Thiu thi gian gp g, trao i vi

cc thnh vin d n, vi khch hng. Hn hp v kinh ph => khng cho php d kin thi gian di d tho ng. Nhng kh khn trong hp tc khi xy dng c lng thi gian: nhng ngi

khc (khch hng, thnh vin d n) khng cung cp (hoc che du) thngtin.

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Pht biu khng r rng v mc ch, mc tiu ca d n v kt qu (sn phm)d n. nhng c lng v thi gian u ch l cm tnh m khng da trnnhng cn c chnh xc.

Bng Cng Vic c xy dng khng tt Trc khi c lng thi gian cho cng vic, nn xem li xem BCV vit

r rng, chi tit cha. Vi cc cng vic gn ging nhau => c lng thi gian cng gn ging

nhau, khng qu chnh lch. Khng bao gi c c c lng chnh xc hon ton. C gng sao cho c

c c lng hp l. Vic c lng mang tnh ch quan. Do nu c th kt hp c vi nhng

kin nh gi c lp ca ngi khc chnh li c lng cho mnh. Tuynhin, nhng kin ca ngi khc ch tham kho, khng nn chp nhnmt cch vi v.

Hy vit ti liu khi c lng. Ti liu ny l c s trao i vi mi ngi,ng thi cng mang tnh cht mt bn cam kt (v tm l) ca nhng ngisau ny s tham gia cng vic.

Khi c lng thi gian qu cao Kim chng li khng nh tnh hp l ca c lng (c c lng

no b thi phng?) So snh vi nhng d n tng t lm C th thu hp phm vi cng vic Tm cch tit kim thi gian (dng li nhng kt qu c trc y,

...) Gim cht lng sn phm (!!!) C gng tuyn chn nhng nhn vin k thut c trnh cao hn (chi

ph li cao hn!!!) ngh cung cp thit b tt, mi (tuy nhin: nhn t quyt nh vn l

con ngi!!!) Khi c lng qu thp Kim chng li khng nh tnh hp l ca c lng (c c lng no b

p xung?) Tng ln mt cht (nhn thm 1 t l %), b p cho tnh "lc quan" trong khi

c lng Thch thc nhng ngi tham gia cng vic: bt k cam kt !!!

Mt s hng dn tr gip c lng thi gian cho d n CNTT

- Chi ph thi gian ca lp trnh vin

(iu tra ca Bell Labs)

Vit chng trnh 13%

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c ti liu hng dn 16%

Thng bo, trao i cng vic, vit bo co 32%

Vic ring 13%

Vic linh tinh khc 15%

Hun luyn 6%

Gi mail, chat 5%

(iu tra ca IBM)

Lm vic mt mnh 30%

Trao i cng vic 50%

Lm nhng cng vic khc, khng phc v trc tip cho cng vic 20%

S chung

Gii thch s : V d

+ Mc d vic phn tch yu cu l chnh yu trong giai on phn tch yu cu, nhngnhng cng vic ny vn cn tip din trong cc giai on sau, vi mc t hn

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+ Khi kt thc giai on ci t, khong

46% thnh vin tham gia khu kim th h thng

15% chun b cho kim th nghim thu

7% theo di v p ng cc thay i ca yu cu

12% phi thit k cc thay i

20% vit lnh mi, sa lnh c, v tch hp cc sa i vo phn mm

c tnh s tng trng ca m ngun

S tp trung n lc ca cc thnh vin

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Kh khn trong vic c lng thi gian lm phn mm:

Phn mm cha lm bao gi (khc vi nhng d n k thut khc) Kh dng li nhng kinh nghim ca cc d n trc y Cng ngh thay i Kh phn ranh gii r rng gia cc giai on. V d

Kim th c bao gm vic "bt rn" (debug) hay khng?

Thit k c bao gm vic v s cu trc chng trnh khng?

Cng sc v thi gian cn ph thuc vo mt vi yu t khc

Loi d n Mi trng p dng H s nhn d phng

C C 1

C Mi 1.4

Mi C 1.4

Mi Mi 2

+ Loi d n l c nu c hn 2 nm kinh nghim

+ Mi trng p dng l c nu c hn 2 nm kinh nghim

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Cng sc v thi gian cn ph thuc vo tay ngh ca nhm pht trin (nhmlp trnh)

S nm kinh nghim H s nhn

10 0.5

8 0.6

6 0.8

4 1

2 1.4

1 2.6

Mt s phng cch c lng

+ Hi kin chuyn gia

+ So vi nhng d n tng t lm c s liu so snh. Tuy nhin iu ny khngphi bao gi cng cho kt qu tt.

V d v mt c quan lm nhiu d n phn mm

(B.A. Kitchenham and N.R. Taylor, Software Project Development, Journal of Systemsand Software, 5/1985)

Thit k (%) Lp trnh (%) Kim th (%) Ngi*thng SLOC

D n 1 23 32 45 17 6050

D n 2 12 59 26 23 8300

D n 3 11 83 6 32 13300

D n 4 21 62 18 4 5900

D n 5 10 44 45 17 3300

D n 6 28 44 28 68 38990

D n 7 21 74 5 10 38600

D n 8 7 66 27 19 12760

D n 9 14 38 47 60 26500

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T bng trn khng th rt ra quy lut g !!!

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Xc nh ri ro

nh ngha ri ro

- Ri ro l mt s kin c th e do v cn tr vic thc hin d n theo tin thigian v trong khun kh ngn sch.

- Kim sot ri ro nhm ngn chn v gim thiu nhng tn tht do ri ro gy ra cho dn

Xc nh v phng nga ri ro

- Xc nh ra nhng s kin khng mong mun c th xy ra (gi l nhng e do)

Ch : C 2 loi ri ro (e do):

Ri ro khng th d on trc (ho hon, c ngi cht t t, khng b, ....),hoc xc sut xy ra qu thp

Ri ro c th d on trc

=> Ch nn ngh n nhng loi ri ro c th d on c

V d:

Mt n nhn vin ngh sinh con (d on trc c) Mt trm (khng d on trc c) Mt nhn vin c c quan b tr cho i hc nc ngoi trong nhiu thng

(on trc c) Mt k s gii b sang c quan (hoc Cng ty) khc (phi d on trc) Mt nhn vin no b tai nn giao thng, tai nn lao ng (khng d on

c) My tnh b virus (phi lng trc) Gi thu vn phng tng (d on c) Th trng phi hp quc hi trong nhiu tun, khng ai k t trnh (d on

c) Thay i b my lnh o, ban lnh o mi c th khng theo di d n t

u, khng to iu kin thun li (d on c???) Hng ho, thit b v mun hn so vi d kin (d on c) Tin mt gi (d on trc) v.v...

