Atestat - Competențele mediului extern și impactul lor asupra activității firmei

8/18/2019 Atestat - Competențele mediului extern și impactul lor asupra activității firmei

1/27

MINISTERUL EDUCATIEI NA IONALE I CERCETĂRII TIIN IFICEȚ Ș Ș ȚINSPECTORATUL SCOLAR AL JUDETULUI PRAHOVA

Colegiul Economic « Virgil Madgearu »Municipiul Ploieşti

Calificarea :Achizi ii i contractăriț ș

Profil: Contabilitate

PRO EC!

E"AME#$% &E CER! ' CARE ACOMPE!E#!E%OR PRO'E( O#A%E

# VE% )

Pro*e+or,ndrumător#i+toroiu -abriela Ab+ol.ent/

lie Andreea

Cla+a a " 0a E1IUNIE

2016

1


2/27

TEMA:

COMPO#E#!E%E ME& $%$E"!ER# MPAC!$% %OR A($PRAȘ

AC! V !2 ' RMEȚ

1


3/27


4/27

Argument

S"r+i*ii'" in-&r!%:i&n%'" &p"r"%8; n *&n#"/#u' % )&u; !")ii( in#"rn si "/#"rn. A! !un*% '" "s#" n 8%)%r.

M")iu' "/#"rn *uprin)" *&n)i#ii'" "/#"ri&%r" n *%r" s"r+i*ii'" in-&r!%#i&n%'" &p"r"C"'" !%i !u'#" &r %ni8%#ii &p"r"%8; n !")ii *&!p'"/"> n s* i!,%r"> *%r" n !&) *&n#in*r""%8; n&i pr&+&*;ri *%r"#r",ui" *&n#r&'%#" p"n#ru % %si ur% supr%+i"#uir"% si su**in#"rn %' &r %ni8%:i"i *"r" %*""%si %#"n#i" n *&n)u*"r" *% *"' "/#"rn. M")iu' in#"rn *u prin)" -%*#&rii )in in#"ri&ru' &r %ni8%:i"i *%r" iin-'u"n#"%8; %*#i+i#%#"%. F%*#&ri s#ru*#ur%> *u'#ur%> +%'&ri'"> s#i'uri'" !%n% "ri%'"> *&!uni*%r"%> #" n&'& i% *&nsin#"rn. D" %s"!"n"% -%*#&rii !")iu'ui in#"rn sun# in-'u"n#%#i )" !")iu'"/#"rn. O s%r*in; prin*ip%'; % !%n% "!"n#u'ui "s#" s; s" %si ur" *; s"r+i*iu' in-&r!%#i&n%' "s#" p"r-&r!%n#s"%)%p#"%8; '% s* i!,;ri'" in#"rn" si "/#"rn". A*"s# 'u*ru p&%#" -i r"%'i8%# prin *


5/27

Capitolul :Con+idera ii teoretice pri.ind mediulțambiant al *irmei

P%r#" *&!p&n"n#% % "*&n&!i"i si s&*i"#%#ii> -ir!% *&nsi)"r%#% un sis#"! *&!p)in%!i*> pr"8in#% !u'#ip'" '" %#uri *u !")iu' in *%r" "/is#% si isi )"s-%s&%r% %*#i+i#%#"%*%r" % -&s# *&ns#i#ui#%. In p"ri&%)% %*#u%'%> -ir!% % *%p%#%# )in *" in *" !%i !u'sis#"! )"s* is -%p# *%r" s" p&%#" "/p'i*% %#%# prin -%p#u' *% r"*"p#i&n"%8% si "s#" in#r%ns-&r!%ri'" pr&)us" in !")iu *%# si pri n %*""% *% '% r%n)u' s%u> -ir!% prin in#"r!")iu ,unuri'&r !%#"ri%'" si % s"r+i*ii'&r p" *%r" '" r"%'i8"%8% in-'u"n#"%8% !")iu' in *%r" %*#D"*i pu#"! %)u*" in *&n#inu%r" *% & in#%rir" % *"'&r spus" !%i sus> p%r"r"% unui !%r"in )&!"niu *%r" spun"% *% -ir!% "s#" un *&!p'"/ *" s" &r %ni8"%8% in +i%#% s&*i&3"*%'i#%#" )" %ns%!,'u )" sin" s#%#%#&r %-'%# ins% in *&n#inu" si !u'#ip'" '" %#uri *u !")i

In )"!&ns#r%r"% i!p&r#%n#"i )"s%+%rsi#" % *un&%s#"rii !")iu' %!,i%n# %' &ri*%rin#r"prin)"ri *%r" -un*#i&n"%8% in#r3& "*&n&!i" )" pi%#% %u -&s# %)us" ur!%#&%r"'"

O uni#%#" "*&n&!i*% p&%#" s%#is-%*" %nu!i#" *%#" &rii )" n"+&i> %#%# *%n*%'i#%#i+ )&%r in *&n)i#ii'" in *%r" *un&%s#" si i% in *&nsi)"r%r" "+&'u#ii'" !")iu'ui %!,

