Folio Chem Haziq Zul

7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul

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SEKOLAH

MENENGAH

SAINS

BANTING


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TITLE : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN

INDUSTRYNAME: MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN ZULKEFLI

CLASS : 4 AL BIRUNI

SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY

TEACHERS NAME : PUAN NURHAZWANI BINTI

JAAFAR


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INDEX

CONTENT

TITLE PAGE NUMBERMANUFACTURED OF SULPHURIC ACID

MANUFACTURED OF AMMONIA

MANUFACTURED OF ALLOY

MANUFACTURED OF POLYMERS

MANUFACTURED OF GLASS AND CERAMICS

MANUFACTURED OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL


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MANUFACTURED OF SULPHURIC ACID

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES AT THE

PRESENT TIME

MANUFACTURED THROUGH THE CONTACT PROCESS

THE CONTACT INVOLVES THREE STAGES :

SULPHUR ----1----> SULPHUR DIOXIDE ----2----> SULPHUR TRIOXIDE ----3---->

SULPHURIC ACID


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STAGE 1

- PRODUCTION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE GAS , SO

- THIS CAN BE DONE BY TWO METHODS :

1. Burning of sulphur in dry air in the furnace.

S + O ----> SO

2. Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide or iron (III) sulphide in dry air

2ZnS + 3O ---> 2SO + 2ZnO

STAGE 2

- CONVERSION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE TO SULPHUR TRIOXIDE, SO

1. THE SULPHUR DIOXIDE GAS IS DRIED AND PURIFIED BEFORE BEING

ADDED TO DRY AIR TO PRODUCE SULPHUR TRIOXIDE GAS . THIS IS :


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TO REMOVE WATER VAPOUR IN THE AIR ( THE REACTION OF WATER

WITH SOWILL PRODUCE HEAT THAT WILL VAPORISE THE ACID )

TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS SUCH AS arsenic compounds ( found in the

sulphur or sulphide minerals ) that will poison the catalyst and make it

ineffective

2. Pure and dry sulphur dioxide with excess dry oxygen ( from air) are passed

through a converter .

3. A high percentage (98%) of sulphur dioxide is converted into sulphur trioxide

under the following conditions :

The presence of vanadium (V) oxide , VO as a catalyst

A temperature of between 450C - 550C

A pressure of one atmosphere

2SO + O 2SO

STAGE 3

PRODUCTION OF SULPHURIC ACID

1. IN THE ABSORBER , SULPHUR TRIOXIDE IS DISSOLVED IN

CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID TO PRODUCE OLEUM , HSO, A

VISCOUS LIQUID

SO + HSO -----> H S O


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2. OLEUM IS THEN DILUTED WITH AN EQUAL VOLUME OF WATER TO

PRODUCE CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID ( 98%)

HSO + HO ----> 2HSO

3. THE TWO REACTION IN STAGE 3 ARE EQUIVALENT TO ADDING SULPHUR

TRIOXIDE TO WATER

SO + HO -------> HSO

HOWEVER , SULPHUR TRIOXIDE IS NOT DISSOLVED DIRECTLY IN WATER

TO PRODUCE SULPHURIC ACID . THIS IS BECAUSE

SO HAS A LOW SOLUBILITY IN WATER

SO REACTS VIOLENTLY IN WATER , PRODUCING A LARGE AMOUNT OF

HEAT WHICH WILL VAPOURISE SULPHURIC ACID TO FORM ACID MIST .

THE MIST IS CORROSIVE , POLLUTES THE AIR AND IS DIFFICULT TO

CONDENSE.

TEMPERATURE : 450C - 550C

PRESSURE : 1 ATMOSPHERE

CATALYST : VO


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The uses of sulphuric acid in daily life

Manufacture of detergents ( synthetic cleaning agents )

- Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid . sulphonic acid

is then neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce the detergent

Manufacture of synthetic fibres ( polymers )

- Rayon is an example of a synthetic fibre that is produced from the actionof

sulphuric acid on cellulose.

