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CHAPTER 2“GENETIC STUDIES HAVE SHOWNTHAT FUNGI ARE MORE
CLOSELYRELATED TO ANIMALS THAN TO
PLANTS”
2. 3 G E N E T I C O
F
F U N G I
Slides by DR NIK RAIKHAN NIK HIM
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WHY FUNGI?• some fungal species are pa !ogenic o !umans"• #ome
pro$uce %e a&lac am an i%io ics 'penicillin an$
cep!alosporin(.• In$us rial s rains pro$uce large amoun s of
en)*mes" suc! as
glucoam*lase an$ pro eases" an$ lo+ molecular +eig!
compoun$s"suc! as ci ric aci$.
• T!e larges an$ mos economicall* impor an group of planpa
!ogens are fungi.
• #e,eral fungal species !a,e %iological proper ies an$ gene
ics*s ems !a ma-e !em i$eall* sui e$ for %asic %iological
researc!.
• ecen l* $e,elope$ ec!ni/ues for gene ic engineering offilamen
ous fungi ma-e i possi%le o al er !eir $e rimen al an$ %eneficial
ac i,i ies in no,el +a*s.
F ila m en t ! " # ! n $ i a % e im & % t a n t in m e ' i(
in e ) in ' ! "t % * ) a $ % i( ! lt ! % e) a n '
+a "i( +i l $ i( a l % e"ea % ( , -
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Yea " t" a n '
# i la m e n t ! " # ! n $ i
a %e e ! . a % * t i(
m i( % / %$a n i" m "
a m e n a + le
t $e n e t i( a n a l *" i"-
T , e * , a 0 e + e e n ! "e ' e 1 t e n "i0 e l * a " m 'e
l
" * "t e m " # % " t ! ' * in $ a " & e ( t " # e ! . a % *
t i( ( e ll + i l $ *
in ( l! ' in $ $ % 2 t , ) ' i0 i" i n a n ' $ e n e t i( % e (
m + in a t i n -
F i l a m e n t ! " # ! n $ i $ i 0 e
!" a n t i + i t i ( " t , a t % e 0 l ! t i n i 3 e ' m e ' i (
i n e ) a n ' * e a "t a " a m ' e l " * "t e m & % 0 i ' e ' .
e * i n " i $ , t "
i n ! n ' e % " t a n ' i n $ ( a n ( e % , % ! $ , $ e n e t i
( a n a l * "i " # t , e ( e l l ( * ( l e -
# O 0 E I N T E . E # T I N G F 1 C T # 1 2 O U I T F U N G I F
unga l
pa ! ogens s uc ! as C a ndida
a lbicans an$
As pergillus
f umiga t us ! a , e recen l *
%ecome ma 3or ca uses o f $ea !
! ro ug !
in f ec ion in imm unocom prom ise$ pa ien s
f o l lo + ing ! ear an$ l ung
rans p lan s or
an i&cancer c ! emo ! era p *
Cell #a(t %ie" # %t,e &% '!(ti n #
(,emi(al")&,a%ma(e!ti(al"
an' en3*me"
1 so u rce o e n ! a nce
p ro$ uc i , i ies
o f ! e a %o , e" ! e re f o re
ge ne ic e ng i nee r i ng
s ra eg ies ca n
%e a p p roac ! e$.
S ! % ( e # % ' i# # e% en t t % a n "# % m a t i n t e ( , n i4
! e" a " 2 e ll a " DN A / a n ' R N A /+a "e ' m e t , ' " t % a t
i n a ll * ' e "i$ n m et a + li( # l! 1 e " , a 0 e +een 'e0 e l
&e ' # % in ' ! "t % ia ll * im & % t a n t # ila m en t !
" #
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#T UCTU E OFFUNGI
M a in + ' * # m"t # ! n $ i i" a # in e )
+% a n ( , in $ 5 ! "! a ll* ( l ! % le "" t , % e a ' "6 ( a
lle ' , * &, a e - Ea ( , # ! n $ ! " 2 ill , a 0 e 0 a "t n !
m +e % " # t , e "e , * &, a e )
A l l H Y P H A E
i n te % t 2 i n i n $ t
m a . e ! & a t a n$ le '
2 e + ( a l le ' t ,e
m *( e l i ! m -
M*(eli!m i" $ene%all* t #ine t +e"een +* t,e na.e' e*e)
e1(e&t ,e%e
t,e ,*&,ae a%e 0e%* (l "el* &a(.e't $et,e%-
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
T ! e f ung us" S a c c ha r om y c e s c e r e v i s i a e " !
as 4 56 66 g enes in 72 0 % of 8 N 1 se/ uenc eW ! * 8 N 1 of f ung
al is e9 c ellen ? &T ar g e e$ in eg r a ion f or c r ea ing g
ene&s pec if ic mu a ions is , er * ef f ic ien an$ r e/ uir es
onl * : 6&% p f r ag men s of ar g e g ene ! omolog * on ei !
