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8/16/2019 Biokimia Hemato
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Bagian Biokimia Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar
Dr. Marhaen Hardjo, M.Biomed,PhD
ru ur, ungs anMetabolisme Eritrosit Dan
Lekosit
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The Structure andFunctionof Blood
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Composition of Blood
Blood is responsible for… Transporting gases !o"#gen $ carbon
dio"ide% Transporting &aste products Transporting nutrients
Helping remove to"ins from the bod#
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Composition of Blood
Blood makes up '()* of our
total bod# &eight
+ormal adult blood volume is , -
Blood is made up of cellular
material in a .uid called plasma
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Composition of Blood
Blood is a circulating tissueconsisting of three t#pes of cells
/ 0ed Blood Cells 1r#throc#tes2 3hite Blood Cells -eukoc#tes
4 5latelets Thromboc#tes
• The cells listed above are suspended ina li6uid kno&n as plasma
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Formation of Blood
Hematopoiesis the formation and development of blood cells
7n adults the cellular elements are produced in the bone marro&
Some 3BCs are produced in the l#mphatic tissue and bonemarro&
Blood cells need certain nutrients to form properl#
1"amples include…87ron8
Folic acid89itamin B/2
:ll blood cells formed comefrom a hematopoietic stem cell
These cells can become an#
blood cell
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Composition of Blood
The blood is made up of cellsthat are suspended in li6uidcalled plasma
5lasma makes up ,,* of the blood
5lasma is made of ;<* &ater and/<* proteins= lipids= carboh#drates=amino acids= antibodies= hormones=
electrol#tes= &aste= salts= and ions Blood cells make up the remaining
>,* of the blood
0ed blood cells make up ;;* of the blood cells
3hite blood cells and platelets make up the other /*
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Composition of Blood
• 1ach t#pe of blood cell performs a di?erent function
•
0ed blood cells !1r#throc#tes%
• 3hite blood cells !-eukoc#tes%
• 5latelets !Thromboc#tes%
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Composition of Blood@0ed Blood Cells
• 0ed Blood Cells
8 :K:@ 1r#throc#tes or 0BCs
8
Most abundant cell in the blood!> million ( ' million per microliter of blood%
8 Formed in the bone marro&
8Main function is transporting
o"#gen and carbon dio"ide
8 Mature forms do +AT have a nucleus
8 Shaped as biconcave disks
8 ') micrometers in diameter
http@&&&giantmicrobescomusproductsredbloodcellhtml
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Composition of Blood@0ed Blood Cells
• 0ed Blood Cells8 Stain pinktan
8 Center of cell is lighter
Dcentral area of pallorE
8 -ife span of about /2< da#s
8 Hemoglobin !iron protein%is
found in the 0BC
8 Hemoglobin carries o"#gen from the
lungs to the rest of the bod# and carbon
dio"ide binds to the 0BC and is taken to
the lungs to be e"haled
http@&&&giantmicrobescomusproductsredbloodc
ellhtml
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Metabolisme Sel arahMerah
Sel darah merah #ang masih mudamempun#ai metabolisme #ang sangat
aktif karena organel seln#a masih lengkap Sel darah merah de&asa tidak lagi
mempun#ai aktivitas metabolisme seperti
sel muda tersebut Tetapi Sel darah merah de&asa masih
memerlukan energi untuk menGalankanfungsin#a
//
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2 Genis metabolisme pada
sel darah merah de&asa@
likolisis
Fosfoglukonat !HM5shunt%
/2
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Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Pyruvate
Hexokinase
PentosePhosphateShunt
glycolysis
Overvie !arboh"dratesOvervie !arboh"drates
MetabolismeMetabolisme
Glc-1- phosphat
glycogen
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Pyruvatecytosol
Acetyl CoA mitochondria(aerobic)
KrebsKrebs
cyclecycleReducingequivalen
xidativePhos!horylat(A"P)
A#$% AC$&'
A"" AC$&'
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#likolisis#likolisis
Galur metabolisme 1mbdenMe#erhof
Galur oksidasi glukosa menGadipiruvat I
energi !:T5% I +:H
berlangsung dalam sitosol
Galur sumber energi terutama bagisel darah merah de&asa #ang tidak lagipun#a mitokondria
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PENGERTIAN
GLIKOLISIS
@.PEMECAHAN GLUKOSA=OKSIDASI GLUKOSA
@.C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP
@. EMBDEN MEYERHOFF: GLUKOSAPIRU!AT
8 ATP " AEROB#.HANYA 2 ATP BILA ANAEROB
@. PIRU!AT ASETIL K$A : 2NADH=6ATP
@. KREB%S: 2&12=2' ATP TOTAL 38 ATP
BILA ANAEROB: 2 ATP + LAKTAT
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$asib Piruvat$asib Piruvat
5iruvat dapat mengalami proses@
/ :erobik !ada oksigen%=
piruvat dioksidasi untuk menghasilkan
CA2 dan H2A melalui daur KrebJs
2 :naerobik !tanpa oksigen%=
manusia piruvat laktat
ragi piruvat etanol
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C
C
CH3
O−
O
O
C
HC
CH3
O−
OH
O
NADH + H+ NAD
+
Lactate Dehydrogenase
pyruvate lactate
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Pengaturan #likolisisPengaturan #likolisis
he"okinase or
glucokinase
phosphofructokinase
p#ruvate kinase
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Pengaturan PertamaPengaturan Pertama
