Chapter 2.3 (Genetic of Fungi).Cbe552 Dr Nik Raikhan Nik Him

8/20/2019 Chapter 2.3 (Genetic of Fungi).Cbe552 Dr Nik Raikhan Nik Him

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CHAPTER 2“GENETIC STUDIES HAVE SHOWNTHAT FUNGI ARE MORE CLOSELYRELATED TO ANIMALS THAN TO

PLANTS”

2. 3 G E N E T I C O

F

F U N G I

Slides by DR NIK RAIKHAN NIK HIM


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WHY FUNGI?• some fungal species are pa !ogenic o !umans"• #ome pro$uce %e a&lac am an i%io ics 'penicillin an$

cep!alosporin(.• In$us rial s rains pro$uce large amoun s of en)*mes" suc! as

glucoam*lase an$ pro eases" an$ lo+ molecular +eig! compoun$s"suc! as ci ric aci$.

• T!e larges an$ mos economicall* impor an group of planpa !ogens are fungi.

• #e,eral fungal species !a,e %iological proper ies an$ gene ics*s ems !a ma-e !em i$eall* sui e$ for %asic %iological researc!.

• ecen l* $e,elope$ ec!ni/ues for gene ic engineering offilamen ous fungi ma-e i possi%le o al er !eir $e rimen al an$ %eneficial ac i,i ies in no,el +a*s.

F ila m en t ! " # ! n $ i a % e im & % t a n t in m e ' i( in e ) in ' ! "t % * ) a $ % i( ! lt ! % e) a n '

+a "i( +i l $ i( a l % e"ea % ( , -


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Yea " t" a n '

# i la m e n t ! " # ! n $ i

a %e e ! . a % * t i(

m i( % / %$a n i" m "

a m e n a + le

t $e n e t i( a n a l *" i"-

T , e * , a 0 e + e e n ! "e ' e 1 t e n "i0 e l * a " m 'e l

" * "t e m " # % " t ! ' * in $ a " & e ( t " # e ! . a % * t i( ( e ll + i l $ *

in ( l! ' in $ $ % 2 t , ) ' i0 i" i n a n ' $ e n e t i( % e ( m + in a t i n -

F i l a m e n t ! " # ! n $ i $ i 0 e

!" a n t i + i t i ( " t , a t % e 0 l ! t i n i 3 e ' m e ' i ( i n e ) a n ' * e a "t a " a m ' e l " * "t e m & % 0 i ' e ' . e * i n " i $ , t "

i n ! n ' e % " t a n ' i n $ ( a n ( e % , % ! $ , $ e n e t i ( a n a l * "i " # t , e ( e l l ( * ( l e -

# O 0 E I N T E . E # T I N G F 1 C T # 1 2 O U I T F U N G I F unga l

pa ! ogens s uc ! as C a ndida

a lbicans an$

As pergillus

f umiga t us ! a , e recen l *

%ecome ma 3or ca uses o f $ea !

! ro ug !

in f ec ion in imm unocom prom ise$ pa ien s

f o l lo + ing ! ear an$ l ung

rans p lan s or

an i&cancer c ! emo ! era p *

Cell #a(t %ie" # %t,e &% '!(ti n #

(,emi(al")&,a%ma(e!ti(al"

an' en3*me"

1 so u rce o e n ! a nce

p ro$ uc i , i ies

o f ! e a %o , e" ! e re f o re

ge ne ic e ng i nee r i ng

s ra eg ies ca n

%e a p p roac ! e$.

S ! % ( e # % ' i# # e% en t t % a n "# % m a t i n t e ( , n i4 ! e" a " 2 e ll a " DN A / a n ' R N A /+a "e ' m e t , ' " t % a t i n a ll * ' e "i$ n m et a + li( # l! 1 e " , a 0 e +een 'e0 e l &e ' # % in ' ! "t % ia ll * im & % t a n t # ila m en t ! " #


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#T UCTU E OFFUNGI

M a in + ' * # m"t # ! n $ i i" a # in e )

+% a n ( , in $ 5 ! "! a ll* ( l ! % le "" t , % e a ' "6 ( a lle ' , * &, a e - Ea ( , # ! n $ ! " 2 ill , a 0 e 0 a "t n ! m +e % " # t , e "e , * &, a e )

A l l H Y P H A E

i n te % t 2 i n i n $ t

m a . e ! & a t a n$ le '

2 e + ( a l le ' t ,e

m *( e l i ! m -

M*(eli!m i" $ene%all* t #ine t +e"een +* t,e na.e' e*e) e1(e&t ,e%e

t,e ,*&,ae a%e 0e%* (l "el* &a(.e't $et,e%-


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Saccharomyces cerevisiae

T ! e f ung us" S a c c ha r om y c e s c e r e v i s i a e " ! as 4 56 66 g enes in 72 0 % of 8 N 1 se/ uenc eW ! * 8 N 1 of f ung al is e9 c ellen ? &T ar g e e$ in eg r a ion f or c r ea ing g ene&s pec if ic mu a ions is , er * ef f ic ien an$ r e/ uir es onl * : 6&% p f r ag men s of ar g e g ene ! omolog * on ei ! er si$e of a selec a%le mar - er a em per a ur e&sensi i, e br l A allele"br l A4 2 t s s! o+ e$ ! a $e, elo pmen + as ar r es e$ f ollo+ ing a s! if o ! e r es r ic i, e em per a ur e f or r l 1 ; 2 ac i, i * " r eg ar $less of ! e $e, elo pmen al s ag e