R"%'i8%r"% un&r s#r%#" ii si p&'i#i*i )" -ir!% r"%'is#" *%r" s% %si ur" *%'i#%#" pr&-i#%,i'i#%#" %*#i+i#%#ii )"s-%sur%#" )" %*"%s#%> i!pun" in*'u)"r"% "+&'u#i"i -%*#*&r"spun8%#&r si#u%#i"i )%#"

In 'ips% *&nsi)"r%rii -%*#&ri'&r )" !")iu> ni*i & uni#%#" "*&n&!i*% nu p&%#" %psi nu p&%#" s%3si %si ur" r"surs"'" u!%n"> !%#"ri%'"> -in%n*i%r" si in-&r!%#i&n%'" )" *n"+&i" p"n#ru -un*#i&n%r"% si )"8+&'#%r"% s%

P"n#ru %si ur%r"% un&r su,sis#"!" &r %ni8%#&ri*" si in-&r!%#i&n%'" "-i*%*"> *%)&p#%r"% si %p'i*%r"% )" )"*i8ii si %*#iuni "s#" i!p"ri&s n"*"s%r% *un&%s#"r"% "+&)" !")iu *%r" n" p"r!i#" s% %pr"*i"! n"*"si#%#i'" si &p&r#uni#%#i'" pr"8"n#" si )" p"rsp"*#i!")iu'ui %!,i%n#

M")iu' %!,i%n# %' -ir!"i "s#" un *&n*"p# "/#r"! )" )ispu#%# in #"&ri% "*&n&!i*% %)&!"niu'ui> *un&s*%n) & !u'#i!" )" )"-ini#ii. Ins% unii sp"*i%'is#i *&nsi)"r% *% "s#" un %s

in*% n""'u*i)%# )%#% -iin) *&!p'"/i#%#"% !")iu'ui pr"*u! si "'"!"n#"'" s%'" *&!p&n"n#" "/#r)" nu!"r&%s" %'%#uri )" '" %#uri'" "/is#"n#" in#r" "'". Nu )" pu#in" &ri %u -&s# r"%'i8%#"supr%pun"ri % )&i #"r!"ni "/#r"! )" )i-"ri#i si %nu!" !")iu' %!,i%n# si !")iu' in*&n7ur%#&r.

P"n#ru )"'i!i#%r"% %*"s#&r )&u% niunii !%i !u'#i sp"*i%'is#i %u in*"r*%# )i+"rs"in *%r" %r%#% )i-"r"n#"'" )in#r" %*"s#"%.


6/27

M%i pr"*is> %*%)"!i*i%nu' Mi %i Dr% %n"s*u spun"% ...)%*% n" %n)i! '% &!r"u )" &,s"r+%# *% p"n#ru "' prin*ip%'u' !")iu %!,i%n# "s#" s&*i"#%#"%. M")iu' s&*i%' *

)&u% !%ri *&!p&n"n#"( un !")iu #" n&'& i* si un !")iu in#"ru!%n. . Prin !")iu in*&n7ur%# p"n#ru &! in#"'" "! si s&*i"#%#"%> in #i!p *" prin !")iu' in*&n7ur%#&r p"n#ru s&*i"#%#" nu!%i !")iu' in*&n7ur%#&r n%#ur%' )"&%r"*" #" n&'& i*u' "s#" s&*i%' .

In *&n*"p#i% un&r sp"*i%'is#i -r%n*"8i> !")iu' %!,i%n# %' -ir!"i "s#" *&ns#i#ui# )%ns%!,'u' &r %ni8%#ii'&r> %*#&ri'&r si -%*#&ri'&r % *%r&r "/is#"n#% "s#" sus*"p#i,i'%*&!p&r#%!"n#u' si p"r-&r!%n#"'" in#r"prin)"rii .

Es#" ,in" *un&s*u# -%p#u' *% !")iu' %!,i%n# "s#" & niun" "/#r"! )" *&!p'"/%> -iin%'*%#ui# )in "'"!"n#" )" n%#ur%( p&'i#i*%> s&*i%'%> "*&n&!i*%> #" n&'& i*%> 7ur!%ni-"s#% p" p'%n n%#i&n%' si in#"rn%#i&n%' si %*#i&n"%8% %supr% -ir!"i nu in !&) i8s#r%ns% '&r in#"r)"p"n)"n#% .

D"*i> s%ns"'" &ri*%r"i uni#%#i "*&n&!i*" )" %3si %#in " &,i"*#i+"'" p" *%r" si '"3)" % *&n#inu% %*#i+i#%#"% *&r"spun8%#&r %*"s#&r%> )"pin) %#%# )" *%p%,i'i#%#i'-in%n*i%r"> #" n&'& i*" si !%n% "ri%'"> *%# si )" in#"r)"p"n)"n#"'" p" *%r" '" %r" *u &

)" "'"!"n#" *%r" in %ns%!,'u' '&r %'*%#ui"s* *""% *" "s#" )"nu!i# "n"ri* !")iu.Mu'#i#u)in"% "'"!"n#"'&r *&!p&n"n#" %'" !")iu'ui sun# surprins" *"' !%i ,in" in

)"-ini#i" pr&-"s&ru'ui O. Ni*&'"s*u *%r" spun"( As#-"'> !")iu' %!,i%n# *uprin)" #&%#""'"!"n#"'" "/& "n" -ir!"i> )" n%#ur% "*&n&!i*%> #" ni*%> p&'i#i*%> )"!& r%-i*%> *u'#s#iin#i-i*%> &r %ni8%#&ri*%> 7uri)i*%> psi &3s&*i&'& i*%> ")u*%#i&n%'% si "*&'&s#%,i'ir"% &,i"*#i+"'&r %*"s#"i%> &,#in"r"% r"surs"'&r n"*"s%r"> %)&p#%r"% si %p'i*%r"%'i8%r" % '&r.