Bng lit k mt vi loi ri ro

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1. Ri ro "chnh tr"

- Ni chin, thay i chnh quyn

- Thay i lut php

- Thay i chnh sch

- Thay i ngi lnh o

2. Ri ro "th trng"

- Gi thnh vt t, nguyn liu

- Gi thnh sn phm

3. Ri ro "ti chnh"

- Li sut

- T gi hi oi

- Lm pht

4. Ri ro "cng ngh"

- Thay i cng ngh

5. Ri ro v t chc, nhn s

- Mu thun gia cc c nhn, cc tp th

- Gim ngi v nhiu l do khc nhau

6. v.v...

Bng phn loi nguy him ca ri ro

Tc ng n DAKhnng Xy ra

Tc ngmcThp

Tc ngmcTrung bnh Tc ng mcCao

70- 90% Trung bnh(TB) CaoKhng chp nhn(KCN)

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40-60% Thp Cao Khng chp nhn(KCN)

10-30% Thp Trung bnh (TB) Cao

- nh gi (phn tch) ri ro

- Xc nh xc sut xut hin (thp, trung bnh, cao) i vi nhng e da

- M t tc hi n k thut, tin trin cng vic v ti chnh ca d n (c th quy rathi gian v tin bc th cng tt)

- Qun l ri ro: L vic xc nh cc bin php, phng sch cn tin hnh ngn cne do khi xut hin hay lm gim nh tc ng ca e do nu n xy ra.

Cc phng sch cn lm qun l ri ro:

Sa i li cc c lng thi gian v chi ph xut k hoch d phng, kinh ph d phng Tn dng s tham gia, phi hp ca mi ngi vo vic hn ch ri ro. Tp trung vo kim sot nhng cng vic trng yu nht, c nh hng ln

nht n s thnh cng ca d n. Lp bng "Qun l ri ro", c dng sau:

V d:

Tn d n "Xy dng h thng phn mm "Qun l nhn s" v "Qun l k ton" chodoanh nghip XXXX

Cngvic(trongbngcngvic)

Nhng ri ro c th xy ra

Mc nhhng(Cao,TB,Thp)

Xc sut xy ra(kinh nghimca Ngiqun l d n)

Mc nguyhim vBin phpd phng

Xcnh yucu

Xc nh yu cu khng r rng Cao 50% (KCN)

-nt- ca th trung v ca nhnvin l khc nhau Cao 10% (Cao)

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-nt - Ngi cn phng vn vng mt(i hc tp trung) Cao 20% (Cao)

-nt-

C nhng yu cu v l, khnglm phn mm c (v d: qunl qu en, qun l quan h ringt ca cn b, ...)

Cao 40% (KCN)

Thit kphnmm

K s thit k cha c kinhnghim, phi chnh sa nhiu ln Cao 20% (Cao)

-nt- Thit k khng tng thch vi hthng lp bo coTrungbnh 10% (TB)

-nt- - K s thit k chnh sp ci v Trungbnh 99% (Cao)

Lptrnhchophnmm

- Mt nhn vin lp trnh sp ilm MASTER Aust.

Trungbnh 50% (KCN)

-nt - - Trong thi gian ti s i chunch Vit Thp 100% (TB)

-nt -- Trong thi gian ti, c thkhch hng s dng Linux +MySQL

Trungbnh 50% (Cao)

v.v...

- Lu :

D n cng ln th ri ro cng nhiu. Vic d bo ri ro ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi Ngi qun l d n Kim sot ri ro khng nhm loi b ri ro, ch nhm hn ch ti thiu thit hi

ca ri ro. Khng th loi tr c trit Khng phi c tp trung ht sc ngn chn v phng ri ro l tt, v c

th phi tr gi t, nu ri ro khng xy ra. Do , cn d bo ri ro chnh xc.

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Lp tin thc hin

Bng Cng Vic cha c thng tin gip ngi qun l lp k hoch, t chc, kimsot v kt thc d n ca mnh mt cch hiu qu. Cng c chnh gip bn honthnh iu ny l Lch biu v tin thc hin d n.

Mc ch ca lch biu:

Cho bit trt t thc hin (logic) ca cc cng vic Cho bit ngy bt u, kt thc cho mi cng vic Lm c s qun l v kim sot tin thc hin d n p t mt k lut ln d n Tng cng thc tp th: vic trc cha xong th cha th lm vic sau Cho bit vic s dng ti nguyn trong tng giai on => Cn huy ng y

ti nguyn (ngi, vt t) trc khi mt cng vic bt u Cho php xc nh cng vic no l ch cht/khng ch cht => tp trung sc

ngi v tin cho cc cng vic ch cht (khng tp trung trn lan)

- Ti sao mt s ngi qun l d n li khng xy dng lch biu

Li bing (Cch khc phc: Bt phi lm) Thiu k nng, khng c hun luyn (Cch khc phc: bt i hc) Thiu thi gian (Cch khc phc: phi thy rng th mt t thi gian lc u

cn hn mt nhiu thi gian v sau ny) Thiu s hp tc, khng ly c thng tin t ngi khc. (Cch khc phc:

thuyt phc,...) Khng nm c mc ch, mc tiu v cc yu cu ca d n

Phng php lp lch theo biu mng PERT

- Biu mng PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) hay CPM (CriticalPath Method)

Biu mi tn

L phng php truyn thng. S dng cc k hiu v m t bng li. Biu chanhiu nt trn v mi tn.

Nt biu din cho mt mc s kin (bt u hay hon thnh mt cng vic). Mt ntcha mt m s duy nht.

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Mi tn ni hai nt biu din cho mt hot ng (v d: hot ng "Thc hin cngvic A").

Pha trn mi tn ghi m t v hot ng ny.

Ti cui mi tn l 1 cp s S-F (Start-Finish)

Biu hp (PDM - Precedence Diagramming Method)

Hp ch nht: biu th cho mt cng vic

Gc trn bn tri: ngy Bt u Sm (ES) v Kt thc Sm (EF)

Gc trn bn phi: ngy Bt u Mun (LS) v ngy Kt thc Mun (LF)

Gc di bn tri: m s ca cng vic

Gc di bn phi: thi gian thc hin cng vic

Gia hp: m t cng vic (ng t v b ng)

Mi tn: th hin th t cng vic: F-S, S-S, F-F

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- Tnh ngy thng cho cc cng vic

Mt cng vic lin quan n 4 ngy

1. BS (bt u sm- Early Start):thi gian sm nht c th bt u cng vic2. KS (kt thc sm - Early Finish): thi gian sm nht c th kt thc cng vic3. BM (bt u mun - Late Start):thi gian mun nht c th bt u cng vic4. KM (kt thc mun - Late Finish): thi gian mun nht c th kt thc cng

vic

- Thc hin D: BS = 5 => KS = 5

Tnh li cho BM, KM

- Thc hin D: KM = 5 => BM = 5

- Thc hin B: KM = 4 => BM = 2

- Thc hin C: KM = 4 => BM = 4

Nguyn l chung:

1. Ngy BS l ngy u tin ca hot ng2. KS = BS + thi hn - 1.3. BM = KM - thi hn + 1.

- th gin

KM - KS, hoc

KM - KS

Cng vic no c th gin = 0 => l ng gng (Critical path)

- ng gng

ng gng: lm khn trng, khng cho php lm sai k hoch

S Gantt: Biu din nh trong MS Project.

