Biology project workInvestigatory Project

Topic: Herbarium Sheet

Name: Subhadeep dash

Class: xii(science)

School: oriental public school

Year: 2017-18

This is to certify that the project work entitled,”Preparation of Herbarium”, carried out by SubhadeepDash of Class XII(Science) on Biology during theacademic session 2017-18 is a original work as per therules & regulations and guidelines issued by the CentralBoard of Secondary Education.

1) ………………………………………… ………………………………………..

2) ………………………………………… Internal examiner

External examiner

AcknowledgementI would like to express my sincere gratitude to my biology

teacher, Dr.(Mrs) Sarbani Dutta(Roy) for her vitalsupport, courage and encouragement- without which theproject has not come forth. I would also like to expressmy gratitude to the principal of my institution, Mrs.Hardeep Kaur Jandu and also my Biology laboratoryassistant, Mr. Chiranjit Mondal. I can’t forget to offer mysincere thanks to my classmates who helped me to carryout this project work successfully & for their valuableadvice & support, which I received from them time totime.

- Subhadeep DashClass:- XII(Science)

IndexTopic Page No.

Aim:- 01 Materials Required:- 01 Introduction:- 02 Procedure:- 04 Uses of herbarium sheets:- 05 Brief description about the plant specimens:- 06-36 Gulmohar:- 07-09 Lemon:- 10-12 Guava:- 13-15 Bael:- 16-18 Mango:- 19-21 Deodar:- 22-24 Orange Jasmine:- 25-27 Basil:- 28-30 Madagascar Periwinkle:- 31-33 China rose:- 34-36 Conclusion:- 37 Bibliography:- 38

AimThe aim of this project is to create herbarium sheets of various

plants of different species along with their taxonomical hierarchy, description and economic importance.

Materials Required Samples of various leaves. Old newspapers. Herbarium sheet. Gum.

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Introduction

A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant

specimens and associated data used for scientific study. The term canalso refer to the building or room where the specimens are housed,or to the scientific institute that not only stores but uses them forresearch. The specimens may be whole plants or plant parts; thesewill usually be in dried form mounted on a sheet of paper but,depending upon the material, may also be stored in boxes or kept inalcohol or other preservative. The specimens in a herbarium areoften used as reference material in describing plant taxa. The sameterm is often used in mycology to describe an equivalent collection ofpreserved fungi, otherwise known as a fungarium. A xylarium is aherbarium specialising in specimens of wood. The term hortorium (asin the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium) has occasionally been appliedto a herbarium specialising in preserving material of horticultural

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A sample of Herbarium sheet

Procedure

To prepare a perfect herbarium sheet one needs to follow some

specific processes to complete this successfully.

First, collection of the plant specimen.

Second, drying of the plant specimen.

Third, pressing of the dried plant specimen into the herbariumsheet.

Fourth, mounting of the dried plant specimen into the herbariumsheet.

Fifth, sticking of the dried specimen into the herbarium sheet.

Sixth, labeling of the plant part along with it’s classification.

Seventh, Ultimately the herbarium sheet is completed fordeposition.

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Uses of Herbarium sheet

Herbarium collections can have great significance and value to science, and

have a large number of uses. Herbaria are essential for the study of planttaxonomy, the study of geographic distributions, and the stabilizing ofnomenclature. Specimens housed in herbaria may be used to catalogueor identify the flora of an area. A large collection from a single area is usedin writing a field guide or manual to aid in the identification of plants thatgrow there. With more specimens available, the author of the guide willbetter understand the variability of form in the plants and the naturaldistribution over which the plants grow. In some cases, plants becomeextinct in one area or may become extinct altogether. In such cases,specimens preserved in an herbarium can represent the only record of theplant's original distribution. Herbaria have also proven very useful assources of plant DNA for use in taxonomy and molecular systematics.

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Gulmohur Introduction:- Delonix regia or Gulmohar is noted for its fern-like leaves and

flamboyant display of flowers. In many tropical parts of the world it is grown asan ornamental tree and in English it is given the name royal poinciana or flamboyant. Itis also one of several trees known as “ Flame tree”. The flowers of Delonix regia arelarge, with four spreading scarlet or orange-red petals up to 8 cm long, and a fifthupright petal called the standard, which is slightly larger and spotted with yellow andwhite. They appear in corymbs along and at the ends of branches.

