Gii thiu mn hc

H thng filei hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#1Tng quan- H thng tp tin ca Linux v Unix c t chc theo mt h thng phn bc tng t cu trc ca mt cy phn cp. Bc cao nht ca h thng tp tin l th mc gc, c k hiu bng vch cho / (root directory). Tt cc thit b kt ni vo my tnh u c nhn dng nh cc tp tin, k c nhng linh kin nh a cng, cc phn vng a cng v cc USB. i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#2Cc kiu fileUnix c 3 kiu file:- File bnh thng (ordiany file): l mt tp hp thng tin (ASCII text hoc binary). File th mc (directory file): cha danh sch cc tn c th truy cp ti, nh l cc file bnh thng, cc file c bit hoc cc file th mc con. File c bit (special file): l cc file lin quan ti cc thit b ngoi vi phn cng v/hoc c ch truyn tin.i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#3Cc kiu file (tt)Cc k hiu di y c s dng biu din cc kiu file: - : file thng thng d : th mc b : file c bit (block) c : file c bit (k t) l : link m : phn b nh trong dng chung p : ng ngi hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#4Tn c bit . : th mc hin ti .. : th mc cha ~ : th mc c nhn .xxx : file n (e.g., /home/tuananh/.bashrc)i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#5Danh sch cc th mc/bin cha cc ng dng quan trng (binary applications), /boot cc tp tin cu hnh cho qu trnh khi ng h thng (boot configuration files), /dev cha cc tp tin l chng nhn cho cc thit b ca h thng (device files) /etc cha cc tp tin cu hnh ca h thng, cc tp tin lnh khi ng cc dch v ca h thng... /home th mc ny cha cc th mc c nhn ca nhng ngi c quyn truy cp vo h thng (local users' home directories),

i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#6Danh sch cc th mc (tt)/lib lu cc th vin chia s ca h thng (system libraries) /lost+found c dng lu cc tp tin khng c th mc m m c tm thy di th mc gc (/) sau khi thc hin lnh kim tra h thng tp tin (fsck). /media c dng to ra cc tp tin gn (loaded) tm thi c h thng to ra khi mt thit b lu ng (removable media) c cm vo nh a CDs, my nh k thut s... /mnt c dng gn cc h thng tp tin tm thi (mounted filesystems)i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#7Danh sch cc th mc (tt)/opt th mc dng d cha cc phn mm ng dng (optional applications) c ci t thm, /proc y l mt th mc c bit linh ng lu cc thng tin v tnh trng ca h thng, c bit v cc tin trnh (processes) ang hot ng, /root y l th mc nh ca ngi qun tr h thng (root), /sbin th mc ny lu li cc tp tin thc thi ca h thng (system binaries) i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#8Danh sch cc th mc (tt)/sys lu cc tp tin ca h thng (system files), /tmp lu li cc tp tin c to ra tm thi (temporary files), /usr lu v cha nhng tp tin ca cc ng dng chnh c ci t cho mi ngi dng (all users), /var lu li tp tin ghi cc s liu bin i (variable files) nh cc tp tin d liu v tp tin bn ghi (logs and databases).

i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#9Danh sch cc th mc (tt)

i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#10So snh file Linux v WindowsGing nhau di ti a cho tn tp l 255 Chp nhn tt c cc k t t tn tp (nhng nn trnhs dng cc k t c bit nh * ? [ ] & trnh s nhpnhng trong cu lnh s dng sau ny) Tnh c th ca Linux Qun l. di mt khung nhn ca tp cho c th mc vcc loi ti nguyn h thng (ngoi vi, bng phn chnga) Khng c khi nim phn m rng ca tn tp (k t '.'trong tn tp c i x nh mi k t khc Khng dng a logic trong cy th mc '/' c dng thay cho '\' trong ng dn th mci hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#11ng dn v th mc c bit- Truy cp tp v th mc cn dng cc ng dn.- ng dn c th c mc t cc th mc c bit / : th mc gc ~/ : th mc nh . : th mc hin ti .. : th mc chai hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#12ng dn tng i v tuyt i

