e · Web viewe. xaraiSvili i. gagniZe m. CavleiSvili i. nacvliSvili m. nacvalaZe mikroekonomika saxelmZRvanelo gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2008 saxelmZRvanelo agebulia evropisa

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e. xaraiSvili i. gagniZe m. CavleiSvili

i. nacvliSvili m. nacvalaZe

mikroekonomika

saxelmZRvanelo

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gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi 2008

saxelmZRvanelo agebulia evropisa da amerikis wamyvan universitetebSi adaptirebuli mikroekonomikis kursis (Intermediate Microeconomics) silabusebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis safuZvelze.

saswavlo programa recenzirebulia aSS-is nebraskas universitetis mier; recenzenti qreg r. Mmakfi, doqtori (PH.D), ekonomikis profesori, biznesis administrirebis fakulteti (nebraskas universiteti, linkolni, aSS, [email protected]).

kursi gankuTvnilia ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis bakalavriatis studentebisaTvis.

redaqtori

profesori e. meqvabiSvili

recenzentebi: profesori r. Ggvelesiani

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profesori i. ananiaSvili

daibeWda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos gadawyvetilebiT.

© e. xaraiSvili i. gagniZe m. CavleiSvili, i. nacvliSvili m. nacvalaZe, 2008

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2008

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Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-12-244-6

Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba 7

nawili I _ Sesavali mikroekonomikaSi

Tavi 1. Tanamedrove mikroekonomika da misi meTodologia 9

1.1 mikroekonomikis arsi 9

1.2 sabazro operaciebi da fasebi 10

1.3 mikroekonomikis meTodologia: meTodebi, Teoriebi, modelebi, grafikebi 14

1.4 pozitiuri da normatiuli analizi 29

Tavi 2. moTxovna, miwodeba da sabazro wonasworoba 32

2.1 moTxovnis mrudi 33

2.2 miwodebis mrudi 35

2.3 sabazro wonasworoba 36

2.4 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadaadgileba 43

2.5 moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebis erTdrouli gadaadgileba 52

Tavi 3. moTxovnis da miwodebis elastikuroba 57

3.1 moTxovnis da miwodebis safaso elastikuroba 57

3.2 moTxovnis rkaluri safaso elastikuroba 59

3.3 elastikuroba moTxovnis wrfiv mrudze 60

3.4 moTxovna Tanabari elastikurobis SemTxvevaSi. izoelastikuroba 62

3.5 moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba grZelvadian periodSi 63

3.6 moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba sabazro da calkeuli safirmo markis

doneze 66

3.7 saqonlis eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba da masze moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba 67

3.8 moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT grZelvadian periodSi 68

3.9 cikluri dargebi 69

3.10 elastikurobis Teoriis praqtikuli mniSvneloba 70

nawili II _ momxmarebelTa arCevani

Tavi 4. momxmarebelTa qceva 73

4.1 kardinaluri Teoria 73

4.2 ordinaluri Teoria 78

4.3 Senacvlebis zRvruli norma 81

4.4 sabiujeto SezRuduloba 84

4.5 momxmareblis optimaluri arCevani 85

4.6 kuTxuri gadawyvetilebebi 87

4.7 ganurCevlobis mrudTa mravalferovneba 88

4.8 gamoxatuli upiratesobani 89

Tavi 5. individualuri da sabazro moTxovna 93

5.1 individualuri da sabazro moTxovnis mrudebi 93

5.2 mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~ 94

5.3 engelis mrudebi 96

5.4 mrudi `fasi moxmareba~ 98

5.5 fasebis cvlilebis Sedegi: Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebi 99

5.6 momxmarebelTa qcevis Taviseburebani 103

5.7 cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsebi 106

Tavi 6. arCevani ganusazRvrelobis pirobebSi 114

6.1 sarisko gadawyvetilebebi 114

6.2 sarisko Sedegebis Sefaseba 121

6.3 riskis miReba da riskis Tavidan acileba 126

6.4 asimetriuli informacia sadazRvevo bazrebze 132

nawili III _ warmoeba da danaxarjebi

Tavi 7. warmoebis Teoria 138

7.1 warmoeba erTi cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT. klebadi zRvruli

mwarmoebluroba 138

7.2 sawarmoo teqnologiis arCeva. teqnikuri da ekonomikuri efeqtianoba 142

7.3 warmoeba ori cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT. izokvantebi da teqnikuri Senacvlebis zona 144

7.4 mwarmoeblis wonasworoba 147

7.5 firmis ganviTarebis gza da masStabidan ukugeba 148

Tavi 8. warmoebis danaxarjebi 153

8.1 danaxarjTa gazomva: romel danaxarjebs eniWebaT mniSvneloba? 153

8.2 firmis warmoebis danaxarjebi moklevadian periodSi 155

8.3 firmis amonagebi da warmoebis danaxarjebi 159

8.4 danaxarjebi grZelvadian periodSi 163

8.5 grZelvadiani da moklevadiani danaxarjebis mrudi 169

8.6 warmoeba ori cvalebadi faqtoriT _ ekonomia asortimentidan 175

8.7 dinamiuri cvlilebebi danaxarjebSi _ swavlebis mrudi 178

nawili IV _ konkurentuli bazrebi

Tavi 9. mogebis maqsimizacia da konkurentuli miwodeba 185

9.1 srulyofili konkurenciis bazrebi 185

9.2 mogebis maqsimizacia 187

9.3 zRvruli amonagebi, zRvruli danaxarjebi da mogebis maqsimizacia 189

9.4 warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra moklevadian periodSi 192

9.5 konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi moklevadian periodSi 195

9.6 moklevadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi 197

9.7 warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra grZelvadian periodSi 199

9.8 firmis miwodebis mrudi grZelvadian periodSi 202

Tavi 10. konkurentuli bazrebis analizi 210

10.1 saxelmwifo politikiT gamowveuli sargeblisa da zaralis Sefaseba _ mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa danazogi 210

10.2 konkurentuli bazris efeqtianoba 214

10.3 minimaluri fasebi 216

10.4 garantirebuli fasebi da qvotebi warmoebaze 218

10.5 saimporto qvotebi da tarifebi 222

10.6 gadasaxadebisa da subsidiebis gavlena 225

nawili V _ sabazro Zalaufleba

Tavi 11. monopolia da monofsonia 232

11.1 mogebis maqsimizacia monopoliis pirobebSi 232

11.2 monopoliuri fasdadeba 242

11.3 monopoliuri bazris statikuri analizi 249

11.4 mravali sawarmos mqone monopolia. karteli 252

11.5 monofsonia 256

11.6 monopoliuri Zalauflebis maCveneblebi 261

Tavi 12 faswarmoqmna 264

12.1. nametis miReba da safaso diskriminacia 264

12.2 pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia 266

12.3. meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia 269

12.4. mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia 273

12.5. mibmiTi gayidvebi 278

12.6. reklama 283

nawili VI _ arasrulyofili konkurencia

Tavi 13. monopolisturi konkurencia da oligopolia 287

13.1 arasrulyofili konkurencia da monopolisturi konkurenciis bazari 287

13.2 wonasworoba oligopoliur bazarze 293

13.3 kurnos modeli 295

13.4 safaso konkurencia 301

13.5 patimarTa dilemis gamoyeneba oligopoliuri faswarmoqmnis dros 308

13.6 karteli 312

13.7 faswarmoqmna `danaxarjebi plius~ sqemis mixedviT 316

Tavi 14 TamaSTa Teoria da strategiuli qceva 319

14.1 urTierTdamokidebuli gadawyvetilebebi da neSis wonasworoba 319

14.2 ganmeorebadi TamaSebi 331

14.3 mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSebi da strategiuli svla 334

nawili V _ faqtorTa bazrebi

Tavi 15. sawarmoo faqtorTa bazrebi 343

15.1 sawarmoo faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis wesi 343

15.2 Sromis bazari 345

15.3 Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi 350

15.4 ekonomikuri renta 352

15.5 monopoliuri da monofsoniuri Zalauflebis bazrebi 354

15.6 ormxrivi monopolia Sromis bazarze 356

15.7 miwis bazari 357

Tavi 16. investiciebi, dro da kapitalis bazari 363

16.1 nakadebi da rezervebi 363

16.2 investicia 365

16.3 droiTi upiratesobebis zRvruli norma 368

16.4 mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba 371

16.5 miwis fasi 373

16.6 wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba 374

16.7 droTaSorisi sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebi _ araganaxlebadi resursebi 375

nawili VIII _ zogadi wonasworoba da keTildReobis

ekonomika

Tavi 17. zogadi wonasworoba da ekonomikuri efeqtianoba 378

17.1 zogadi wonasworobis analizi 378

17.2 gacvlis efeqtianoba 382

17.3 warmoebisa da sasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtianoba 390

Tavi 18 asimetriuli informaciis bazrebi 402

18.1 asimetriuli bazrebis saxeebi 402

18.2 `gadawyveilebis xis” koncefcia 404

18.3 srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba 410

18.4 auqcionis tipis bazrebi 413

Tavi 19. gare efeqtebi da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi 427

19.1 gare efeqtebi 427

19.2 bazris fiaskos koreqtirebis meTodebi 431

19.3 gare efeqtebi da sakuTrebis uflebebi 440

19.4 saerTo sargeblianobis resursebi 444

19.5 sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi (saqoneli) 446

Tavi 20. keTildReobis ekonomika 457

20.1 keTildReobis ekonomikis ganmarteba 457

20.2 samarTlianoba da efeqtianoba 457

20.3 socialuri keTildReobis funqcia 461

20.4 Semosavlebis ganawileba da gadanawileba 463

20.5 monopoliis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli efeqtianobis danakargebi.

kvazioptimumi 465

20.6 ratom arian bazrebi warumatebelni? 467

gamoyenebuli literatura 471

silabusi (C) 472

Annotation 478

SeniSvnebisa da winadadebebisaTvis 480

winasityvaoba

ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis mimarTulebiT specialistebis momzadebisa da profesiuli ganviTarebis Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad aqcenti keTdeba wvrTnis tipis mecadineobebze da unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze. ekonomikuri unarebi, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri codna, ekonomikuri azrovnebis mniSvnelovani nawilia. aRniSnuli Sedegis miiRebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba ZiriTad codnaze orientirebuli kursebis Seswavlas. maTgan erT-erTi wamyvani kursia mikroekonomika.

mikroekonomikis kursis SeswavliT studenti daeufleba ekonomikuri analizisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis instrumentebs, Camouyalibdeba mikroekonomikuri Teoriebisa da koncefciebis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi. Aam kursSi miRebul codnas studenti warmatebiT gamoiyenebs makroekonomikis, sazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis, finansuri blokis disciplinebis, ekonometrikisa da sxva sagnebis Sesaswavlad.

kursi gansakuTrebulad fokusirebulia mikroekonomikis gamoyenebaze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. studentebs WirdebaT imis kargad gageba, Tu rogor SeiZleba mikroekonomikis realurad gamoyeneba saswavlo auditoriis miRma. Aamitom swavlebis dros aqcenti gakeTdeba mikroekonomikis gamoyenebiT xasiaTze. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWeba winaswar dagegmil da organizebul saleqcio, seminarul da praqtikul mecadineobebs. problemebze dafuZnebuli swavleba ganxorcieldeba keisebis, jgufuri muSaobisa da Sefasebis, agreTve onlain-komunikaciebis Tanamedrove meTodebisa da xerxebis gamoyenebiT.

mikroekonomikis Seswavlisadmi amgvari midgoma gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania biznesis mimarTulebis studentebisaTvis. maT vTavazobT SeTanxmebul programas saleqcio masalebis, seminaruli mecadineobebis, studentTa codnis Semowmebis meTodebisa da damxmare literaturis farTo arCevanis saxiT. YyuradReba gamaxvildeba relevanturi saswavlo masalis ufro siRrmiseul damuSavebaze.

kursSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daeTmoba seminarul, praqtikul mecadineobebsa da damoukidebel muSaobas. mogvaCnia, rom amocanebis, testebisa da savarjiSoebis amoxsnis, saleqcio masalis situaciuri analizis, jgufuri muSaobisa da onlain-diskusiebis, yovelkvireuli saSinao davalebebis Sesrulebis Semdeg iqneba SesaZlebeli masalis Seswavla, gageba da Sefasebis unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibeba.

leqciebis mosmenisa da ukeT aTvisebisaTvis studentebs SevTavazebT saleqcio da saseminaro prezentaciebs Microsoft PowerPoint–is formatSi. prezentaciaze leqciebi zust SesabamisobaSi iqneba ZiriTad saleqcio kursTan; wamodgenili iqneba yvela ZiriTadi koncefcia, grafiki, diagrama, sqema, romelic teqstSia mocemuli.

mikroekonomikis kursSi SesaZleblad migvaCnia studentis maTematikuri momzadebis donisa da maTi Semdgomi specializaciidan gamomdinare diferencirebuli midgomebis SemoTavazebac. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mikroekonomikis kursi waekiTxebaT im studentebs, romelTac ar aqvT maTematikuri momzadebis saukeTeso done, SesaZlebelia seminarul mecadineobebze masalebi ganxiluli iqnes grafikul analizze aqcentis gakeTebis gziT, zogadad ekonomikuri procesebis xarisxobriv gagebaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu leqtorsa da seminaris maswavlebels aqvT sakmarisi moculobis dro da studentebis maTematikuri momzadeba iZleva masalebis ufro Rrma analitikuri Seswavlis SesaZleblobas, maSin diferencirebuli midgoma moxdeba seminarul mecadineobebze, kerZod individualuri saSinao davalebebis Sesrulebis dros, Sesabamisad, gamocdis drosac. Tumca ZiriTadi saleqcio masala Seiswavleba sruli moculobiT. aseTi midgoma daexmareba standartis SemuSavebasac sxvadasxva specialobis studentebisaTvis. es sakiTxi Tanamdrove tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT uaxloes xanSi metad mwvaved dadgeba dRis wesrigSi.

kursis msvlelobis dros leqtorsa da studentebs Soris swavlebis procesis gaaqtiurebis mizniT gamoyenebuli iqneba distanciuri konsultaciebi internetis saSualebiT. procesi adaptirebulia 2006-2008 saswavlo wlebSi. aseTive meTodiT moxdeba saSinao davalebebis, amocanebsa da proeqtebis monitoringis ganxorcieleba.

studentebs saSualeba eqnebaT isargeblon mikroekonomikis kaTedris veb-gverdiT www.economics.tsu..ge/micro, sadac ganTavsebulia: mikroekonomikis kursis swavlebis koncefcia, silabusi, sagamocdo sakiTxebi, TviTSefasebis testebi, eleqtronuli biblioTeka qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze, Sualeduri Sefasebis Sedegebi da sxva.

saleqcio kursi uzrunvelyofilia praqtikuli kursiT, romelic moicavs savarjiSoebs, sxvadasxva sirTulis amocanebs, testebs, saqmian situaciebs.

swavlebis procesSi gamoiyenebuli iqneba swavlebis aqtiuri meTodebi da formebi: pirdapiri gadacema; debatebi; situaciebis Sefaseba; modelireba; simulacia; savarjiSoebi; jgufuri muSaoba; kvleva; ormxrivi Canawerebis dRiurebis warmoeba; mozaika; ablabuda; radari; ZiriTadi, swrafi da gamoyenebiTi kiTxvis reJimebi. Catardeba test-konkursebi da proeqtebis prezentaciebi.

