Foundations of Structural Foundations of Structural KinesiologyKinesiology

Chapter 1Chapter 1

And you thought this class was stressful

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Skeletal SystemSkeletal SystemDivisions (206 bones)Divisions (206 bones)

1.1. Axial: (80 bones)Axial: (80 bones)– SkullSkull– Spinal columnSpinal column– SternumSternum– RibsRibs

2.2. Apendicular: (126)Apendicular: (126)– Shoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle– Upper ExtremityUpper Extremity– Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle– Lower ExtremityLower Extremity

SkeletalSkeletal System System

FunctionsFunctions– Support Support – ProtectionProtection– MovementMovement– StorageStorage– HemopoiesisHemopoiesis

Classification of BonesClassification of Bones

Bone PropertiesBone Properties

Bone size (mass) and shapeBone size (mass) and shape– formation according to the stresses (direction and formation according to the stresses (direction and

magnitude of force) habitually applied to themmagnitude of force) habitually applied to them

Wolff’s LawWolff’s Law

Athlete Scoliosis Torsion

Bone MarkingsBone Markings

SkullSkull

Label

Frontal

External Occipital Protuberance

Superior Nuchal Line (3rd picture #2)

Occipital

Mastoid Process

Temporal

Parietal

Lacrimal

Zygomatic

Maxilla

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Vomer

Nasal Conchae

Nasal

Mandible

Palatine

Sphenoid

Vomer

VertebraVertebra

Body

Transverse Processes

Articular Processes

Spinous Process

Vertebral Foramen

Pedicle

Lamina

Intervertebral Foramen

Label

Vertebral ColumnVertebral ColumnRegional StructuresRegional Structures

1.1. Cervical (7)Cervical (7)– Bifed Spinous ProcessBifed Spinous Process– Transverse ForamenTransverse Foramen– AtlasAtlas– Axis (Axis (OdontoidOdontoid Process) Process)

2.2. Thoracic (12)Thoracic (12)– ..

– ..3.3. Lumbar (5)Lumbar (5)4.4. ..

– Median Sacral CrestMedian Sacral Crest– Sacral CanalSacral Canal– Sacral ForamenSacral Foramen– Sacral HiatusSacral Hiatus– Superior Articular FacetSuperior Articular Facet– Superior Sacral NotchSuperior Sacral Notch

5.5. Coccyx (4)Coccyx (4)

Bifed Spinous ProcessBifed Spinous Process

Superior & Inferior Superior & Inferior Costal FacetsCostal FacetsTransverse Costal FacetsTransverse Costal Facets

Sacral (5)

SternumSternum Jugular Notch

Manubrium

Sternal Angle

Body

Costal Notches

Transverse Ridges

Xyphoid Process

LABEL

Clavicular Notch

Rib CageRib Cage

True (7)

False (3)

Floating (2)

Label

Costal Angle

Costal Groove

Inferior Border

Superior Border Tubercle

Neck

Head

Shaft

Label

ClavicleClavicle

Label

Conoid Tubercle

Subclavian Groove

Deltoid Tubercle

Sternal End

Acromial End

Right Clavicle

Superior surface

Inferior surface

Anterior

Anterior

Trapezoid Line

ScapulaScapulaSupra Scapular Notch

Inferior Angle

Superior Border

Infraspinous Fossa

Supraspinous Fossa

Acromion Process

Infra Glenoid Tubercle

Supra Glenoid Tubercle

Glenoid Fossa

Coracoid Process

Lateral (axillary) Border

Medial (vertebral) Border

Spine

Superior Angle

Label

HumerusHumerus

Radial Fossa

Coronoid Fossa

Olecranon Fossa

Trochlea

Capitulum

Medial Epicondyle

Supracondylar Ridge

Radial Groove

Deltoid Tuberosity

Surgical Neck

Intertubercular Groove

(bicipital)

