Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Chapter 8

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesisand Photosynthesis

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Do NowDo Now

What is energy?What is energy?

What is the ultimate source of What is the ultimate source of energy on earth?energy on earth?

Where do we get our energy from?Where do we get our energy from?

ObjectivesObjectives

1. SWBAT identify the laws of 1. SWBAT identify the laws of thermodynamics.thermodynamics.

2. SWBAT differentiate between 2. SWBAT differentiate between catabolic and anabolic reactions.catabolic and anabolic reactions.

8.1 Energy8.1 Energy

Transformation of Energy Energy

§ -is the ability to do work. Thermodynamics

§ -is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

First law —energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.

Ex. Chemical Energy to Mechanical Energy

Laws of Thermodynamics

Second law —energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.

Ex. Energy Lost as Heat

Laws of Thermodynamics

Second Law of Second Law of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

EntropyEntropy– Measure of disorder (randomness) Measure of disorder (randomness) – Measure of unusable energyMeasure of unusable energy

Entropy always ___________.Entropy always ___________.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food.§ -Ex. Chemotrophs:

§ -Ex. Heterotrophs are organisms that

need to ingest food to obtain energy.– Ex.Ex.

MetabolismMetabolism

Metabolism:Metabolism:– All chemical reactions in a cellAll chemical reactions in a cell

Two types of Metabolic Pathways:Two types of Metabolic Pathways:– Catabolic: Release energy by breaking Catabolic: Release energy by breaking

down larger moleculesdown larger molecules– Anabolic: Use energy to build larger Anabolic: Use energy to build larger

molecules from smaller onesmolecules from smaller ones

Think- Pair - ShareThink- Pair - Share

Of the following examples, list which Of the following examples, list which ones are catabolic and anabolicones are catabolic and anabolic– 1. Amino acids becoming polypeptide 1. Amino acids becoming polypeptide

chainchain– 2. Glucose becoming glycogen2. Glucose becoming glycogen– 3. Your body breaking down food3. Your body breaking down food– 4. Fatty Acids becoming triglycerides4. Fatty Acids becoming triglycerides

Cellular respiration —organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell§ -type of process:

Photosynthesis —light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell§ -Type of Process:

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

Organisms obtain energy in a Organisms obtain energy in a process called process called cellular respiration.cellular respiration.

The equation for The equation for cellular cellular respirationrespiration is the opposite of the is the opposite of the equation for equation for photosynthesisphotosynthesis..


1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible 1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible light, absorbance and transmittance.light, absorbance and transmittance.

2. SWBAT measure the separation and 2. SWBAT measure the separation and identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments.and xanthrophyll pigments.

3. SWBAT compare and contrast 3. SWBAT compare and contrast chlorophyll, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments. xanthrophyll pigments.

Do NowDo Now

List the following as catabolic or List the following as catabolic or anabolic reactionsanabolic reactions– 1. Burning a candle1. Burning a candle– 2. Swimming in a pool2. Swimming in a pool– 3. Baking a cake3. Baking a cake– 4. New leaves Growing4. New leaves Growing– 5. A car driving (think fuel)5. A car driving (think fuel)


1. SWBAT differentiate between 1. SWBAT differentiate between catabolic and anabolic reactions.catabolic and anabolic reactions.

2. SWBAT define ATP and ADP.2. SWBAT define ATP and ADP. 3. SWBAT provide examples of 3. SWBAT provide examples of

different wavelengths of light.different wavelengths of light.

Adenosine Tri Phosphate Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)(ATP)

Structure:Structure:– Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3

phosphate groupsphosphate groups

Adenosine Tri Phosphate Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)(ATP) Function:Function:

– bond breaks between the second and third phosphate groups to release energy

– Creating adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group.

LightLight

Form of energyForm of energy Travels in Travels in waveswaves Distance Distance betweenbetween waves is called a waves is called a

wavelengthwavelength

WavelengthsWavelengths

Different types of light have Different types of light have different wavelengthsdifferent wavelengths

Visible LightVisible Light

The light we see is visible light.The light we see is visible light.

Which color has….Which color has….