Lleqciebis kurss Tan axlavs C tipis silabusi, romelic ganixileba rogorc studentTan dadebuli kontraqti.

Aavtorebi gansakuTrebul madlierebas gamoxataven studentebis mimarT, romlebmac 2007-2008 saswavlo wels Seiswavles mikroekonomikis saleqcio kursis Temebi da mogvawodes saqmiani SeniSvnebi da winadadebebi. gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT studentebs: bela CaCibaias, baia CaCibaias, ana nebieriZes, nato mumlaZes, eka ruxaZes, giorgi talaxaZes, qeTevan jibuts, irakli xubuas, mixeil dvaliSvils, givi melqaZes, nana abramiSvils, Tea beriZes, nino bolqvaZes, Temur SanyulaSvils, Tina odiSarias, beqa guruls, SoTa kupataZes, nika grZeliSvils, daTo gociriZes, nino lomTaZes, nana lomTaZes.

avtorebi pasuxismgeblobas iReben daSvebul Secdomebze da winaswar bodiSs ixdian maT gamo. aseve avtorebi miesalmebian yvela saqmian winadadebas da SeniSvnas, romelic gamoTqmuli iqneba kolegebisa da studentebis mxridan. imeds gamoTqvamen, rom amgvari urTierTanamSromlobiT SeZleben dasaxuli miznebis ukeT realizacias.

saxelmZRvanelo momzadda Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis mikroekonomikis kaTedraze avtorTa jgufis mier:

sruli profesori eTer xaraiSvili _ Tavebi: 2, 9, 19, 20.

asocirebuli profesori ineza gagniZe _ Tavebi: 3, 4, 5, 15, 16.

asocirebuli profesori marine CavleiSvili _ Tavebi: 1, 12, 17.

asocirebuli profesori ia nacvliSvili _ Tavebi: 6, 11, 13($1), 14, 18.

asistent profesori marine nacvalaZe _ Tavebi: 7, 8, 10, 13($2,3,4,5,6,7,8).

Pprofesori eTer xaraiSvili

Tavi 1. Tanamedrove mikroekonomika da misi meTodologia

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT

1. mikroekonomikis sagnis ganmartebas

2. ekonomikuri modelebisa da cvladebis arsis axsnasa da analizs

3. movlenebis wrfivi da arawrfivi damokidebulebebis grafikul gamosaxvas

4. kuTxuri koeficientebis gaangariSebas

1.1 mikroekonomikis arsi

ekonomika sazogadoebrivi mecnierebaa resursebis SezRudulobisa da arCevanis Sesaxeb. yvela adamianma, firmam an saxelmwifom unda gaakeTos arCevani da miiRos optimaluri gadawyvetileba SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi, raTa moaxdinos TavianTi survilebisa da moTxovnilebebis maqsimaluri dakmayofileba. Tanamedrove mikroekonomika aris mecniereba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis Sesaxeb.

sityva mikro `mcires~ niSnavs. ekonomikis es nawili Seiswavlis arCevans, romelsac akeTeben ekonomikuri erTeulebi: firmebi, Mmomxmareblebi, investorebi, fermerebi, saojaxo meurneobebi, muSakebi, faqtiurad nebismieri adamiani, organizacia an sawarmo. konkretulad igi aanalizebs bazrebis, firmebis, saojaxo meurneobebisa da individebis ekonomikur qcevas (produqtisa da momsaxurebis fasebs, sawarmos danaxarjebs, Semosavlebs, mogebas da a.S.) mikroekonomika gvixsnis aRniSnuli ekonomikuri erTeulebi rogor da ratom Rebuloben gadawyvetilebas (magaliTad, momxmareblebi yidvis, firmebi muSakebis daqiravebis, muSakebi ki sad da ramdeni imuSavon), rogor icvleba maTi arCevani cvalebadi fasebisa da Semosavlebis zemoqmedebiT.

mikroekonomika gvixasiaTebs rogor saqmianoben, viTardebian dargebi da bazrebi, ratom gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisagan da ra reagirebas axdenen saxelmwifo politikisa da meurneobriobis globalur ekonomikur procesebze. amdenad, mikroekonomika samewarmeo gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da individualuri arCevanis safuZvelia. menejerebs, momxmareblebs, investorebs, calkeul adamianebs yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi seriozuli analizis Catareba da uamravi optimaluri arCevanis miReba uwevT. swored, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Seswavla da efeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis miReba aris mikroekonomikis, rogorc mecnierebis, kvlevis sagani.

ekonomikaSi arsebobs meore donec, romelic makroekonomikad iwodeba. ekonomikis aRniSnuli done Seiswavlis msxvilmasStabur ekonomikur movlenebs, aanalizebs iseT ekonomikur maCveneblebs, rogorebicaa erovnuli warmoebis done da zrdis tempi, saprocento ganakveTi, umuSevroba, inflacia, saxelmwifo politika, romelic Seexeba gadasaxadebs, xarjebs, biujetis deficits, safinanso sistemas da a.S. zRvari mikro da makroekonomikas Soris nakleb SesamCnevia. maT Soris kavSiri didia. makroekonomikuri movlena TavisTavad warmoadgens milioni individualuri arCevanis erTobliobas, romelic Tavis mxriv kavSirSia konkretuli produqtisa da momsaxurebis fasTan. maSasadame, makroekonomika mikroekonomikur safuZvlebzea agebuli.

mikro Tu makroekonomikis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas ekonomikuri analizi moiTxovs gansakuTrebul gaazrebas im xerxebis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor miiReben adamianebi gadawyvetilebas iSviaTi, SezRuduli resursebis gamoyenebis pirobebSi.

Semosavlebi, romelbsac momxmareblebi an firmebi gamoiyeneben SezRudulia. adamianebi cxovroben SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis samyaroSi. SezRudulia adamianis fizikuri da inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, warmoebis saSualebebi, informacia, dro. resursebis SezRuduloba (Scarcity Resources) garkveulwilad fardobiTia da ganviTarebasTan erTad misi gadalaxva problema aRar aris. sayuradReboa isic, rom yvela moTxovnilebaTa erTdrouli da sruli dakmayofileba SeuZlebelia. SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi aucilebelia maTi racionaluri, optimaluri, efeqtiani gamoyeneba.

Mmikroekonomika gvixsnis: rogor axdens momxmarebeli SezRuduli Semosavlis ukeTesad ganawilebas sxvadasxva produqtsa da momsaxurebas Soris; rogor anawilebs muSaki samuSao da Tavisufal dros an rogor gansazRvravs erTi saxis samuSaos sargeblianobas meorisagan; rogor axdens firma SezRuduli finansebis efeqtian ganawilebas damatebiTi muSakebis dasaqiraveblad imis naclad, rom SeiZinos axali mowyobilobebi da gamoiyenos isini erTi romelime saxis produqtis warmoebaze.

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikaSi momxmareblebi, muSakebi da firmebi, gamodian ra deficituri resursebis ganawilebidan, xasiaTdebian ufro maRali mobilurobiT da gaaCniaT meti arCevanis SesaZleblobebi. mikroekonomika aRwers aseT arCevans da maTi miRwevis optimalur gzebs. imisaTvis, rom gaakeTos optimaluri ekonomikuri arCevani, individma unda daTvalos ara marto samomavlo danaxarjebi, aramed gamouyenebeli sawarmoo SesaZleblobebic. optimaluri arCevanis procesSi mniSvnelovania 1. zRvruli sidideebis gamoyeneba, romelic gansazRvravs yvela subieqtis mier ekonomikur gadawyvetilebis miRebisas dovlaTis kidev erTi, damatebiTi erTeulis damatebiTi sargeblisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis Sedarebas; 2. ekonomikuri wonasworoba _ bazris yvela subieqti cdilobs miaRwios stabilurobas an iseT situacias, roca sargebeli dovlaTis damatebiTi erTeulidan faravs am erTeulis SeZenaze gaweul danaxarjebs.

1.2 sabazro operaciebi da fasebi

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianebi sakuTari survilebis dakmayofilebisaTvis mimarTaven ekonomikur garigebebs. zogierTi produqtiTa da momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofas adamianebi axdenen sakuTari ojaxisa da axloblebis daxmarebiT, xolo nawils ki yiduloben. yidvis process gansazRvravs Semosavali, xolo Semosavlis sidides – sakuTreba da misi gamoyenebis ufleba.

ekonomikuri erTeulebi or msxvil jgufad iyofa:: 1. myidvelebi _ aris, erTi mxriv, momxmareblebi, romlebic iZenen produqtsa da momsaxurebas; meore mxriv, firmebi, romlebic yiduloben Sromas, kapitals, nedleulsa da masalebs produqtisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis; 2. gamyidvelebi – firmebi, romlebic yidian produqtsa da momsaxurebas; muSakebi, romlebic yidian TavianT samuSao gamocdilebas; resursebis mflobelebi, romlebic arendiT gascemen miwebs an miyidian sanedleulo resursebs firmebs.

myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis urTierTzemoqmedebiT konkretul adgilze xdeba bazris formireba da yalibdeba sabazro fasi. fasebi iZlevian informacias produqtis, momsaxurebisa da sawarmoo resursebis deficitis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, Tu navTobis nedleulze fasi izrdeba, maSin adgili aqvs aRniSnuli resursis deficits, rac aseve gamoiwvevs gaTbobaze fasis gazrdas. fasebi aiwevs energiis alternatiul wyaroebzec (gazi, SeSa da sxva), radgan momxmarebeli eZebs navTobproduqtebis Semcvlels. amasTan, moTxovna aiwevs SeSis Rumelzec. avtomobilze fasebi SeiZleba daeces, radgan sawvavze zrdadma fasma SeiZleba gamoiwvios misi gamoyenebis Semcireba. aRniSnuli procesi gagrZeldeba manam, sanam biznesmenebi da momxmareblebi upasuxeben navTobis nedleulze fasis aweviT gamowveul safaso reaqcias. amrigad, produqtze ufro maRali fasi warmoebis zrdis stimulirebas axdens.

swored, fasebis cvlilebiT miRebul mosalodnel Sedegebs aanalizebs mikroekonomika. mikroekonomikas xSirad `fasebis Teoriasac~ uwodeben. analizis mTavari mizania pasuxi gaeces kiTxvebs: rogor ganisazRvros fasebi? rogor gavlenas axdenen isini ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze?

fasebi adgenen, Tu ramdeni unda gadavixadoT erTeul produqtSi an momsaxurebaSi. zogierTi fasi wlidan wlamde izrdeba an mcirdeba, zogi erT donezea gaCerebuli. ekonomikaSi moqmedebs sxvadasxva fasi, amitom unda visargebloT fasebis saSualo donis (fasebis donis) maCvenebliT.

qveyanaSi angariSoben samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss (Consumer Price Index – CPI). indeqsi ganisazRvreba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis im sabazro kalaTis fasebidan gamomdinare, romlebic warmoadgenen drois raRac periodis manZilze qalaqis tipiuri ojaxis an martoxela adamianis yidvaTa jams. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss aseve cxovrebis Rirebulebis ganmsazRvrel indeqssac uwodeben.

sabazro kalaTis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali produqtebis raodenoba ganviTarebis sxvadasxva donis mqone qveynebSi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, Tu qalaqis tipiuri ojaxi warmosaxviT ekonomikaSi iZens 10 purs (1 puris fasia 70 TeTri) da 10 kg yvels (1 kg-is fasia 7lari), maSin sabazro kalaTis Rirebuleba iqneba (10×0,7=7lari; 10×7=70lari;) 77 lari (7lari+70lari=77lari).