In school laboratories

As a strong acid

As a drying or dehydrating agent

As an oxidising agent

As a sulphonating agent

As a catalyst

Manufacture of white pigment in paint barium sulphate, BaSO

- The neutralization between sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces

barium sulphide

Manufacture of fertilizers

Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (superphosphate) is prepared from the

reaction between sulphuric acid and tricalcium phosphate

Ammonium sulphate is prepared from the reaction between sulphuric acid

and aqueous ammonia.

1. Potassium sulphate is prepared from the reaction between sulphuric acid and

potassium hydroxide.


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Environmental pollution by sulphur dioxide

Sulphur is a poisonous and acidic gas that can cause environmental pollution. Inhaling

sulphur dioxide affects the respiratory system. It can cause lung problems such as

coughing , chest pains, shortness of breath and bronchitis .

Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in atmospheric water to produce shulphurous acid ,

HSO and sulphuric acid , HSO. The presence of this acids in rain water causes acid

rain .

SO + HO --------> HSO

2SO + O + 2HO ----------> 2HSO

The effects of acid rain are as follows :

Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structures

Destroys trees and plants in forest

Decreases the PH of the soil which becomes acidic, unsuitable for growth of

plants and destroys the roots of plants.

Reacts with minerals in the soil to produce salts which are leached of the top

soil ; essential nutrients for plants growth are depleted (plants die of

malnutrition and diseases )

Acid rain flows into lakes and rivers . this increases the acidity of water and

may kill fish and other aquatic living things.

Method to reduce the effect of acid rain

Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust

gases.

Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium carbonate

before it is released.


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Manufactured of ammonia

Ammonia NH is a very important compound in industry

The Haber processs

- In this process , ammonia is formed from direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen

gas in the volume ratio 1: 3

The gas nitrogen obtained from the fractional distillation of liquefied air . thehydrogen gas is obtained from the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysedreaction of natural gas, CH4, with steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst

under controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.I. Temperature: 450-500CII. Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres

III. Catalyst used: Iron fillings

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into

ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flowback over the catalyst again in the reactor chamber.

The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that itcondenses into a liquid in the cooling chamber.

The haber process

Temperature : 450 c 550 c

pressure : 200 500 atm

catalyst : iron powder


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The uses of ammonia

Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.

It uses:

In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, ammonia nitric,ammonia phosphate and urea. To manufacture nitric acid and explosive. In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon. As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the kitchen.

Physical and chemical properties of ammonia

1. The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following: It colourless and has a pungent odour. It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.

It less dense then water. It easily liquified (at about 35.5C) when cool.

2. The chemical properties of ammonia gas:a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.

NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thusaqueous ammonia solution:

Turns red litmus paper blue. Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction.

NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) NH4CI(aq)

2NH3+ H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)

Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.

Fe+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)


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Alloy

The meaning of alloy

Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to corrosion.They rush and tarnish easily.

To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element (usuallymetal) is added to form another an alloy.

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific proportion.For example:

- Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)

- Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)


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The aim of making alloy

To increase the hardness and strength

Alloying improves the hardness and strength of a metal

- The addition of a little carbon to iron metal produces steel which is a very hard

alloy of iron

- The addition of magnesium to aluminium metal produces an alloy called

magnalium . magnalium is harder than aluminium but still retains the low density

of aluminium metal .

- The addition of tin to copper metal produces bronze . bronze is an alloy harder

than both tin and copper .

To prevent corrosion

Pure metals such as tin and iron are easily corroded in damp , polluted or acidic air .

- The addition of carbon , nickel and chromium to iron metal produces stainless

steel . stainless steel is an alloy which can resist rusting . the chromium and

nickel form chromium (III) oxide and nickel (IV) oxide which prevents the iron

from rusting .- The addition of tin to copper produces bronze which is able to resist corrosion

and tarnish .

