Biology Investigatory Project [Recovered]

7/25/2019 Biology Investigatory Project [Recovered]

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BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECTTopic-Human involvement an

e!!ect on "illi!e


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By Shubham . D . GhoshCla## $II t% B


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certifcateThis is hereby to certiy that the original and

genuine investigation work has been carried out toinvestigate about the subect

matter and the related data collection andinvestigation has been com!leted solely" sincerelyand satisactorily by S#$B#%& G#'S# o ()%SS*++ B ",endriya -idyalaya Bhandu! " regarding

his !roect titled #uman involvement and e/ect on wildlie0


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%(,1'2)3DG3&31T

It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere

thanks to my Biology teacher Mrs. Gulnaz kaur in providinga helping hand in this project. is valuable guidance!support and supervision all through this project are responsible"or attaining its present "orm. I would also like to thankmy parents as they encouraged me to put "orward my project.


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#he uman #ouch

#umans are now res!onsible or causing changes in theenvironment that hurt animals and !lant s!ecies. 2e take

u! more s!ace on 3arth or our homes and cities. 2e!ollute habitats. 2e illegally hunt and kill animals. 2e bring

e4otic s!ecies into habitats. %ll o these activities take

resources and habitats away rom !lants and animals.

#uman activity oten changes or destroys the habitats that!lants and animals need to survive. Because human

!o!ulations are growing so ast animals and !lants aredisa!!earing 5666 times aster than they have in the !ast78 million years. Scientists estimate that in the 95st

century 566 s!ecies will become e4tinct every day. Themain undamental cause o animal e4tinction in most

recent times has been" without any reasonable doubt"

human demand" either or animal resources directly" or

or the natural resources constituting the animals: habitats.


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abitat $oss and %ragmentation&ildli"e depends on healthy habitats. #hey need'

;The right tem!eratures

;


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WATER

)arger Aoods are e4!ected to increase erosion levels" reducingwater ?uality and degrading a?uatic habitat.

Severe droughts stress and can kill !lants on which wildliede!end or ood and shelter" and de!rives wildlie o water

sources.

FOOD

(limate change has altered ood availability or migratorys!ecies birds arrive on schedule to fnd their ood sources;;

insects" seeds" Aowering !lants;;have hatched or bloomed tooearly or not at all.

&ilder winters cause seasonal ood caches to s!oil" so wildlies!ecies like the Gray Cay de!ending on ood stores to survive thewinter are let without sustenance.

PLACES TO RAISE YOUNGDroughts caused by global warming could dry u! 6 !ercent

o central $.S. wetlands" eliminating essential breedinghabitat or ducks" geese and other migratory s!ecies.@ising sea level and changes in salinity could decimate

mangrove orests" leaving many fsh" shellfsh" and otherwildlie without a !lace to breed" eed or raise o/s!ring.


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#abitat changes reduce biotic integrityEi.e." ecosystem healthF"de!lete native s!ecies" and greatly sim!liy the system and itshabitats Ee.g." cro! agricultureF.

The !rocess o habitat destruction is incremental. 3ach !iece ohabitat may not seem im!ortant individually" but there are

cumulative e/ects. The !rocess is more insidious than directovere4!loitation. 1o one holds a smoking gun.0 The natives!ecies sim!ly vanish.

The e/ects o these changes can be !redicted mathematically.

@oughly" when ()* o" the habitatis eliminated" +)* o" thespecieswill be lost.Selection o the lost s!ecies" however" is not random.

Thelarger

" wide;rangingspecies

" such as large carnivores" su/er,rst. Because those grou!s oten contribute to healthy ecosystem!rocesses" a wave o secondary lossesmay ollow their decline

%nimals that conAict with humans are also the victims oconcerted eradication e/orts.

S!ecies with a narrow geogra!hic range" or s!ecies thatwere never common" are vulnerable as well.