Distribution and habitat:- Delonix regia is endemic to the Madagascar’s dry deciduousforests but has been introduced into tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide. In thewild it is endangered, but it is widely cultivated elsewhere.

Importances:- Though this plant does not have any economical importance directly,but it is indirectly economically sustainable because it has some cultural significance. Inthe Indian state of Kerala, royal poinciana is called kaalvarippoo which means theflower of Calvary. There is a popular belief among Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala thatwhen Jesus was crucified, there was a small royal poinciana tree nearby his Cross. It isbelieved that the blood of Jesus Christ was shed over the flowers of the tree and this ishow the flowers of royal poinciana got a sharp red colour.

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Lemon leaves

Lemon Introduction:- Citrus limon (L.) or lemon is a species of small evergreen tree,

which is native to Asia. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinaryand non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, whichhas both culinary and cleaning uses. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to6% citric acid which gives a sour taste.

Distribution and Habitat:- The origin of the lemon is unknown, thoughlemons are thought to have first grown in Assam (a region in Northeast India),northern Burma or China. But now a days, it has been cultivated throughoutthe world and the leading producers are India, Mexico, Argentina, China, andBrazil.

Importances:- Lemon have very wide range of use in medicinal purposes, butin industrial purposes lemon is used as major source for the production ofCitric acid. For medicinal uses, Lemon oil may be used in aromatherapy. Lemonoil aroma does not influence the human immune system, but may contributeto relaxation.

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Guava leaves

Guava Introduction:- Psidium guajava or Guava are common tropical fruits cultivated and

enjoyed in many tropical and subtropical regions. It is a small tree which is nativeto Mexico, Central America, and northern Southern America. The most frequently eatenspecies, and the one often simply referred to as "the guava", is the apple guava Guavasare typical Myrtoideae, with tough dark leaves that are opposite, simple, elliptic toovate and 5–15 centimetres (2.0–5.9 in) long. The flowers are white, withfive petals and numerous stamens. The fruits are many- seeded berries.

Distribution and habitat:- Guavas originated from an area thought to extendfrom Mexico or Central America and were distributed throughout tropical America andCaribbean region. But now, Guavas are now cultivated in many tropicaland subtropical countries. Several species are grown commercially apple guava and itscultivators are those most commonly traded internationally.

Importance:- The entire fruit is a key ingredient in punch, and the juice is often used inculinary sauces (hot or cold), as well as artisan candies, dried snacks, fruit bars,desserts, or dipped in chamoy. Pulgue de guava is a popular blend of the nativealcoholic beverage. Moreover, Guava seed oil is also prepared from Guava which is verymuch nutritionally helpful.

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Leaves of bael plant

Bael Introduction:- Aegle marmelos, commonly known as Bael. is a species of tree native

to India, Nepal, the Andaman and Nicobar and Myanmar. It is present in SriLanka, Thailand and Malaysia as a naturalized species. The tree is considered to be

sacred by Hindus. Its fruits are used in traditional medicine.

Distribution and habitat:- Bael is a native of India, Nepal, the Andaman and NicobarIslands and Myanmar. It is cultivated in Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia. It is widelyfound in Indian Siva temples. It occurs in dry, open forests on hills and plains ataltitudes from sea level to around 1200m with mean annual rainfall of 570-2,000mm.

Uses:- Aegeline is a known constituent of the bael leaf is very essential in thecomposition for the medicine of acute nonviral hepatitis and also for heart attacks,seizures, psychiatric disorders. Besides medicinal use, the plant and its leaves andfruit are of religious importance such as, in Hinduism, the leaves of the plant arebeing offered to Gods as part of prayers. The tree is in fact regarded as one of thesacred trees of Indian heritage. In the case of religion( for Hinduism and Buddhism)there are also several uses.