The longest wavelength?The longest wavelength? The shortest wavelength? The shortest wavelength?

LightLight

The light you see is the The light you see is the reflectedreflected light. All other colors are light. All other colors are absorbedabsorbed..

SOOOO….SOOOO….

Why do we see green when we look Why do we see green when we look at a plant?at a plant?

Why is the sky blue?Why is the sky blue?

We can only see Visible We can only see Visible Light.Light.

From 400 – 700 nmFrom 400 – 700 nm ROYGBVROYGBV Red has the longest wavelengthsRed has the longest wavelengths Violet has the shortestViolet has the shortest

Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share

When do we see a rainbow?When do we see a rainbow? How is a rainbow made?How is a rainbow made? Is there an end to a rainbow?Is there an end to a rainbow?

PigmentPigment

Chemical compound that gives a Chemical compound that gives a substance it’s colorsubstance it’s color

Causes certain wavelengths to be Causes certain wavelengths to be absorbed and other to be reflected absorbed and other to be reflected

Pigments are everywhere (clothes, Pigments are everywhere (clothes, flowers, etc.)flowers, etc.)

Ex. Chlorophyll, CarotenoidEx. Chlorophyll, Carotenoid

THINK – PAIR – SHARE THINK – PAIR – SHARE

Using the absorption Using the absorption spectrum of spectrum of chlorophyll…chlorophyll…– What colors does What colors does

chlorophyll absorb?chlorophyll absorb?– What colors does it What colors does it

reflect?reflect?– What color does it What color does it

appear to us?appear to us?

ChlorophyllChlorophyll

A green A green pigmentpigment that aids in that aids in photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Found in leaves (Chlorophyll Found in leaves (Chlorophyll bb and and Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa))

ReflectsReflects::

AbsorbsAbsorbs::

Think – Pair - ShareThink – Pair - Share

Using the absorption Using the absorption spectrum of spectrum of carotenoids…carotenoids…– What colors does What colors does

carotenoid carotenoid absorb?absorb?

– What colors does it What colors does it reflect?reflect?

– What color does it What color does it appear to us?appear to us?

CarotenoidsCarotenoids

Accessory Pigment that absorbs blue Accessory Pigment that absorbs blue and green lightand green light

Reflects ____________Reflects ____________ found in most leavesfound in most leaves Usually hidden by chlorophyllUsually hidden by chlorophyll

Do NowDo Now– 1. What colors does this pigment 1. What colors does this pigment

absorb?absorb?

– 2. What colors does it reflect?2. What colors does it reflect?

– 3. What color does it appear to us?3. What color does it appear to us?

– 4. What pigment do4. What pigment do

you think it is?you think it is?

Overall Overall

Structure of a ChloroplastStructure of a Chloroplast

Photosynthesis EquationPhotosynthesis Equation What do you notice about this What do you notice about this

equation? equation?

Photosynthesis occurs in two phases

A. Light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle or Dark Reactions)

B. Light-dependent reactions (AKA Light reactions)

**Smartboard**


SWBAT analyze an absorption SWBAT analyze an absorption spectrum.spectrum.

SWBAT identify the inputs and SWBAT identify the inputs and outputs of Calvin cycle.outputs of Calvin cycle.

SWBAT explain the importance of SWBAT explain the importance of Light Reactions. Light Reactions.

Do NowDo Now

What would happen if our sun burned What would happen if our sun burned out?out?– Use the following words in your answer:Use the following words in your answer:– PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis– PlantsPlants– Glucose Glucose


1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible 1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible light, absorbance and transmittance.light, absorbance and transmittance.

2. SWBAT measure the separation and 2. SWBAT measure the separation and identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments.and xanthrophyll pigments.

2. SWBAT compare and contrast 2. SWBAT compare and contrast chlorophyll, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments. xanthrophyll pigments.

ObjectiviesObjectivies

SWBAT identify parts of the SWBAT identify parts of the chloroplast.chloroplast.

SWBAT list the inputs and outputs of SWBAT list the inputs and outputs of the calvin cyclethe calvin cycle

SWBAT compare and contrast the SWBAT compare and contrast the calvin cycle and krebs cycle.calvin cycle and krebs cycle.