!*lum= 1scom*co a

#u%p!*lum= #acc!arom*co ina

Class= #acc!arom*ce es

Or$er= #acc!arom*ce ales

Famil*= #acc!arom*ce aceaeGenus= Saccharomyces

#pecies= cerevisiae

7"! $ a % /m l' 7

7"! $ a % /# ! n $ ! "7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycotinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyceteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycetaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycetaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycetaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycetaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyceteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycotinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus


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F1CT# 1 OUT FUNG1 8N1 alcA ranscrip ion is in$uce$ %* !reonine ore !anol an$ represse$ in !e presence ofglucose.brlA coul$ %e in$uce$ or suppresse$ in

,ege a i,e cells %* simpl* c!anging !eme$ium. W!en !e alcA ' p(==brlA fusion s rain +as

ransferre$ from me$ium +i ! glucose as acar%on source o me$ium +i ! !reonine"!*p!al ips imme$ia el* s oppe$ gro+ingan$ $ifferen ia e$ in o re$uce$coni$iop!ores !a pro$uce$ ,ia%le coni$ia


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HOW I# THI# GENE# > 1Y O E# INTHE CO O OF YOU

FE 0ENT1TION OF IO&ETH1NO ?

Coni$iop!ore pigmen a ion re/uires !e ac i,i * of+o genes" ivoA an$ ivoB" !a +!en mu a e$ gi,e

rise o colorless coni$iop!ores.T!e pro$uc s of !ese genes are responsi%le fors*n !esis of a melanin&li-e pigmen from N &ace *l&

5&!*$ro9* r*p op!an.T!e $e,elopmen all* regula e$ e9pression of ivoA an$ ivoB is mos pro%a%l* con rolle$ %* !e ac i,i *of brlA .


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8efini ion of Fungus

1 #!n$!" ' @̍f A s ʌ ɡə @Bplural = fungi 3D or funguses( is an* mem%er of alarge group of eu-ar*o ic organisms !a inclu$es microorganismssuc! as *eas s an$ mol$s ' ri is! Englis! = moul$s( as +ell as !emore familiar mus!rooms .T!ese organisms are classifie$ as a -ing$om F!n$i " +!ic! is

separa e from plan s"animals "pro is s" an$ %ac eria.One ma or $ifference is !a fungal cells !a,e cell +alls !a con ainc!i in#ince !e 7 ;6s" fungi !a,e %een use$ for !e pro$uc ion ofan i%io ics" an$" more recen l*" ,arious en)*mes pro$uce$ %* fungi

are use$ in$us riall* an$ in $e ergen s. Fungi are also use$ as %iological pes ici$es o con rol +ee$s" plan $iseases an$ insecpes s. 0an* species pro$uce %ioac i,e compoun$s calle$ m*co o9ins "suc! as al-aloi$s an$ pol*-e i$es " !a are o9ic o animals inclu$ing!umans.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English


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7. Pyronema confluens

con ains :6 million %ase pairs an$ some 73"666genes

in !e en ire genome" !ose genes !a are ac i,e$uring !e se9ual $e,elopmen e,ol,e more rapi$l*

!an o !er genesOne c!arac eris ic fea ure of !e fungus un$erin,es iga ion is !e fac !a i pro$uces frui ing %o$ies onl* in lig! 'lig! ac i,a e$ genes(.


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In !e las $eca$e" P. confluens +as use$ incompara i,e s u$ies of gene e9pression $uringse9ual $e,elopmen of ascom*ce es.genes in !e Pyronema genome con aining

%lueprin s for p!o orecep ors for $ifferen +a,eleng !s of ,isi%le lig! . T!e ac i,i * of some of

!ose genes increase$ in lig! .


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2. Magnaporthe grisea M. grisea!

Causing rice %las fungus" rice ro en nec-" ricesee$ling %lig! " %las of rice" o,al leaf spo ofgraminea" pi ing $isease" r*egrass %las

To ini ia e genome&+i$e mu agenesis s u$ies infilamen ous fungi scien is $e,elope$ an approac!calle$ ransposon&arra*e$ gene -noc-ou s 'T1G


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TUTO I1 UE#TION

7. In $e ail" $e$uce rice %las %* Magnaporthegrisea" %* sugges ing +a*s o o,ercoming i usingla es incorpora e$ gene se/uencing ec!ni/ues'7:0(


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Gen me Se4!en(in$ O# F!n$!" S,all Lea'T Im&% 0e' 8i et,an l P% '!(ti n

ues ions&+!a is !e *pe of genome?

&!o+ &pro$uc ion from +!a ?&in +!a con$i ion?

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Chapter 2.3 (Genetic of Fungi).Cbe552 Dr Nik Raikhan Nik Him