Head

Lesser Tubercle

Greater Tubercle

Anatomical Neck

Lateral Epicondyle

Label

Anterior Posterior

Radius and UlnaRadius and Ulna

Radius Label

Ulna Label

Supinator Fossa

Supinator Crest

Ulnar Tuberosity

Semilunar Notch

Olecranon Process

Coronoid ProcessNeck

Head

Styloid Process

Head

Interosseous Crest

Ulnar Notch

Styloid Process

Radial Tuberosity

Radial Notch

HandHand

Distal

Middle

BaseMetacarpals

Hamate(Hook of Hamate)

Capitate

TrapezoidPisiform

TriquetrumLunate

Scaphoid

ProximalPhalanges

Head

Shaft

Carpals Trapezum

Label

Pelvic GirdlePelvic GirdleAnterior Gluteal Line

External Surface

Auricular Surface

Iliopectineal Eminence

Greater Sciatic Notch

Iliac Fossa

Iliac Crest

Posterior Superior Iliac Spine

Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine Anterior

Inferior Iliac Spine

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

Ischium Label

Ilium Label

Pubis Label

Ischial Tuberosity

Spine of the Ischium

Lesser Sciatic Notch

Inferior Rami

Superior Rami

Pubic Crest

Inferior Rami

Superior Rami

Pubic Symphysis

Sacral Articulation

Posterior Gluteal Line

Inferior Gluteal Line

FemurFemurHead

Patellar Surface

Lateral condyleMedial

condyle

Adductor Tubercle

Linea Aspera

Gluteal Tuberosity

Quadrate Tubercle

Intertrochanteric Crest

Intertrochanteric Line Lesser

Trochanter

Greater Trochanter

Neck

Fovea Capitus

Popliteal Surface

Intercondyloid Fossa

Right Femur (Anterior) Label

Right Femur (Posterior)

PatellaPatella

Base

Apex

Lateral BorderMedial

Border

Proximal Border

LabelRight Patella

Tibia & FibulaTibia & Fibula

Anterior Border

Talus Articulation

Medial Malleolus

Inferior Fibular Articulation

Anterior Border

Interosseous Border

Superior Fibular Articulation

Soleal Line

Tibial Tuberosity

Lateral Condyle Medial

Condyle

Intercondyloid Eminence

Talus Articulation

Lateral Malleolus

Styloid Process

Head

Interosseus Border

Tibia Label

Fibula Label

Bones of the FootBones of the Foot

Tarsals

Head

Shaft

Base Metatarsals

Distal

Middle

Proximal Phalanges

Calcaneus

Talus

Navicular

Cuboid

3rd Cuniform2nd Cuniform

1st Cuniform

Calcaneus

TalusNavicular

1st Cuniform

Label

Soft/Connective TissuesSoft/Connective Tissues

5. Aponeurosis

4. Fascia

3. Retinaculum

2. Tendon

1. Ligament

6. Cartilage

7. Meniscus

8. Labrum

- A thick fibrous band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone- A band of dense connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone or other structure

- A dense connective tissue sheath that binds or holds tendons in place

- A dense connective tissue that encloses, separates, and binds muscles – supports, protects, and gives shape. Also gives general support to an area - A tendinous connective tissue formed like a sheath that anchors one muscle to another

- A firm, smooth, resilient, nonvascular connective tissue - Crescent plates of fibrocartilage that deepen an articular surface and act like shock absorbers - Deepens a socket (articular capsule blends into labrum and

surrounds anatomical neck)

Anatomical Position & Fundamental Anatomical Position & Fundamental Position Position

Anatomical Position Fundamental

Position

Reference LinesReference Lines

Reference Side & SegmentReference Side & Segment

Reference Reference SegmentSegment

Reference SideReference Side

Anatomical Directional Terminology Anatomical Directional Terminology AnteriorAnterior (Anteroinferior, (Anteroinferior, Anerosuperior, Anerosuperior, Anterolateral, Anteromedial, Anterolateral, Anteromedial, Anteroposterior)Anteroposterior)

PosteriorPosterior (Posteroinferior, (Posteroinferior, Posterosuperior, Posterosuperior, Posterolateral, Posterolateral, Posteromedial, Posteromedial, Posteroanterior)Posteroanterior)