i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#13Lnh c bn qun l th mcpwd: hin th ng dn tuyt i ca th mc hin ti cd: thay i v tr th mc hin ti $ cd /home/tuananh $ cd tuananh ls: lit k cc tp trong mt th mc $ ls $ ls /home/tuananh $ ls la tuananh tu chn -a cho php hin th c cc tp n tu chn -l cho php hin th thuc tnh cho mi tp (kiu, quyn, lin kt,ch s hu, nhm s hu, kch thc, ngy sa i) mkdir: to mt th mc rng rmdir: xo mt th mc rngi hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#14V d$ cd ~$ pwd/home/hai$ ls -la-rw-r--r-- 1 hai user1 2451 Feb 7 07:30 .bashrc-rw-r--r-- 1 hai user1 4025 Feb 10 19:12 linux.pptdrwxr-xr-- 2 hai user1 512 Feb 10 19:12 linux$ mkdir vanban$ cd vanban$ pwd/home/hai/vanban$ cd ..$ pwd$ rmdir vanbani hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#15Cc siu k t * dng thay th cho mt chui k t bt k bao gm c xu rng ? thay th cho mt k t bt k [ ] c thay th bi mt k t trong mt tp k t cho trc [! ] c thay th bi mt k t khng c trong mt tp k t cho trci hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#16V d$ ls -l *.[c,h]-rw-r--r-- 1 hai user1 2451 Feb 7 07:30 myprog.c-rw-r--r-- 1 hai user1 2451 Feb 7 07:30 myprog.h$ ls -l *progdrwxr-xr-- 2 hai user1 512 Feb 10 19:12 c_progdrwxr-xr-- 2 hai user1 512 Feb 10 19:12 java_prog$ ls -l .*-rw-r--r-- 1 hai user1 451 Feb 7 07:30 .bashrc-rw-r--r-- 1 hai user1 225 Feb 7 07:30 .bash_profile-rw-r--r-- 1 hai user1 351 Feb 7 07:30 .bash_logoui hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#17Qun l file$cp file1 [] dir sao chp mt hoc nhiu file vo mt th mc $mv file1 [] dir di chuyn mt hoc nhiu file n mt th mc $rm file1 [] xo mt hoc nhiu tp tu chn -R (recursive) cho php sao chp/di chuyn/xo ton b th mc bao gm c cc th mc coni hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#18Qun l file (tt)cat: xem nhanh mt file more: xem tng dngless: xem tng trangtail: xem cui file head: xem u file touch: to file mi, cp nht file cecho > [tn file]i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#19V d$ ls -l-rw-r--r-- 1 hai user1 16 Feb 10 19:12 test.txtdrwxr-xr-- 2 hai user1 512 Feb 10 19:14 vanban$ cp test.txt vanban$ ls -l vanban-rw-r--r-- 1 hai user1 16 Feb 12 20:03 test.txt$ rm R vanban$ ls -l-rw-r--r-- 1 hai user1 16 Feb 10 19:12 test.txt$ rm test.txt$ ls -li hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#20Tm kim file$ find tn_th_mc expressions- Cho php tm kim cc file trong mt th mc (ngm nh l trong th mc hin ti) vi mt s iu kin hoc cc lnh thc thi trn tp cc file tm c. Cc iu kin Tn : -name tn Quyn truy cp : -perm quyn_truy_cp Kiu : -type d/f/... Kch thc : -size N Thi gian : -atime N, -mtime N, -ctime N Cc lnh thc thi trn tp cc file tm c -print -exec cu_lnhi hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#21V d$find /usr -name toto -print Tm kim file tn l toto trong th mc /usr (bao gm c cc th mc con ca /usr) $find /usr -name " *.c " -print a ra danh sch cc file kt thc bng .c $find / -mtime 3 -print Tm tt c cc file c thay i trong 3 ngy gn y $find / -size 2000 -print Tm tt c cc file c kch thc ln hn 1 GB (= 2000 block 512 KB) $find / -type f -user olivier -perm 755 -print Tm tt c cc file thuc v ngi s dng olivier, ng thi c quyn truy cp l 755i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#22Quyn truy cpTt c cc tp tin ca mt h thng tp tin Linux c gn cc quyn truy cp khc nhau theo tng ngi dng ca h thng, lin quan n cc php c, vit v thc hin. Ngi qun tr h thng (super user "root") c php truy cp bt k tp tin ca h thng. Mi tp tin l s hu ca mt ngi nht nh v c gn nhng hn ch truy cp ty theo ngi dng v c gn mt nhm ngi dng.

i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#23Quyn truy cp (tt)user (ngi dng) nhng quyn truy cp ca nhm ny p dng cho ngi s hu tp tin, group (nhm ngi dng) nhng quyn truy cp ca nhm ny p dng cho nhm c gn vi tp tin, other (nhng ngi khc) nhng quyn truy cp ca nhm ny p dng cho tt c nhng ngi cn lii hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#24Quyn truy cp (tt)read (c) quyn xem ni dung tp tin hoc m tp tin quyn xem ni dung ca tp tin th mc write (ghi, vit) quyn ghi v sa li ni dung tp tin hoc xo tp tin quyn sa li ni dung ca tp tin th mc.execute (thc thi) quyn ny c gn vi cc tp tin lnh, nhm ngi dng nhn c quyn ny c th thc hin cc tp tin lnh, quyn vo cc th mci hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#25Quyn truy cp (tt)Cc quyn trn h thng Linux c th c m t qua cc s t 0 n 7 trong h thp phn. V d: mt user hay group c quyn R (read), W (write), E (execute) i vi 1 file/folder th c k hiu l 1, ngc li l 0 nu khng c quyn tng ng (-).

i hc Cng ngh thng tinTrung tm pht trin Cng ngh thng tinThS. H HiH iu hnh Linux#26