O %'#% )"-ini#i" "/#r"! )" pr"*is% % !")iu'ui %!,i%n# "s#"( M")iu' -ir!"i r"pr"8in#%%ns%!,'u' -"n&!"n"'&r> si#u%#ii'&r> -&r#"'&r "/#"rn" si &ri*%r&r %'#" -&r!" )" !%ni-"s#%%*"s#&r% *%r" -&r!"%8% *%)ru' )" "/is#"n#% si )" %*#iun" %' -ir!"i .

C%r%*#"ris#i*i'" *"'" !%i i!p&r#%n#" %'" !")iu'ui %!,i%n# %' -ir!"i p -i sin#"#i8%

1. uni*i#%#"> *%r%*#"ris#i*% *" )"s"!n"%8% -%p#u' *% &ri*" uni#%#" "*&n&!i*% % pr&priu in)i+i)u%'i8%# si ir"p"#%,i'> %)i*% )%*% )&u% -ir!" %u un pr&-i' "/#r"! )" %s"!%n#usi !")ii'" )" 'u*ru sun# )i-"ri#"

2. )in%!is!> -%p# )"!&ns#r%# )" s* i!,%ri'" r"p"#%#" si )i-"ri#" p" *%r" '" sup&r#% "'"!"*&!p&n"n#"

$. s"nsi,i'i#%#" '% in-'u"n#%> #r%s%#ur% *" r"8i)% in -%p#u' *% p" '%n % %*""% *% %*#i+i#%#"% -ir!"i> %*"s#% sup&r#% '% r%n)u' s%u in-'u"n#"'" %*"s#"i% *%r" sun# pr&!%ri!"% s%> *u +&'u!u' %-%*"ri'&r s%'"> p&8i#i% )"#inu#% in *%)ru' )&!"niu'ui in *%r" %Cun&%s#"r"% %*"s#"i #r%s%#uri % !")iu'ui %!,i%n# )% p&si,i'i#%#"% -ir!"i )" % )"s*&p"*"'" !%i s"nsi,i'" si &p&r#uni#%#i'" p" *%r" %*"s#% '" &-"r%.

4


7/27

D%*% %n%'i8%! *ir*u!s#%n#"'" in *%r" isi )"s-%s&%r% -ir!% %*#i+i#%#"% pr"*u*%r" "s#" in-'u"n#%#% )" *%#r" %*"s#"%> s" p )")u*" #r"i #ipuri )" !")iu si %nu!"(

!")iu' s#%,i' *%r" in *&n*"p#i% un&r sp"*i%'is#i "/is#% )&%r #"&r"#i* si pr"supun" %un"i s#ru*#uri *%r" nu p&%#" -i !&)i-i*%#% p" #"r!"n s*ur# si !")iu> i%r )ir"*#ii'" )" %*#iu+i8"%8% sp"*i%'i8%r"% *%pi#%'u'ui u!%n

!")iu' s* i!,%#&r> "s#" un !")iu sp"*i-i* )&!"nii'&r s"r+i*ii'&r si *&ns#ru*#ii'&r si s"

*%r%*#"ri8"%8% prin )i+"rs" !&)i-i*%ri> )" %!p'i#u)ini )i+"rs" si )" *"'" !%i !u'#" &ri pr"+i8 prin u#i'i8%r"% un&r !"#&)" %)"*+%#" )" %n#i*ip%r" % pr&)u*"rii '&r

!")iu #ur,u'"n#> *%r%*#"ri8%# prin !&)i-i*%ri r"u )" %n#i*ip%# si "/#r"! )" -r"*+"n#in*i)"n#" !%7&r" %supr% uni#%#ii "*&n&!i*". R"8is#"n#% '% s* i!,%ri % -ir!"i "s#" )%#%*&n-run#%r"% "i *u un %s"!"n"% !")iu> i%r in p"ri&%)% )" %)%p#%r"> )in%!is!u' !%n%)"&s",i#. A*"s# #ip )" !")iu "s#" *"' !%i )"s in#%'ni# in r%!uri'" )" +%r- %'" "*&n&!i"i> *"'&rin%'#% #" n&'& i"> *%r%*#"ri8%#" prin#r3un r%) )" inn&ir" % pr&)us"'&r "/#r"! )" ri)i*#" n&'& i" )" u'#i!% "n"r%#i".

Dup% p%r"r"% 'ui I. Ans&--> prin*ip%'ii -%*#&ri *%r" )"#"r!in% ni+"'u' )" #ur,u'"n#!")iu'ui -ir!"i s" r"-"r% '%( r%pi)i#%#"% s* i!,%ri'&r> +%ri%#ii'" pi"#"i> pr"-"rin#"'" *'i"n#i*"rin#"'" &r %nis!"'&r u+"rn%!"n#%'" s%u %'" rupuri'&r )" pr"siun".