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi ganisazRvreba CvenTvis saintereso wlisa da romelime sabazo wlis samomxmareblo kalaTis RirebulebaTa Sefardebis 100-ze gamravlebiT (fasebis indeqsis analogiurad). magaliTad, SegviZlia gaviangariSoT gaZvirda, Tu gaiafda cxovrebis Rirebuleba 2008 wels 2000 welTan SedarebiT. amisaTvis unda CavataroT gamoTvla:

=

GPI

sabazro kalaTis (samomxmareblo kalaTis) Rirebuleba 2008 w. /sabazro kalaTis Rirebulaba 2000w.×100. am gaangariSebiT gairkveva droSi realuri Semosavlebis cvlileba.

ganvixiloT nominaluri da realuri Semosavlebi; nominaluri da realuri fasebi; maTi damokidebulebebi.

nominaluri Semosavali (Nominal Income _ NI) esaa Semosavlis sidide gamosaxuli fulad erTeulebSi, magaliTad, Cveni xelfasi Seadgens 300 lars.

realuri Semosavali (Real Income _ RI) aris Semosavli, romliTac SeviZenT dovlaTis garkveul raodenobas. magaliTad, Tu Cveni xelfasi aris 300 lari, realuri Semosavali iqneba 200-jer 1,5 laris Rirebulebis Saqris an 300 cali 1 laris Rirebulebis puris SeZena da a.S. rac ufro maRalia dovlaTis fasebi, miT ufro naklebi raodenobis produqtis SeZena SeiZleba nominaluri Semosavlis saSualebiT. nominaluri Semosavlis realurTan Tanafardobas adgens fasebis indeqsi.

fasebis roli gadamwyvetia resursebis ganawilebaSi. igi gviCvenebs raze unda vTqvaT uari, rom miviRoT sasurveli produqti da momsaxureba. fasi myidvels SesaZleblobas aZlevs SeaTanxmos alternatiuli Rirebulebis saqonlis arCevisas rogor daxarjos SezRuduli Semosavali. erTi mxriv, dovlaTis fasi, yovelTvis ar aris imis kargi maCvenebeli, Tu raze vTqvaT aucileblad uari, dovlaTis sxva erTeulis misaRebad; meore mxriv, droTa ganmavlobaSi fulis msyidvelobiTunarianoba SeiZleba Seicvalos. magaliTad, rodesac dovlaTis saSualo fasi weliwadSi izrdeba 5%-iT, dovlaTis saSualo raodenoba, romelic SeiZleba SeviZinoT yovel larze, Semcirdeba. es niSnavs, rom laris msyidvelobiTunarianoba daeca.

fasebis analizisas mniSvnelovania SefardebiTi fasebis dadgena. SefardebiTi fasi A produqtze an momsaxurebaze B saqonlis an momsaxurebis fasTan SedarebiT aris A-s fasis Sefardeba B-s fasTan.

dovlaTis fasis SefardebiTi cvlileba _ aris mocemuli dovlaTis fasis cvlileba mTliani dovlaTis saSualo fasTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, Tu weliwadSi mTliani dovlaTis saSualo fasi gaizarda 7%-iT, xolo avtomobilis fasic aRniSnuli sididiT gaizarda, maTi SefardebiTi fasi ucvleli darCeba. imave wels, Tu kolejSi swavlebis Rirebuleba gaizrdeba 10%-iT, maSin swavlebis SefardebiTi fasi gaizrdeba. analogiurad, Tu televizoris fasi gaizarda 3%-iT, maSin misi SefardebiTi fasi Semcirdeba. es imitom moxda, rom wlis ganmavlobaSi televizoris fasi gaizarda naklebad, vidre mTliani dovlaTis saSualo fasi. fasi xels uwyobs alternatiul variantebs Soris produqtis, momsaxurebis, bunebrivi resursebis swor ganawilebas.

Tu gvinda SevadaroT produqtis dRevandeli fasi adrindel da samomavlo fasTan, aucilebelia gaizomos fasebi da moxdes maTi Sedareba fasebis saerTo donesTan.

absoluturi mniSvnelobiT nebismieri produqtis fasi SeiZleba dRes ufro maRali, an dabali iyos vidre 20-30 wlis winaT. magram mTlianobaSi SefardebiTi fasi SeiZleba iafi an Zviri iyos. es ki migviTiTebs fasebis realur ganzomilebas.

produqtis nominaluri fasi (Nominal Price_NP) warmoadgens absolutur fass (mimdinare fasi, larebSi). magaliTad, erTi litri benzinis fasi 1990 wels _ 0,70; 2000 wels _ 1,35; 2008 wels _ 2,0 lari iyo.

produqtis realuri fasi (Real Price _ RP) fardobiTi fasis erToblivi maCvenebelia (mudmivi fasi larebSi). sxva sityvebiT, es fasi koreqtirebulia inflaciis sidideze. magaliTad, iyo Tu ara 2008 wels benzini ufro Zviri, vidre 1990 wels? amisaTvis gaviangariSoT 2008 welSi benzinze fasi 1990 wlis larebSi. davuSvaT, 1990 wels CPI 38,8-s udrida da 2008 wels igi 120-mde gaizarda. 2008 wels benzinis realuri fasi 1990 wlis fasebSi iqneba: realuri fasi (RP)= (38,8/120)×2lari = 0,64 lari

maSasadame, benzinis realuri fasi 2008 wels 1990 welis fasebiT dabalia, vidre 1990 wels. kerZod, benzinis realuri fasi Semcirda 8%-iT ((0,64-0,70)/0,70=-0,08), xolo nominalurma fasma aiwia 185%-iT (2/0,70×100=285%); CPI gaizarda 209%-iT ((120-38,8)/38,8=2,09).

ZiriTadad gamoviyenebT realur da ara nominalur fasebs, radgan samomxmareblo arCevanis variantebi TavisTavSi moicaven fasebis SefardebiT analizs. aseTi SefardebiTi fasi ar aris rTuli gamosaTvleli, Tu arsebobs SedarebisTvis erTiani baza. yvela fasis erTiani mniSvnelobis dadgena am problemas gadawyvets. amdenad, rodesac vzomavT fasebs larebSi an sxva valutaSi, unda vifiqroT am valutis realur msyidvelobiT unarze.

magaliTi 1

nominaluri da realuri Semosavlebis analizi

Tu pirvel wels Cveni nominaluri Semosavali iyo 300 lari, romliTac SegveZlo SegveZina 50 kg xorci (1 kg-is fasi 6 lari), xolo meore wels isev 300 lari Semosavlis pirobebSi SeviZineT mxolod 30 kg (xorcis fasi 6 laridan 10 laramde gaizarda), maSin SegviZlia davaskvnaT: nominaluri Semosavali meore wels pirvel welTan SedarebiT igive darCa, xolo realuri Semosavali Semcirda. imisaTvis, rom gvqondes igive msyidvelobiTunariani Semosavali (SegveZlos 50 kg xorcis SeZena), igi unda Seadgendes 50×10=500 lars. SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom pirvel wels Cveni Semosavali iyos 300, xolo meore wels _ 500 lari. xorcis fasi ki Sesabamisad _ 6 da 10 lari. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom moimata nominalurma Semosavalma (300 laridan 500 laramde), xolo realuri Semosavali igive darCa (300/6=50kg; 500/10=50kg.). amrigad, Cveni cxovrebis done ar Secvlila. pirvelad aRweril SemTxvevaSi ki cxovrebis donis gauaresebas hqonda adgili.

SeiZleba ganvixiloT mesame variantic, romelic albaT yvelasaTvis ufro metad sasurvelia. vTqvaT, orive wels nominaluri Semosavali 300 lari iyo, xolo xorcis fasi 6 laridan Semcirda 5 laramde. maSin vityviT, rom cxovrebis pirobebi gagviumjobesda, vinaidan moimata realurma Semosavalma. Tu adre 300 lariT viZendiT 50 kg xorcs, axla SegviZlia 60 kg-is SeZena (300/5=60).

meoTxe SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moxdes, rogorc realuri, ise nominaluri Semosavlebis zrda. Tu nominaluri Semosavali 300 laridan gaizrdeba 500 laramde, xorcis fasi Sesabamisad 6 laridan 5 laramde Semcirdeba, am SemTxvevaSi realuri Semosavali gaizrdeba (50kg-dan 60kg-mde). SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes sxva situaciebic.

1.3 mikroekonomikis meTodologia: meTodebi, Teoriebi, modelebi, grafikebi

ekonomika, rogorc mecniereba, eyrdnoba erTian sabazo cnebebs da meTodebs. ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze kvlevis gansxvavebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneboda. pirveli meTodi, romelsac iyenebda ekonomikuri mecniereba, iyo formaluri logika. misi umartivesi kategoriebia cneba, msjeloba da daskvna.

formaluri logikis saSualebiT SemuSavebul iqna analizis, sinTezis, induqciis, deduqciis, Sedarebis, analogiis, hipoTezis, mtkicebisa da a. S. meTodebi.

analizi _ Semecnebis meTodia, romelic mTlianis Semadgenel nawilebad dayofaSi mdgomareobs. sinTezi _ ki axdens calkeuli nawilebis erT mTlianobaSi gaerTianebas.

induqcia _ konkretuli faqtebis ganzogadebaze dafuZnebuli daskvnis gamotanis meTodia; deduqcia - meTodia, romlic emyareba daskvnebs, romlebic miiReba zogadidan konkretuli faqtebis ganzogadebiT.

Sedarebis meTodi avlens movlenebisa da procesebis msgavsebasa da gansxvavebebs. analogia _ damyarebulia cnobili movlenidan ucnob movlenaze erTi an ramdenime Tvisebis gadatanaze. magaliTad, Tu A-s da B-s aqvT saerTo Tvisebebi da A-s aqvs C-s Tvisebebi, maSin B-sac aqvs C-s Tvisebebi.

formalur logikaSi mtkicebulebis qveS igulisxmeba erTi azris WeSmaritebis dasabuTeba meoris daxmarebiT. mtkicebebi SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti da mcdari.

ekonomistebi kvlevis procesSi intensiurad iyeneben korelaciisa (asaxavs movlenaTa or saxes Soris sistemur da dasabuTebul kavSirs) da maTematikur meTods.

mikroekonomikuri analizisaTvis mniSvnelovania movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena da daskvnebis gamotana. swored, Teoria amtkicebs realobas, faqtebis safuZvelze ayalibebs debulebebs, yuradRebas amaxvilebs zogierT ZiriTad faqtorze.

ekonomikur TeoriebSi mniSvnelovania debulebebi adamianTa qcevis Sesaxeb. logikis daxmarebiT aRniSnuli debulebebidan akeTeben daskvnebs. magaliTad, warmoebis mflobelis gadawyvetilebis miRebis Teoria SeiZleba mdgomareobdes SemdegSi: aaSenos im varaudiT, rom gansazRvruli periodis ganmavlobaSi gayidvebidan miiRos maqsimaluri mogeba. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi gamosakvlevia iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, romlebic gayidvebis momgebianobaze axdenen gavlenas, kerZod, gayidvebis moculoba, produqtis fasi da pirobebi, danaxarjebis sidide. agreTve unda gakeTdes varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZleba Seicvalos fasebi da danaxarjebis xvedriTi wona sxvadasxva raodenobis produqtis warmoebis pirobebSi. Semdgom SesaZlebelia gakeTdes kvleva, rogor icvleba mogebaze moqmedi faqtorebi, rogor aisaxeba igi gamyidvelTa gadawyvetilebebze. magaliTad, sigaretis mwarmoeblebisaTvis axali gadasaxadebiT dabegvra gazrdis danaxarjebs produqtis gayidvaze. gamyidvelis mizani ki aris mogebis maqsimizacia. SesaZlebelia sigaretis warmoebaze gadasaxadis gavlenisa da dargSi dasaqmebis kvleva.