#likolisis%#likolisis%
HeksokinaseHeksokinase Mengkatalisis semua heksosa
Terdapat hampir dalam semua sel=
kecuali hepar dan selL pankreas Tidak dipengaruhi oleh
puasa= diet= insulin= diabetesmelitus
ihambat oleh lukosa'fosfat
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Pengaturan PertamaPengaturan Pertama
#likolisis%#likolisis%
#lukokinase#lukokinase Mengkatalisis han#a glukosa saGa
Terdapat dalam sel hepar saGa
ipengaruhi oleh
puasa= diet= insulin= diabetesmelitus
Tidak dihambat oleh lukosa'fosfat
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Pengaturan #likolisisPengaturan #likolisis
&tama%&tama%
Fos'o'ruktokinase 1nNim ini membatasi mengatur
kecepatan Galur glikolitik
iaktifkan oleh peningkatan :M5dalam sitosol
:M5 meningkat karena :T5 dihidrolisisoleh reaksi #ang memerlukan energi
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Piruvat (inase diatur didalam hepar
1nNim ini mengubah kelebihan glukosamenjadi )iruvat= selanGutn#adimetabolisme menGadi a*et"l+!o agar
bisa disimpan sebagai 'att" a*ids untukcadangan energi Gangka panGang
Pengaturan oleh Piruvat KinasePengaturan oleh Piruvat Kinase
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Hasil Bersih #likolisis erobHasil Bersih #likolisis erob
#lukosa - $D- - Pi - DP
Piruvat - $DH - /H- - 0P -H.O
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Hasil Bersih #likolisisHasil Bersih #likolisis
naerobnaerob
#lukosa - DP - Pi
la*tate - 0P
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HMP+ShuntHMP+Shunt
isebut Guga Galur pentosa fosfat heksosa monofosfat
Oalur ini menghasilkan +:5H danribosa di luar mitokondria
+:5H diperlukan untuk biosintesis
asam lemak=kolesterol= dan steroid lain 0ibosa untuk biosintesis asam nukleat
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(e)entingan lain(e)entingan lain
HM5shunt berlangsung dalam Garingan
hepar= lemak= korteks adrenal= tiroid=eritrosit= kelenGar mammae sedanglaktasi
+:5H Guga penting dalam
detoksiPkasi obat olehmonooksigenase=
reduksi glutation
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HMP+shunt terdiri dari 'ase%HMP+shunt terdiri dari 'ase%
/ Aksidatif !irreversible%
glukosa 'fosfat Q ribulosa ,fosfat
2 +onoksidatif !reversible%ribulosa ,fosfat Q ribosa ,fosfat
1alur HMP Shunt
1alur HMP+Shunt
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1alur HMP+Shunt 1alur HMP+Shunt
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HMP+shunt terdiri dari 'ase%HMP+shunt terdiri dari 'ase%
/ Aksidatif !irreversible%
glukosa 'fosfat Q ribulosa ,fosfat
2 +onoksidatif !reversible%ribulosa ,fosfat Q ribosa ,fosfat
1alur HMP+Shunt
1alur HMP+Shunt
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1alur HMP+Shunt 1alur HMP+Shunt
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Hasil BersihHasil Bersih
4 glukosa 'fosfat I ' +:5I
4 CA2
I ' +:5H I 'HI
I2 fruktosa 'fosfat I gliseraldehida
4fosfat
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De2siensi glukosa 3+'os'atDe2siensi glukosa 3+'os'at
dehidrogenase 4#3PD5dehidrogenase 4#3PD5
1ritrosit matang sudah tidakmengandung mitokondria=
Sehingga sangat tergantung pada '5 +:5H diperlukan untuk mereduksi
glutation teroksidasi Q glutation
tereduksi !SH% Q !SS%
SH penting untuk meredam H2A2
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De2siensi glukosa 3+'os'atDe2siensi glukosa 3+'os'at
dehidrogenase 4#3PD5dehidrogenase 4#3PD5
Hidrogen peroksida !H2A2%
men#ebabkan Hb Q metHb= karenaFe2I Q Fe4I
:kibatn#a terbentuk badanHeinN #angakan menimbulkan anemia hemolitik
5en#akit ini makin memburuk bilapenderita memakan obat malariaprimaguin atau kacang fava
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Composition of Blood@3hite Blood Cells• 3hite blood cells
8 :K:@ -eukoc#tes or 3BCs
8 -argest siNed blood cells
8 -o&est numbers in the blood!>=,<< ( //=<<< per microliter%
8 Formed in the bone marro&
and some in l#mph glands
8
5rimar# cells of the immune s#stem8 Fights disease and foreign invaders
http@&&&giantmicrobescomusprod
ucts&hitebloodcellhtml
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Composition of Blood@3hite Blood Cells• 3hite blood cells
8 Contain nuclei &ith +:=
the shape depends on t#pe of cell
8 Certain 3BCs produce antibodies
8
-ife span is from 2> hours to several #ears8 SiNe is )2< micrometers in diameter
8 There are Pve di?erent t#pes of 3BCs
/ +eutrophils
2 1osinophils
4 Basophils> -#mphoc#tes
, Monoc#tes
http@&&&giantmicrobescomusprod
ucts&hitebloodcellhtml
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Composition of Blood@5latelets
• 5latelets
8 :K:@ Thromboc#tes or 5-Ts
8 Formed in the bone marro&
8 Fragments from the c#toplasm of megakar#oc#tes
8 Smallest of the blood cells
8 /> micrometers in diameter
8 Shape can be round= oval= or appear spik#
8 -ife span of around )/2 da#s
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Composition of Blood@5latelets• 5latelets
8 7nvolved in the clotting process
8 Seal &ounds and prevent blood loss
8 Help repair damaged vessels
8 /,<=<<< ( ><<=<<< per microliter of blood
8 5latelets stain bluish &ith reddish or purple granules
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Metabolism of
leukoc#te
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i?erentiation of the bone marro& stemcells
myeloid
progenitor
tem !ell
lymp"oid
progenitor
m#!rop"#gedendriti! !ell
pl#telet