Lu%n) in *%'*u' *"'" !%i r"*"n#" %,&r)%ri r"-"ri#&%r" '% !")iu> s" p&%#" %-ir!% *%"s#" un %ns%!,'u )" %*#&ri si rupuri )" in#"r"s" @s#& " &')"rs *%r" in*'u)" pr&pri"#%*#i&n%rii> !%n% "rii> s%'%ri%#ii> -urni8&rii> *'i"n#ii> ,%n*i'"> s#%#u'> *&!uni#%#" p -i %-"*#%#i )" !&)u' )" *&n*"p"r" si )"s-%sur%r" % %*#i+i#%#ii in#r"prin)"rii si> '% r%)ispun )" )i-"ri#" !i7'&%*" )" *&n#r&' %supr% %*"s#"i%.

As#-"'> )%*% *&n-&r! *&n*"p#ii'&r #r%)i#i&n%'"> s*&pu' -in%' %' &ri*%r"i uni#%"r% s%#is-%*"r"% in#"r"s"'&r %*#i&n%ri'&r> %s#%8i #r",ui" s% s" %i,% in +")"r" si %r!&)i-"ri#"'&r in#"r"s" %'" s#& " &')"ri'&r. D"*i> in#r"prin)"ri'" +&r #r",ui s% )"p%s"%s*% si#*%r" r%spun)"%u in !&) p%si+ *&ns#r%n "ri'&r in#"rn" si "/#"rn"> si s% s" &ri"n#"8" spr"s"'"*#i+> in -un*#i" )" i!p&r#%n#% r"surs"'&r> r%)u' )" *&n#r&' %' )i-"ri#"'&r rupuri )" in%supr% u#i'i8%rii si )is#ri,u#i"i '&r> "/is#"n#% %'#&r surs" %'#"rn%#i+" si p&si,i'i#%#"% )%*"s#"%> "#*.

In %*#u%'% p"ri&%)% !")iu' %!,i%n# %' in#r"prin)"rii % )&,%n)i# & s-"r% !%i '%r*uprin)"r"> *u *%r" in#r"#in" !%i !u'#" #ipuri )" r"'%#ii> *%r" )up% *'i!%#u' in *%r" s" )"8+s#%#u#u' p%r#"n"ri'&r> p -i )" !%i !u'#" *%#" &rii> !%i pr"*is *&n*ur"n#i%'"> )" *&'%%'i%n#% s%u )&!in%r". A*"s#" r"'%#ii sun# surprins" in s* "!% )" !%i 7&s> %)%p#%#% )M%# "(

6


8/27

Fi ur% nr. 2.1.In#r"prin)"r"% si r"'%#ii'" s%'" *u !")iu %!,i%n#

Din *"'" r"'%#%#" !%i sus> s" p&%#" spun" *% !")iu' %!,i%n# #r",ui" %n%'i8%# in#r& +i8iun" )in%!i*% prin *%r" s" p )"#"r!in% "+&'u#ii'" -%+&r%,i'" s%u n"-%+&r%,i'" %*&!p&n"n#"'&r s%'"> *%r" )u* '% -r%n%r"% s%u )in%!i8%r"% %*#i+i#%#ii &ri*%r"i uni#

S" !%i p&%#" *&n*'u8i&n% si -%p#u' *% r"'%#i% )in#r" -ir!% si !")iu' %!,i%n# "s#" *&n"/iun" in+"rs%> %)i*% -ir!% "s#" in-'u"n#%#% )" !")iu' %!,i%n# prin !u'#i#u)in"% )" "'"!*&!p&n"n#"> )%r si !")iu' "s#" '% r%n)u' s%u in-'u"n#%# )" *%#r" -i"*%r" -ir!% in p%r#" prin#"r!")iu' ,unuri'&r !%#"ri%'" si % s"r+i*ii'&r p" *%r" '" r"%'i8"%8%.

R"-"ri#&r '% !&)i-i*%ri'" pr&)us" in !")iu'ui %!,i%n# !%7&ri#%#"% %u#&ri'&r rup-%*#&rii )" in-'u"n#% )up% pr&+"ni"n#% si r&'u' '&r in +i%#% "*&n&!i*&3s&*i%'% in )&*%#" &rii si %nu!"( -%*#&ri )" !")iu n%#ur%'i> %)i*% *&n)i#ii'" )" s&'> %#!&s-"r%> %p'%*uri> p%)uri> si -%*#&ri )" !")iu %r#i-i*i%'i> )%*% n" r"-"ri! '% *&n)i#ii'" *r"%#" )" &! %!"'i&r%r"% *&n)i#ii'&r )" +i%#% si !un*%. M")iu' %!,i%n# p&%#" -i i!p%r#i# in -un*#i" !&)i-i*%ri'" *%r" p %p%r"%> in !")iu in#"rn si !")iu "/#"rn -ir!"i.