To improve the appearance

Metals are easily tarnished because of the formation of metal oxides on the metal

surfaces . the process of alloying can maintain the luster on the surface of the metal

.

- Stainless steel is more shiny than pure iron

- Adding a little copper and antimony to tin produces the alloy pewter which is

harder and shinier and not so easily tarnished .

- Alloy wheels made from aluminium and other elements improve the look of

vehicles .


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The composition , properties and uses of alloys

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

High carbon steel

99% iron

1% carbon

Strong,hard and

high wear

resistance

I.Making of cutting

tools, hammers

and chisels

Stainless steel

80.6% iron

0.4% carbon

18%chromium

1% nickel

Do not rust and

tarnish, strong and

durable

I.Making of surgical

instrument,

knives forks and

spoons

Brass

70% copper

30% zinc

Hard, do not rust,

bright appearance

I.Making of

ornaments,

electrical wiring

and plug.

Bronze

90% copper

10% tin

Hard, do not

corrode easily and

durable

.For casting bells,

medals, swords

and statues

Pewter

90% tin

2.5% copper

0.5% antimony

Ductile and

malleable, white

silvery appearance

.Making of

ornaments,

souvenirs and


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mugs

Duralumin

95% aluminium

4% copper

1%magnesium

Light, strong and

durable

I.Making part of

aircrafts and

racing cars

Cupronickel

75%copper

25%nickel

Attractive, silvery

appearance, hard

and tough

I.Making of silver

coins


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Polymers

- The meaning of polymers

Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joinedtogether repeatedly are called polymer.

The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are callermonomer.

The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chainpolymer is called polymerisation.

Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer arefound in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose,protein and rubber.

Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additionalpolymerisation.

Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation.

Natural polymers and synthetic polymers

Natural polymers

Naturally occurring polymers exist in plants or animals Examples of naturally occurring polymers are Protein : in muscles , skin , silk , hair , wool and fur Carbohydrate : in starch and cellulose Natural rubber : in latex

Protein is formed by the polymerization of monomers known as amino acid . Carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose consist of monomers known as

glucose joined together chemically . Natural rubber found in latex consists of monomers known as isoprene ( 2

methylbuta 1 , 3 diene ) joined together chemicaly

Synthetic polymers


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Synthetic polymers are polymers made in the industry from chemical substances

. Through scientific research , scientists are able to copy the structures of natural

polymers to produce synthetic polymers .

Many of the raw materials for synthetic polymers are obtained from petroleum ,after the refining and cracking processes . The types of synthetic polymers include

- Plastics- Fibres- Elastomers

1. Plastics

Thermoplastic is a polymer which , when subjected to heat , becomes soft sothey can moulded into various shapes .

The properties of plastics are light , strong inert to to chemicals such as acidand alkali and are insulators of elelctricity and heat .

Examples of plastics are polythene (polyethylene) polyvinylchloride (PVC) ,polypropene (polypropylene) , polystyrene , Perspex and Bakelite .

2. Synthethic fibres

Synthetic fibres are long chained polymers that withstand stretching . Examples of synthetic fibres are nylon and terylene Nylon is used to make ropes , fishing lines , stocking , clothing and

parachutes . Terylene is used to make clothing , sleeping bags and fishing nets . clothes

made from Terylene do not crease easily .

3. Elastomer An elastomer is a polymer that can regain its original shape after being

stretched or pressed Both natural rubber and synthetic rubber are examples of elastomers . Examples of synthetic rubbers are neoprene and styrene butadiene rubber

(SBR) SBR is used to make car tyres .

There two types of polymerization processes :

Addition polymerization Condensation polymerization

Plastics such as polythene and PVC are produced by addition polymerization , whereassynthetic fibres such as nylon and terylene are made by condensation polymerization .