ne$trop"il eoinop"il %#op"il
mono!yte
m#t$re
lymp"o!yte
eryt"ro%l#t
eryt"ro!yte
pl#m#
!ell
meg#&#ryo!yte
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5 Phago*"ti* *ells%5 Phago*"ti* *ells%
+eutrophils ( most abundant
1osinophils
Monoc#tes
Macrophages ( rise b# di?erentiation of monoc#tes intissues
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egradation of the ingestedparticle@
/% :ctivation of +:5H o"idase
2% 5roduction of +A b# nitric o"ide s#nthase
4% Fusion of phagosome &ith l#sosomes of the phagoc#tic cell
that contain bactericidal substances and h#drol#tic enN#mes!often &ith acidic pHopt%
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/% +:5Ho"idase
5rotein comple" of neutrophils= eosinophils= monoc#tes=macrophages
+:5H I 2 A2 R +:5I I HI I 2 A2
2 A2 I 2 HI R A2 I H2A2
H2A2 can damage bacteria directl# or after conversion to AH @
H2A2 I MI R AH I AH I M2I !M metal%
$pero'ide #nion
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!yto!"rome %558
#!ti(e NAD)H*o'id#e
:ctivation@ b# association of the components localiNed inc#tosol &ith c#tochrome b,,) in the membrane electronsfrom c#tosolic +:5H are ( via F: and c#tochrome (transferred to o"#gen
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pl#m#
mem%r#ne
+$ion
,it"
lyoome
p"#goome
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M#elopero"idase
5resent in granules of neutrophils and monoc#tes= but notmacrophages
SigniPcant portion of H2A2 !produced b# dismutation of A2 generated
b# +:5H o"idase% is used b# m#elopero"idase to o"idiNe Cl to HClA
HClA is highl# reactive= able to o"idiNe biomolecules it also providesto"ic chlorine gas@
HClA I HI I Cl R Cl2 I H2A
HClA also reacts &ith A2 #ielding AH@
HClA I A2 R A2 I AH I Cl
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Chronic granulomatous disease
Caused b# a dePcienc# of one of the +:5H o"idase subunits
Supero"ide and the other reactive o"#gen species are notproduced
Severe infections that are ver# hard to treat ( eg@ Burkholdaria cepacea causes pneumonia Aspergillus causes intractable pneumonia= septicaemia can
lead to death
Treatment@ antibiotics= antifungal agents
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2% +itric o"ide production Mainl# b# inducible nitric o"ide s#nthase !i+AS% of macrophages &hich
is induced b# c#tokines !7+F= T+F% or bacterial lipopol#saccharide@
+A can kill bacteria directl# !eg b# inhibition of the respirator#chain% or indirectl#@ b# reaction &ith A2
= generating pero"#nitrite
A+AA &hich attacks FeS proteins and essential (SH groups=
inactivates enN#mes…
Arg !itr$lline
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+:5H o"idase is e?ective mainl# in degradation ofe"tracellular pathogens !Salmonella, Staphylococcus,Streptococcus pyogenes%…neutrophils
6
+A serves mainl# to kill the intracellular parasites !Listeria=Brucella= Candida albicans%…macrophages
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4% ranules !l#sosomes% ofneutrophils
Contain bactericidal substances and h#drolases that= afterfusion &ith phagosome= destro# the engulfed particles@ m#elopero"idase l#soN#me ( cleaves gl#cosidic bonds in peptidogl#can of the
bacterial !primaril# I% cell &alls
defensins ( cationic peptides !:rg% &ith Mr of 4=,' ka
interact &ith anionic lipids of bacterial membrane and makepores in it can also inhibit s#nthesis of +: and proteins
h#drolases= eg elastase ( serine protease@ can damagebacteria and cleave virulence factors= but also cause harmto host tissues !cleaves the proteins of e"tracellular matri"=
too%
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1osinophils
Main task@ defence against multicellular parasites
ispla# all the abovementioned mechanisms &ith slightdi?erences@
0AS production pero"idase of eosinophils ( similar to m#elopero"idase= but
prefers Br as a substrate !instead of Cl%= thus generatingHBrA !instead of HClA%
basic protein of eosinophils disrupting the parasite cellmembranes
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B5 Baso)hils and mastB5 Baso)hils and mast
*ells*ells :ctivated b# antigens allergens interacting &ith 7g1 bound to the surface 7g1 receptors of basophils !mast cells% Upon activation= content of their granules is released ( substances that are harmful to parasite and induce reactions that should lead to its
removal ho&ever= the# can also be responsible for allergic s#mptoms@
h#drolases
histamine
heparin
S#nthesis of eicosanoids is activated leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictors= stimulate chemota"is and leukoc#te activation
!ytopl#mi! gr#n$le
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Histamine
5roduced b# histidine decarbo"#lation@
Causes vasodilation and bronchoconstriction ⇒ helps toeliminate parasites !cough= peristalsis= enhanced production ofmucus%
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:top#
7g1 recogniNing allergens !from pollen= food…% are produced andbind to 7g1 receptors of basophils !mast cells% +e"t e"posure to
the allergen can lead to release of histamine and heparin ands#nthesis of eicosanoids
-ocal s#mptoms occur@ allergic rhinitis= asthma= conGunctivitis
7f the allergen enters bloodstream= it can cause a massivedegranulation of basophils !mast cells% ⇒ increase in vascularpermeabilit#= decrease in blood pressure ⇒ pulmonar# oedema=ischemia… anaph#lactic shock