In 'i#"r%#ur% )" sp"*i%'i#%#" "/is#" & !u'#i#u)in" )" in*"r*%ri )" *'%si-i*%r" % -%*#in-'u"n#%> pr"*u! si )" *u%n#i-i*%r" % !%ri!ii si s"nsu'ui '&r. In "n"r%' *"% !%i %**"p#%*'%si-i*%r" % -%*#&ri'&r )" in-'u"n#% %3i !")iu'ui %!,i%n# "s#"(

G -%*#&rii "*&n&!i*i> *%r" *uprin) +%ri%,i'" )" &r)in "*&n&!i* *%r" 7&%*% un r&' i)"8+&'#%r"% s%u -r%n%r"% %*#i+i#%#ii -ir!"i> %+%n) & %*#iun" )ir"*#% %supr% %*"%i*i '% * "'#ui"'i si +"ni#uri> pr"#uri si #%ri-"> pi%#% in#"rn% si "/#"rn%> "#*.

5


9/27

G -%*#&rii )" !%n% "!"n# *%r" in-'u"n#"%8% -ir!% )in "/#"ri&r si n" r"-"ri! '% &r %ni8"*&n&!i"i n%#i&n%'"> *&&r)&n%r"% '% ni+"' !%*r&"*&n&!i*> "#*.

G -%*#&ri #" ni*i si #" n&'& i*i> *" p pr&)u*" !&)i-i*%ri su,s#%n#i%'" in "s#iun"%*#i+i#%#"% -ir!"i si in*'u)"! %i*i pr& r"su' #" ni*> *%'i#%#"% *"r*"#%rii s#iin#i-i*&3# ,r"+"#"'&r> "#*.

G -%*#&rii )"!& r%-i*i> *" s" r"-"r% '% #%'i#%#"% "'"!"n#"'&r )"!& r%-i*" *" p

%*#i+i#%#"% -ir!"i si %nu!"( nu!%ru' si s#ru*#ur% p&pu'%#i"i> p&n)"r"% s#ru*#uri &*up%G -%*#&rii s&*i&3*u'#ur%'i> *%r" %u )" r" u'% & %*#iun" in)ir"*#% )%r "/#r"! )" i!p&in*'u)"! %i*i s%n%#%#"%> in+%#%!%n#u'> *u'#ur%> "#*.

G -%*#&ri "*&'& i*i *%r" %u *%p%#%# n&i %**"n#" in p"ri&%)% %*#u%'% si p i!%sur% -&%r#" !%r" si *%r" s" r"-"r% '%( r"surs"'" n%#ur%'"> *'i!%> +" "#%#i%> %p%>

G -%*#&rii 7uri)i*i> *%r" *uprin) #%'i#%#"% %*#"'&r> '" i'&r> )"*r"#"'&r si %ru+"rn%!"n#%'" *" p in-'u"n#% -ir!% si %*#i+i#%#"% s%

G -%*#&ri p&'i#i*i un)" s" p in*'u)" p&'i#i*% "*&n&!i*%> s&*i%'%> s#%,i'i#%#"% ins#%,i'i#%#"% p&'i#i*%> "#*.

Dup% p%r"r"% %'#&r sp"*i%'is#i in )&!"niu> "'"!"n#"'" *" in#r% in *&!p&n"n#% !")%!,i%n# %' -ir!"i sun# )" n%#ur% )i-"ri#%> si )%# -iin) %*"s# -%p# s" p )"#"r!in% ur!%#%'" %*"s#ui !")iu(

L%#ur% s&*i%'% *%r" *uprin)" %ns%!,'u' r"'%#ii'&r u!%n" p" *%r" -ir!%> !%n% "s%'%ri%#ii %*"s#"i% '" %u *u p"rs&%n" si &r %ni8%#ii "/#"ri&%r"> *u s&*i"#%#" in "nP"n#ru -ir!%> %*"s#" r"'%#ii *uprin) n&r!" )" *&!p&r#%!"n#> %#i#u)ini'" si +%'&ri'" *&nss&*i"#%#ii> pr"*u! si *&!p&r#%!"n#u' in)i+i)u%' si *&'"*#i+ !i+%# )" %*"s#" +%'&ri

L%#ur% "*&n&!i*% "s#" '%#ur% !")iu'ui -ir!"i *%r" %r" un i!p%*# )ir"*# %supr% %*uprin)" ur!%#&%r"'" "'"!"n#" *&!p&n"n#"( s#%,i'i#%#"% "*&n&!i*% "n"r%'%> r%#% ins&!%7u'ui> *ursu' +%'u#%r> p&'i#i*% u+"rn%!"n#%'% !%*r& si !i*r&"*&n&!i*%> *&"-iris*u'ui )" #%r%> r%#% )&,%n8i'&r> si#u%#i% in)us#ri"i )" pr&-i'> s#ru*#ur% pi"#"i> -&r#sin)i*%#"'&r> pu#"r"% )" *u!p%r%r" in#"rn%> !"*%nis!u' -&r!%rii pr"#uri'&r> sis#"!u' )" i!psi #%/"> "#*.