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The uses of synthetic polymers in every day life

1. Synthetic polymers have been used widely to replace natural materials such asmetals, wood , cotton , animal skin and natural rubber because of the followingadvantages :

Strong and light Cheap Able to resist corrosion Inert to chemical reactions Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured Can be made to have special properties according to specific needs

2. The use of synthetic polymers , however results in environmental pollutionproblems


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Glass and ceramics

- The meaning of glass and ceramic

Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Manyproducts are made from glass because of its specials properties.

Glass is:

Transparent, hard but brittle. A heat and electric insulator. Resistant to corrosion. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack. Easy to maintain.

The main component of both glass and ceramics si silica or silicon dioxide .

Ceramics

Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolinto a vary high temperature.

Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful

materials in our everyday life. That:

Are hard, strong but brittle Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature Are heat and electric instrument Are resistant to corrosion and wear Are chemically not reactive Do not readily deform under stress


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The types , compositions , properties and uses of glass

Type of glass Composition Properties Uses

Fused glass SiO2: 100%

I.Transparent

.High melting point

.Good heat

insulator

.Lens

.Telescope mirrors

.Laboratory

apparatus

Soda-lime glass SiO2: 75%

Na2O:15%

CaO:9%

Other:1%

.Low melting point,

easily molded

into desired

shape and size

.Low resistant to

chemical attacks

I.Brittle

.Drinking glass,

bottles

.Electric bulbs

.Window glass

Borosilicate glass

SiO2:78%

B2O3: 12%

Na2O: 5%

CaO: 3%

Al2O3:2%

.Resistant chemical

attack and

durable

.High melting point

.Good insulator

.Cooking utensils

.Laboratory

glassware such

as conical flaks

and boiling tube


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Lead crystal glass

(flint glass)

SiO2: 70%

Pbo/PbO2:20%

Na2O: 10%

.High refractive

index

.High density

I.Attractive glittering

appearance

.Lenses and prisms

.Decorative

glassware and art

object

.Imation jewellery

The properties and uses of ceramics

Hard and strong

- Building materials : bricks , tiles and cement

Long lasting and non corrosive

- Materials for decorative items : plates, bowls , cooking utensils , porcelain and

vases

Electrical insulators- To make electrical insulating parts : insulators in toasters and irons , spark

plugs in car engines

Inert and hard

- In surgical and dental apparatus : artificial hands , legs and teeth

Semiconductor type of ceramics

- As microchips : to make microchips in computers , radios and television

The differences in properties between glass and ceramics

Glass Ceramics

Transparent Opaque


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Softens when heated High melting point , hence retains shape on heating

Impermeable Usually porous except when glazed

Composite materials

- The meaning of composite materials

A composite material is a structural material formed by combining two or morematerials with different physical properties , producing a complex mixture

The composite material produced will have different properties far more superior to

the original materials

In the making of composites , substances (known as components) are combined to

form new types of materials that can overcome the limitations of the original

materials .

Most of the composite materials are comprised of two phases : a continuous phase (

also known as the base) and the dispersed phase (also known as the matrix)

Composite materials are harder , stronger , lighter (low density) , more resistant to

heat and corrosion and also made for specific purposes .


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The example of composite materials, their components and uses

Reinforces concrete

Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to maintain. Itis more important construction materials.

The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.

Superconductor

Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% ofthe electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.

Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at aparticular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible.

One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate amagnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (atabout 552 km/h).

Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer.Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internetcommunication.

Fibre optic

Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave. Fibre optic is used in

Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables. Domestic cable television network Closed circuit television security system.

Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument whichenable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.


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Fibre glass

Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto arefractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.

Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and waterbut is brittle.

When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforcesplastic is formed.

Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. Itis

- Extremely strong

- Light weigh- Resistant to fire and water- Can be molded, shaped and twisted

Photochromic glass

When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and asmall amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide,photochromic glass is formed.

The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed tostrong sunlight or ultraviolet.

Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.

References

- Oxford fajar success chemistry SPM

- Form 4 chemistry textbook

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Folio Chem Haziq Zul