Treatment@ antihistamines ( block histamine receptors
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!5 L"m)ho*"tes!5 L"m)ho*"tes
Have speciPc receptors recogniNing one particular antigen@ Bcell receptors !BC0% and T cell receptors !TC0%= respectivel#
B0C is a membranebound immunoglobulin= TC0 is ver# similarto 7g
B cells !after proliferation and di?erentiation into plasma cells%secrete large amounts of antibodies !soluble immunoglobulins%
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Soluble immunoglobulins
2 heav# chains !H% interconnectedb# disulPde bonds
2 light chains !-%= each connected
to one of the H chains !b# disulPdebond%
H chain@ >, domains= ,<V, ka- chain@ 2 domains= 2, ka
+terminal domains of H and -
chains are variable !9H resp 9-%=the others are constant !CH resp
C-%= ie the same in one t#pe of 7g
9ariable domains of H a - chains
form the antigenbinding site
VHVL
CH1
CL
CH2
CH3
-!
-#%
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T#pes of immunoglobulins!7g%
There are 2 isot#pes of -@ W= X There are , isot#pes of H@
α= = Y= Z= [ :ccording to these isot#pes of
H= , t#pes of immunoglobulinscan be distinguished@ 7g: !2 subt#pes%
7g !> subt#pes% 7g 7g1 7gM
7gM can form pentamer= 7g:
can form dimer or trimer
155 &D#
900 &D#.imil#r/ gD g
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D5 PlateletsD5 Platelets +o nucleus ⇒ man# of their metabolites come from
megakar#oc#tes
Form blood clots= act as vasoconstrictors
5articipate in defence against infections= eg@ the# suppress thegro&th of Plasmodium falciparum !infectious agent that causesmalaria%
enerate A2 and H2A2 that ma# s#nergiNe &ith pro
aggregator# stimuli
Contain thrombo"an : s#nthase that catal#Nes conversion ofprostaglandin H2 to thrombo"an :2@
A2 promote pl#telet #ggre*
g#tion #nd (#o!ontri!tion
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5latelets also release t&o ver# important factors that canin.uence not onl# platelets but also other cell t#pes@
5latelet:ctivating Factor !5:F% 5lateleterived ro&th Factor !5F%
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5latelet:ctivating Factor
Mainl# Gu"tacrine and paracrine signalling via 5C0
5romotes platelet aggregation
7nduces activation of leukoc#tes= adhesion= chemota"is= c#tokineproduction= causes vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
Mediates interpla# bet&een thrombotic and in.ammator# cascades
BUT@ it is also suspected of contributing to allerg#= anaph#lactic shock…
7t is produced also b# endothelial cells= monoc#tes= granuloc#tes…
p"op"olipid
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5lateleterived ro&th Factor
imeric protein= 4 isoforms
0eceptors@ t#rosine kinases ( e"pressed on Pbroblasts= glia=
smooth muscle cells= leukoc#tes… 1?ects@
proliferation chemota"is
c#toskeletal rearrangements di?erentiation of certain t#pes of cells !eg in C+S% ⇒ participates in &ound healing= capillar# formation=
embr#onic and postnatal development BUT@ probabl# also pla#s a role in pathogenesis !some tumours%
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!"tokines!"tokines
5roteins secreted b# leukoc#tes and other cells !but there are
also membrane c#tokines% that in.uence !via receptors% the cellsof the immune s#stem
C#tokine signalling@ autocrine ( a c#tokine in.uences the same cell that produces
it paracrine ( a c#tokine in.uences the nearb# cells endocrine ( a c#tokine in.uences distant cells !after transport
b# the bloodstream%
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T#pes of c#tokines
7nterleukins ( eg 7-'@ produced b# macrophages= neutrophils= stimulates l#mphoc#tes= secretion of 7g= s#nthesis of acute phase reactants
Chemokines ( induce chemota"is
7nterferons ( eg 7+Fα@ produced b# l#mphoc#tes= monoc#tes= andmacrophages= participates in antiviral defense !induces s#nthesis ofenN#mes that block viral replication%
Transforming gro&th factors ( eg TFL@ produced b# Tl#mphoc#tes= macrophages= and platelets= displa#s antiin.ammator#e?ects
Tumor necrosis factors ( eg T+FL@ able to induce apoptosis
-eukoc#te inPltration into tissues
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-eukoc#te inPltration into tissues diapedesis !e"travasation%@
-eukoc#tes are slo&ed do&n b# the interaction of their mucins &ithselectines on the surface of endothelial cells !1C%
C#tokines on the surface of 1C interact &ith the receptors of leukoc#tes : strong adhesion mediated b# the interaction of integrins &ith
molecules on the surface of 1C R migration of leukoc#tes into the tissue
directed b# c#tokins released b# in.ammator# cells or 1C
Taken from:
Halliwell, Gutteridge,
Oxford University Press, 1999
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7egulation7egulation
Man# functions of leukoc#tes are regulated b# monomeric T5
binding proteins= eg 0ac= 0ho@ activation of +:H5 o"idase chemota"is phagoc#tosis
fusion of phagosome &ith granules
0ho and 0ac are able to modulate the assembl# of actinPlaments= &hich pla#s a role in the processes listed above
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HemoglobinHemoglobin
Stru*ture 8 Fun*tionStru*ture 8 Fun*tion
Objectives of theObjectives of the
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Objectives of theObjectives of the
LectureLecture
9+ &nderstanding the main structural structural &functional functional details o' hemoglobin as one o' thehemo)roteins.