L%#ur% #" n&'& i*% "s#" *%r%*#"ri8%#% in pri!u' r%n) )" pr& r"su' #" ni* *%r"*%r%*#"r "/p'&8i+> *&!p'"/ si !u'#i'%#"r%' si s" !%ni-"s#% in ur!%#&%r"'" )ir"*#ii( %p%ri#

pr&)us" si s"r+i*ii> %p%ri#i% un&r s&'u#ii %'#"rn%#i+" p"n#ru !%#"rii'" pri!"> pr&)u*"r"%s* i!,%ri in pr&)us"'" si s"r+i*ii'" *&!p'"!"n#%r"

L%#ur% "*&'& i*% %p%ru#% *% ur!%r" % i!p%*#u'ui p" *%r" i' %r" %*#i+i#%#"*%#r" -ir!% %supr% !")iu'ui in*&n7ur%#&r> *%r" '% r%n)u' s%u %*#i&n"%8% %supr% -iunui *%)ru )" %*#i+i#%#"% -%+&r%,i' s%u )"-%+&r%,i'


10/27

Capitolul : Mediul e3ternAs% *u! %! %r%#%# in su,*%pi#&'u' %n#"ri&r> !")iu' &ri*%r"i -ir!" s" i!p%r#" in!")

in#"rn @*&!p%r#i!"n#"'"> p"rs&%n"'" si rupuri'" )in *%)ru' -ir!"i *" p in-'u"n#% in#r3uns%u %'#u' -ir!% si !")iu "/#"rn @-&r#"'" prin*ip%'" )in %-%r% -ir!"i *%r" %u un p"n#i%s"!ni-i*%#i+ )" i!p%*# % -ir!"i . A*"%s#% i!p%r#ir" % !")iu'ui %!,i%n# s" )%#&r"%8% in p!is*%ri'&r *" %u '&* in !")iu' -ir!"i.

Prin in#"r!")iu' #"&ri"i sis#"!"'&r s" p&%#" pun" in "+i)"n#% i!p&r#%n#% )"s%+%rsi!")iu'ui p"n#ru -ir!%. In *&ns&n%n#% *u p"rsp"*#i+% sis#"!"'&r> & uni#%#" "*&n&!i*% +su**"s !%/i!i8%# )%*% "% &p"r"%8% *u un sis#"! )"s* is *%r" in#"r%*#i&n"%8% in p"r!%!")iu' s%u "/#"rn> i%r %*"s#% ii &-"r% un -""),%* *&n#inuu. A*"s#" %sp"*#" i!pun *%in#r"prin)"ri'" s% p&s")" !%n% "ri )ispusi s% in#r"prin)% %*#iuni sus#inu#" p"n#ru *un&%in#"'" "r"% !")iu'ui "/#"rn *%rui% #r",ui" s%3i -%*% -%#%.

In#r3& %'#% *&n*"p#i"> )%# -iin) -%p#u' *% r"%'i8%r"% unui s#u)iu *&!p'"# %' !")"/#r"! )" *&!p'"/ si )i-i*i'> "s#" in)i*%# s% s" pr&*")"8" )" & !%ni"r% %n%'i#i*% si s"'"*#ii!p%r#in) %*"%s#% n",u'&%s% *%r" "s#" !")iu' "/#"rn in )&u% s" !"n#" *" n" p %7u ,un% in#"'" "r" % i!p%*#u'ui '&r si % -%*#&ri'&r )" in-'u"n#% %supr% %*#i+i#%#ii in#r"pr"'%#ii'&r *%u8%3"-"*#. As#-"'> !")iu' %!,i%n# %' in#r"prin)"rii "s#" i!p%r#i# in( !i*r&!")ius" !"n#u' *&!pus )in &r %ni8%#ii'" si rupuri'" )" in#"r"s" *%r" in#"r+in in i!")i%#% %pr&% -ir!"i> !%i pr"*is -urni8&rii> in#"r!")i%rii> *&n*ur"n#ii> *'i"n#ii> &r %ni8%#ii -in%n*i pu,'i*%> "#*. si !%*r&!")iu s%u !")iu' '%r %'*%#ui# )in %*"i -%*#&ri> *&n)i#ii si !" %3s" !%ni-"s#% in s&*i"#%#" si nu p -i r"+"n)i*%#" )" *%#r" %nu!i#" &r %ni8%#ii> ins%in#r"prin)"r"% in#r3un !&) "/#r"! )" "+i)"n#.

Fi ur% nr. 2.1. M")iu' "/#"rn si in#"rn %' in#r"prin)"rii


11/27

M" %3!")iu s%u !")iu' '%r p&%#" -i )"-ini# *% %*"% p%r#" % !")iu'ui "/#"rn %' -ir!r"pr"8in#% "/pr"si% -%*#&ri'&r> *&n)i#ii'&r si #"n)in#"'&r '%r i )in s&*i"#%#"> *" p in%nu!i#% !%sur% -ir!% si %*#i+i#%#"% )"s-%sur%#% )" *%#r" %*"%s#%.