Teoriis codna aucilebelia, magram movlenebze kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mxolod mizez-Sedegobrivi analizi iZleva. magaliTad, SeiZleba daviwyoT daavadebis mkurnaloba an igi maSinve aRmovfxvraT rogorc ki cnobili gaxdeba misi gamomwvevi mizezi. sxva sityvebiT, Teoria sasargebloa; kargi Teoria gamoixateba SedegSi, romelsac faqtebi ganamtkiceben. igi dafuZnebulia debulebaze, mtkicebulebaze, rom mewarmeebi moqmedeben maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis surviliT. aRniSnuli debuleba SeiZleba iyos ararealuri, vinaidan mewarmeebs da menejerebs sxva miznebic gaaCniaT. mogebis garda isini SeiZleba dainteresdnen sazogadoebaSi TavianTi reputaciiT an gayidvebis moculobisa da dividendebis sididiT. ekonomikuri Teoriebi ar gansxvavdeba im Teoriebisagan, romlebsac SeimuSaveben nebismieri sxva sferos mecnierebi.

realuri samyaros urTulesi movlenebis Sesaswavlad ekonomistebi qmnian da aanalizeben ekonomikur modelebs (Economic Models). ekonomikuri modeli aris ekonomikuri procesebis an movlenis formaluri aRwera, romlis struqtura ganisazRvreba rogorc misi obieqturi niSan-TvisebebiT, ise kvlevis subieqtur-miznobrivi xasiaTiT.

ekonomikuri modeli emsaxureba ekonomikur cvladebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenas. igi gamoiyeneba Teoriebisagan daskvnebis gamosatanad (logikis, grafikuli agebebisa da maTematikis daxmarebiT) da saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros konkretuli movlenis winapiroba. amrigad, modeli SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes imis winaswar gamosavlenad, rom ekonomikuri pirobebis cvalebadoba iwvevs gadawyvetilebebis, fasebis, gayiduli da SeZenili dovlaTis moculobis cvlilebas.

ekonomikuri modeli, iseve rogorc geografiuli rukac, mravali detalis ignorirebas axdens. magaliTad, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens Rvinis _ ,,saferavis”_ fasze kaxeTSi setyvis mier saferavis jiSis venaxebis farTobebis Semcireba, sulac ar aris saWiro saqarTveloSi meRvineobis dargSi mimdinare procesebis an kaxeTis mosaxleobis adaT-wesebis codna. aseTi detalebi saintereso iqneboda presisaTvis, magram ver axsnida im fundamentur Zalebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Rvino ,,saferavis” fasze.

nebismieri modeli aRiwereba cvladebiT. ekonomikuri cvladebi (Economic Variables) ganzomilebadi naturaluri an fuladi sididea (xarjebi, fasebi), romelTac SeuZliaT miiRon rigi SesaZlo mniSvnelobebi.

cvladebi, romelTa mniSvneloba gamoiyeneba modelSi mocemulobis xarjze parametri ewodeba. modeli Cveulebriv yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod faqtebis mcire raodenobaze, romlebic zemoqmedeben cvladebze. igi akavSirebs am cvladebs, akeTebs ra garkveul varauds adamianTa qcevaze da SezRudvebze. magaliTad, ekonomikuri modeli SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes imis asaxsnelad, rom avtomobilebis SeZena dakavSirebulia sesxis procentis normasTan an imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor gavlenas moaxdens sagadasaxado dabegvra ojaxis Semosavlebze da a.S.

modelebi orientirebulia ramdenime ekonomikur cvladebs Soris kavSirebze. magaliTad, mogebis maqsimizaciaze damyarebuli miwodebis modeli saWiroa miwodebis (saqonlis an momsaxurebis) moculobaze moqmedi faqtorebis asaxsnelad. modelma SeiZleba aCvenos Tu rogor moqmedebs samSeneblo masalis fasebis zrda axali mSeneblobis Rirebulebaze. Semdgom SeiZleba gamoviyenoT logika, rom mSeneblobis Rirebulebis zrda zemoqmedebs mSeneblobis msurvelTa stimulze; aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi modeli gamoxatavs kavSirs samSeneblo masalis fassa da mSenebare sacxovrebeli saxlebis raodenobas Soris.

ekonomikuri modelidan gamomdinare daskvna gamoixateba hipoTezis formaSi, romelic warmoadgens faqtebis mier damtkicebul an uaryofil Sedegebsa da kavSirebs. mtkiceba imisa, rom saSeni masalis fasi izrdeba, savaraudod amcirebs mSenebare saxlebis raodenobas, danarCeni faqtorebi ucvlelia. swored, es aris hipoTezis magaliTi.

ekonomikur cvladebze moqmedi faqtori SeiZleba mcire droSi Seicvalos. mSenebare saxlebis raodenobaze, xis masalaze fasis gazrdis garda moqmedebs mSeneblobaze sesxis saprocento ganakveTic. misi dabali ganakveTi stimuls iZleva mSeneblobis moculobis zrdisaTvis. Tu masalis fasi izrdeba maSin, rodesac saprocento ganakveTi mcirdeba, aseT SemTxvevaSi mSeneblobis moculobis cvlileba asaxavs gadawyvetilebaze am faqtorebis erTobliv zemoqmedebas. amrigad, ori cvladis kavSirze hipoTezis faqtiuri mtkicebulebis povna xSirad iTxovs sxva cvladebisa da cvlilebis efeqtebis axsnas.

cvladebs, romlebic modelis farglebSi Semodis mza saxiT da ucvlelia _ egzogenuri (Exogeneous Variable), xolo cvladebs, romlebic unda ganisazRvros modelis meSveobiT _ endogenuri cvladebi (Endogeneous Variables) ewodeba.

TiTqmis yvela mikroekonomikuri modeli, es iqneba ,,saferavis” fasis cvlilebebisa Tu samSeneblo firmis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis aRmweri modelebi, iyenebs analizis sam instruments: pirobiTi optimizacia, wonasworuli analizi da SedarebiTi statika.

pirobiTi optimizacia

pirobiTi optimizacia (Constrained Optimization), rogorc mikroekonomikuri analizis

instrumenti, gamoiyeneba gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtis mier optimaluri (saukeTeso), magram garkveuli pirobebiT SezRuduli arCevanis ganxorcielebisas.

pirobiTi optimizaciis problema ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: miznis funqciisa (Objective Function) da SezRudvebis nakrebisagan (Set of Constraints). miznis funqcia aris is damokidebuleba, romlis maqsimizacias an minimizacias gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqti cdilobs.

magaliTad, momxmarebels surs Tavisi moTxovnilebebis maqsimalurad dakmayofilebis mizniT garkveuli saxeobis produqtis SeiZina. am SemTxvevaSi, miznis funqcia aris damokidebuleba, romelic aRwers Tu ramdenad dakmayofilebulia misi moTxovnilebebi produqtis garkveuli raodenobis SeZeniT.

analogiurad, mwarmoebels surs ise dagegmos gamoSvebuli produqtis raodenoba, rom mis sawarmoeblad minimaluri danaxarjebis gaReba mouxdes. am SemTxvevaSi, miznis funqcia gviCvenebs mTliani danaxarjebis damokidebulebas produqtis warmoebis raodenobasTan.

pirobiTi optimizaciis problemis gadawyvetisas mniSvnelovania zRvruli analizi. pirobiTi optimizaciis analizi cxadyofs, rom ekonomikur problemaTa gadawyvetisas erTi SexedviT ,,cxadi” pasuxi xSirad mcdaria. termini „zRvruli“ mikroekonomikaSi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba damokidebuli cvladi (Dependent Variable) damoukidebeli cvladis (Indipendent Variable) erTi erTeuliT gazrdis Sedegad. damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebis Sinaarsis ukeT gasagebad, ganvixiloT damokidebuleba or cvlads _ warmoebuli produqtis raodenobas anu gamoSvebis moculobasa (Output) da produqtis warmoebaze gaweul mTlian danaxarjs (Total Cost _ TC) Soris. vvaraudobT, rom rac ufro met produqts awarmoebs firma, miT ufro izrdeba misi mTliani danaxarji. am SemTxvevaSi mTliani danaxarji aris damokidebuli cvladi. misi mniSvneloba damokidebulia gamoSvebis moculobaze, romelic mocemul SemTxvevaSi damoukidebel cvladad ganixileba.

miznis funqciisa da pirobiTi optimizaciis, cvladebis, agreTve zRvruli analizis ukeT gagebisaTvis ganvixiloT magaliTebi. Cveni mizania ara mocemuli amocanis amoxsna, aramed miznis funqciisa da SezRuduli pirobebis identificireba.

magaliTi 2

pirobiTi optimizacia: sajiriTo moednis Robe

davuSvaT, fermers surs cxenebisaTvis sajiriTo moednis SemoRobva oTxkuTxedi formis RobiT. mas aqvs F metri sigrZis Robis masala da ufro metis yidva ar SeuZlia. samagierod mis winaSea Robis L sigrZisa da W siganis kombinaciaTa didi arCevani. fermers surs Robis sigrZisa da siganis iseTi kombinaciis SerCeva, rom miiRos sajiriTo moedanis maqsimaluri farTobi; magram amave dros SemosaRobad gamoyenebuli masalis sigrZem (moednis perimetrma) ar unda gadaaWarbos F metrs.

a) ra aris am amocanis miznis funqcia?

b) ra aris SezRudva?

a) axseniT am modelSi romeli cvladebia (L, W da F) egzogenuri? endogenuri?

amoxsna

a) miznis funqcia aris damokidebuleba, romlis maqsimizaciasac fermeri cdilobs – am SemTxvevaSi sajiriTo moednis LW farTobi. sxva sityvebiT, fermeri SearCevs L-is da W-s raime mniSvnelobebs, raTa miaRwios LW miznis funqciis maqsimizacias.

b) SezRudva asaxavs im viTarebebs, romlebic dgas fermeris winaSe. am SemTxvevaSi – fermeris gankargulebaSi arsebuli mxolod F sigrZis Robis masala. SezRudva fermerisaTvis niSnavs, rom sajiriTo moednis perimetri 2L+2W ar unda aRematebodes F Robis masalis sigrZes. ase rom, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, SezRudva SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegnairad 2L+2W

£

F.

g) fermers ukve gaaCnia F sigrZis Robis masala. am modelSi F aris egzogenuri cvladi, radganac is ganixileba rogorc mocemuli. endogenuri cvladebia L da W, radganac maTi mniSvnelobebi SeirCeva fermeris mier da ganisazRvreba am modelis farglebSi.

pirobiTi optimizaciis problemas ekonomistebi Semdegnairad gamosaxaven:

max LW

(L,W)

im pirobiT, rom 2L+2W

£

F

Canaweris pirveli xazi asaxavs miznis funqcias _ LW farTobs, romlis maqsimizaciaa saWiro. (minimizaciis SemTxvevaSi max-is nacvlad Caiwereba min). max-is qveS meore xazze gamosaxulia endogenuri cvladebi, romelTa SerCeva-kontroli gadawyvetilebis mimRebs SeuZlia. am SemTxvevaSi (L,W) mianiSnebs, rom fermers SeuZlia SearCios Robis sigrZe da sigane.

Canaweris meore xazi gamoxatavs SezRudvas – arCevanis SemzRudav pirobas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi arCevanis SemzRudavi pirobaa, rom SemoRobili moednis perimetri ver gadaaWarbebs SemosaRobi masalisF F sigrZes.

sabolood, pirobiTi optimizaciis problemis gamosaxuleba gviCvenebs, rom feremeri SearCevs L da W-s garkveul mniSvnelobebs sajiriTo moednis farTobis maqsimizaciis mizniT. L da W-s SesaZlo mniSvnelobebis SerCeva SezRudulia im pirobiT, rom SemosaRobi moednis perimetri ar unda aRematebodes fermeris gankargulebaSi arsebul SemosaRobi masalis FsigrZes.

magaliTi 3

sareklamo kampania ludis gasayidad

dauSvaT, ludis qarxnas sareklamo kampaniis Casatareblad momavali wlisaTvis gaaCnia 1 milioni lari. menejerma Tanxa unda gaanawilos radio an tele reklamaze. radio reklama SedarebiT iafia, magram tele reklamas ufro didi auditoria hyavs. momxmareblisaTvis reklamis vizualuri mxare ufro damajereblad moqmedebs da sabolood, tele reklama ufro metad zrdis gayidvis moculobas, vidre radio reklama.

ludis gayidvebis moculoba sareklamo kampaniis dros

cxrili 1.1

sareklamo kampaniaze mTlianad daxarjuli Tanxa (lari)

sareklamo kampaniis Semdeg gayiduli ludis raodenoba (litri weliwadSi)

tele reklama

radio reklama

0

0

0

100000

4750

950

200000

9000

1800

300000

12750

2550

400000

16000

3200

500000

18750

3750

600000

21000

4200

700000

22750

4550

800000

24000

4800

900000

24750

4950

1000000

25000

5000

sareklamo kampaniis dagegmvis mizniT aucilebelia SeviswavloT ludis bazari. vTqvaT, sareklamo kampaniis Catarebis Semdeg gaviangariSeT ludis mosalodneli gayidvebis moculoba. sareklamo kampaniaze daxarjuli Tanxebisa da gayidvebis moculobis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb informacia mocemulia cxrilSi 1.1. magaliTad, Tu daxarjavT 1 milion lars tele reklamaze, maSin 25000 litr luds gayidiT, xolo Tu igive Tanxas daxarjavT radio reklamaze, maSin ludis gayidvebi mxolod 5000 litri iqneba. aseve SesaZlebelia gadanawildes Tanxa sxvadasxva proporciiT tele da radio reklamaze. magaliTad, 400000 lari _ tele, xolo 600000 lari radio reklamaze daixarjos. aseT SemTxvevaSi ludis gayidvebi tele reklamidan iqneba 16000 litri, xolo radio reklamidan _ 4200 litri, sul 20200 (16000+4200) litri ludi.

cxrilSi mocemuli informaciis mixedviT rogor gaanawilebdiT sareklamo kampaniisaTvis gankuTvnil 1 milon lars tele da radio reklamaze gayidvebis maqsimaluri moculobis misaRwevad?

swored es aris pirobiTi optimizaciis magaliTi. unda SearCioT tele da radio reklamebze dasaxarji Tanxebis (T da R) garkveuli raodenoba ludis gayidvebis moculobis B(T,R) maqsimizaciis mizniT, im pirobiT, rom daxarjuli Tanxebis raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes sareklamo kampaniis biujets. aRniSnuli SemTxvevis pirobiTi optimizaciis problema Semdegnairad Caiwereba:

max B (T,R)

(T,R)

im pirobiT, rom T+R= 1000000

cxrili 1.1-is swrafi gadaxedviT SesaZloa gavakeToT mcdari daskvna, magaliTad, umjobesia mTlianad 1 milioni lari davxarjoT tele reklamaze da araferi radio reklamaze. amas cxrilis monacemebic adasturebs. tele reklama xom yovelTvis ufro met gayidvebs uzrunvelyofs, vidre radio reklama?

rogor unda ganawildes sareklamo biujeti tele da radio reklamebs Soris? dasmul SekiTxvaze swori pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia SezRuduli optimizaciis analiziT, romelic gulisxmobs zRvruli analizis Catarebas.

ganvixiloT mocemuli sareklamo kampaniis ramdenime SesaZlo varianti:

I varianti: 1000000 lari mTlianad ixarjeba tele reklamaze, ludis gayidvebis moculoba am SemTxvevaSi aris 25000 litri;

II varianti: 900000 lari tele, xolo 100000 lari radio reklamaze ixarjeba. am SemTxvevaSi ludis gayidvebis moculoba tele rklamidan _ 24750 litri, xolo radio reklamidan 950 litri ludia. jamSi ludis gayidvebis moculoba 25700 litris (24750+950) tolia. es Sedegi 700 litriT met gayidul luds niSnavs da ukeTesia, vidre I variantis Sedegi.