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S!ecies that are not e/ective dis!ersers are limited whentheir habitat is disru!ted.S!ecies with narrow niche re?uirements may see that niche

disa!!ear ?uickly.%nd s!ecies that live in colonies" or social grou!s" are otena/ected when numbers decline.2hen habitat is ragmented" some s!ecies die as a directresult o lost resources.'ther s!ecies survive in reduced numbers in the habitatragments" but their vulnerability to e4tinction increases.

=o!ulations e4isting in ragments become susce!tible togenetic disorders" demographic!roblems"environmentalvariability" and catastrophic events.


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-ational and International &ildli"e#rade

oachingand Elegal and illegalF wildli"e tradeare anothercommon threat to animals.

But the introduction o ban and H or restrictions on

international trade in many endangered s!ecies E(+T3SF

several decades ago became an e/ective measure in haltingthis !roblem.

+nternational wildlie trade has also been closely linked todrugs trade.

+n one o the most outrageous cases o simultaneous drug andwildlie smuggling which occurred at &iami %ir!ort in 5I"I59 boa constrictors that arrived rom (olombia were ound

carrying inside them I kilos o cocaine. %ll o the snakeseventually died.

The ty!es o trades are as ollows ;


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et #rade ''ne o the most shocking e4am!les o !et trade in endangered s!ecies took!lace in Taiwan at the end o the 5J6s.

%s a result o a T- show eaturing an orangutan" the demand or thisendangered animal in Taiwan surged" and the country saw as many as a 5"666

young orangutans entering it illegally and being sold via news!a!er adverts.The real toll was" o course" much bigger as the ca!ture o young animalsinvolves killing its mother" and then many o them would have died in transit.

&any !eo!le who see e4otic animals being ke!t as !ets don>t think about theorigins o that animal. Some !eo!le assume a !et store bred them" a breederbred them" or a su!!lier who breeds them sent them to a !et store or the!erson who ordered the animal online. =eo!le assume animals come rom cleanand well ed households" rom !eo!le who care about the animals they are

breeding. But they don>t oten think about the other side o the !et world ; theillegal e4otic !et trade world.

=eo!le buy and catch animals to kee! as !ets. &any o the !eo!lewho have animals as !ets do not know how to care or them. =ets"!articularly ones like re!tiles" am!hibians" and fsh" need s!eciale?ui!ment" heat" lights" and ood in order or them to be healthy andlive. Between 86;6 !ercent o these ty!es o animals sold each year

dies because they were not cared or !ro!erly.


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+ndirect e/ects

(ase 5; Some animals are endangered because o a combinationo natural and man;made causes.

The 23ST +1D+%1 &%1%T33 Efg F is an endangered a?uaticmammal that lives in rivers" estuaries" canals and saltwater bays.

&anatees need warm water to survive. +n the winter they live insouthern t migrate back to warm water soonenough.

There are currently a little under 9"666 manatees in


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(ase 9 ;Some animals like the ,arner Blue butterAy E fg ;56F areendangered because they need very s!ecial environments to survive.

The ,arner Blue is de!endent on the wild lu!ine. The wild lu!ine is a!lant that grows in !ine and oak barrens in the 1ortheast and &idwest. +tis the only known ood source o the larvae o the ,arner blue. 2ithout

this !lant the butterAy can>t survive.2ild lu!ine grows best in sandy soils where orest fres occasionally clearout old vegetation. t grow" the ,arner blue doesn>tsurvive. Because humans control wildfres" lu!ine isn>t as abundant as itused to be. )u!ine is also killed by !esticides. Because lu!ine is harderto fnd" the !o!ulation o ,arner blues has droo!ed by !ercent in thelast two decades.


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&hat can be done ..

5. 2ildlie is also adversely a/ected by the threat o non;native

invasive s!ecies" which com!ete with native !lants and wildlie

or habitats and resources" with some !reying directly u!onnative s!ecies. These non;native invasive generally do not have

natural !redators so there !o!ulations grow ra!idly andsometimes uncontrollably. Kou can reduce invasive s!ecies by

not releasing ca!tive animals into the wild" !ulling invasive

!lants in your yard" and by not buying or !lanting non;native!lants.

