Entomology Azrul & Haziq

7/18/2019 Entomology Azrul & Haziq

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NO CONTENT PAGES1 INTRODUCTION 2-32 BENEFICIAL ASPECT OF

ORYCTES RINOCEROS

!-"

3 AR#FUL ASPECT OF

ORYCTES RINOCEROS

$-%

! O& IT CAN INCREASE IN

POPULATION'

" O& TO CONTROL

ORYCTES RINOCEROS

(-1)

$ CONCLUSION 11% REFERENCE 12

INTRODUCTION

One of the most serious pests in oil palm is the rhinoceros beetle. Primarily a pest of

coconut, the beetle attacks palms of all ages but its effect are most serious when palms are

damaged during immature period. There are numerous species of main genus, Oryctes, with

Oryctes rhinoceros being the species most frequently encountered in South-east Asia and ndia

and Oryctes monoceros occurring in !est Africa, together with less important species, Oryctes

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boas and Augosoma centaurus. The comparable pests in the South Pacific region are Scapanes

australis grossepunctatus and S. decorates and to a lesser degree , Papuana woodlarkiana. n

South America, the group is represented by Strategus aloeus. Species of lesser importance also

occur, for e"ample the #ery large Xylotrupes gideon, which attack young inflorescences. A

number of other beetles are frequently found in association with rhinoceros beetle attack or their

lar#ae occur in same sites. These is not normally oil palm pests and their lar#ae should be

distinguished from those of the ma$or pest species if an assessment of infestation is to be made.

There are a number of these, including the atlas beetle, Chalcosma atlas and numerous stag

beetles. The economic effects of damage caused by rhinoceros beetles can be considerable. n

nurseries, ad#anced planting material may be se#erely affected. Attacks on older palms may

caused damage which is so se#ere that de#elopment is slowed, but it is during immature period

that most retarded. n one comparison in %alaysia, first year yield from plantings which were

#irtually unaffected by beetles was &'( greater than yield from an infested planting. )ield losses

were *'( in the first year of production and +'(in the second, representing loss of ( of

potential crop o#er the first two years. ost of protection from attack is easily recouped from the

additional crop as well as allowing palms to be brought into production earlier. n under

plantings, damage to the young palms can reach o#er /'(. t has been estimated that 0ero burn

method of replanting will result in Oryctes becoming more important in both young and mature

palm.

Oryctes rhinoceros life cycle.

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A male Oryctes rhinoceros adult A lar#a of Oryctes rhinoceros

A pupae of Oryctes rhinoceros A female Oryctes rhinoceros adult

Oryctes rhinoceros life cycle.

BENEFICIAL ASPECT OF O+,ctebeetle

1. A 1ecomposition Agent.

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2hino beetle lar#ae eat decaying wood and dead lea#es. The adult is known to eat rotting fruit.

3ike earthworms they are part of a battalion of decomposition agents that play a ma$or role in

nature4s recycling program. f you find some in your compost then be thankful, they will help

decompose it faster. f these agents did not e"ist to help break down decaying matter for bacteria

then the soil would soon become to"ic and sterile from the rotting material.

2. A Tree 5eller .

These insects naturally curb the domination of trees in the #egetal world and enhance the

di#ersity of species. Although a man may saw down a sick tree in an hour making small work of a whole generation of rhinoceros beetles, he will not make fertile matter out of it. These wood

eaters naturally eat into ailing trees, so weakening the tree further and making it fall to make way

for new plants with the liberated light. n this way, not only do rhinoceros beetles turn sick

matter into fertile matter, they are contributing in the di#ersity of species. f this type of animal

were not allowed to breed, stumps and sick trees would remain standing until they rotted from

time alone, which would take a #ery long time indeed.

. A 5ood Source.

2hinoceros lar#ae are rich in protein and an important food source which wintering birds,

mammals and reptiles will find without too much difficulty if they nose around compost heaps

and fallen trees.

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*. A 6ulldo0er.

The head and pronotum the hump behind the head of both male and female is shaped

dynamically so that it can burrow its body into the earth for refuge using its powerful forelegs

which ha#e spade-like upper segments for digging. The central horn of the male enables it to

power like a plough through debris. 6ut how does nature benefit from this7 !ho knows, maybe

if other insects could tell they would say that these bulldo0ers are handy for clearing and creating

passageways.