+ :denti'" t")est")es 8 relative *on*entrations o'normal adult hemoglobin ith re'eren*e toHB9*HB9* ith its *lini*al a))li*ation.
;+ 7e*ogni<e some o' the main geneti* 8bio*hemi*al as)e*ts o' methemoglobinopathiesmethemoglobinopathies ith some im)li*ations on *lini*al 'eatures4ith 'o*using on thalassemiasthalassemias5.
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Hemoglobin is a globularHemoglobin is a globular
hemoproteinhemoprotein
Heme)roteins are a group of specialiNed proteins that containhemeheme as a tightl# bound prosthetic group
HemeHeme is a comple" of )roto)or)h"rin :6)roto)or)h"rin :6 and 'errous iron'errous iron4Fe-5 .4Fe-5 .
The ironiron is held in the center of the heme molecule b# bonds tothe four nitrogens of the porph#rin ring
The heme Fe-heme Fe- can form t&o additional bonds= one on eachside of the planar porph#rin ring
7n m#oglobin and hemoglobin= one of these positions iscoordinated to the side chain of a histidine residuehistidine residue of the globinmolecule= &hereas the other position is available to bind o"#geno"#gen
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Globin of hemoglobin is a globularGlobin of hemoglobin is a globular
protein with a quaternary structure protein with a quaternary structure
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Structure of hemeStructure of hemeHemeHeme is a comple" of protoporph#rin 7^protoporph#rin 7^ and ferrousferrous
iron !Fe2I%iron !Fe2I%
The ironiron is held in the center of the heme moleculeb# bonds of the four nitrogens of the protoporphrin
ring
Heme F2I can form t&o additional bonds= one on eachside ofthe porph#rin ring Ane of these positions iscoordinated to the
Side chain of histidinehistidine residue of the globin molecule=&hereasthe other position is available to bind o"#geno"#gen
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Structure & function ofStructure & function of
hemoglobinhemoglobin
HemoglobinHemoglobin is found e"clusivel# in 0BCs
7ts main function is to transport o"#gen from lungs to the
tissues $ carbon dio"ide $ h#drogen protons from tissuesto lungs
Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is the maGor hemoglobin in adults= iscomposed of four pol#peptide chains= 2 alpha !α% $ 2
beta !β% chains= held together b# noncovalent interactions
1ach subunit1ach subunit has stretches of αhelical structure $ aheme binding pocket
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Structure & function ofStructure & function of
hemoglobinhemoglobin (cont.
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=uaternar" stru*ture o' hemoglobin=uaternar" stru*ture o' hemoglobin%% The hemoglobin tetramer can be envisioned as being composed of t&o identical
dimers= 4>?59 and 4>?5= in &hich the numbers refer to dimers one and t&o
The t&o pol#peptide chains &ithin each dimer are tightl#tightl# held together=
primaril# b# hydrophobic interactions
7n contrast= the t&o dimers are able to move &ith respect to each other= beingheld together primaril# b# polar bonds.
The &eaker&eaker interactions bet&een these mobile dimers result in the t&o dimersoccup#ing di?erent relative positions in deo@"hemoglobindeo@"hemoglobin as compared &itho@"hemoglobino@"hemoglobin
Structure & function ofStructure & function of
hemoglobinhemoglobin (cont.