C"'" *in*i "'"!"n#" %'" !" %3!")iu'ui sun#( "'"!"n#u' #" n&'& i*> "'"!"n#u' "*&n&!i*>"'"!"n#u' s&*i&3*u'#ur%'> "'"!"n#u' 7uri)i*&3p&'i#i* si "'"!"n#u' in#"rn%#i&n%'. Sp"*i-i* %"'"!"n#" "s#" -%p#u' *% nu p -i !&)i-i*%#" s%u in-'u"n#%#" )" *%#r" %*#i+i#%#"% un"i

E'"!"n#u' #" n&'& i*> "s#" s" !"n#u' !" %3!")iu'ui *%r" r"-'"*#% ni+"'u' *r"%#i+i#% p&si,i'i#%#i'" )" %p'i*%r" % r"8u'#%#"'&r %*"s#"i% in r"%'i8%r"% ,unuri'&r si s"r+i*ii'&r>#" ni* si #" n&'& i*> s* i!,%ri'" #" n&'& i*" %p%ru#% *% ur!%r" % *"r*"#%rii s#iin#i"-"*#"'" p&si,i'" %'" %*"s#&r% *" s" p !%#"ri%'i8% in n&i pr&)us" si s"r+i*ii. M%i pr"*"'"!"n#u' #" n&'& i* r"-'"*#% ni+"'u' )" *un&s#in#" in *""% *" pri+"s#" pr&)u*#i% )" ,unus"r+i*ii . C i%r )%*% un"'" in#r"prin)"ri %u un %+%n#%7 *&!p"#i#i+ &-"ri# )" )"#in"r"% *un&s#in#" #" ni*"> ,r"+"#" )" in+"n#ii si p%#"n#"> %*"s#"% nu p )"#"r!in% in-'u"n#% #" n&'& i* in %ns%!,'u' s%u> )"&%r"*" #u#ur&r *"'&r'%'#" -ir!" '" "s#" %pr&%p" i!p&si,i%-"*#"8" p&8i#i+ s%u n" %#i+ pr& r"su' #" n&'& i*.

E'"!"n#u' "*&n&!i* "s#" p%r#" % !" %3!")iu'ui in *%r" s" r"%'i8"%8% "#%p"'" )" pr&)u*"r"> )is#ri,u#i" si *&nsu! % ,unuri'&r> s"r+i*ii'&r si 'u*r%ri'&r r"%'i8%#". Din *%)ru"'"!"n# -%* p%r#" -%*#&ri pr"*u! r%#% *r"s#"rii "*&n&!i*"> r%#% in-'%#i"i> r%#% )&,%in-r%s#ru*#ur%> +"ni#uri'"> ,%'%n#% *&!"r*i%'%> "#*. In "n"r%'> #%ri'" %u "*&n&!ii"'"!"n#"'" *"'&r )&u% #ipuri )" "*&n&!ii #r%)i#i&n%'" s" *&!,in% in %nu!i#" pr&p&r#ii si i%nu!i#" ni+"'" )" *&r"'%#i" s%u *&n#r%)i*#i". D" %*""% !u'#i#u)in"% )" -ir!" *%r" %*#i&)i-"ri#" #%ri> #r",ui" s% s" supun% p" '%n % r" u'i'&r pi"#"i si )i+"rs"'&r r" u'i "*&n&!i*"."/"!p'u> in &ri*%r" sis#"! "*&n&!i*> -ir!"'" sun in-'u"n#%#" )" -%*#&ri "*&n&!i*i p" *%r" p !&)i-i*%> pr"*u! r%#% in-'%#i"i si r%#% )&,%n8ii.

E'"!"n#u' p&'i#i*&3'" is'%#i+ r"pr"8in#% p%r#"% *&!p&n"n#% % !" %3!")iu' %'*%sis#"!u' u+"rn%!"n#%' si 7uri)i* in *%r" & -ir!% #r",ui" s%3si )"s-%s&%r" %*#i+i#%#"%. %*#i&n"%8% in#r3& %nu!i#% #%r% s" +% su,&r)&n% *%)ru'ui '" %' "n"r%' %' #%rii r"

u+"rn%#% )" & )i+"rsi#%#" )" '" i *%r" sp"*i-i*% "/pr"s !&)%'i#%#"% in *%r" "'" -un*#i%*#i&n% in *&ns&n%n#% *u )"*i8ii'" #ri,un%'"'&r si % *ur#ii supr"!" *%r" '" p"r!i#" s%3sr"+i8ui%s*% pr&*")uri'" in %rii'" )" 'i#i iu pr&,%,i'" s%u s% *%u#" *&nsu'#%n#% 7uri)i*%%s"!"n"% & -ir!% "s#" in-'u"n#%#% )" sis#"!u' p&'i#i* "/is#"n# in #%r% in *%r" -un*#i&n"%s#%,i'i#%#"% s%u ins#%,i'i#%#"% p&'i#i*% &-"rin) su**"s s%u insu**"s %*#i+i#%#ii )"s-% p&'i#i*i'" "*&n&!i*" %+%ns%#" si %p'i*%#" )" *%#r" u+"rn in "*&n&!i% r"sp"*#i+%.