9. By minimiLing and more wisely using herbicides and!esticides we can better control the amount o harmul

chemicals and to4ins released into environmentally sensitive

areas" such as streams and rivers. &ost o these chemicals takemany years to degrade in nature.


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I. @ecycling and reducing energy can lessen the im!act that iselt on the environment. @educing resources hel!s the

environment" native local wildlie" and saves money in the!rocess. Getting involved and hel!ing local governments andagencies with unding" donations" land ado!tions Eor!rotected habitatF" and even volunteer work hel!s inunimaginable ways. %lso e4ercising some common senseknowledge such as remembering to throw away trash" careul

use o chemicals" !lacing decals or shutters on windows Eto

avoid bird collisionsF" and slowing down one:s vehicle inwildlie and newly develo!ed areas Eto avoid striking animalscrossing the roadF all make a di/erence.


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/pproach to 0ndangered 1peciesrotection 2e"ending and strengthening the 0ndangered 1pecies /ct"

which !rovides an essential legal saety net to !revent the loss o

!lant and animal s!ecies to e4tinction. olding "ederal agencies and others accountableor com!lying

with laws !rotecting rare and endangered s!ecies using coo!eration"!ersuasion" and;;where necessary;;litigation.

/dvocating "or increased "undingor !rivate landownerincentives and other conservation !rograms that beneft endangereds!ecies.

rotecting and restoring the habitatson which endangereds!ecies and other wildlie de!end or their survival" and encouragingwildlie;riendly land management !ractices.

3educing threats to wildli"ethat can lead to their endangermentand e4tinction" such as loss o habitat" contamination o water ands!read o invasive s!ecies.


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rojects undertaken by Govt. o" India "or&ildli"e rotection

To govern wildlie conservation and !rotection o endangered

s!ecies" the 2ildlie E=rotectionF %ct" 5M9 was ado!ted by allstates e4cluding Cammu and ,ashmir Ewhich has its own %ctF.The %ct !rohibits trade in rare and endangered s!ecies.

Government at central level !rovides fnancial assistance tostates or EiF strengthening management and !rotection oinrastructure o national !arks and sanctuaries EiiF !rotection owildlie and control o !oaching and illegal trade in wildlie!roducts EiiiF ca!tive breeding !rogrammes or endangered

s!ecies o wildlie EivF wildlie education and inter!retation EvFdevelo!ment o Loos EviF conservation o rhinos in %ssam EviiF!rotection o tiger" ele!hant" etc.

The 5M9 %ct has been amended to make the !rovisions moree/ective. 3ndangered s!ecies o !lants and animals have beenbrought under the !urview o the %ct. $nder a new amendmentto the %ct in 9669" !enalties are sought to be enhanced or

violations o the !rovisions o the %ct.


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%lso !ro!osed is the creation o two new categories o !rotected

areas" viL." Nconservation reserve: and Ncommunity reserve:. %(entral Ooo %uthority E(O%F was established in 59 under the %ct

to oversee the management o Loological !arks in the country.

The (O% was reconstituted or the si4th time in Se!tember 966Mwith &inister o State" 3nvironment and


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EiiiF +dentifcation o endangered s!ecies o wild animals or the !ur!ose o ca!tivebreeding and assignment o res!onsibility in this regard to Loos.EivF (oordination o the ac?uisition" e4change and loaning o animals or breeding.EvF =rovision o technical and other assistance to Loos or management anddevelo!ment on scientifc lines.

The %nimal 2elare Division became a !art o

&inistry o 3nvironment and


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The Tiger !roect

The Government o +ndia launched =roect Tiger on %!ril 5" 5MI in the

(orbett 1ational =ark as a conse?uence o the concrete international e/ort

to create an awareness and raise unds or saving the tiger. Thisinternational e/ort was led by Guy &ountort o the 2orld 2ide

Documents

Biology Investigatory Project [Recovered]