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o@"genation 8 deo@"genation o'o@"genation 8 deo@"genation o'
hemoglobinhemoglobin
!o"#hemoglobin $ deo"#hemoglobin%
O@"hemoglobinO@"hemoglobin0ela"ed structure
Deo@"hemoglobinDeo@"hemoglobin Taut structure
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ypes of adult hemoglobinypes of adult hemoglobin
3 –6%
HB@ the maGor hemoglobin in humansHB@ Prst appears /2 &eeks after birth a minor component of normal
adult HBHBF@ normall# s#nthesiNed onl# during fetal developmentHB9! @ has glucose residues attached to βglobin chains ( increasedamounts in M
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Hemoglobin !"c #H$!"c%Hemoglobin !"c #H$!"c%
Hb!"c could be used as a monitor for the control of theblood glucose level during the last months for diabetic
patients
Some of hemoglobin : isgl#cos#lated1"tent of gl#cos#lation depends onthe plasma concentration of aparticular he"ose !as glucose%
The most abundant form ofgl#cos#lated hemoglobin is HB9*HB9*&hich has a glucose residuesattached to βglobin chains inhemoglobin 0BCs
7ncreased amounts of HB9*HB9* arefound in 0BCs of patients &ith
diabetes mellitus !M%
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HemoglobinopathiesHemoglobinopathies
HemoglobinopathiesHemoglobinopathies are members of a famil# of geneticdisorders caused
b#@
/ 5roduction of a structurally abnormalstructurally abnormal hemoglobinmolecule
!_ualitative hemoglobinopathies%
Or @ 2 S#nthesis of insu'cient quantitiesinsu'cient quantities of normal
hemoglobin !_uantitative hemoglobinopathies%
Or( )* bothboth !rare%!rare%
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halassemiashalassemias
halassemiashalassemias are hereditar# hemol#tic diseases in &hich
an imbalance occurs in the s#nthesis of globin chains
The# are most common single gene disorderssingle gene disorders inhumans
+ormally +ormall y = s#nthesis of α and β globin chains arecoordinated= so that each αglobin chain has a βglobinchain partner
This leads to the formation of α2β2 !Hb:%
,n thalassemias,n thalassemias= the s#nthesis of either the α or βglobin chain is defective
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halassemiahalassemia can be caused b# a variet# of mutations= including@
/ !ntire gene deletions!ntire gene deletions ( "hole gene is absent "hole gene is absent
Ar@ 2 Substitutions or deletions of one or more nucleotides inSubstitutions or deletions of one or more nucleotides inthe #$Athe #$A
-ach thalassemia can be classied as either -ach thalassemia can be classied as either @
/ : disorder in &hich no globinno globin chains are produced
! o
+ oro
thalassemia% Or @ 2 Some βchains are s#nthesiNed= but at a redu*ed ratea redu*ed rate
! -+ or -+ thalassemia%
halassemiashalassemias (cont.
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// β β *thalassemias*thalassemias@@ S#nthesis of *globin*globin chains are decreased or absent= &hereas
αglobinchain s#nthesis is normal
αglobin chains cannot form stable tetramers= and thereforeprecipitate
causing )remature death o' 7B!s)remature death o' 7B!s :ccumulation of .γ. !HbF%=
γ/ !Hb Barts% $ +*hain )re*i)itateoccurs
These factors end result in development of *hroni**hroni* anemiaanemia !hemol#tic%
halassemiashalassemias (cont.
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Some genetic aspects of thalassemia(Some genetic aspects of thalassemia(
There are onl# t&o copies of the β globin gene in each cell !one oneach
chromosome //%
So= individuals &ith ββ globin gene defectsglobin gene defects have either @ / *thalassemia minor #
*thalassemia trait%(if the# have onl# oneone defective βglobin gene
%& * thalassemia major #/ooley anemia%(if bothboth genes are defective
halassemiashalassemias (cont.
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Mutation in bothboth +globin genes
+thalassemia
majorma jor
utation in oneone o' +globin genes
+thalassemiaminorminor
halassemiashalassemias (cont.
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Some clinical aspects ofSome clinical aspects ofthalassemiasthalassemias''
/ :s βglobin gene is not e"pressed until late fetal gestation= the ph#sical manifestations of * thalassemias appear onl# after birth
2 7ndividuals &ith * thalassemias minor = make some βchains= andusuall#
re6uire no speciPc treatment
4 7nfants born &ith * thalassemias major seem health# at birth= but
become severel# anemic during the Prst or second #ears of life The# re6uire regular transfusions of blood
7n these cases= bone marro& replacement therap# is recommended
halassemiashalassemias (cont.
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%& α *thalassemia(
S#nthesis of α&globin chains is decreased or absent.
1ach individuals genome contains four copies of theαglobin !t&o
on each chromosome /'%= there are several levels ofαglobin chain
dePciencies
halassemiashalassemias (cont.
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0")es% :' one o' the 'our genes is de'e*tivethe individual is termed a silent *arrier o' + thalassemia as no ph#sical manifestations
of thedisease occur :' to +globin genes are de'e*tive=
the individual is designated as having +thalassemia trait :' three +globin genes are de'e*tivethe individual has hemoglobin H !HbH% disease &hich is a mildl# to moderatel# hemol#ticanemiaS#nthesis of una?ected γ and then β globin chains continues= resulting in the accumulation
ofγ tetramer in the ne&born !γ/= Hb Barts% or βtetramers ! /= HbH%
The subunits do not sho& hemeheme interactions So= the# have ver# high o"#genanities Thus=
the# are essentiall# useless as o"#gen carriers to tissues :' 'our +globin genes are de'e*tive=h"dro)s 'etalis $ fetal death !death at birth%= occurs as αglobin chains are re6uired for thes#nthesis of HbF
halassemiashalassemias (cont.
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halassemiashalassemias (cont.