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Phn b lc lng, ti nguyn

C 3 loi ti nguyn: lao ng, trang thit b, vt t.

- tng chung khi phn b ti nguyn

u tin cho cc cng vic trn ng gng. u tin cho cng vic phc tp trong nhng cng vic cng c th gin

Hnh ti nguyn

- Hnh ti nguyn

1. Trc nm ngang: Trc thi gian (ngy, tun, thng, v.v...)2. Trc thng ng: Thi gian lao ng (gi) (Cummulative Time)3. ng ngang: Thi gian lao ng m mt nhn vin s lm vic trong mi thi

khong trn trc X.

- ngha ca hnh

Ch dng cao: nhn vin lm vic nhiu gi

Ch thp xung: nhn vin lm vic t gi (c thi gian ri)

Hnh khng bng phng => Chng t phn phi lao ng khng u => Ngi qunl d n mt nhiu thi gian ly ngi, dn ngi => khng ngh c cc vic khc

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Hnh c 1 s ch dng cao => Chng t Ngi qun l d n ph thuc vo 1 vinhn vin gii => h m b i th nh hng nghim trng ti d n

Nu buc phi chp nhn mt hnh khng bng phng => Phi c cch qun l:

Ti nhng ch dng cao, mi thm ngi ngoi vo lm trnh qu ti choanh em trong nhm

Tp trung n lc iu hnh ti nhng ch dng cao Ti nhng ch thp/trng: tranh th cho anh em i hc, khuyn khch ngh

php, hoc b tr gip cho nhng ngi khc ang lm cc cng vic cngthng

Cch xy dng hnh

Mi hnh tng ng vi 1 nhn cng (c th m rng: mi hnh tngng vi 1 ti nguyn).

Lp biu sau cho mi ngi/mi vic (da trn lch biu cng vic)

- Tp hp tt c cc biu lin quan n mt ngi v hnh .

- Gim bt s chnh lch trong hnh

Nhm to ra mt hnh bng phng

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- Thay i trt t logic gia cc cng vic. (V d: quan h S - S thay bng quan h F -S)

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- Chn thi gian tr vo khong thi gian gia hai cng vic, hoc gim thi gian lmvic trong 1 ngy (t 8 gi xung 6 gi)

- Hp ng ph vi cc nhm bn ngoi. Ch : nu khng cn thn th thi gian khnggim i, v li mt thm thi gian chuyn giao sn phm/cng ngh t cc nhm bnngoi.

- Gim thi gian d kin hon thnh cng vic. (Lut Parkinson: mt cng vic s chimtrn vn thi gian d kin c hon thnh cng vic !) (Ch : lut ny khng honton ng)

- Vic gin phng hnh s c kh nng ko di thi gian kt thc d n.

Cc hng dn b sung

- Nn lp k hoch s dng nhng ti nguyn khc

a. Thit b

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b. Vt liu tiu hao

c. Khng gian lm vic

d. Cc dch v phc v cho cng vic (v d: in thoi, Internet, n tra, ....)

- Vic s dng my tnh trong vng i d n

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Tnh chi ph cho d n

Phn loi chi ph

Tr cng lao ng (phn ln) Hun luyn, o to li My mc, trang thit b lm vic i li, trao i Tin nghi lm vic Vn phng phm. Thi gian Thu thp thng tin

Cc cch tnh chi ph

- Chi ph c tnh (Estimate costs)

c tnh trc khi d n bt u. L nhng khon tin d kin chi tiu cho mi cng vic v cho ton b d n. Cch tnh

Lp bng tnh chi ph (Nn dng EXCEL)

S hiucng vic

M tcngvic

Tin cng,tin lng

Thitb

Vnphngphm

Thit b,ng/ vtliu

Hunluyn Khc Tng

Tng

- Chi ph khc:

Tin nghi Thng tin i li (thu khch sn, cng tc ph, thu xe,...) v.v.....

- Chi ph ngn sch

L phn b tin vo cc hng mc Tng s tin chnh l bng Chi ph d kin

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- Chi ph thc t

Pht sinh trong thc t thc hin d n. Lp bng theo di chi tiu thc t, c cp nht lin tc Bit c tnh trng chi tiu cho mi cng vic: lm chi (overrun) hoc chi cn

d (underrun) Bng theo di c dng sau:

Shiucngvic

M tcngvic

ctnh

Ngnschcduyt

% honthnh(today)

cphp chi(today)

Thcchi(today)

Lmchi/chicn d

Tng

( 1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

(4)x(5) (7)-(6) (4)+(8)

2.1.1 CV A 4,650 4,650 100% 4,650 5,000 350 5,000

2.1.2 CV B 3,950 3,950 75% 2,962 4,000 1,038 4,988

2.1.4 CV C 1,137 1,137 60% 682 1,200 518 1,655

...

2.2.2 CV F 5,804 5,804 60% 3,482 3,000 -482 5,322

Tng 15,541 15,541 11,776 13,200 1,424 16,965

Nu lm chi v chi cn d l nh: bnh thng Nu lm chi v chi cn d l ln: phi tm nguyn nhn V d v cc nguyn nhn tiu cc ca s tin chi cha ht: c lng sai, cht

lng cng vic km, lm u, ...

- Chi ph c lng khi hon tt

Tnh ton tin tiu v tin cn phi tip tc tiu, ti mi thi im gia chng ca dn.

c tnh s tin phi chi khi hon thnh 100% cng vic, theo tc thc chi.

Chnh l ct (9) trong bng trn.

Dng tng di cng phn nh ton b d n

Chi ph d phng

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- m bo an ton cho kinh ph.

- Thng thng: t 5% - 7% tng kinh ph d kin

- Kinh ph d kin c th dng vo bt k vic g m ngi qun l d n thy l cnthit (trong phm vi cho php).