er si$e of a selec a%le mar - er a em per a ur e&sensi i, e br
l A allele"br l A4 2 t s s! o+ e$ ! a $e, elo pmen + as ar r es e$
f ollo+ ing a s! if o ! e r es r ic i, e em per a ur e f or r l 1 ;
2 ac i, i * " r eg ar $less of ! e $e, elo pmen al s ag e
!*lum= 1scom*co a
#u%p!*lum= #acc!arom*co ina
Class= #acc!arom*ce es
Or$er= #acc!arom*ce ales
Famil*= #acc!arom*ce aceaeGenus= Saccharomyces
#pecies= cerevisiae
7"! $ a % /m l' 7
7"! $ a % /# ! n $ ! "7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycotinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyceteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycetaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycetaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycetaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycetaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyceteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycotinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus
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F1CT# 1 OUT FUNG1 8N1 alcA ranscrip ion is in$uce$ %* !reonine
ore !anol an$ represse$ in !e presence ofglucose.brlA coul$ %e
in$uce$ or suppresse$ in
,ege a i,e cells %* simpl* c!anging !eme$ium. W!en !e alcA '
p(==brlA fusion s rain +as
ransferre$ from me$ium +i ! glucose as acar%on source o me$ium
+i ! !reonine"!*p!al ips imme$ia el* s oppe$ gro+ingan$ $ifferen ia
e$ in o re$uce$coni$iop!ores !a pro$uce$ ,ia%le coni$ia
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HOW I# THI# GENE# > 1Y O E# INTHE CO O OF YOU
FE 0ENT1TION OF IOÐ1NO ?
Coni$iop!ore pigmen a ion re/uires !e ac i,i * of+o genes" ivoA
an$ ivoB" !a +!en mu a e$ gi,e
rise o colorless coni$iop!ores.T!e pro$uc s of !ese genes are
responsi%le fors*n !esis of a melanin&li-e pigmen from N
&ace *l&
5&!*$ro9* r*p op!an.T!e $e,elopmen all* regula e$ e9pression
of ivoA an$ ivoB is mos pro%a%l* con rolle$ %* !e ac i,i *of brlA
.
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8efini ion of Fungus
1 #!n$!" ' @̍f A s ʌ ɡə @Bplural = fungi 3D or funguses( is an*
mem%er of alarge group of eu-ar*o ic organisms !a inclu$es
microorganismssuc! as *eas s an$ mol$s ' ri is! Englis! = moul$s(
as +ell as !emore familiar mus!rooms .T!ese organisms are
classifie$ as a -ing$om F!n$i " +!ic! is
separa e from plan s"animals "pro is s" an$ %ac eria.One ma or
$ifference is !a fungal cells !a,e cell +alls !a con ainc!i in#ince
!e 7 ;6s" fungi !a,e %een use$ for !e pro$uc ion ofan i%io ics"
an$" more recen l*" ,arious en)*mes pro$uce$ %* fungi
are use$ in$us riall* an$ in $e ergen s. Fungi are also use$ as
%iological pes ici$es o con rol +ee$s" plan $iseases an$ insecpes
s. 0an* species pro$uce %ioac i,e compoun$s calle$ m*co o9ins "suc!
as al-aloi$s an$ pol*-e i$es " !a are o9ic o animals
inclu$ing!umans.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English
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7. Pyronema confluens
con ains :6 million %ase pairs an$ some 73"666genes
in !e en ire genome" !ose genes !a are ac i,e$uring !e se9ual
$e,elopmen e,ol,e more rapi$l*
!an o !er genesOne c!arac eris ic fea ure of !e fungus
un$erin,es iga ion is !e fac !a i pro$uces frui ing %o$ies onl* in
lig! 'lig! ac i,a e$ genes(.
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In !e las $eca$e" P. confluens +as use$ incompara i,e s u$ies of
gene e9pression $uringse9ual $e,elopmen of ascom*ce es.genes in !e
Pyronema genome con aining
%lueprin s for p!o orecep ors for $ifferen +a,eleng !s of
,isi%le lig! . T!e ac i,i * of some of
!ose genes increase$ in lig! .
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2. Magnaporthe grisea M. grisea!
Causing rice %las fungus" rice ro en nec-" ricesee$ling %lig! "
%las of rice" o,al leaf spo ofgraminea" pi ing $isease" r*egrass
%las
To ini ia e genome&+i$e mu agenesis s u$ies infilamen ous
fungi scien is $e,elope$ an approac!calle$ ransposon&arra*e$
gene -noc-ou s 'T1G
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TUTO I1 UE#TION
7. In $e ail" $e$uce rice %las %* Magnaporthegrisea" %* sugges
ing +a*s o o,ercoming i usingla es incorpora e$ gene se/uencing
ec!ni/ues'7:0(
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Gen me Se4!en(in$ O# F!n$!" S,all Lea'T Im&% 0e' 8i et,an l
P% '!(ti n
ues ions&+!a is !e *pe of genome?
&!o+ &pro$uc ion from +!a ?&in +!a con$i ion?