SuperiorSuperior (Superolateral, Superomedial)(Superolateral, Superomedial)

InferiorInferior (Inferolateral, Inferomedial)(Inferolateral, Inferomedial)

MedialMedialLateralLateralIpsilateralIpsilateralContralateralContralateralUnilateralUnilateralBilateralBilateralCaudalCaudalCephalicCephalicDorsalDorsalVentralVentralProximalProximalDistalDistalVentralVentralProximalProximalDistalDistalSuperficialSuperficialDeepDeepPalmerPalmerVolarVolarProneProneSupineSupineDorsumDorsum

General Anatomical/Medical TermsGeneral Anatomical/Medical Terms

Planes of Motion & Axes of Planes of Motion & Axes of Rotation Rotation

Plane of Plane of MotionMotion

Description of Description of PlanePlane

Axis of Axis of RotationRotation

Description of Description of AxisAxis

Common Common MovementsMovements

Saggital Saggital Divides body into Divides body into right and left right and left halveshalves

FrontalFrontal

(coronal)(coronal)Runs Runs

Medial/lateralMedial/lateralFlexionFlexion

ExtensionExtension

FrontalFrontal Divides body into Divides body into ant. & post. ant. & post. halves halves

SaggitalSaggital Runs Runs anterior/posterioranterior/posterior

AbductionAbduction

AdductionAdduction

TransversTransversee

Divides body into Divides body into sup. & inf. halvessup. & inf. halves

VerticalVertical

(longitudinal)(longitudinal)Runs Runs Superior/Inferior Superior/Inferior

Internal rotationInternal rotation

External rotation External rotation

DiagonalDiagonal Combination of Combination of Frontal and Frontal and SaggitalSaggital

Types of JointsTypes of Joints- Classifications of articulations grouped - Classifications of articulations grouped according to structure or function according to structure or function

StructuralStructural: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

FunctionalFunctional: : 1.1. SynarthrodialSynarthrodial (immoveable) (immoveable)

SutureSuture

GomphosisGomphosis

Articular SystemArticular SystemThe union/articulation of two or more bonesThe union/articulation of two or more bones

Articular SystemArticular System2.2. AmphiarthrodialAmphiarthrodial (slightly (slightly

moveable)moveable)SyndesmosisSyndesmosis- held - held together by strong together by strong ligaments ligaments SymphasisSymphasis- separated - separated by fibrocartilage padby fibrocartilage padSynchrondrosisSynchrondrosis- - separated by hyaline separated by hyaline cartilagecartilage

3.3. DiarthrodialDiarthrodial (Freely (Freely moveable) moveable)

joint cavity, joint joint cavity, joint capsule, synovial capsule, synovial membrane, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilagefluid, articular cartilage

DiarthrodialDiarthrodial

Diarthrodial JointsDiarthrodial JointsGinglymus (hinge)Ginglymus (hinge)--UniaxialUniaxial

InterphalangealInterphalangeal

Metacarpophalangeal Metacarpophalangeal of thumbof thumb

HumeroulnarHumeroulnar

TibiotarsalTibiotarsal

Femorotibial (dual)Femorotibial (dual)

Seller (Saddle)Seller (Saddle)--MultiaxialMultiaxial

Carpometacarpal of Carpometacarpal of thumbthumb

Enarthrodial (Ball Enarthrodial (Ball & Socket)& Socket)

--MultiaxialMultiaxialAcetabulofemoralAcetabulofemoral

GlenohumeralGlenohumeral

Arthrodial (Gliding)Arthrodial (Gliding)--MultiaxialMultiaxial

Carpal articulationsCarpal articulations

Tarsal articulationsTarsal articulations

AcromioclavicularAcromioclavicular

SternoclavicularSternoclavicular

PatellofemoralPatellofemoral

Radiohumeral (pivot?)Radiohumeral (pivot?)