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Chng III. Cc phng tin phc v qunl d nS dng phn mm tr gip qun l d n

S dng phn mm tr gip qun l d n

T kha

Microsoft Project

Fast Track

ManagePro

TimeLine

MacProject

Gii thiu chung

Phi chn ra mt phn mm thch hp mua v s dng Phi hc s dng phn mm sao cho thnh tho (mt mt thi gian ban u

hc) Nn s dng 1 phn mm cho: tt c cc my tnh trong d n tt c cc cng vic m phn mm c th p ng (trnh dng cc phn mm

khc nhau) Nn n cc phin bn nng cp ca phn mm Phn mm ch tr gip, khng th thay th cho Ngi qun l d n. Nhiu

Ngi qun l d n cng dng 1 phn mm, nhng kt qu thnh cng khcnhau. C rt nhiu cng vic phi lm bng tay v phi suy ngh rt cn thn(xc nh bng cng vic, c tnh mt s tham bin, ...)

D liu cho phn mm phi thng xuyn c cp nht mi c ngha Ngi cp nht phn mm: cng t cng tt. Ngi xem phn mm: cng nhiu

cng tt Bit s dng thnh tho 1 phn mm cn hn l bit s dng khng thnh tho

nhiu phn mm Mi d liu nhp vo phn mm ch l nhng d liu th thin, trong khi thc

t cn rt nhiu yu t khc khng m t c, khng nh lng c

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Nn kt hp thm vi cc phn mm Word, EXCEL, Email

Gii thiu mt s phn mm tr gip qun l d n

Qun l cc d n nh

Microsoft Project

Fast Track

ManagePro

TimeLine

MacProject

c im:

D s dng i vi nhng nh qun l khng chuyn Tin hc

Phn nh tt vic lp k hoch d n (cng vic, thi gian, chi ph ti chnh, nhn lc)

Cn cha p ng tt cc yu cu khc di vi qun l: gim st, iu khin cng vic

- Qun l cc d n mc trung bnh

Project Management Workbench

SuperProject

- Qun l cc d n ln, phc tp

Primavera

Artimis

OpenPlan

Lu : Cc phn mm ch c th tr gip ngi qun l m khng th qun l d n!

Phn mm MS Project

Chc nng:

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Lp k hoch d n (Thit k hoch thc hin d n): da trn cc d liu banu v

Cc cng vic phi lm Rng buc i vi mi cng vic (thi gian, th t thc hin) i ng thc hin d n Kinh ph cn thit (tin lng cho anh em) (Lu : cc d liu trn giy phi sn sng trc khi dng phn mm) Xem tnh hnh thc hin d n: Nhiu cch xem (View) khc nhau Trc thi gian: tng i hay tuyt i Cc thng tin km theo s cng vic Menu View Xem theo Lch (Calendar) Xem theo lc Gantt Xem theo lc ng gng (PERT ) Xem theo tnh hnh phn b Ngi-Vic (Task usage) Xem tnh hnh din bin thc t (Tracking Gantt) Xem chi ph nhn cng (Resource Sheet) Xem tnh hnh s dng nhn lc (Resource usage) iu chnh k hoch lm vic Thm, bt cc cng vic Tng, gim thi gian cho mi cng vic B tr li nhn s Tng, gim tin lng Cp nht tin cng vic Xem bo co (Report) Bo co tng hp (Overview) Bo co theo cng vic (Current Activities) Bo co ti chnh (Cost) Bo co giao vic (Assignement) Bo co v phn ti cng vic (Workload)

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S lung cng vic

Tm tt:

- Cn phi xy dng mt s th tc lm vic trong d n.

- Mi th tc l mt quy nh/ni quy bt buc cc thnh vin d n phi tun theo.

- Mi th tc l mt bn vit r rng, pht cho anh em, khng ni bng li

Cc th tc d n

V sao phi p t cc th tc To ra mt chun mc trao i, lm vic trong nhm mt cch hiu

qu Tp trung suy ngh, hnh ng ca cc thnh vin trong t theo 1 hng Tng nng sut cng vic (mi vic quy nh r rng, khng mt thi

gian hi nhau) Mi th tc u phi tr li cc cu hi: lin quan ti ai, ci g, khi no, u,

th no v ti sao. Vic xy dng cc th tc Lu

Ch nn t ra cc th tc cho nhng ni dung chnh, quan trng (tu ngi qun l dn quyt nh). Nn xy dng cc th tc cho:

Kim sot thay i S dng thit b Dng cc biu mu Quy ch bo co Trch nhim ca mt s ngi trong d n Hp hnh Mua sm vt t, thit b

M t lung cng vic

Minh ho bng hnh v cho cc th tc

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Khi vung: X l. M t li, thng l mt ng t v mt b ng.

iu kin r nhnh: Cu hi, tr li "C" hoc "Khng"

V d: M t lung cng vic cho th tc "Xin cp vt t trong d n"

- Nhn vin vit yu cu a cho nhm trng

- Nhm trng k duyt, chuyn cho trng nhm Hnh chnh

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- Vt t c sn ?=> pht cho nhn vin

- Vt t khng c sn ? => Vt t trn 200 nghn?

- Vt t di 200 nghn => Mua v pht cho nhn vin

Chuyn ho n cho k ton trng

- Vt t trn 200 nghn =>

ly 3 bo gi

chn bo gi tt nht

Mua v pht cho nhn vin

Chuyn ho n cho k ton trng

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H s d n

H s qun l d n

H s qun l d n: bao gm tt c cc giy t, ti liu lin quan n qu trnhhot ng ca d n.

Lu tr nhng g:

Chia thnh cc loi ti liu khc nhau

Th t trao i vi bn ngoi (th n, th i) Cc c lng thi gian Cc biu mu Cc bn ghi nh Cc bin bn cc cuc hp Cc th tc Cc bo co Cc quy nh v trch nhim, quyn hn trong d n Cc cp nht lch biu Bng cng vic Cc ti liu khc c lin quan

- Ai thc hin vic lu tr, Tr l Ngi qun l d n: C trch nhim

Phn loi ti liu To lp, thu thp, b sung h s Cung cp ti liu khi c yu cu Lu tr nh th no Trn giy: (khng khuyn khch): T chc thnh cc cp ti liu Trn my tnh (khuyn khch): T chc thnh cc folder chia s trn mng

(Nu D n tri rng trn nhiu tnh => Truy nhp qua Web) Lun c mt "File list" (trn giy, trn my) c cp nht thng xuyn v

thng bo cho mi ngi Ti sao phi t chc lu tr h s d n Mt thi gian 1 ln, tit kim thi gian nhiu ln To iu kin theo di d n To iu kin thun li cho cp trn (hoc nh ti tr) kim tra d n L c s lp cc bo co L ch da Ngi qun l d n t bo v mnh Chia s thng tin trong tp th thc hin d n

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Cc biu mu

Ngi qun l d n cn quy nh mt s biu mu cho mt s bo co, ngh, ttrnh, ....

ngha ca cc biu mu Thng nht cch trnh by v mt vn D theo di, x l V d v mt s biu mu M t cng vic c lng thi gian cng vic Bn ghi hin trng cng vic Kim sot thay i B nhim nhn vin D kin chi ph Vn ny sinh n mua hng Theo di s dng lao ng (chm cng) Bn ghi chi ph s dng ti nguyn thc t Hnh ti nguyn v.v...