III varianti: kidev ufro ukeTes Sedegs miiRebT, Tu 800000 lars tele reklamaze, xolo 200000 lars radio reklamaze daxarjavT. am SemTxvevaSi ludis gayidvebis mTliani moculoba 25800 litris (24000+1800) tolia.

radio reklama calke aRebuli naklebad zrdis gayidvebis moculobas. miuxedavad amisa gayidvebis moculobis maqsimizaciis mizniT umjobesia sareklamo kampaniis xarjebi gadanawildes tele da radio reklamaze. am SemTxvevaSi, tele reklamaze daxarjuli damatebiTi 100000 laris zRvruli efeqtianoba bevrad ufro naklebia, vidre radio reklamaze daxarjul damatebiTi 100000 laris zRvruli efeqtianoba.

Tu 800000 laris nacvlad 900000 laris daxarjvas gadawyvetT tele reklamaze, damatebiTi 100000 laris zRvruli efeqtianoba iqneba (24750-24000)/100000=0,0075litri TiToeul damatebiT daxarjul larze. erTi damatebiTi laris daxarjva tele reklamaze ludis gayidvebis moculobas 0,0075 litriT zrdis. magram igive damatebiTi 100000 laris daxarjvas radio reklamaze aqvs ufro maRali zRvruli efeqtianoba (24000+950-24000)/100000=0,0095 litri TiToeul damatebiT daxarjul larze. erTi damatebiTi laris daxarjva radio reklamaze ludis gayidvebis moculobas 0,0095 litriT zrdis.

amrigad, radio reklamis zRvruli efeqtianoba aWarbebs tele reklamis zRvrul efeqtianobas (0,0095>0,0075).

wonasworobis analizi

mikroekonomikuri analizis meore instrumentia wonasworobis analizi (Equilibrium Analysis). sistemis wonasworoba aris mdgomareoba, romelic grZeldeba droSi usazRvrod manamde, sanam egzogenuri faqtorebi ucvlelia. sxva sityvebiT, sanam gareSe faqtorebSi mimdinare cvlilebebi ar daarRveven wonasworobas.

mikroekonomikaSi konkurentul bazarze wonasworoba miiRweva maSin, roca bazari gawonasworebulia (Market Clears) _ bazarze mwarmoeblebis mier mocemul fasad miwodebuli produqtis raodenoba emTxveva momxmareblebis mier amave fasad moTxovnil produqtis raodenobas. naxazze 1. 1 mandarinis bazris wonasworul mdgomareobas gviCvenebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertili.

mandarinis wonasworuli fasi aris 2 lari TiToeul kilogramSi. am fasad gamyidvelebs surT Q3 raodenobis mandarinis gayidva. roca misi fasi 2,50 laria, maSin bazari ar imyofeba wonasworul mdgomareobaSi, radgan miwodebuli mandarinis raodenoba aWarbebs am fasad moTxovnili mandarinis raodenobas. Warbi mandarinis raodenobaa Q5-Q2. bazari ar iqneba wonasworobaSi maSinac ki, Tu mandarinis fasi 1,50 laria. am dros moTxovna aWarbebs miwodebas. bazarze mandarinis deficitia. Warbi moTxovnis anu mandarinis deficitia Q4-Q1 raodenoba.

wonasworul fasad, 2 larad, zustad igive raodenobis mandarinis yidva surT momxareblebsac. mandarinis bazarze aseTi mdgomareoba darCeba ucvlelad ganusazRvreli drois ganmavlobaSi. aseTi wonasworuli mdgomareoba gagrZeldeba manam, sanam ar Seicvleba bazarze arsebul moTxovnasa da miwodebaze zemoqmedi gareSe faqtorebi (magaliTad, momxmarebelTa ricxvis moulodneli gazrda an mosalodneli yinvebis gamo mandarinis cudi mosavali).

SedarebiTi statika

SedarebiTi statika (Comparative Statics), rogorc mikroekonomikuri instrumenti, aanalizebs ekonomikur modelSi egzogenuri cvladebis cvlilebebis zegavlenas endogenur cvladebze. SedarebiTi statika SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc wonasworobis, aseve pirobiTi optimizaciis analizis dros. SedarebiTi statika iZleva ekonomikuri modelis aRweras egzogenuri cvladis cvlilebamde da cvlilebis Semdeg. igi warmoadgens ekonomikuri modelis sawyisi mdgomareobisa da momxdari cvlilebis Semdgom analizs.

ganvixiloT, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba SedarebiTi statika wonasworobis analizisas. davuSvaT, saqarTveloSi yinvebis gamo Semcirda mandarinis mosavali. amave dros garTulebulia sazRvargareTidan misi importi. momxmareblebis gemovneba ar Secvlila da bazarze mandarinis Semcvleli xili ar moipoveba. es garemoebebi aucileblad gamoiwvevs mandarinze fasis gazrdas.

naxazze 1.2 asaxulia SedarebiTi statikis meSveobiT momxdari cvlilebebi. cvlilebamde miwodebis mrudi iyo S1, moTxovnis mrudi ki D1. sawyis mdgomareobaSi ekonomikuri modelis endogenuri cvladebi, anu wonasworuli fasi da wonasworuli raodenoba, aris Sesabamisad 1 lari da Q1. egzogenurma Sokurma viTarebam (yinvis gamo mandarinis cudi mosavali) gamoiwvia miwodebis Semcireba anu miwodebis mrudis marcxniv gadaadgileba S2 mrudis saxiT. darwmunebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom moTxovnis mrudi ar gadaadgildeba, radgan yinva momxmareblis mandarinisadmi damokidebulebaze veranair gavlenas ver axdens. egzogenuri faqtoris cvlilebis Semdeg Seicvala endogenuri cvladebis mniSvnelobebic: axla wonasworuli fasi 3 laria, xolo wonasworuli raodenobaa Q2.

maSasadame, SedarebiTi statikis, rogorc analizis instrumentis gamoyeneba, gviCvenebs, rom egzogenurma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia fasis zrda da raodenobis Semcireba.

ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelireba

ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelirebis umartives saxes warmoadgens modelireba organzomilebian sivrceSi grafikebis daxmarebiT. aq SeiZleba ganvixiloT ramdenime SemTxveva: 1) argumentis mniSvnelobis momatebasTan erTad funqciis mniSvneloba matulobs, maSin grafiki aRmavalia; 2) argumentis mniSvnelobis zrdasTan erTad funqciis mniSvneloba klebulobs, maSin grafiki daRmavalia (naxazi 1.3, „a“); 3) argumentis mniSvnelobis SemcirebasTan erTad funqciis mniSvneloba ar icvleba, maSin amboben, rom funqcias aqvs nulovani daxriloba anu mudmivia; 4) Tu argumentis erTi da igive mniSvnelobas Seesabameba funqciis ganusazRvreli mniSvnelobebi, maSin funqciis daxriloba usasrulobis tolia (naxazi 1.3, „b“).

naxazze 1.3 („a“, „b“) gamosaxulia umartivesi wrfivi damokidebulebebi. realobaSi adgili aqvs ufro rTul kavSirebs, romlebic gamoisaxebian mrudebiT. imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT funqciis daxrilobis done mocemuli wertilis garSemo, aucilebelia misdami gavavloT mxebi, ise rogorc es naCvenebia naxazze 1.4.

magaliTi 4

wrfivi damokidebulebis grafikebis ageba

vTqvaT, gvainteresebs damokidebulebis dadgena, romeliRac farTobze qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebasa da marcvleulis mosavals Soris. simartivisaTvis X-iT aRvniSnoT qimiuri saSualebebis raodenoba (tona), xolo Y-iT _ warmoebuli marcvleulis raodenoba (aTasi tona).

ori cvladi gamoxatavs Semdeg Teoriul Tanafardobas:

Y=f(x)=100X+100 (1.1)

Y=f(x) niSnavs, rom Y damokidebulia X-ze. tolobis meore nawili akonkretebs f damokidebulebas. Nnaxazze 1.5 naCvenebia am damokidebulebis grafiki. yoveli wertili im wrfeze, romelic gamoxatulia Y=f(x)-iT, Seesabameba ricxvebis wyvils, rac (1.1) tolobis Tanafardobas akmayofilebs. RerZTa gadakveTis wertils (0) grafikis sawyiss uwodeben, igi ori cvladis nulovan mniSvnelobas Seesabameba.

(1.1) tolobaSi mocemuli Teoriuli Tanafardoba gviCvenebs, rom Tu X=1, maSin Y unda udrides 200-s (Y=100×1+100). analogiurad, Tu X=2, maSin grafiki gviCvenebs, rom Y=300 (300= 100×2+100 ).

naxazze 1.5 gamosaxulia wrfivi damokidebuleba (Linear Relations). mis asagebad unda vicodeT ori sidide: Tavisufali wevri da kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba. Tu X-is mniSvnelobebi horizontalur RerZzea moTavsebuli, xolo Y-is vertikalurze, maSin Tavisufali wevri ganisazRvreba Y-is mniSvnelobiT, X=0-is pirobebSi. grafikulad Tavisufali wevri aris grafikis vertikalur RerZTan gadakveTis wertili, ramdenadac X-is mniSvneloba am wertilSi nulis tolia. f damokidebulebis Tavisufali wevri 100-is tolia. marcvleulis magaliTSi am wertils Seesabameba misi warmoebis moculoba qimikatebis gamouyeneblad.

wrfis kuTxuri koeficienti (Slopes Of Graphs) ganisazRvreba Y-is cvlilebiT X-is erTi erTeuliT Secvlis SemTxvevaSi. Teoriuli damokidebuleba gviCvenebs (naxazi 1.5), rom Tu X izrdeba erTi erTeuliT (1 tona Setanili qimiuri saSualebebi), maSin Y gaizarda 100 erTeuliT (warmoebuli iqna 100 aTasi tona marcvleuli). amrigad, wrfisaTvis kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba aRniSnul naxazze 100-is tolia. rac metia kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba, niSnavs imas, rom qimiuri saSualebebis yoveli damatebiTi tona gazrdis marcvleulis warmoebas 200 aTasi toniT, warmoeba 2-jer ufro mgZnobiare iqneba qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebisadmi.

SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT

wrfivi damokidebulebis kuTxuri koeficienti SeiZleba gaangariSebul iqnes uSualod grafikis safuZvelze. naxazi gviCvenebs, rom Tu X=0, maSin, Y=100, xolo Tu X=2, maSin Y=300. Y-is cvlileba am or mniSvnelobas Soris udris 200-s (300-100), xolo X-is gadideba udris 2-s (2-0). amrigad, Y-is cvlileba X-is erTi erTeuliT gadidebisas udris 100-s (200/2). wertilis yoveli wyvili, romlebic wrfivi damokidebulebis kuTxuri koeficientis gasaangariSeblad gamoiyeneba, imave Sedegs mogvcems.

kuTxuri koeficienti da wrfis daxriloba

mocemuli masStabis pirobebSi horizontaluri da vertikaluri RerZebis (X da Y-is mocemuli mniSvnelobis pirobebSi) wrfis zrdadi kuTxuri koeficienti miT metia, rac ufro daxrilia wrfe X RerZisadmi. magaliTad, naxazze 1.6 qveda wrfes 200-is toli kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia (X-is erTi erTeuliT gadidebisas Y izrdeba 200 erTeuliT). zeda wrfes 100-is toli kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia. marcvleulis magaliTSi qveda wrfe SeiZleba gamosaxavdes damokidebulebas qimiur saSualebebsa da mosavals Soris mwiri miwis nakveTisaTvis. ase, rom 1 tona qimiuri saSualeba mTlianad sakmarisi ar aris Tundac garkveuli raodenobis marcvleulis mosayvanad (magaliTad, drenaJis daxmarebiT qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT efeqtiani xdeba).

kuTxuri koeficienti da daxriloba urTierTdakavSirebulia mxolod RerZTa mudmivi masStabebis pirobebSi. Tu vertikaluri RerZi naxazze 1.6 gadakeTebuli iqneba iseTnairad, rom 100 gadaiqceva 200-ad, 200 – 400-ad da a.S., maSin gansaxilveli damokidebulebis kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba gaormagdeba, radgan X-is erTi erTeuliT gadidebisas, Y 200-iT gaizrdeba (zeda wrfe), maSin, roca wina SemTxvevaSi X-is erTi erTeuliT gadidebisas Y mxolod 100-iT izrdeboda, Tumca wrfe daxrili ar gaxdeboda. zustad aseve, erTi wrfivi damokidebulebis grafiki, maTi kuTxuri koeficientebis Tanatolobis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba meore wrfivi damokidebulebis grafikze damreci iyos maTi agebis sxvadasxva masStabebis gamoyenebis gamo.