Let’s try some sample math Let’s try some sample math problems before we beginproblems before we begin

Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 dollars per apple and is selling each dollars per apple and is selling each apple at 7 dollars. How much NET apple at 7 dollars. How much NET profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 apple?apple?

10 apples?10 apples?

Do NowDo Now

1. Explain why plants contain 1. Explain why plants contain different pigments.different pigments.

Do Now – Calvin Cycle Do Now – Calvin Cycle QuestionsQuestions

1. Which contains more energy: one molecule 1. Which contains more energy: one molecule of NADP+ or one molecule of NADPH ? of NADP+ or one molecule of NADPH ?

2. What is the name of the three carbon 2. What is the name of the three carbon molecule that is a product of the Calvin cycle molecule that is a product of the Calvin cycle (“dark” reactions)? (“dark” reactions)?

3. Name the molecule that is taken from the 3. Name the molecule that is taken from the air and that provides the carbon for the air and that provides the carbon for the production of carbohydrates during the Calvin production of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle. cycle.

Do NowDo Now

Define Chemiosmosis:Define Chemiosmosis:

Write a paragraph describing light Write a paragraph describing light reactions.reactions.


1. SWBAT explain the steps involved 1. SWBAT explain the steps involved in light reactions and answer in light reactions and answer questions based on it. questions based on it.

2. SWBAT watch and listen to an 2. SWBAT watch and listen to an animation of the calvin cycle and light animation of the calvin cycle and light reactions.reactions.

3. SWBAT answer questions on 3. SWBAT answer questions on different parts of the calvin cycle and different parts of the calvin cycle and light reactions light reactions

ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis

Mechanism in which ATP is produced Mechanism in which ATP is produced as a result from the flow of electrons as a result from the flow of electrons down a concentration gradientdown a concentration gradient

Ex. Light ReactionsEx. Light Reactions

Alternative PathwaysAlternative Pathways

LightLight and and WaterWater can limit the can limit the amount of photosynthesis a plant amount of photosynthesis a plant can perform.can perform.

Some plants develop alternate Some plants develop alternate pathways to maximize energy pathways to maximize energy conservationconservation

Ex. CAM and CEx. CAM and C44 Plants Plants

CC44 Plants Plants These plants minimize water lostThese plants minimize water lost Turn COTurn CO22 into a 4 carbon molecule into a 4 carbon molecule

instead of a 3 carbon moleculeinstead of a 3 carbon molecule Keeps Keeps stomatastomata (plant cell pores) (plant cell pores)

closed during hot daysclosed during hot days Ex. Corn and Sugar CaneEx. Corn and Sugar Cane

CAM PlantsCAM Plants

Occurs in water-conserving plants Occurs in water-conserving plants that live in deserts, salt marshes, etc.that live in deserts, salt marshes, etc.

COCO22 only enters leaves at night only enters leaves at night

Turns COTurns CO22 into a “storage molecule” into a “storage molecule” until needed lateruntil needed later

Ex. Orchids, cacti, pineapplesEx. Orchids, cacti, pineapples

Description Calvin C4 CAM

9. The second phase of photosynthesis, in which energy is stored in glucose

10. Pathway(s) that help(s) plants photosynthesize while minimizing water loss

11. Pathway that allows carbon dioxide to enter leaves only at night

12. Light-independent reactions

13. Uses the enzyme rubisco to convert carbon dioxide into molecules that can be used by the cell

14. Type of plant found in hot, dry environments

Do Now – True or FalseDo Now – True or False

1.1. The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis in the The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen is fermentation.absence of oxygen is fermentation.

2.2. The hydrogen necessary in the electron transport chain The hydrogen necessary in the electron transport chain comes from the splitting of carbon dioxide molecules.comes from the splitting of carbon dioxide molecules.

3.3. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes is slightly more efficient Cellular respiration in eukaryotes is slightly more efficient than in prokaryotes.than in prokaryotes.

4.4. The Krebs cycle is sometimes called the TCA cycle or the The Krebs cycle is sometimes called the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle.citric acid cycle.