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Mango leaves

Mango Introduction:- Mangifera indica or mangoes are juicy stone fruit from numerous

species of tropical trees belonging to the flowering plant genus Mangifera, cultivatedmostly for their edible fruit. Mango trees grow to 35–40 m (115–131 ft) tall, with acrown radius of 10 m (33 ft). The leaves are evergreen, alternate, simple, 15–35 cm(5.9–13.8 in) long, and 6–16 cm (2.4–6.3 in) broad. The fruit takes three to sixmonths to ripen.

Distribution and habitat:- Mangoes are native to South Asia, it is the national fruitof India, Pakistan, and the Philippines, and the national tree of Bangladesh. Mangoeshave been cultivated in South Asia for thousands of years and reached SoutheastAsia between the fifth and fourth centuries BCE. By the 10th century CE, cultivationhad begun in East Africa. Cultivation came later to Brazil, Bermuda, the West Indies,and Mexico, where an appropriate climate allows its growth.

Uses:- Dried mango skin and its seeds are used in Ayurvedic medicines. Mango peelpigments under study include carotenoids, such as the provitamin A compound,beta-carotene, lutein and alpha-carotene. The energy value per 100 g (3.5 oz) servingof the common mango is 250 kJ (60 kcal). So, it is very much important for thehuman beings to consume this food.

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Deodar leaves

Deodar Introduction:- Cedrus deodara or Deodar is a species of cedar native to the western

Himalayas in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan and India south westernmost Tibetand western Nepal, occurring at 1,500–3,200 m (4,921–10,499 ft) altitude. It is a largeevergreen coniferous tree reaching 40–50 m (131–164 ft) tall, exceptionally 60 m (197ft) with a trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter. It has a conic crown with level branchesand drooping branchlets.

Distribution and habitat:- Though deodar is the national tree of Pakistan , but It iswidely grown as an ornamental tree, often planted in parks and large gardens for itsdrooping foliage. General cultivation is limited to areas with mild winters, with treesfrequently killed by temperatures below about −25 °C (−13 °F), limiting it to USDA zone7 and warmer for reliable growth. It can succeed in rather cool-summer climates, as inStateline, Nevada, and Ushuaia, Argentina.

Uses:- It is widely used as Construction material and it is also used in makingfurnitures. As insects avoid this tree, the essential oil is used as insect repellent on thefeet of horses, cattle and camels. It also has antifungal properties and has somepotential for control of fungal deterioration of spices during storage. Cedar oil is oftenused in cover soap perfumes, household sprays, floor polishes and is also used in as aclearing oil etc.

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Leaves of Orange Jasmine

Orange Jasmine Introduction:- Murraya paniculata or Orange jasmine is closely related to Citrus, and

bears small orange to red fruit resembling kumquats, though some cultivars do not setfruit. Orange Jasmine is a small, tropical, evergreen tree or shrub growing up to 7 m tall.The plant flowers throughout the year. Its leaves are glorious and glossy, occurring in 3-7 oddly pinnate leaflets which are elliptic to cuneate-obovate to rhombic. Flowers areterminal, corymbose, few-flowered, dense and fragrant. Petals are 12–18 mm long,recurved and white (or fading cream). The fruit of Murraya paniculata is fleshy, oblong-ovoid, coloured red to orange, and grows up to 1 inch in length.

Distribution and habitat:- Murraya paniculata is native to southern China, Taiwan, theIndian sub-continent , south-eastern Asia (i.e. Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines and northern Australia (i.e. thenorthern parts of the Northern Territory, far northern Queensland and northernWestern Australia).

Uses:- The crude ethanolic extract of leaves of Murraya paniculata has ant diarrhoeal,antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Yuehchukene, a dimeric indolealkaloid, can be extracted from the root. It is also the preferred host to the insect pestDiaphorina citri, the citrus psyllid. This psyllid is the vector for the citrus greeningdisease.