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi kuTxuri koeficientebi

naxazze 1.5 da 1.6 yvela wrfe aRmavalia. aseTi wrfeebis gaswvriv X-is nebismier gazrdas Seesabameba dadebiTi cvlileba _ Y-is gadideba. amrigad, aRmaval wrfes dadebiTi kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia, e. i. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom gansaxilveli cvladebi dadebiTia.

naxazze 1.7 gamosaxulia daRmavali wrfe. masze warmodgenili g funqcia niSnavs, rom X-is gadideba iwvevs Y-is uaryofiT cvlilebas.

naxazi 1.7-is saSualebiT SeiZleba gamovTvaloT wrfis kuTxuri koeficienti. roca X=1, Y=300, rac naxazze isrebiT aris gamosaxuli. analogiurad SegviZlia vaCvenoT, rom roca X=3, Y=100. X-is gadideba am mniSvnelobebs Soris 2-is tolia (3_1), maSin, roca Y-is Semcireba – 200-is tolia (100-300). amrigad, am wrfis kuTxuri koeficienti, k=100 (200/2).

yvela daRmaval wrfes yovelTvis uaryofiTi kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia, radganac Y-is cvlilebebi, rac X-is nebismier gadidebas Seesabameba, yovelTvis uaryofiTia. RerZTa fiqsirebuli masStabis pirobebSi, rac ufro daxrilia daRmavali wrfe, miT metia kuTxuri koeficientis uaryofiTi mniSvneloba.

rogor gamoisaxeba wrfe, Tu misi kuTxuri koeficienti nulis tolia? kuTxuri koeficientis nulisadmi toloba niSnavs, rom X-is gadidebisas YY aranairad ar icvleba. es niSnavs, rom wrfe SeiZleba iyos horizontaluri RerZis paraleluri.

magaliTi 5

arawrfivi damokidebulebis grafikebis ageba

naxazi 1.8 gviCvenebs arawrfiv damokidebulebas (Nonlinear Relations) qimiuri saSualebebis (X) gamoyenebasa da marcvleulis (Y) warmoebas Soris. Qqimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis gareSe (X=0) iwarmoeba 100 tona marcvleuli, e.i am mrudis Tavisufali wevris mniSvneloba 100-is tolia. Tu gamoviyenebT 1 tona qimikats, miviRebT 200 tona marcvals, xolo ori tonis gamoyeneba SesaZleblobas iZleva marcvleulis gamoSveba gaizardos 280 tonamde. Mmarcvleulis warmoebis maqsimaluri moculoba (400 tona) miiRweva 5,5 tona qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis dros. Aam wertilis Semdeg X-is gadideba ganapirobebs Y-is Semcirebas. marcvleulis gamoSveba ecema nulamde, Tu gamoiyeneba 12 tonaze meti raodenobis qimiuri saSualebebi.

TuU X-is mniSvnelebebi 0-dan 5,5-mdea, X-isa da Y-is kavSiri dadebiTia (pirdapiri) mrudis gaswvriv, xolo X-is didi mniSvnelobebis SemTxvevaSi kavSiri uaryofiTia (naxazi 1.8). cnobilia, rom arawrfivi mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti mudmivi ar aris, rogorc wrfis SemTxvevaSi. X-is zogierTi mniSvnelobebisaTvis Y-is cvlilebebi dadebiTia, sxvebisTvis – uaryofiTi an SeiZleba nulis toli iyos (SeadareT X=4 da X=7). Ees niSnavs, rom Cven SegviZlia visaubroT kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvnelobaze arawrfivi mrudisaTvis.

L

MRT

arawrfivi mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti yovel wertilze ganisazRvreba mocemul wertilSi am mrudisadmi mxebis kuTxuri koeficientiT. Ees ganmarteba warmodgenilia naxazze 1.9 A wrfe Y=f(x) mrudis mxebia X=2 wertilSi. AA wrfeze Y=350, X=3 da maSasadame, AA kuTxuri koeficienti 70-is tolia (350-280)/(3-2). Aamrigad, mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti X=2 wertilze 70-is tolia.

BB wrfe mocemuli mrudis mxebia X=5,5 wertilSi, roca Y maqsimalur mniSvnelobas aRwevs. Ees wrfe zustad X RerZis paraleluria. ase, rom am wrfis kuTxuri koeficienti nulis tolia. E

CC wrfis mrudTan Sexebis wertilSi X=9 . vinaidan CC-s uaryofiTi daxriloba gaaCnia, amitom mrudis kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba X=9 dros uaryofiTi iqneba. rogorc moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti dadebiTia maSin, roca mrudi aRmavalia (e.i. X-is gadideba iwvevs Y-is zrdas) da uaryofiTi, roca mrudi daRmavalia Y(X-is mniSvnelobis gadidebisas Y mcirdeba).

1. 4 pozitiuri da normatiuli analizi

mikroekonomikuri analizi SeiZleba eyrdnobodes pozitiur da normatiul debulebebs. pozitiuri anu diskriptuli (Positive Analysis) debuleba cdilobs ekonomikuri movlena axsnas mecnierulad, obieqturad da dasaxos gzebi, Camoayalibos iseTi debulebebi, romlebic aravisaTvis sadao ar iqneba. pozitiurma analizma SeiZleba iwinaswarmetyvelos iseTi ekonomikuri movlenebis cvalebadoba, rogoricaa warmoeba, Sesyidvebi, fasebi an Semosavlebi. pozitiuri ekonomikuri Teoriis daxmarebiT ekonomistma SeiZleba Camoayalibos aseTi tipis debuleba `Tu -----------, maSin ---------~, romlebic faqtebiT da cifrebiT iqneba warmodgenili. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, soflis meurneobaSi pozitiuri analizi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT imis asaxsnelad, Tu subsidiebi rogor gavlenas axdens produqtis fasebze. aRniSnuli analizi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes Semdegi mtkicebulebis gasakeTeblad _ `Tu fermerebze gaweuli daxmareba Seikveceba, maSin soflis meurneobis produqtebze fasebi gaizrdeba da momxmareblis nameti Semcirdeba~. es TavisTavad warmoadgens prognozs, romelic SeiZleba gadamowmebul iqnes, Tu subsidireba namdvilad Seikveceba.

pozitiuri analizi SeiZleba iyos aseTi debulebac: `gadasaxdis dawesebis Sedegad moimatebs produqtis fasebi; an kargi mosavali ganapirobebs bazarze produqtis miwodebis zrdas da fasebis Semcirebas da a.S.

normatiuli analizi (Normative Analysis) ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia pirad Sexedulebebze. normatiuli analizi iZleva rekomendaciebs da ayalibebs Semdegi tipis debulebas _ èkuTvnis gaakeTosL es an is~. normatiuli debulebis magaliTia _ `politika, romelic aferxebs Tavisufal vaWrobas, unda gamoiricxos~, aRniSnul mtkicebaSi CarTulia azri, rom kargia iyos Tavisufali vaWroba.

normatiuli debulebebi yvelasaTvis misaRebi SeiZleba ar iyos da sadaoa. ekonomistebs yovelTvis gaaCniaT sakuTari Sexedulebebi da damamtkicebeli argumentebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, ekonomistebi daoben imis Taobaze, Caerios Tu ara saxelmwifo bazris funqcionirebaSi. aRniSnul sakiTxs Tu ekonomikuri efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT mivudgebiT, maSin sabazro meqanizmebSi Caurevloba gacilebiT maRal Sedegebs gvaZlevs. Tu gavixsenebT imas, rom saxelmwifos erT-erTi funqciaa yvela moqalaqeze zrunva, maSin uari unda vTqvaT mogebis maRal normebze da SevecadoT elementaruli sasicocxlo pirobebi SevuqmnaT ukiduresad SeWirvebulebs bazris funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos Carevisa da Semosavlebis gadanawilebis gziT.

ZiriTadi terminebi

· samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi

· nominaluri fasi

· realuri fasi

· SefardebiTi fasi

· ekonomikuri modeli

· ekonomikuri cvladebi

· egzogenuri cvladi

· endogenuri cvladi

· pirobiTi optimizacia

· wonasworuli analizi

· SedarebiTi statika

· pozitiuri analizi

· normatiuli analizi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi

1. mikroekonomikis Seswavlis sagania ekonomikuri subieqtebis – firmebis, momxmareblebis, investorebis, resursebis mflobelebis ekonomikuri qceva. aseve, momxmareblebisa da firmebis urTierTqmedeba bazrebisa da dargebis formirebis procesSi.

2. inflaciis gamoricxvis mizniT iangariSeba realuri fasebi. realur fasebSi, inflaciis koreqtirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba fasebis agregirebuli indeqsi CPI.

3. movlenebs Soris mozez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasadgenad mikroekonomika eyrdnoba Teorias, romelsac SeuZlia martivad axsnas ekonomikuri subieqtebis qceva da samomamvlod iwinaswarmetyvelos am qcevis xasiaTi. ekonomikur cvladebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenas ki emsaxureba ekonomkuri modeli da gamoiyeneba Teoriisagan daskvnebis gamosatanad.

4. nebismieri modeli aRiwereba cvladebiT. ekonomikuri cvladebi ganzomilebadi naturaluri an fuladi sididea. cvladebi, romlebic modelis farglebSi Semodis mza saxiT da ucvlelia _ egzogenuri ewodeba, xolo cvladebi, romlebic unda ganisazRvros modelis meSveobiT endogenuri cvladebia.

5. yvela mikroekonomikuri modeli iyenebs analizis sam instruments: pirobiTi optimizacia, wonasworuli analizi da SedarebiTi statika. pirobiTi optimizacia gamoiyeneba gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtis mier optimaluri, magram garkveuli pirobebiT SezRuduli arCevanis ganxorcielebis dros; wonasworoba aris mdgomareoba, romelic grZeldeba droSi usazRvrod manamde, sanam egzogenuri faqtorebi ucvlelia. SedarebiTi statika ganixilavs egzogenuri cvladebis cvlilebebis zegavlenas endogenur cvladebze.

6. pozotiuri analizi ekonomikur movlenebs xsnis mecnierulad, obieqturad; normatiuli analizi iZleva rekomendaciebs, igi yvelasaTvis misaRebi SeiZleba ar iyos da sadaoa.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis

1. ganmarteT mikroekonomikis kursis Seswavlis sagani. ra gansxvavebaa mikroekonomikasa da makroekonomikas Soris?

2. rogor ganisazRvreba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi?

3. ra gansxvavebaa nominalur da realur Semosavlebs Soris?

4. ekonomikuri kvlevis ra meTodebs icnobT?

5. daaxasiaTeT ekonomikuri modelis egzogenuri da endogenuri cvladebi. ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?

6. axseniT wonasworuli mdgomareoba. pasuxi daasabuTeT grafikulad.

7. daaxasiaTeT SedarebiTi statika – rogorc mikroekonomkuri instrumenti.

8. axseniT wrfivi da arawrfivi damokidebulebebi. ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris? romeli sidideebia saWiro wrfivi damokidebulebis grafikulad warmosadgenad?

9. romel wrfes gaaCnia dadebiTi kuTxuri koeficienti? uaryofiTi?

10. rogor gaiangariSeba wrfis daxrilobebi da kuTxuri koeficientebi?

11. daasaxeleT pozitiuri da normatiuli analizis magaliTebi.

Tavi 2. moTxovna, miwodeba da sabazro wonasworoba

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT

1. mocemuli gantolebis safuZvelze moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis agebas

2. wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis grafikul analizs

3. faqtorebis gavleniT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadaadgilebebis Sefasebas

4. bazris wonasworobis statikur analizs

5. moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gamoyenebas konkretuli bazris analizisaTvis

moTxovnis, miwodebisa da sabazro wonasworobis analizi ganvixiloT srulyofili konkurenciis bazris magaliTze. aRniSnuli bazris damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: myidvelTa da gamyidvelTa didi raodenoba; saqonlis identuroba, aradiferencirebuloba; bazarze Tavisufali Sesvla da gasvla; myidvelebis kargad informirebuloba sabazro fasebis Sesaxeb; fasis miReba.

EMBED Equation.3

naxazze 2.1 warmodgenilia srulyofili konkurenciis bazris ZiriTadi modeli. horizontalur RerZze mocemulia konkretuli saqonlis mTliani raodenoba _

Q

, vertikalur RerZze aRniSnulia fasi _

.

P

bazari aRiwereba sami ganzomilebiT: 1. samomxmareblo saqonliT (naxazze 2.1 es saqoneli xorbalia); 2. geografiuli adgilmdebareobiT, sadac xorcieldeba yidva-gayidva (magaliTad, naxazze 2.1 _ saqarTvelo); 3. dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic xorcieldeba transaqcia (naxazze 2.1 es aris 2008 weli).