0")es o' +thalassemias
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ssignmentsssignments
MethemoglobinMethemoglobin
Si*kle *ell anemia 4#eneti*,Si*kle *ell anemia 4#eneti*,
Bio*hemi*al 8 !lini*al s)e*ts5Bio*hemi*al 8 !lini*al s)e*ts5
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B:OS:$0ES:S HEMO#LOB:$4PO7F:7:$5
Struktur Por2rinStruktur Por2rin
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5orPrin adalah sen#a&a siklik #g
dibentuk oleh > cincin pirol Masingmasing cincin dihubungkan oleh
> Gembatan metenil !HC%
Sifat khas porPrin adalah atomnitrogenn#a mampu mengikat ionlogam
Contoh heme pada Hb mengikat Fe
kloroPl pada tumbuhan hiGau mengikat
Mg
Struktur Por2rinStruktur Por2rin
4!4! HH $$ 55
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4!4!CCHH9/9/$$//55
Bebera)a Hemo)roteinBebera)a Hemo)rotein
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Protein Fungsi
+ Hemoglobin mengangkut oksigen di dalamdarah
+ Mioglobin men"im)an oksigen di dalam otot
+ Sitokrom c keterlibatan )ada rantai trans)orelektron
+ Sitokrom
P/C hidroksilasi @enobiotikobat+
obatan+ (atalase degradasi hidrogen )eroksida
4HO5
+ 0ri)to'an
)irolase oksidasi tri)to'an
Sintesis Heme di MitokondriaSintesis Heme di Mitokondria
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),* sintesis heme terGadi dalam sel
pembentuk eritrosit pada sumsumtulang
Heme disintesis dari suksinil Ko: I
glisin 5iridoksal fosfat diperlukan untuk
mengaktifkan glisin
Hasil kondensasi tsb ialah asam αaminoβketoadipat
Kondensasi diatas dikatalisis oleh
:minolevulinatsintase !:-:sintase%
Sintesis Heme di MitokondriaSintesis Heme di Mitokondria
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Sintesis Heme di MitokondriaSintesis Heme di Mitokondria
:sam αaminoβketoadipat dengancepat mengadakan dekarboksilasi untukmembentuk δaminolevulinat !:-:%
0eaksi ini dikatalisis oleh :-:sintase
:-:sintase adalah enNim pengendali
laGu reaksi biosintesis porPrin di hepar
Sintesis Heme di MitokondriaSintesis Heme di Mitokondria
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Sintesis Heme di SitosolSintesis Heme di Sitosol
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ua molekul :-: berkondensasi melaluikerGa enNim :-:dehidratase
5roduk
/ molporfobilinogen !5B%
2 mol H2A
:-:dehidratase mengandung seng !]n%
1nNim ini dapat diinhibisi oleh timbal!5b%= sebagaimana terGadi padakeracunan 5b
Si i di Si lSi t i H di Sit l
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Sintesis Heme di SitosolSintesis Heme di Sitosol
Sintesis Heme di SitosolSintesis Heme di Sitosol
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Sintesis Heme di SitosolS es s e e d S oso
Kondensasi > mol5B menghasilkantetrapirol linier= #aitu hidroksimetilbilana
0eaksi ini dikatalisis oleh uroporPrinogen/sintase !5B deaminase%
Hidroksimetilbilana mengalami siklisasispontan membentuk uroporPrinogen 7 atau=
MenGadi uroporPrinogen 777 #ang dikatalisis
oleh uroporPrinogen 777 kosintase
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Sintesis Heme di SitosolSintesis Heme di Sitosol
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S es s e e d S oso
UroporPrinogen 777 dikatalisis olehenNim uroporPrinogen dekarboksilasemenGadi koproporPrinogen 777
5ada penderita porPria=uroporPrinogen dekarboksilase Gugabisa mengubah UroporPrinogen 7 Gadi
koproporPrinogen 7 KoproporPrinogen 777 selanGutn#a
memasuki mitokondria
Sintesis Heme di SitosolSintesis Heme di Sitosol
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Sintesis Heme di MitokondriaSintesis Heme di Mitokondria
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KoproporPrinogen 777 selanGutn#amemasuki mitokondria
KoproporPrinogen oksidasemengkatalisis dekarboksilasi sen#a&atsb menGadi protoporPrinogen 777 !7^%
1nNim ini han#a mampu bekerGauntuk koproporPrinogen 777
Sintesis Heme di MitokondriaSintesis Heme di Mitokondria
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Sintesis Heme di MitokondriaSintesis Heme di Mitokondria
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5rotoporPrinogen 777 akan dioksidasioleh protoporPrinogen oksidasemenGadi protoporPrin 777 !7^%
Terakhir= pen#atuan ion Fe2I !ferro%pada protoporPrin 777 #ang dikatalisis
oleh ferokelataseheme sintase agarmenGadi heme
Sintesis Heme di MitokondriaSintesis Heme di Mitokondria
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Sintesis Heme di MitokondriaSintesis Heme di Mitokondria
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Sintesis HemeSintesis Heme