. The gentle giant

t is a colossus in insect terms and is ranked as one of the mightiest animals on earth

compared to its body weight. t is said to be able to carry /' times its own weight without e#en

buckling at the knee segments.

AR#FUL ASPECT OF O+,cte

beetle5 | P a * e



The adults fly during the night, less so during or immediately after rain. 1istances flown

are comparati#ely small, with #ory oast trials showing that the beetle come to ground within

+''m of their starting point. 2ain does not seem to hamper flight. This is one reason for damage

being more se#ere along boundaries closest to sources of infestation, particularly old coconut

planting. t4s also seems likely that the silhouette of a palm assists in enabling a beetle to locate

it, with this ha#ing been supported by indirect e#idence on a number of occasions. 5or e"ample,

it was found in one replanting that young palm were unaffected while a few scattered members

of the formers oil palms, left standing to assist early pollination, were #ery hea#ily attacked.

1amage to palms is caused by the feeding acti#ities of adult beetles. n general,

rhinoceros beetle do not use the palms as breeding sites. The adult bores through a young frond

base towards the apical stem tissues, or it may be pass downwards through a spear leaf, which

frequently collapses. !here attacked spear lea#es ha#e not been killed, their misshapen outline

following e"pansion is readily recogni0able as rhinoceros beetle damage. The original

penetration site through a frond base remains permanently marked by a large hole. 1amage the

apical meristem frequently occurs, either through feeding acti#ity directly affecting the bud

tissues or through the entry tunnels allowing access of other pests, as !hyncophorus or a #ariety

of bud rotting microorganism.

!here this occurs, reco#ery is marked by production of a series of distorted lea#es, or

8little lea#es4, which may be confused with similar symptoms resulting from boron deficiency or

following spear rot. The main point of differentiation is that there is an immediate change from

normal lea#es to se#ere abnormalities where beetle are the cause, whereas other conditions with

associated little lea#es show a gradual transition from normal to abnormal. 2eco#ery symptoms

are similar in all situations, with production of lea#es becoming progressi#ely normal in

appearance. 9uite frequently, se#ere beetle attack is followed by the new shoot growing out

through the damaged section so that it is laterally displaced.

Oryctes rhinoceros damage

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Symmetrical damage, caused by rhinoceros An entry hole bored into a frond by a

beetle feeding, re#ealed in a newly opened form. rhinoceros beetle.

The sudden change from normal to stunted Se#ere leaf distortion following rhinoceros

lea#es, differentiating rhinoceros beetle beetle attack, in which the apical meristem

attack from boron deficiency. was badly damaged.

O& IT CAN INCREASE IN POPULATION

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+: 2aising 3ar#ae ;

6uying a big bag of organic soil, without pumice in it. Pumice makes it harder to distinguish the

o#a, and may also damage them during the sifting process when you are looking for o#a <eggs:.

Put about / inches of soil in a +' gallon aquarium, and $ust set the females in there. %ales may

kill females, so they should only be allowed to stay with the females until you are sure they ha#e

been mated. A single male will take care of business, so additional males are unnecessary

<though often preferred as both pets and dried specimens:. 5emales will burrow to the bottom,

lay o#a in compacted soil, then come back to the top to feed on apple or banana which should be

placed on a plastic lid so that the $uices don=t contaminate the soil. >arious ? beetle $ellies? are a

non-molding, non-rotting alternati#e to fresh fruits and are a#ailable through our online store.

: Temperature ;

2oom temperature should fine, although beetles will li#e longer if they are gi#en an

o#erwintering period or are kept at cooler temperatures. This doesn=t necessarily mean they lay

more o#a though, since their metabolisms would be hindered. @se a watering can to wet the soil

down pretty good, once a week or so. t might dump a cup or pint of water e#enly throughout the

substrate. n warmer or dryer conditions you might need to increase this amount. The lid on tank

should be rather limited in terms of air holes or #entilation. O#a should hatch in one to si"

months. 3ar#ae feed #oraciously on hardwood wood and leaf substrate mi"es, but should also be

gi#en dry petfood for protein. They may eat the latter e"clusi#ely, as they mature. t take about

years to mature.