2.1 moTxovnis mrudi

naxazze 2.1

D

warmoadgens moTxovnis (Demend) mruds xorblisaTvis. igi gviCvenebs Tu ra raodenobis xorblis yidvas isurveben momxmareblebi masze sxvadasxva fasis pirobebSi. magaliTad, Tu erT tona xorbalze fasi 300 laria, maSin wliuri moTxovna Seadgens 76,7 aTas tonas; Tu erT tona xorbalze fasi 400 laria, wliuri moTxovna mxolod 76,1 aTasi tona iqneba.

xorbali SeiZleba Seisyidon firmebma misi saboloo an Sualedur produqtebad gadamuSavebis mizniT (magaliTad, xorblis spirti, sirofi, burRuleuli, ualkoholo sasmelebi, burbuSelebi da sxv.). naxazze 2.1 naCvenebi moTxovnis nawils e.w. meoradi (warmoebuli) moTxovna Seadgens. magaliTad, moTxovnas marcvleulis sirofze ganapirobebs ualkoholo sasmelebze arsebuli moTxovna (sirofi ualkoholo sasmelebSi gamoiyeneba Saqris nacvlad). xorbals aseve yiduloben brokerebi da biTumad movaWreebi, romlebic mas yidian sacalo movaWreebze, Semdeg ki produqti mieyideba saboloo momxmarebels. moTxovnis meore nawils warmoadgens pirdapiri moTxovna _ moTxovna uSualod am produqtze. naxazze 2.1 moTxovnis

D

mrudi aCvenebs saqarTvelos bazarze xorblis yvela myidvelis jamur moTxovnas xorbalze.

rogorc aRvniSneT, naxazze 2.1 moTxovnis mrudi warmodgenilia ise, rom vertikalur RerZze aRniSnulia fasi, xolo horizontalurze _ raodenoba. aseTi mocemuloba xazs usvams moTxovnis mrudis kidev erT mniSvnelovan interpretacias. moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs umaRless fass, romelic `SeiZleba aitanos~ bazarma miwodebuli saqonlis mocemuli raodenobisas. Aamrigad, Tu xorblis mimwodeblebi mTlianad 76,6 aTasi tona xorbals miawvdian bazars, umaRlesi fasi, romliTac igi gaiyideba iqneba 300 lari erT tonaze.

gavixsenoT, rom saqonlis moTxovnaze fasis garda gavlenas axdenen sxva faqtorebic. am faqtorebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: fasebi urTierTdakavSirebul saqonelze, reklama, momxmarebelTa raodenoba, maTi Semosavlebi, gemovneba, moda, tradiciebi, molodini da sxva. es is faqtorebia, romlebic moqmedeben tipiuri saqonlis moTxovnaze. miuxedavad amisa, moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs damokidebulebas mxolod saqonlis fassa da am saqonelze moTxovnis raodenobas Soris. moTxovnis mrudis agebisas vTvliT, rom moTxovnis raodenobaze moqmedi sxva faqtorebi ucvlelia.

rogorc naxazi 2.1 gviCvenebs, moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia. rac ufro naklebia xorblis fasi, miT ufro metia moTxovnis raodenoba da piriqiT, rac metia fasi, miT naklebia moTxovnis raodenoba. fassa da moTxovnis raodenobas Soris ukuproporciul damokidebulebas, rodesac moTxovnaze gavlenis mqone faqtorebi ar icvleba, moTxovnis kanoni ewodeba.

magaliTi 1

moTxovnis mrudis ageba

amocana

davuSvaT, rom axal avtomobilebze moTxovna saqarTveloSi gamoisaxeba Semdegi formuliT:

P

Q

d

1

,

0

3

,

5

-

=

,

(2.1)

sadac

d

Q

aris axali avtomobilebis raodenoba weliwadSi (aTasi cali), xolo

P

avtomobilebis saSualo fasi (aTasi lari).

a) gansazRvreT moTxovna avtomobilebze, Tu misi saSualo fasi Seadgens 15 000 lars? 25 000 lars? 35 000 lars?

b) aageT moTxovnis mrudi avtomobilebisaTvis. Seesabameba Tu ara es mrudi moTxovnis kanons?

amoxsna

a) Tu erT avtomobilze fasi aris 15 000 lari, avtomobilebze moTxovnis gansazRvrisaTvis viyenebT gantolebas (2.1);

15

=

P

8

,

3

15

1

,

0

3

,

5

=

´

-

=

d

Q

e.i. Tu erTi avtomobilis fasi saSualod 15 000 laria, moTxovna arsebobs 3,8 aTas manqanaze;

Tu erTi avtomobilis fasi 25 000 laria (

25

=

P

), moTxovna avtomobilebze iqneba:

8

,

2

25

1

,

0

3

,

5

=

´

-

=

d

Q

e. i. Tu fasi 25 000 laria, avtomobilebze moTxovna iqneba 2,8 aTasi cali; analogiurad, roca fasi 35 000 laria, moTxovna axal avtomobilebze Seadgens 1,8 aTas cals weliwadSi:

8

,

1

35

1

,

0

3

,

5

=

´

-

=

d

Q

b) naxazze 2.2 naCvenebia moTxovnis mrudi avtomobilebisaTvis. mrudis asagebad aRvniSnavT wertilebs, romlebic Seesabamebian fasisa da raodenobis im kombinaciebs, romlebic (a) kiTxvaSi ganvsazRvreT da vaerTebT maT. mrudi gviCvenebs, rom Tu avtomobilebze fasi izrdeba, momxmareblebi moiTxoven ufro mcire raodenobiT avtomobilebs. gantolebaSi (2.1)

P

fasis koeficienti uaryofiTia (am SemTxvevaSi – 0,1), es faqtic imas gvisabuTebs, rom avtomobilis fassa da moTxovnis raodenobas Soris ukuproporciuli damokidebulebaa.

2.2 miwodebis mrudi

naxazze 2.1 mocemuli

S

warmoadgens miwodebis (Supply) mruds xorblisaTvis. igi gviCvenebs xorblis im jamur raodenobas, romlis gasayidad mzad arian mimwodeblebi sxvadasxva fasis pirobebSi. magaliTad, Tu erT tona xorbalze fasi 300 laria, 2008 wels bazars miewodeba 75,7 aTasi tona xorbali, xolo 400 laris SemTxvevaSi _ 76,1 aTasi tona weliwadSi.

xorblis miwodeba pirvel rigSi xorcieldeba saqarTveloSi moqmedi fermerebis mier. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba tolia mocemuli wlis mosavals damatebuli wina wlebis mosavlidan Senaxuli maragebi. miwodebis

S

mrudi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc individualuri miwodebis mrudebis jami.

miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia. igi gviCvenebs, rom maRali fasis pirobebSi mimwodeblebi ufro met xorbals sTavazoben momxmareblebs, xolo dabali fasis dros isini mzad arian gayidon produqtis ufro mcire raodenoba. saqonlis fassa da miwodebul raodenobas Soris pirdapirproporciuli damokidebuleba cnobilia rogorc miwodebis kanoni.

swored iseve, rogorc moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, fasis garda arseboben sxva faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen bazarze miwodebuli saqonlis raodenobaze. magaliTad, warmoebis faqtorebze arsebuli fasebi (Sroma, nedleuli da sxv.). aseve, miwodebis raodenobaze moqmedebs sxva saqonelze arsebuli fasebic. magaliTad, bunebriv gazze miwodeba gaizrdeba maSin, Tu navTobze fasi aiwevs. es imiT aixsneba, rom navTobi da bunebrivi gazi urTierTSemcvleli produqtebia. naxazze 2.1 mocemuli mrudis SemTxvevaSi vTvliT, rom fasis garda miwodebis raodenobaze moqmedi faqtorebi (magaliTad, warmoebis faqtorebis fasebi) fiqsirebulia da ar icvleba.

magaliTi 2

miwodebis mrudis ageba

amocana

vTqvaT, xorblis miwodeba aSS_Si gamoisaxeba Semdegi gantolebiT:

Q

P

Q

S

+

=

15

,

0

(2.2)

sadac

S

Q

- aris aSS-Si warmoebuli xorblis raodenoba (mln tona), xolo

P

aris xorblis fasi (dolari erT tonaze).

a) ra raodenobis xorbali iqneba miwodebuli bazarze, Tu erTi tona xorblis fasi 2 dolaria? rodesac fasi 3 dolaria? 4 dolaria?

b) aageT xorblis miwodebis mrudi. Seesabameba Tu ara es mrudi miwodebis kanons?

amoxsna

a) 2.2 gantolebis daxmarebiT miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba sxvadasxva fasis pirobebSi iqneba:

15

,

2

2

15

,

0

=

+

=

S

Q

15

,

3

3

15

,

0

=

+

=

S

Q

15

,

4

4

15

,

0

=

+

=

S

Q

maSasadame, Tu erTi tona xorblis fasi aris 2 dolari, miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba Seadgens 2,15 mln tonas weliwadSi.; Tu erTi tonis fasi 3 dolaria, miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba 3,15 mln tonaa, xolo 4 dolaris dros _ 4,15 mln tona weliwadSi.

b) naxazze 2.3 naCvenebia miwodebis mrudis aRmavali grafiki. mrudi miuTiTebs, rom moqmedebs miwodebis kanoni. amasve adasturebs

P

fasis dadebiTi koeficienti (+1).

2.3 sabazro wonasworoba

naxazze 2.1 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi E wertilSi ikveTeba. am wertilSi fasi Seadgens 400 lars, xolo raodenoba 76,1 aTasi tonaa. am wertilSi bazari wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. wonasworoba (Equilibrium) stabilurobis wertilia, rodesac sabazro fasis cvlilebis tendencia ar arsebobs, Tu sxva gareSe faqtorebi ucvlelia (magaliTad, Semosavlebi, naleqebis raodenoba da sxv.). wonasworuli fasisagan gansxvavebuli fasis dros moqmedeben Zalebi, romlebic cdiloben Secvalon arsebuli fasi. magaliTad, naxazze 2.4 Cans, rom Tu erTi tona xorblis fasi 500 laria, adgili aqvs Warb miwodebas. am fasis dros miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba (76,6 aTasi tona) Warbobs moTxovnil (75,7 aTasi tona) raodenobas. is faqti, rom xorblis mimwodeblebi ver yidian saqonlis sasurvel raodenobas, moqmedebs fasis Semcirebaze. rogorc ki fasi mcirdeba, moTxovnis raodenoba izrdeba, miwodebis raodenoba mcirdeba da bazari uaxlovdeba wonasworul fass _ 400 lars erTi tonisaTvis. Tu fasi 300 laria, adgili aqvs Warb moTxovnas. aRniSnuli fasis pirobebSi moTxovnis raodenoba (76,6 aTasi tona) Warbobs miwodebis (75,7 aTasi tona) raodenobas. myidvelebi ver yiduloben sasurveli raodenobis xorbals da Cndeba zewola fasis momatebaze. rogorc ki fasi moimatebs, gaizrdeba miwodebis raodenoba, Semcirdeba moTxovnis raodenoba da bazari isev miiswrafis wonasworuli fasisaken (400 lari erT tona xorbalze).

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi SesaZlebelia miwodebis fasma mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarbos moTxovnis fass (naxazi 2.5), xolo miwodebis moculoba ar Seesabamebodes moTxovnis moculobas (naxazi 2.6). am dros bazari mocemuli saqonlisTvis jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli; momxmareblebi ar arian sakmarisad mdidarni da moTxovnac dabalia. magaliTad, XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi aseTi saqoneli iyo Zalze ZviradRirebuli avtomobilebi.

meore SemTxvevaSi (naxazi 2.6) moTxovnis maqsimaluri moculoba dabalia miwodebis SesaZlo minimalur doneze. moTxovnis moculoba imdenad dabalia, rom mimwodeblebisTvis aramomgebiania saqonlis miwodeba.

wonasworuli mdgomareobis formirebis Sesaxeb ori ZiriTadi midgoma ganixileba:

1. l. valrasis azriT mTavari mniSvneloba eniWeba moTxovnisa da miwodebis moculobebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas. Tu P1 fasis pirobebSi arsebobs Warbi moTxovna (Q2 – Q1, naxazi 2.7 à~), maSin myidvelTa konkurenciis pirobebSi mimdinareobs fasis zrda manam, vidre ar gaqreba Warbi moTxovna.

Warbi miwodebis SemTxvevaSi (naxazi 2.7 à~, P2 fasi) gamyidvelTa Soris konkurencia aqac iwvevs Warbi miwodebis gaqrobas.

2. a. marSalis azriT mniSvnelovania fasTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba (P1 – P2, naxazi 2.7 `b~). gamyidvelebi upirvelesad reagireben miwodebisa da moTxovnis fasTa Soris sxvaobaze. rac ufro didia es gansxvaveba, miT ufro didia miwodebis gazrdis stimuli. miwodebis moculobis gazrda amcirebs am gansxvavebas da Sedegad miiRweva wonasworuli fasi.

l. valrasis modeli umetesad miesadageba moklevadian, xolo a. marSalis modeli _ grZelvadian periods.

wonasworoba SeiZleba iyos myari da aramyari, lokaluri da globaluri. myari wonasworoba, Tavis mxriv, aris absoluturi da fardobiTi. aRniSnuli movlenebi warmovadginoT grafikulad. abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnoT dro _ T da ordinatTa RerZze fasi _ P (naxazi 2.8 à~ da `b~).

Tu gadaxra wonasworuli fasidan (naxazi 2.8 à~ da `b~) TandaTan uaxlovdeba PE dones, maSin bazarze aris myari wonasworoba. absoluturad myar wonasworobas adgili aqvs wonasworuli fasis dadgenis pirobebSi (naxazi 2.8 à~), xolo fardobiTad myari wonasworoba miiRweva wonasworuli fasidan mcire gadaxris pirobebSi (naxazi 2.8 `b~).

wonasworoba aris agreTve lokaluri da globaluri. Tu wonasworoba miiRweva fasis cvalebadobis mxolod garkveul sazRvrebSi, maSin saubroben lokalur wonasworobaze (P2-dan P3-mde intervali, naxazi 2.9 à~). Tu wonasworoba miiRweva fasidan nebismieri gadaxris pirobebSi, maSin wonasworoba globalurad myaria (naxazi 2.9, `b~).

wonasworoba SeiZleba damyardes fasis cikluri meryeobis Sedegad. Tu meryeobas aqvs Caqrobadi xasiaTi, maSin wonasworoba myardeba T1 drois gavlis Semdeg (naxazi 2.10 ,,a~).