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Basil leaves

Basil Introduction :-Ocimum basilicum or Basil is a culinary herb. It is also called the "king of

herbs" and the "royal herb". There are many varieties of Ocimum basilicum, as well as severalrelated species or species hybrids also called basil. Basil grows between 30–130 cm (12–51in) tall, with opposite, light green, silky leaves 3–11 cm (1.2–4.3 in) long and 1–6 cm (0.39–2.36 in) broad. The flowers are small, white in colour and arranged in a terminal spike. Basil issensitive to cold, with best growth in hot, dry conditions. It behaves as an annual if there isany chance of a frost.

Distribution and habitat:- Basil is possibly native to India, and has been cultivated therefor more than 5,000 years. It was thoroughly familiar to the Greek authors Theophrastus andDioscorides. It is also available in Italy, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia,Laos, and Taiwan , Greece, Northern Europe, Canada, the northern states of the U.S., and theSouth Island of New Zealand .

Uses:- Most commercially available basils are cultivars of sweet basil. There are over 160named cultivars available, with new ones appearing every year. Basil is most commonly usedfresh in recipes. In general, it is added at the last moment, as cooking quickly destroys theflavour. Basil is one of the main ingredients in pesto—a green Italian oil-and-herb sauce. It isalso used in Ayurveda or traditional Chinese medicine, basil is thought to have therapeuticproperties. It has various religious aspects in Hinduism, Christianity and many other religions.

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Leaves of Madagascar periwinkle

Madagascar Periwinkle Introduction :-Catharanthus roseus, which is commonly known as the Madagascar

periwinkle is a species of flowering plant. It is an evergreen sub shrub or herbaceousplant growing 1 m tall. The leaves are oval to oblong, 2.5–9 cm long and 1–3.5 cmbroad, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole 1–1.8 cm long; theyare arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers are white to dark pink with a darker redcentre, with a basal tube 2.5–3 cm long and a corolla 2–5 cm diameter with five petal-like lobes. The fruit is a pair of follicles 2–4 cm long and 3 mm broad.

Distribution and habitat:- It is native and endemic to Madagascar, but it is alsohowever widely cultivated and is naturalised in subtropical and tropical areas of theworld. It is very much widely cultivated in Australia.

Uses:- The species has long been cultivated for herbal medicine and as an ornamentalplant. In Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine) the extracts of its roots and shoots,though poisonous, are used against several diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine,extracts from it have been used against numerous diseases, including diabetes, malaria,and Hodgkin's lymphoma. C. roseus can be extremely toxic if consumed orally byhumans. The newer semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic agent vinorelbine which is aagent of Madagascar Periwinkle, used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.

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China rose

Leaves of China Rose

China Rose Introduction:- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, known colloquially as China rose is a species

of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant native to East Asia. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is abushy, evergreen shrub or small tree growing 2.5–5 m (8–16 ft) tall and 1.5–3 m(5–10 ft) wide, with glossy leaves and solitary, brilliant red flowers in summer andautumn. The 5-petaled flowers are 10 cm (4 in) in diameter, with prominentorange-tipped red anthers.

Distribution and habitat:- It is widely grown as an ornamental plant throughoutthe tropics and subtropics. As it does not tolerate temperatures below 10 °C (50°F), in temperate regions it is best grown under glass. However, plants incontainers may be placed outside during the summer months or moved intoshelter during the winter months. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is the national flower ofMalaysia.

Uses:- The flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are edible and are used in salads in thePacific Islands. The flower is additionally used in hair care as a preparation. . It canalso be used as a pH indicator, When used, the flower turns acidic solutions to adark pink or magenta colour and basic solutions to green. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis isconsidered to have a number of medical uses in Chinese herbology.

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ConclusionFrom this project, I have concluded everything about what a project

originally means and what are the purpose for doing a project. AHerbarium is prepared to show some specified plant specimens infuture. But all of us didn’t know what is some other uses of Herbarium.Besides that, after doing this project, now I am able to know about theclassifications, distributions, habitat, uses of the plants of which I haveprepared my Herbarium sheet. I will be very much happy, if ourteacher would assign us such project in future also.

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Bibliography Wikipedia- The free encyclopedia.

www.shutterstockimages.com

Calcutta University, Botany department.

www.alamy.com

www.dreamtimes.com

www.itslife.com

Encyclopedia of Life. Com

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