- Lu :

Nn son biu mu trn my tnh (chia x v thng bo rng ri) C hng dn cch khai (ngn gn, r rng) Thit k thong, nhiu ch trng Ch yu cu vit cc thng tin cn thit, trnh vit di, tha Biu mu nn thit k sao cho d khai, mt t thi gian khai

Bo co

Bo co: l mt loi Biu mu (Form), c thit k cp di bo co ln cp trn.

Form cho bo co c thit k a dng, phong ph (li vn, hnh v, bng biu,...). Cgng sao cho bo co c th to ra trn my tnh.

Mt s v d v bo co c dng trong d n bao gm:

Biu mi tn S thanh Biu vic trc Lch biu vic trc - sau

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Lch biu d n Tm tt trng thi d n Chi ph ti nguyn Vic s dng ti nguyn n ngy

Th vin d n, lu tr

Cc n bn ca ring c quan Sch Bo ch, tin tc H s, ti liu d n Cc th tc d n Ti liu k thut

Cc bin bn

- L mt loi ti liu khng th thiu

- L mt dng ghi li nhng thng nht, cam kt

- Theo di v qun l cc cuc hp v cc s kin ca d n

- Lu

Bin bn cn c th, r rng, trnh s si Ni trc tip vn , ngn gn (1- 2 trang) Cu trc logic, hp l Nn tp trung vo nhng im tha thun, thng nht

Vn phng d n

- Trung tm ch huy v kim sot ca d n. Phn ln cc hot ng v quyt nh qunl d n chnh u xut hin ti vn phng d n

- Ni cung cp cc ti nguyn d n

- Ni t chc cc cuc hp quan trng

- Ni lm vic chnh thc ca Ban qun l d n

- Lu :

D n cng ln => Vn phng d n cng ln

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Nn lp Vn phng d n cng sm cng tt Vn phng d n cn c Phn mm qun l d n t ng Vn kin d n H s qun l d n Th vin d n Trn tng ca Vn phng d n phi treo cc bng phng to Cc s thanh (Gantt) S t chc Cc bn Bng tin cng vic Cc ni dung quan trng khc

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K nng hp v trnh by

Khng nn v nn

- Khng nn

Hp khng hiu qu, Qu di, Khng tp trung, B vi c nhn chi phi, Ghi li kt qu khng y

- Nn:

Cng b cuc hp t trc Chun b chng trnh hp, pht cho mi ngi v theo ng chng trnh . Ghi li bin bn, kt qu cuc hp. Mi tt c nhng ai c lin quan. Khuyn khch mi ngi ng gp kin. Trnh vi ngi chi phi i

thoi. Nu phi hp trn 1 gi => tm cch th gin

K nng trnh by

Chun b cho trnh by

Lu : Khng chun b tc l chun b cho tht bi

Chn ch

Thnh gi mun nghe

Ch mi m

Mnh nm vng

Phn tch thnh gi

Vng lai, t nguyn hay bt c d

Mc ch nghe ca thnh gi

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Thi , lng tin ca thnh gi

Phn tch c hi

Thi gian thuyt trnh

a im thuyt trnh

Mong i ca tnh gi

Cu trc bi thuyt trnh

M u:

To ra s ch

Khi qut vn

Chng minh tm quan trng

Sp t tm trng v ging iu

Lu : Khng c c hi th hai gy n tng ban u

Thn bi

La chn nhng ni dung quan trng

Sp xp theo mt trnh t logic

n nh thi gian cho tng ni dung

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Chia thnh cc phn d tip thu

Lu : Cn gii hn cc im chnh

Kt lun

Thng bo trc khi kt thc

Tm tt im chnh

Thch thc v ku gi

S ch ca ngi nghe

Ti liu h tr

Lm r

Tng hp dn

Tng n tng

Chng minh

Dng c v phng tin

Ti liu phn pht

My chiu, slide/PowerPoint

92/137

Khong 5-7 dng cho 1 slide

Ch to

Kh nng lu thng tin

Sau 3 gi Sau 3 ngy

Nghe 70% 10%

Nhn 72% 20%

Nghe v nhn 85% 65%

Lu : Trm nghe khng bng mt thy

3 b quyt thnh cng Giao tip phi ngn t Khi nim phi ngn t

Hu thanh V thanh

Ngn t T ni T vit

Phingn t

Ging niTing th diKu laCht ging (mlng, cao, ...)

iu bDng vHnhthcNt mt...

Cc loi hnh ca thng ip phi ngn t Ging ni

Gii tnh, tui tc, qu qun

m lng, cao, Cht lng

Tc , im dng, Nhn mnh

Dng iu v c ch Mt (Mt l mt tin ca ngi nh thn th) Mt (Mt l ca s tm hn) Tay Di chuyn, khong cch vi thnh gi Trang phc

Lu : Cn biu l Nhit tnh trong mi thng ip phi ngn t

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Sc mnh ca thng ip

- Lun tn ti

- C gi tr thng tin cao

- Mang tnh quan h

- Chu nh hng ca vn ha

c tnh ca thng ip phi ngn t

***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***

S khc bit ca thng ip ngn t v phi ngn t

Ngn t Phi ngn t

n knh a knh

Khng lin tc Lin tc

Kim sot c Khng kim sot c

R rng Khng r rng

Lng nghe

- Khi nim chung

Li ch ca vic lng nghe Thi lng s dng cc k nng

c: 16%

Ni: 30%

Vit: 9%

Nghe: 45%

- So snh cc hot ng giao tip

Nghe Ni c Vit

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Phi hc u tin Th hai Th ba Cui cng

Phi s dng Nhiu nht Tng i nhiu Tng i t t nht

c dy t nht Tng i t Tng i nhiu Nhiu nht

- Cc kiu nghe

Nghe thng tin Nghe c phn tch Nghe ng cm

- Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu nghe

Ngi nghe

Nhu cu

Thi , lng tin

Mc ch

S thng minh

Thng ip

Cu trc ca thng ip

Knh truyn thng ip

S mi l, hp dn

Ngn ng, ng php

Ngi ni

S gn gi

S hp dn

S tin tng

Mc ch, ng c

Cch din t

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a v, quyn lc

Mi trng

- Nguyn nhn nghe khng hiu qu

Nghe khng n lc, tp trung

Nghe phc kch

Nghe mt phn

Gi v nghe

Nhiu tm l

Nhiu vt l

Tai c vn

- K nng nghe hiu qu (1)

Nghe xong hy ni

Gc tt c cc vic khc li

Kim sot cm xc bn thn

Phn hi ng h ngi ni

Nhn vo ngi ni

Khng ngt li khi khng cn thit

Khng vi vng tranh ci hay phn xt

Hi hiu r vn

- K nng nghe hiu qu (2)

i din vi ngi ni

Ngi thng

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Giao lu bng mt

- K nng nghe hiu qu (3)

Nhc li ni dung

Din gii ni dung

Tm ra chnh

Khng v on

Ghi chp thng tin chnh

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Xy dng t d n

Bao gm nhiu t (nhm con), lm vic di s qun l ca ngi qun l d n, thngqua cc t trng.