5.5. Fermentation occurs in the mitochondria. Fermentation occurs in the mitochondria.6.6. Skeletal muscle produces lactic acid when the body Skeletal muscle produces lactic acid when the body

cannot supply enough oxygen.cannot supply enough oxygen.7.7. Alcohol fermentation is found in some bacteria and in Alcohol fermentation is found in some bacteria and in

humans.humans.8.8. The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis

result in two Krebs cycles.result in two Krebs cycles.9.9. Electron transport is the first step in the breakdown of Electron transport is the first step in the breakdown of

glucose.glucose.


SWBAT answer short answer and SWBAT answer short answer and multiple choice questions on multiple choice questions on photosynthesisphotosynthesis

SWBAT watch animations of light SWBAT watch animations of light reactions and calvin cycle and reactions and calvin cycle and answer questions based on it.answer questions based on it.

Do NowDo Now A. Label the diagram.A. Label the diagram. B. What is the name of the entire B. What is the name of the entire

process?process?


1. SWBAT identify inputs and outputs 1. SWBAT identify inputs and outputs to both calvin cycle and light to both calvin cycle and light reactions.reactions.

2. SWBAT work in groups to answer 2. SWBAT work in groups to answer questions on photosynthesis to questions on photosynthesis to review for their upcoming test.review for their upcoming test.

Do NowDo Now

How does our body make energy?How does our body make energy? List some of the key ingredients List some of the key ingredients

needed to create energy in our needed to create energy in our bodies.bodies.


SWBAT define Riboflavin and Niacin.SWBAT define Riboflavin and Niacin. SWBAT identify the inputs and SWBAT identify the inputs and

outputs of glycolysis.outputs of glycolysis.

NADH and FADHNADH and FADH22

FADHFADH2 2 (Riboflavin)(Riboflavin)

FADHFADH2 2 FAD + 2 H FAD + 2 H+ + + 2e-+ 2e-

– BB22 Vitamin Vitamin

– Accepts 2 electronsAccepts 2 electrons NADH (Niacin)NADH (Niacin) NADHNADH NAD NAD++ + H + H+ + + 2e-+ 2e-

– BB33 Vitamin Vitamin

– Accepts 2 electronsAccepts 2 electrons

Cellular respiration occurs in Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts.two main parts.

Glycolysis

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Let’s try some sample math Let’s try some sample math problems before we beginproblems before we begin

Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 dollars per apple and is selling each dollars per apple and is selling each apple at 7 dollars. How much NET apple at 7 dollars. How much NET profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 apple?apple?

10 apples?10 apples?

SmartnotebookSmartnotebook

Do NowDo Now

1. If 28 ATP were made in glycolysis, 1. If 28 ATP were made in glycolysis, how many glucose molecules were how many glucose molecules were consumed?consumed?

2. Where does the carbon in carbon 2. Where does the carbon in carbon dioxide come from?dioxide come from?

3. In glycolysis, if 18 NADH are 3. In glycolysis, if 18 NADH are produced, how many ATP are produced?produced, how many ATP are produced?– How many glucose molecules are How many glucose molecules are

consumed?consumed?

Sooo….Sooo….

Why do we breathe oxygen??? We take in oxygen as other forms. Ex. water (H20). BUT WHY MUST WE BREATHE IN OXYGEN GAS????

Do NowDo Now

What happens when we don’t get What happens when we don’t get enough oxygen?enough oxygen?

What does our body do?What does our body do?


SWBAT compare and contrast alcohol SWBAT compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.fermentation.

SWBAT design an experiment to try SWBAT design an experiment to try to maximize the amount COto maximize the amount CO22 produced from fermentation. produced from fermentation.

Stand up!Stand up!

Move your arm up and down for Move your arm up and down for three minutes!three minutes!

Do not stop until the time is up!?Do not stop until the time is up!?

What is happening in your arm?What is happening in your arm?

Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Yeast, People, Bacteria, FungusYeast, People, Bacteria, Fungus Making ATP without oxygenMaking ATP without oxygen Used to make beer, wine, and breadUsed to make beer, wine, and bread

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation

– Lactic acid is Lactic acid is associated with the associated with the “burn” associated “burn” associated with heavy exercisewith heavy exercise

– If too much lactic If too much lactic acid builds up, your acid builds up, your muscles give outmuscles give out

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation Inputs:Inputs:

– Glucose, 2ADP Glucose, 2ADP Outputs:Outputs:

– 2ATP, 2 lactic acid 2ATP, 2 lactic acid Ex:Ex:

– Bacteria that help in Bacteria that help in making yogurt.making yogurt.

– Human muscle cells Human muscle cells when out of oxygen. when out of oxygen.

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation Physical Physical

conditioning allows conditioning allows your body to adapt your body to adapt to increased to increased activityactivity– The body can The body can

increase its ability increase its ability to deliver oxygen to to deliver oxygen to musclesmuscles

Long-distance Long-distance runners wait until runners wait until the final sprint to the final sprint to exceed their exceed their aerobic capacityaerobic capacity

Bread and Alcoholic Bread and Alcoholic BeveragesBeverages

Use YeastUse Yeast Carbon dioxide is produced and Carbon dioxide is produced and

ethanolethanol http://www.microbiologybytes.com/vihttp://www.microbiologybytes.com/vi

deo/Scerevisiae.htmldeo/Scerevisiae.html

Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation

Inputs:Inputs:– Glucose, 2ADPGlucose, 2ADP

Outputs:Outputs:– 2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2 2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2

COCO22

Ex:Ex:– Yeast in wine and Yeast in wine and

beer production.beer production.

Why don’t you get drunk off Why don’t you get drunk off bread?bread?

Take a minute and pair up with the Take a minute and pair up with the person sitting NEXT to you and person sitting NEXT to you and discuss this question.discuss this question.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Aerobic vs. Anaerobic RespirationRespiration

Glycolysis 2 Pyruvic Acid

Glucose

Cell Membrane

TP

O2IF

“Aerobic”

Mitochondria

“Anaerobic”

If NO 02

Lab – Alcohol Fermentation of Lab – Alcohol Fermentation of YeastYeast

Yeast – have a mitochondria and can Yeast – have a mitochondria and can perform aerobic respiration as well.perform aerobic respiration as well.

Yeast – do anaerobic respiration Yeast – do anaerobic respiration (alcohol Fermentation)(alcohol Fermentation)

Outputs: COOutputs: CO22, ATP, and Ethanol, ATP, and Ethanol Sucrose= glucose and fructoseSucrose= glucose and fructose Feedback Inhibition- too much of Feedback Inhibition- too much of

product stops the reactionproduct stops the reaction Yeast- used for bread, and alcoholic Yeast- used for bread, and alcoholic

beveragesbeverages

LabLab

We are trying to get the most Carbon We are trying to get the most Carbon Dioxide production by doing the Dioxide production by doing the MOST anaerobic respirationMOST anaerobic respiration

Using Helium quality balloons Using Helium quality balloons because helium is a smaller atom because helium is a smaller atom than COthan CO22

Do NowDo Now

Why do your muscles burn after you Why do your muscles burn after you exercise?exercise?

Do we do anaerobic or aerobic Do we do anaerobic or aerobic respiration?respiration?

What are the differences between What are the differences between the two?the two?

Do NowDo Now

What is light?What is light?

What are the different forms of light?What are the different forms of light?

What is the kind of light we can see?What is the kind of light we can see?

Do Now – Label the area this Do Now – Label the area this happenshappens

1. Photosynthesis 5. Cholorplast1. Photosynthesis 5. Cholorplast 2. Cellular respiration 6. Mitochondria2. Cellular respiration 6. Mitochondria 3. Glucose 3. Glucose 7. Carbon 7. Carbon

dioxidedioxide 4. Oxygen 4. Oxygen


SWBAT compare and contrast SWBAT compare and contrast cellular respiration and cellular respiration and photosynthesisphotosynthesis

SWBAT answer questions to help SWBAT answer questions to help them review for their upcoming test.them review for their upcoming test.

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Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Chapter 8