Vertebral art. ProcessVertebral art. Process

CarpometacarpalCarpometacarpal

TarsometatarsalTarsometatarsal

Sup. & Inf. TibiofibularSup. & Inf. Tibiofibular

SternocostalSternocostal

CostovertebralCostovertebral

CostotransverseCostotransverse

IntermetatarsalIntermetatarsal

IntermetacarpalIntermetacarpal

Trochoidial (Pivot)Trochoidial (Pivot)--UniaxialUniaxial

Radioulnar (prox & dist)Radioulnar (prox & dist)

AtlantoaxialAtlantoaxial

Condylodial (Convex-Condylodial (Convex-Concave)Concave)

--BiaxialBiaxialMetacarpophalangealMetacarpophalangeal

RadiocarpalRadiocarpal

AtlantooccipitalAtlantooccipital

Femorotibial (dual)Femorotibial (dual)

MetatarsophalangealMetatarsophalangeal

Movement in JointsMovement in JointsMotion that takes place by the bones moving through a Motion that takes place by the bones moving through a plane of motion about an axis is referred to as physiological plane of motion about an axis is referred to as physiological movement or movement or osteokinematic motionosteokinematic motion. .

Movement TerminologyMovement Terminology are the terms used to describe the are the terms used to describe the actual change in position of the bones relative to each actual change in position of the bones relative to each other. other.

The specific amount of movement in a joint can be The specific amount of movement in a joint can be measured using an instrument called a measured using an instrument called a goniometergoniometer. .

Anatomical Movement TermsAnatomical Movement Terms

General MovementsGeneral MovementsAbductionAbduction Diagonal Abduction Diagonal Abduction

AdductionAdduction Diagonal AdductionDiagonal Adduction

FlexionFlexion Internal RotationInternal Rotation

ExtensionExtension External RotationExternal Rotation

Circumduction Circumduction Hyperextension Hyperextension

Specific to the Ankle and FootSpecific to the Ankle and FootEversion Eversion DorsiflexionDorsiflexion InversionInversion PlantarflexionPlantarflexion

Specific to Shoulder Girdle & Shoulder JointsSpecific to Shoulder Girdle & Shoulder Joints DepressionDepression

ElevationElevation

Protraction (Scapular Abduction)Protraction (Scapular Abduction)

Retraction (Scapular adduction) Retraction (Scapular adduction)

Upward RotationUpward Rotation

Downward RotationDownward Rotation

Horizontal Abduction (shoulder joint)Horizontal Abduction (shoulder joint)

Horizontal Adduction (shoulder joint)Horizontal Adduction (shoulder joint)

Specific to the Radioulnar JointsSpecific to the Radioulnar JointsPronationPronation

Supination Supination

Anatomical Movement TermsAnatomical Movement Terms

Specific to the SpineSpecific to the SpineLateral FlexionLateral Flexion

ReductionReduction

RotationRotation

Specific to the Wrist and HandSpecific to the Wrist and HandDorsal Flexion (ext.)Dorsal Flexion (ext.) Long AbductionLong Abduction

Palmar Flexion (flex.)Palmar Flexion (flex.) Short AbductionShort Abduction

Radial DeviationRadial Deviation Thumb OppostionThumb Oppostion

Ulnar DeviationUlnar Deviation Thumb RepositionThumb Reposition

Specific to the MandibleSpecific to the MandibleProtrusionProtrusion

Retrusion Retrusion

Anatomical Movement TermsAnatomical Movement Terms

Arthrokinematic MotionArthrokinematic Motion

In order for physiological movements to occur In order for physiological movements to occur there must be there must be movement between the actual movement between the actual articular surfaces of the joint.articular surfaces of the joint. This is known as This is known as arthrokinematic motionarthrokinematic motion. There are three . There are three specific types: specific types: Roll (rock)Roll (rock)- a series of points on one articulating surface - a series of points on one articulating surface

contacts with a series of points on another articular contacts with a series of points on another articular surfacesurface

Glide (slide, translation)Glide (slide, translation)- a specific point on one - a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface) points on another surface)

SpinSpin– A single point on one articular surface rotates – A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface. about a single point on another articular surface.