V cn n cc chuyn mn khc nhau, mi t d n c th tuyn ngi t cc phngBan khc nhau:

Lu :

1. Mt t khng nn ng qu (di 10 ngi)2. Nu trn 10 => tm cch tch thnh 2 t3. Xc nh r mi quan h "ai bo co ai":

4. Lp ma trn trch nhim

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Cng vicTn Cng vic X Cng vic Y Cng vic Z ...

Ng Vn A A A A ...

L th B P I R

Cao vn C I P Khng

V vn D C R Khng

Phm vn E C

Trn th F R C P

Cc kiu trch nhim khc nhau trn cng vic

A (Approving): Xt duyt

P (Performing): Thc hin

R (Reviewing): Thm nh

C (Contributing): Tham gia ng gp

I (Informing): Bo cho bit

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Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d nChng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n

100/137

Cc c im ca d n CNTT

Lch s ca vic lm phn mm

Xu th

Trc y Ngy nay

D liu thun nht Thng tin khng thun nht (multimedia)

Mainframes Mng (cc b, din rng)

Lp trnh tun t Lp trnh phn tn, lp trnh hng i tng, lp trnhsong hnh

Xy dng cc h thng thng Xy dng cc h thng ch ng

c im ca vic xy dng nhng phn mm ln

10 000 n 100 000 dng lnh (SLOC - Source Line Of Code, hoc KSLOC =1000 SLOC)

Nhiu thnh vin tham gia

101/137

Nhng chg trnh khng c php sai (v d: iu khin my bay, qun lcc giao dch ngn hng, tnh ho n bn hng ...)

Phn loi d n

Phn loi Lp trnh vin Thi gian S dng lnh (SLOC)

Rt nh 1 1 thng 500

Nh 1 1-6 thng 1-2 K

Va 2-5 1-2 nm 5-50K

Ln di 100 2-3 nm 50-100K

Rt ln di 500 4-5 nm 1000 K

Cc ln trn 500 5-10 nm trn 1000 K

D n cng ln => kh nng thnh cng cng t.

S khng hong ca nhng d n phn mm vo u nhng nm 70

Phn mm nhiu li Chy khng n nh Tr hn Vt qu kinh ph d kin Kh bo tr Phn cng ngy cng r => Nhu cu lm phn mm ngy cng tng

S khng hong vn cn d m n tn ngy nay

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- Theo Kim tra k ton M (1979)

50% d n phn mm vt qu ngn sch 60% d n phn mm b tr hn 45% phn mm giao np nhng khng dng c ngay 22% phn mm phi thit k li 29% phn mm khng bao gi giao np

- Theo mt s ngun khc

Tom De Marco (1982) : 25% H mm ln tht bi Copers Jones (1991) : trung bnh cc h thng tin qun l b tr 1 nm v vt

ngn sch 100%

- Mt vi v d

C quan Internal Revenue System ca M phi hy b d n hin i hah thng thu, sau khi chi ph 4 t USD

Bang California chi 1 t USD cho h thng c s d liu phc li x hi mkhng dng c

D n xy dng h thng kim sot khng lu ca Anh vi kinh ph 339triu b tr 2 nm

D n tin hc ha Cc xut nhp cnh, Vng quc Anh, tr hn 9 thng U ban Public Account ca Anh thng bo v h thng tin hc ci t ti

B Nng nghip ( qun l cc trang tri) c qu nhiu li phn mm, sau khikt thc 1 d n 12 triu

D n CNTT ti Cc Thu thu nhp Thi Lan: vay ngn hng th gii 41 triuUSD (phn cng) + 11 triu USD (phn mm) + 1,2 triu USD (o to) + 2triu USD (truyn thng, in, nc,...). B nh gi l tht bi, ngn hng thgii khng ng Chnh ph Thi Lan ko di d n!

D n "H thng in t x l thng tin ti SeaGames 22 ca VN": kinh phd kin 15 t VND, n thng 6/2003 chi ti 90 t VND (tp ch PC WordB, 7/2003).

- Kh khn v pha ngi lm phn mm

c lng d n khng chnh xc Thiu chun v o, khng nhn c tin cng vic Khng lm ti liu tt

- Kh khn v pha khch hng

Khng hiu r CNTT Ngh rng thay i yu cu l d dng

103/137

- Xu th tin b

Cc h mm ngy cng ln, c th ln n vi triu dng lnh, v cht lngngy cng cao

Nng sut lp trnh (tnh theo dng lnh) tng khong 6% / nm Nhng ngn ng lp trnh ngy cng mnh Phong cch lm vic theo Cng ngh phn mm pht huy tc dng Phng php lun qun l d n pht huy tc dng

c th ring ca vic lm phn mm

Khng nhn thy c (invisibility) Khng xc nh r th no l "xong" (conformity) phc tp ln (complexity) D (b) thay i (flexibility)

o ca d n CNTT

- L nhng g c th nh lng ho, nhm nh gi tin , n nh v cht lngca vic pht trin phn mm.

S liu khch quan: s lng gi lm vic ca cc thnh vin trong nhm,SLOC, s li mc phi

S liu ch quan: ph thuc vo nh gi ch quan, v d: mc kh khnca bi ton, r rng ca cc yu cu,...

- Cc thng tin v khch quan v ch quan l b sung cho nhau.

Cc s liu ch quan l c s gii thch cho cc s liu khch quan Cc s liu khch quan l ch da ngi ph trch xem li xem s nh gi

ca mnh, s hiu ca mnh v bi ton chnh xc cha Nhng thng tin khch quan phn nh tin hoc tnh trng d n. V d: s

cc module lp trnh xong, s lng cc kim th thc hin. Nhng cons ny s cho thy tin n u.