Tu meryeobas aqvs Tanabari an feTqebadi xasiaTi (naxazi 2.10 `b~ da `g~), maSin wonasworuli fasis formireba ar xdeba.

umartivesi dinamikuri modeli, romelic gviCvenebs wonasworobis miRwevas fasis Caqrobadi meryeobis Sedegad, aris obobasqseliseburi modeli (naxazi. 2.11). igi asaxavs wonasworobis formirebis process iseT dargebSi, sadac warmoebas aqvs fiqsirebuli cikli (magaliTad, soflis meurneoba). am dros mwarmoeblebi gadawyvetilebas warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb iReben wina wels arsebuli fasebis safuZvelze da mimdinare periodSi ukve aRar SeuZliaT Secvalon produqtis gamoSvebis moculoba:

)

(

1

-

=

t

st

P

S

Q

,

(2.3)

sadac Qst aris miwodebis moculoba t drois periodSi;

Pt-1 - dovlaTis faqtiuri Rirebuleba t periodis wina wlisaTvis.

wonasworoba obobaqselisebur modelSi damokidebulia moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis abscisaTa RerZisadmi daxrilobis kuTxeebze. wonasworoba myaria, Tu S miwodebis mrudis daxrilobis kuTxe metia D moTxovnis mrudis daxrilobasTan SedarebiT (naxazi 2.11 à~). wonasworuli mdgomareobisaken moZraoba ganicdis ramdenime cikls. Warbi miwodeba (AB) amcirebs fass (BC), warmoiqmneba Warbi moTxovna (CF), romelic Tavis mxriv, iwvevs fasis momatebas (FG), Sedegad fiqsirdeba axali Warbi miwodeba (GH) da a.S. manam, vidre ar damyardeba wonasworoba. am dros meryeobas aqvs Caqrobadi xasiaTi (gaixseneT naxazi. 2.10 à~).

wonasworobisaken moZraobam SeiZleba miiRos sxvagvari mimarTuleba, Tu moTxovnis D mrudis daxrilobis kuTxe metia S miwodebis mrudis abscisaTa RerZisadmi daxrilobasTan SedarebiT (naxazi 2.11 `g~). am SemTxvevaSi meryeobas aqvs feTqebadi xasiaTi da wonasworoba ar myardeba (gaixseneT naxazi 2.10 `g~).

SeiZleba ganvixiloT SemTxvevac, roca fasi axdens regularul meryev moZraobebs wonasworobis mdgomareobis garSemo (naxazi 2.11 `b~). es xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca D da S mrudebis daxrilobis kuTxeebi tolia. am dros meryeoba Tanabaria da wonasworoba ar myardeba (gaixseneT naxazi 2.10 `b~).

magaliTi 3

wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis gamoTvla

amocana

vTqvaT, moTxovnis mrudi xorbalze saqarTveloSi aRiwereba formuliT:

P

Q

d

4

500

-

=

, xolo miwodebis mrudi aris:

P

Q

S

2

100

+

-

=

, sadac

P

aris fasi larebSi erTi tonisaTvis, QQ _ raodenoba aTasi tona weliwadSi (roca

50

³

P

).

gamoTvaleT bazris wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba. wonasworuli fasi aCveneT grafikulad.

amoxsna

wonasworuli fasis misaRebad moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobebs vutolebT erTmaneTs:

S

d

Q

Q

=

P

P

2

100

4

500

+

-

=

-

600

6

=

P

100

=

P

wonasworuli fasi Seadgens 100 lars erT tona xorbalze. wonasworuli raodenobis gansazRvrisaTvis wonasworuli fasis mniSvneloba Caismeba moTxovnis an miwodebis gantolebaSi:

100

100

4

500

=

´

-

=

d

Q

100

100

2

100

=

´

+

-

=

S

Q

amrigad, wonasworuli raodenoba Seadgens 100 aTas tona xorbals erT weliwadSi. naxazze 2.12 wonasworoba grafikuladaa gamosaxuli.

2.4 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadaadgilebebi

wina paragrafebSi ganxiluli moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi warmodgenilia im winapirobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobaze moqmedi faqtorebi ucvlelia.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis mdebareobas da Sesabamisad wonasworuli mdgomareobis cvlilebas ganapirobebs sxvadasxva faqtori. naxazebze 2.13 da 2.14 naCvenebia arasafaso faqtorebis gavleniT gamowveuli moTxovnis, miwodebisa da wonasworuli mdgomareobis cvlilebebi. cvlilebebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios endogenurma (raodenoba, fasi da sxv.) da egzogenurma (momxmarebelTa Semosavlebi, satarifo ganakveTebi da sxv.) faqtorebma.

sabazro wonasworobis SedarebiTi statikuri analizis Casatareblad, pirvel rigSi, unda ganisazRvros Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens erTi gansazRvruli egzogenuri cvladi calke moTxovnaze an calke miwodebaze. am cvladis mier gamowveul cvlilebebs gamovsaxavT mxolod moTxovnis an miwodebis mrudis an orive mrudis erTdrouli gadaadgilebiT. magaliTad, vTqvaT momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis zrdam gazarda moTxovna garkveul saqonelze. Semosavlebis gavlena sabazro wonasworobaze gamoixateba moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebaSi, rogorc naCvenebia naxazze 2.13 ,,a“. aRniSnuli cvlileba gamoiwvevs fasebis matebas da moTxovnis raodenobis gazrdas. sabazro wonasworobis wertili

A

_dan

B

wertilSi gadaadgildeba. amrigad, Semosavlebis gadidebiT gamowveuli moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgileba iwvevs rogorc wonasworuli fasis, aseve wonasworuli raodenobis zrdas. Dda piriqiT, Semosavlebis SemcirebiT gamowveuli moTxovnis mrudis marcxniv gadaadgileba iwvevs wonasworuli fasisa da wonasworuli raodenobis Semcirebas.

Ffasi fasi

ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi. davuSvaT, warmoebis erT-erT sferoSi moimata Sromis anazRaurebam. daxarjebis zrdis gamo zogierTma firmam SeiZleba Seamciros saqonlis warmoeba, zogi firma ki saerTod gavides biznesidan. Sromis anazRaurebis zrda miwodebis mruds marcxniv gadaaadgilebs (naxazi 2.14 ,,b”). Ees cvlileba gviCvenebs, rom bazars ufro naklebi saqoneli miewodeba da sabazro wonasworuli mdgomareoba

A

-dan

B

wertilSi gadaadgildeba. Aamrigad, samuSao Zalaze fasis momateba zrdis wonasworul fass da amcirebs wonasworul raodenobas. Tu samuSao Zalaze fasi Semcirdeba, miwodebis mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv S1-dan S2 mdgomareobaSi. Sedegad wonasworuli fasi mcirdeba, xolo wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba (naxazi 2.14 ,,a”).

SedarebiTi statikuri analizis CatarebiT SegviZlia CamovayaliboT moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebis ZiriTadi wesebi:

1. moTxovnis gazrdisa da ucvleli miwodebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba wonasworuli fasi da wonasworuli raodenoba (naxazi 2.13 ,,a”).

2. moTxovnis Semcirebisa da ucvleli miwodebis SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba wonasworuli fasi da wonasworuli raodenoba (naxazi 2.13 ,,b”).

3. miwodebis zrdisa da ucvleli moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba wonasworuli fasi da izrdeba wonasworuli raodenoba (naxazi 2.14 ,,a”).

4. miwodebis Semcirebisa da ucvleli moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba wonasworuli fasi da mcirdeba wonasworuli raodenoba (naxazi 2.14 ,,b”).

moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebis dros SeiZleba ufro rTuli SemTxvevebic arsebobdes. ganvixiloT ori SemTxveva:

1. moTxovna da miwodeba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT icvlebian; 2. moTxovna da miwodeba erTi da igive mimarTulebiT icvlebian.

pirveli SemTxvevis dros ori savaraudo Sedegi ganixileba: a) miwodeba izrdeba, xolo moTxovna mcirdeba. aseT dros xdeba fasis Semcirebis ori efeqtis SeTavseba. Sedegad fasi ufro metad Semcirdeba, vidre amas cal-calke gamoiwvevda miwodebis gazrda da moTxovnis Semcireba. rogori iqneba produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba? pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad Seicvala moTxovnisa da miwodebis parametrebi. Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebis Sedegi TanabarmimarTulia: moTxovnis gadideba iwvevs produqtis tolfasi raodenobiT gazrdas, xolo moTxovnis Semcireba produqtis tolfasi raodenobiT Semcirebas. b) miwodeba mcirdeba, xolo moTxovna izrdeba. aseT dros adgili aqvs fasis gadidebis ori efeqtis SeTavsebas. wonasworuli fasis gadideba ufro meti aRmoCndeba, vidre cal-calke aRebuli miwodebis SemcirebiT da moTxovnis gazrdiT gamowveuli Sedegi iqneboda. rogoria mocemul situaciaSi produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba? pasuxi damokidebulia moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebis SedarebiT parametrebze. Tu miwodebis Semcireba ufro metia moTxovnis gadidebaze, maSin produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba ufro naklebi aRmoCndeba, vidre Tavdapirvelad iyo; Tu miwodebis Semcireba SedarebiT ufro naklebia, vidre moTxovnis gadideba, am cvlilebaTa Sedegad produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba gaizrdeba.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis erTi da imave mimarTulebiT cvlilebis SemTxvevaSic ori savaraudo Sedegi ganixileba:

a) miwodeba da moTxovna izrdeba. rogor aisaxeba es cvlileba wonasworul fasze? miwodebis gadideba iwvevs fasis Semcirebas, xolo moTxovnis gadideba fasis gazrdas. Tu miwodebis gadidebis masStabi moTxovnis gadidebis masStabze metia, wonasworuli fasi Semcirdeba, xolo Tu sapirispiro cvlileba moxda, maSin wonasworuli fasi gaizrdeba. rogor Seicvleba produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba? moTxovnisa da miwodebis gazrda produqtis raodenobis gadidebas iwvevs. es niSnavs, rom produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba ufro metad gaizrdeba, vidre cal-calke aRebuli moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebiT miRebuli Sedegi.

b) miwodeba da moTxovna mcirdeba. rogor aisaxeba es cvlileba wonasworul fasze? miwodebis Semcireba iwvevs fasis zrdas, xolo moTxovnis Semcireba fasis Semcirebas. Tu miwodebis Semcirebis masStabi ufro metia moTxovnis Semcirebis masStabze, maSin wonasworuli fasi izrdeba, Tu sapirispiro movlenas aqvs adgili, maSin wonasworuli fasi mcirdeba. ra gavlenas moaxdens aRniSnuli SemTxveva produqtis wonasworul raodenobaze? moTxovnisa da miwodebis erTdrouli Semcireba produqtis raodenobaze Semamcirebel zemoqmedebas axdens. SesaZlebelia darwmunebiT vifiqroT, rom produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba ufro naklebi aRmoCndeba, vidre Tavdapirvelad iyo.

magaliTi 4

bazris wonasworobis SedarebiTi statikuri analizi

amocana

vTqvaT moTxovna aluminze aSS-s bazarze aRiwereba gantolebiT:

I

P

Q

d

10

50

500

+

-

=

,

sadac

P

aris erTi tona aluminis fasi dolarebSi;

I

_ erTi adamianis saSualo Semosavali aSS-Si (aTasi dolari weliwadSi).

saSualo Semosavali mniSvnelovani determinantia avtomobilebisa da im saqonlis miwodebisaTvis, romelTa warmoebasac alumini sWirdeba. vTqvaT, aSS-Si aluminis miwodeba ganisazRvreba formuliT:

B

P

Q

S

200

50

-

=

,

sadac

B

aluminis warmoebisaTvis saWiro boqsitis nedleulis saSualo fasia (dolari erTi tonisaTvis). amitom aluminis warmoebis daxarjebis gansazRvrisaTvis igi sakvanZo determinantia. rogorc moTxovnis, aseve miwodebis funqciebSi raodenoba izomeba milion tonebSi weliwadis ganmavlobaSi. amocanaSi vTvliT, rom boqsitis fasi Tavidanve gansazRvrulia aluminis mwarmoeblebisaTvis.

a) ra egzogenuri da endogenuri cvladebis gamoyofa SegiZliaT am SemTxvevaSi?

b) ra aris aluminis wonasworuli fasi, rodesac

10

=

I

(anu 10 000$ erT weliwadSi) da

$

2

=

B

erTi tonisaTvis?

g) ra mouva moTxovnis mruds, Tu saSualo Semosavlebi iqneba mxolod 5000$ (anu

5

=

I

, wina SemTxvevaSi

10

=

I

).

aageT moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgileba. gamoTvaleT am mrudis gadaadgilebis gavleniT wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis cvlileba. Semdeg aageT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi.

d) vTqvaT, sidide

I

rCeba 10-is toli. rogor gadaadgildeba miwodebis mrudi, Tu boqsitis fasi erTi tonaze mcirdeba 2$

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