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Pengaturan Sintesis HemePengaturan Sintesis Heme
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g
1nNim regulator adalah :-:sintase
Heme bertindak sebagai regulator
negatif !umpan balik negatif% sintesisenNim :-: sintase
Oika heme meningkat= maka sintesis:-:sintase akan menurun
Bebera)a Faktor angBebera)a Faktor angMem)engaruhiMem)engaruhi
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) gSintesis HemeSintesis Heme
/ Metabolisme obatan di sitokrom 5>,< akan ban#ak menghabiskan heme
intrasel= akibatn#a sintesis heme akanmeningkat
2 lukosa $ hematin dapat mencegahsintesis :-:sintase
Si'at Por2rinSi'at Por2rin
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Berbagai porPrinogen tidak ber&arna
Sedangkan semua porPrin ber&arna=karena adan#a ikatan rangkap #angmen#atukan cincin pirol
5orPrin #g terlarut dalam asam mineralkuat atau pelarut organik disinari dgnU9= maka akan mengeluarkan caha#a.uorecen merah
Sifat porPrin ini digunakan untukmenegakkan diagnosis porPria denganmenggunakan spektrofotometer
Por2rin )ada Sel (ankerPor2rin )ada Sel (anker
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Sel kanker tertentu mengambil lebih
ban#ak porPrin daripada sel normal Sifat fotodinamik porPrin dimanfaatkan
untuk fototerapi kanker
Metode terapi
5enderita tumor diberi hematoporPrin=
kemudian tumor tsb disinari dengan laser
argon #ang akan memicu porPrin menGadi
sitotoksik
Por2riaPor2ria
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Merupakan gangguan genetikbiosintesis heme
Umumn#a autosomal dominan= kecualiporPria eritropoitik kongenital
eGala
n#eri abdomen
gangguan neuropsikiatri fotosensitiPtas kulit
bila berat prototipe manusia srigala
Dasar Biokimia Por2riaDasar Biokimia Por2ria
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+#eri abdomen $ neuropsikiatrimungkin akibat :-: dapatmenghambat enNim :T5ase di
Garingan saraf atau=
:-: mungkin diambil oleh Garingan
otak sehingga melumpuhkan hantaranimpuls saraf
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FotosensitiPtas disebabkan olehakumulasi porPrinogen #g mudahteroksidasi di kulit
Bila terpaGan caha#a DtampakE!><<nm%= maka porPrin akan terpicuuntuk bereaksi dengan oksigenmolekular membentuk radikal oksigen
0adikal oksigen dapat merusak lisosom$ organel lain mengeluarkan enNimpengurai #ang merusak kulit
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M t i D$
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Mutasi D$
bnormalitas en<im )ada sintesis heme
kumulasi L 8 PB# atau kumulasi)or2rinogen
)enurunan heme dlm sel 8 di kulit 8 jaringantubuh
!airan tubuh
0anda 8 gejala Oksidasi s)ontan)or2rinogen
neuro)sikiatrik menjadi )or2rin
Fotosensiti2tas
0era)i Por2ria0era)i Por2ria Han#a simptomatik
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Han#a simptomatik
0epresor :-:sintase glukosa
hematin !bentuk hidroksida dariheme%
βkaroten untuk fotosensitiPtas
preparat tabir sur#a Kontraindikasi
preparat anestesi
alkohol
griseofulvin $ barbiturat
0i)e Por2ria0i
)e Por2ria
9 nemia sideroblastik terangkai+6
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9. nemia sideroblastik terangkai+64eritro)oitik5
+ de2siensi L+sintase+ gejala% anemia
+ Lab% hitung eritrosit 8 hemoglobin menurun
. De2siensi L+dehidratase 4he)atik5
+ gejala% n"eri abdomen, neuro)sikiatrik
+ Lab% L urine )ositi'
;. Por2ria akut intermiten 4he)atik5
+ de2siensi uro)or2rinogen+9+sintase
+ gejala% n"eri abdomen, neuro)sikiatrik
+ Lab% PB# 8 uro)or2rin urine )ositi'
0i)e Por2ria0i
)e Por2ria/. Eritro)oitik kongenital 4eritro)oitik5
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+ de2siensi uro)or2rinogen+:::+sintase
+ gejala% tan)a 'otosensiti2tas
+ Lab% uro)or2rin urine )ositi' 8 PB# urine negati'
. Por2ria kutanea tarda 4he)atik5
+ de2siensi uro)or2rinogen dekarboksilase
+ gejala% 'otosensiti2tas+ Lab% uro)or2rin urine )ositi' 8 PB# urine negati'
3. (o)ro)or2ria herediter 4he)atik5
+ de2siensi ko)ro)or2rinogen oksidase+ gejala% 'otosensiti2tas, n"eri abdomen,neuro)sik
+ Lab% PB# 8 uro)or2rin urine )ositi'
)roto)or2rin 'eses )ositi'
0i)e Por2ria0i
)e Por2ria
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G. Por2ria variegata 4he)atik5
+ de2siensi )roto)or2rinogen oksidase+ gejala% 'otosensiti2tas, n"eri abdomen,
neuro)sikiatrik
+ Lab% PB# urine )ositi'
)roto)or2rin 'eses )ositi'
. Proto)or2ria 4eritro)oitik5
+ de2siensi 'errokelatase+ gejala% 'otosensiti2tas
+ Lab% )roto)or2rin 'eses )ositi'
)roto)or2rin sel darah merah )ositi'
(e)ustakaan(e)ustakaan
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