Kiu o V d

Ngun ly o

Thigianlyo

Mc ch

Khilng

- Total SLOC (new, modified, reused)-Total modules/units- Total effort Ngi qun l

Hngthng

- Xem n nh ca

104/137

s tin trind n

Laong - S gi lm vic- S gi my tnh

- Lp trnhvin- C ththng quaphn mmchuyn dng

Hngtun

- nnh ca dn- Cn c lp khoch li

Trngthi

- Yu cu h thng (S lng cc yucu chung, yu cu cha r)- CcModules/Units thit k, lp trnh, kim th- SLOC- S lng cc kimth

- Ngi qunl- Lp trnhvin- Lptrnh vin

2tun

- Tin dn- nnh cacc yu cu

Li/sai

- S li- S cc thay i - Lp trnhvinHngtun

Cht lngcng vic

105/137

Kim sot d n

Cc yu t lm nh hng n nng sut v cht lng phn mm

Nng lc c nhn: Nng khiu, lng yu ngh, tnh sng to, tnh cn c

K nng trao i trong t, nhm

Ni mt cch thuyt phc

Mnh ni ngi khc hiu, ngi khc ni mnh hiu

Ni mt cch thuyt phc

phc tp ca phn mm

Nhiu dng lnh, thut ton phc tp, nhiu module

Ph thuc vo nghip v phc tp hay n gin

Cch tip cn h thng Thi gian c php

Nu thi gian cng thng qu => phn mm b lm gp s nhiu li

Kh nng hiu thu vn , hiu nghip v, hiu cng c lp trnh n nh ca cc yu cu K nng i hi ca nhng cng ngh mi: Cng ngh client/server, cng ngh

Web Mi trng lm vic, cng c S o to, hun luyn ca t chc K nng qun l Cc ri ro xy ra

Nhng hn ch ca mt lp trnh vin mi

Kh nng din t vn Hiu nghip v ca nhng lnh vc ng dng Cha c thc v vic bo hnh, bo tr phn mm Lm vic trong mt khun kh, bi bn ca qun l d n Lm vic trong nhm

106/137

Thu thp, nh gi hin trng

Thu thp hin trng l: Dng mi phng sch xc nh xem cc cng vic (niring) v ton b d n (ni chung) hin nay ang tin trin th no.

- Cc bc:

1. Thu thp cc d liu v hin trng theo nh k (1 hoc hai tun). Cng b choanh em bit

2. Thu thp d liu hin trng t mi thnh vin ca t d n.3. Trnh a ra nh gi (vi v) khi thu thp d liu. (Cn phn tch k lng)4. Lm ti liu tng hp (tt nht l tng hp t cc ti liu, bo co in t)

- Mc ch cui cng ca nh gi: Lm r s khc bit gia D kin v Thc t

Khc bit c th l xu hoc tt.

Khc bit khng nht thit l tt hay xu (tu tng trng hp c th)

Sai bit lch biu = Ngy bt u v kt thc theo k hoch -

Ngy bt u v kt thc thc ti

Sai bit ngn sch

Sai bit chi ph = Chi ph ngn sch - Chi ph thc t

- Nhim v ca ngi qun l d n: tr li cu hi

Ti sao c s khc bit?

S khc bit l tt hay xu?

C cn nhng hnh ng un nn, iu chnh d n hay khng?

Nu c, th l g?

Lp k hoch phng nga ri ro

- Da trn phn tch ri ro, lp biu sau:

M t Gi thit Xc sut nh hng Phn ng

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

107/137

1. M t: Xc nh vn (ri ro)2. Gi thit: Hon cnh c th lm xut hin ri ro3. Xc sut: c lng kh nng xut hin (%)4. nh gi nh hng i vi d n5. Cch gii quyt (i sch)

- Cn lit k tt c cc gi thit nh hng ti quyt nh cch gii quyt. Nu sau nyhon cnh khng cn hp vi cc gi thit na, c th thay i i sch.

- Cn c s ng h ca nhng ngi chu tc ng ca ri ro.

- Vi nhng "s c" xy ra m khng d kin c, cn ghi li nht k

M t quan trng Ngi chu trch nhim Ngy gii quyt

[1] [2] [3] [4]

1. M t, thut li s c2. Tm quan trng ca s c.3. Tn ngi gii quyt s c.4. Thi gian vn c hay s c gii quyt.

Kim sot ti liu d n

- ngha ca kim sot ti liu

Ti liu l sn phm. Phn mm ch c hiu qua ti liu

Ti liu cng l cng c lm vic

Mi ti liu thuc mt loi no , nhm mc ch s dng no : c t yu cu, ct thit k, bo co cng vic, bo co s c/ri ro, bo co ti chnh,...

Vit ti liu cng kh nh vit vn

Trong thc t: ti liu l khu thng b bi bc

Khng chuyn sang cng vic tip sau, nu ti liu khng st thc, y , d hiu, nhtqun

Kt lun: lm ti liu tt trong qu trnh thc hin d n l vn kh

108/137

- Cc tiu chun xem xt, nh gi ti liu

Tnh chnh xc

Ti liu vit c chnh xc khng?

C li no hin nhin khng?

Cc m t v ti nguyn, mi trng ca h thng c hp l khng?

v.v...

Tnh r rng

Ti liu c c trnh by sng sa, d hiu khng?

Nhng ch cn dng bng hoc biu thay li ni th c dng hay khng?

Tnh y

Nhng thng tin trong ti liu c ph hp vi mc ch ti liu khng?

C nhng im no quan trng b b st khng?

Trong trng hp mt ti liu l pht trin tip tc ca mt ti liu khc, nhng imcn thit ca ti liu trc c c nhc li hay khng?

Tnh nht qun

Cch nh s cc chng, mc, iu khon trong ti liu c nht qun khng?

Cc k hiu c thng nht khng? Hoc c theo chun khng?

Mc chi tit

chi tit nh mc ch v yu cu ca ti liu khng?

Liu c phn no cn hon thin chi tit hn na khng?

- Mt s ti liu chnh cn c khi thc hin vng i ca d n

Xc nh, phn tch yu cu

Bao gm

109/137

a/ M t khi lc v h thng (su hn ti liu m t d n)

b/ Ti liu v yu cu v c t

c/ Ti liu v k hoch pht trin phn mm

Ch : Phi m bo nhng ni dung sau:

Nhu cu ca khch hng c din t theo mt cch thc r rng, chi tit, mt h thng phi lm g.

Phi lm vic vi cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc chuyn mn hiu c cckhi nim ngh nghip, hot ng nghip v

Nn tn dng nhng phn mm m khch hng trc y s dng (nu c).Xem xt v tho lun trn nhng phn mm (v u/khuyt ca cc modules,v quan im thit k, ...)