O& TO CONTROL O+,cte beetle

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2hinoceros beetles can be controlled by eliminating the places where they breed and by

manually destroying adults and immatures ;

hop and burn decaying logs or break them up and destroy any rhinoceros beetles de#eloping

inside.

ut stumps as close to the soil surface as possible.

1ead, standing coconuts should be felled, chopped, dried, and burned.

2hinoceros beetles do not usually lay eggs in potential breeding sites that are obscured by

growing #egetation. >ines or ground co#ers can be planted or allowed to grow o#er logs or

stumps that cannot be destroyed.

Piles of dead lea#es or grass can be composted, used for mulch, burned, or spread on the

ground in a thin layer.

ompost piles should be maintained properly. !hen turning compost piles or applying compost

to plants, destroy any rhinoceros beetles found. t takes longer for rhinoceros beetle lar#ae to

de#elop than it takes to make compost, so properly maintained compost should not ser#e as a

source of rhinoceros beetles.

A hooked wire can be used to e"tract and destroy rhinoceros beetle adults feeding in palm

crowns. n many countries, the fungus %etarhi0ium anisopliae or the Oryctes #irus are used to

control the rhinoceros beetle. %ore recently a chemical attractant, ethyl-*-methyloctanoate, has

been used in traps to attract and kill the beetles. 6oth %etarhi0ium anisopliae and the Oryctes

#irus are present and helping to reduce rhinoceros beetle populations in American SamoaB

howe#er, these pathogens and the attractant ha#e not yet recei#ed appro#al from the @nited

States Cn#ironmental Protection Agency for use as pesticides to control the rhinoceros beetle.

Oryctes rhinoceros control

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An en#ironmentally friendly bio-control Pheromone Traps which attract beetle and

insecticide that uses the host-specific fungus beetle will die due to lack of food.

"etarhi#ium anisopliae to control Oryctes

rhinoceros infestations.

A hand collection of lar#ae is another way @se 3egume o#er rop <3:.

to control Oryctes rhinoceros.

CONCLUSION

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n the conclusion, primarily a pest of coconut, the beetle attacks palms of all ages but its

effect are most serious when palms are damaged during immature period. The adult emerges

from the pupal cell when it has hardened and its brown black colour fully de#eloped. t reaches*cm long. The head of the male has a small horn while the tip of the female abdomen has a tuft

of bristles. Se"ual maturity is reached by the end of three week. n general, the life cycle of

rhinoceros beetle takes about fi#e months to complete.

Cggs are laid in suitably most rotting #egetation, such as dumps of compost, cow dung,

sawdust piles, pruned frond piles, palm trunks and heaps of empty oil palm fruit bunches with

#ariable rates of sur#i#al. Dumbers of eggs laid depend on en#ironmental condition and beetle

nutritional status. Trapping has been another control approach. %any beetles are attracted to light

traps and these ha#e been tried as a control method. !hile rhinoceros beetle will fly close to a

light source, only a few will enter the light traps, so they are of no practical #alue in control of

Oryctes. 6eneficial of rhino is decomposition agent, a tree feller, and as food sources.

conclude that the rhino beetles ha#e their beneficial to the en#ironment ant they also ha#e

their disad#antages to the oil palm and other crops. They also can cause the low producti#ity of

the har#esting the fresh fruit bunch.

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REFERENCES

• 6OOES

Cntomology AF2*, Dor A0ian binti skandar,

• DTC2DCT

-http;GGwww.strangemetamorphosis.comGuseful-insectsGeoropean-rhinoceros-beetleG

-en.wikipedia.orgGwikiG1ynastinae

-www.angelfire.comGnsG2hinoceros6eetlesG- .../b+0tann0ca/coEBcec4e5to60c")1!)2+0noce+o-beetle

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http://www.strangemetamorphosis.com/useful-insects/eoropean-rhinoceros-beetle/

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/501402/rhinoceros-beetle

http://www.strangemetamorphosis.com/useful-insects/eoropean-rhinoceros-beetle/

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/501402/rhinoceros-beetle

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Entomology Azrul & Haziq