M t nhng loi d liu vo, ra Cc ti liu trn phi c nh gi v thng qua trong 1 (hoc mt s) cuc hp Thit k

Tn ti liu: Ti liu thit k chi tit, lm c s cho lp trnh

Ch : Phi m bo nhng ni dung sau:

Xc nh kin trc ca phn mm sao cho ph hp vi c t h thng Phn r cc yu cu thnh cc h thng con Chi tit ho kin trc phn mm (lm mn dn dn), c gng chi tit ti mc

gn nh c th lp trnh c Thit k cc s theo chc nng hoc nh hng theo i tng M t mi d liu c nhp bi ngi dng, cc kt qu cn cho (v d: trn

mn hnh, trn my in, ...) Th tc, quy trnh vn hnh phn mm M t tng n v chng trnh: chc nng, thut ton thc hin, giao din, d

liu vo, d liu ra Ti liu trn phi c nh gi v thng qua trong 1 (hoc mt s) cuc hp Lp trnh

a/ Ti liu ngoi chng trnh

c bit quan trng khi

Pht trin nhng phn mm ln, thuc nhng d n ln.

110/137

Phi xy dng nhng phn mm vi s tham gia ca nhiu ngi. S xy ra trng hpmt ngi lp trnh phi g li v c nhng on chng trnh ca ngi khc vit.Thm ch ngi ny chuyn sang c quan khc.

Vic vit ti liu cho chng trnh phi r rng bo tr chng trnh Ti liu cho chng trnh khng lin quan n m lnh ca chng trnh. Ni dung chnh: M t chung chng trnh, mc ch chung ca chng trnh, ai

vit, vit khi no, cc thut ton ring c s dng, chng trnh c thit kv pht trin cho nhng h thng no, ngun d liu vo, nhng yu cu cn ci vi d liu vo, format ca d liu vo, hnh thc ca kt qu a ra, v.v...

Ti liu cho chng trnh cn bao gm s cu trc ca chng trnh

b/ Ti liu trong chng trnh

L mt bi vit ngn t u chng trnh, di dng comment. Bi vit ny thngcha nhng thng tin sau:

Tn tc gi, tn nhim v, ngy giao nhim v, ngy phi hon thnh M t vn cn gii quyt Cch tip cn gii quyt vn . M t vn tt thut ton, hoc tn thut ton

nu thut ton quen thuc i vi mi ngi. C th ch ra tn ti liu thamkho lin quan n thut ton.

Cc yu cu khc i vi chng trnh: ngn ng s dng, chng trnh dch,ngun ca d liu vo (vo bng tay, c t file,...)

Cc yu cu i vi chng trnh cn cha p ng c, hoc c th ci tincho tt hn

Cc li cn xut hin, cha g c v.v...

c/ Ni dung ca chng trnh

Nhng kha cnh cn xem xt trong ni dung chng trnh

Cch t tn bin, tn hm, tn lp nh l cho mi dng lnh S sng sa ca chng trnh Gii thch cho chng trnh (comment) T chc chng trnh Tnh kh chuyn

Kinh nghim thc t cho thy rng:

111/137

pht trin v hon thin mt chng trnh (c bit l cc chng trnh ln),lp trnh vin mt 70% thi gian vo vic xem li v ci tin cc on chngtrnh c, ch 30% thi gian dnh cho vic vit m lnh mi.

Ngoi ra, rt nhiu tnh hung trong thc t i hi ngi ny phi c chngtrnh ca ngi kia ( g li, hoc m rng thm mt s chc nng)

Nhiu khi phi xem li m chng trnh sau hng thng, hoc hng nm. Thng thng, lp trnh vin lm vic di mt sc p v thi gian, do

khng quan tm n hu qu ca nhng on m lnh sn sinh ra, min lchng trnh chy c.

Kim th v Chp nhn phn mm

Tn ti liu: Ti liu kim th phn mm

K hoch v kch bn kim th (c vit da trn ti liu v yu cu v c t h thng)

Cc hot ng iu chnh

- Khi vic thc hin d n khng din ra theo k hoch, hoc cht lng snphm/cng vic cha t yu cu

iu chnh li lch biu thi gian: cho chnh xc hn Tm thm nhn vin mi Ch : thi gian lm quen vi d n, quan h vi cc thnh vin c, kinh ph

pht sinh) Mua hay thu thit b tt hn, phn mm tt hn Ch : tng kinh ph, mt thi gian anh em hc s dng Hp l ho, ci tin phong cch lm vic H thp yu cu cht lng cng vic (khng nn !!!) Tp trung cho cc cng vic trn ng gng Lm thm gi (khng nn ko di qu lu) Hn ch ngh php (coi chng phn ng ca t vin!!!) Khen thng/ph bnh o to, hun luyn, nng cp nhn vin (ch thi gian v chi ph hun

luyn) Xem li cch thc hp tc , trao i thng tin trong nhm

- Khi chi ph cho d n c nguy c tng ln

H thp yu cu sn phm (Ch : khch hng c th phn i) Gim nhn vin: nhng ngi khng lm cc cng vic trn ng gng (ch

: nguy c mt ngi gii) Thu lao ng r mt (nguy c "tin no ca ny!!!) Dng thit b, vt t r tin

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Rt bt thi gian hun luyn (ch phn ng tm l ca t vin) Xem li: c cn lm thm gi? Hp l ho hn na: Gim s cuc hp, gim cc ph chun, ...

- Khi cht lng cng vic/sn phm c nguy c gim

Tng cng kim tra cht lng sn phm Thu thm t vn Tp trung vo nhng khu trng yu nh hng n cht lng sn phm Kim tra cho Hun luyn, o to, nng cp nhn vin (c th hun luyn ti ch - training-

on-job) Thng/pht

- Lut BROOKS

Khi mt d n phn mm b tr hn, vic b sung thm ngi (lp trnhvin) ch lm cho d n tr thm m thi.

Nu 1 ng th cy c th cy 1 mu rung trong 3 ngy, 3 ng th cy c thcy 1 mu rung trong .....

Nu 1 ph n c th sinh mt a b trong 9 thng, 9 ngi ph n c th sinhmt a b trong ....

Kim sot thay i

Thc t cho thy: k hoch v thc t khng bao gi ging nhau.

- Ai gy ra/ ngh nhng thay i

Khch hng

Cc c quan/n v lin quan

T d n

Ngi ti tr

Chnh ngi qun l d n

v.v...

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- Phn loi thay i: 3 loi

1. Thay i quan trng: lch biu, c tnh sn phm, ngn sch, v nhng gc xem l quan trng cho d n. Lm thay i c bn kt qu ca d n.

V d: Nh ti tr tuyn b ct gim ngn sch (gy ra bi ngi ti tr)

Yu cu b sung thm mt s tnh nng ca phn mm (gy ra bi khch hng)

1. Thay i nh: khng lm thay i kt qu chung cuc ca d n, nhng c thnh hng n s thnh cng ca d n.

V d: D n xy nh: Nhng pht sinh lt vt (t pha ch nh - khch hng)

D n lm phn mm: Yu cu lm thm mt vi module lp bo co (khch hng ngh)

1. Thay i mang tnh sa cha/sa li: coi nh hoc b qua 1 im no ,by