E'"!"n#u' s&*i&3*u'#ur%' p&%#" -i )"-ini# *% #%'i#%#"% %#i#u)ini'&r> +%'&r*&n)ui#%> *&!p&r#%!"n#"'&r si #"n)in#"'&r )"!& r%-i*" *%r%*#"ris#i*" un"i %rii "& rIn %*#u%'% p"ri&%)%> "s#" ,in" s#iu# *% in*'usi+ %sp"*#"'" s&*i&3*u'#ur%'" s" %-'% in#s* i!,%r" si #r%ns-&r!%r". A*"s# %sp"*# i!pun" !%n% "ri'&r &ri*%r"i -ir!" & %#"n#i" sp&%n%'i8% si in#"'" "r"% "'"!"n#u'ui s&*i&3*u'#ur%' p"n#ru "+i#%r"% %!"nin#%ri'&r si -ru*&p&r#uni#%#i'&r. S* i!,%ri %*#u%'" *%r" s" !%ni-"s#% si in #%r% n&%s#r% sun#( s*%)"!un*i#&ri'&r )in rup% )" +%rs#% 1 32 )" %ni> *r"s#"r"% +%rs#"i '% *%r" s" r"%'i8"%8%

10


12/27

%*&r)%r"% un"i i!p&r#%n#" !%i ri)i*%#" si'u"#"i *%r" )u*" '% s* i!,%r"% &,i*"iuri'&r )" "#*.

D"&s",i# )" i!p&r#%n# p"n#ru !%n% "!"n#u' &ri*%r"i -ir!" *%r" -un*#i&n"%8% in *"/#r"! )" *&!p'"/" %'" "*&n&!i"i )" pi%#% "s#" )i% n&s#i*%r"% !")iu'ui "/#"rn *%r" '" p"r!ir"'"+%r"% %!"nin#%ri'&r> *&ns#r%n "ri'&r s%u &p&r#uni#%#i'&r pr"8"n#" %'" !")iu'ui pr pr"+i8i&n%r"% "+&'u#i"i p" #"r!"n 'un % )&!"niu'ui in *%r" %*#i&n"%8%. An%'i8% !")iu#r",ui" s% ur!%r"%s*%> in !&) sis#"!%#i*> prin*ip%'"'" *%r%*#"ris#i*i> #"n)in#" si in-'u"n%'" !%*r&3!")iu'ui.

M")iu' "/#"rn sp"*i-i* s%u !i*r&!")iu' p&%#" -i )"-ini# *% #%'i#%#"% &r %ni8%#rupuri'&r )" in#"r"s" *" %*#i&n"%8% in i!")i%#% %pr&pi"r" % in#r"prin)"rii si %u & in-'u

s%u p"n#i%'% %supr% *%p%*i#%#ii %*"s#"i% )" %3si %#in " s*&puri'".

In *&n*"p#i% %'#&r sp"*i%'is#i in )&!"niu> !")iu' "/#"rn sp"*i-i*> p%r#" *&!p&n"n#!" %3!")iu'ui> r"pr"8in#% !u'#i!"% )" "'"!"n#" sp"*i-i*" )in %-%r% *u *%r" &r %ni8%#i%in#"r%*#i&n"%8% in pr&*"su' *&n)u*"rii ,usin"ss3u'ui "i .

C"'" !%i i!p&r#%n#" "'"!"n#" *&!p&n"n#" %'" !")iu'ui "/#"rn sp"*i-i* s" r"-"r% '%*'i"n#ii -ir!"i> *&n*ur"n#%> -urni8&rii> %u#&ri#%#i'" )" s#%# '&*%'" si pi%#% -&r#"i )" ! p"ri&%)% & i!p&r#%n#% )in *" in *" !%i !%r" in *%)ru' %*"s#ui !")iu i' pr"8in#% in#"r!")i%&r %nis!"'" -in%n*i%r".

Mi*r&!")iu' )"pin)" in !%r" !%sur% )" #ipu' pr&)us"'&r si s"r+i*ii'&r p" *%r" '%r"%'i8"%8% si '" &-"r% p" pi%#%> )%r si )" %ri% "& r%-i*% in *%r" -ir!% isi )"s-%s&%As% *u! %! %r%#%# si in su,*%pi#&'u' %n#"ri&r> & -ir!% *%r" %*#i&n"%8% sin ur%> i

"& r%-i*%> pr"8in#% )i-i*u'#%#i !%7&r" in in-'u"n#%r"% !" %3!")iu'ui> ins% nu %*"'% p&%#" %-ir!% )"spr" !")iu' sp"*i-i* *%r" p&%#" -i !&)"'%# !u'# !%i us&r !%i %'"s )%*% -ir pr"8in#% & pu#"r" "*&n&!i*% )"&s",i#% in 8&n% r"sp"*#i+%. P"n#ru *un&%s#"r"% !")iu&ri*" uni#%#" "*&n&!i*% &ri*" in#r"prin)"r" #r",ui" s%3si "+%'u"8" pr&pri% s% si#u%#i"*&nsi)"r% *% -iin) &p&r#un% in#"'" "r"% !%i in#%i % !")iu'ui *&n*ur"n#i%' in *%r" -un*-ir!%> %p&i % !")iu'ui sp"*i-i*> % r"'%#ii'&r -ir!"i *u s#& " &')"rii> i%r !%i %p&i )in !"s% s" s"'"*#"8" %*"'" uni+"rsuri *%r" %u & in-'u"n#% s"!ni-i*%#i+% %supr% in)us#ri"i s*&!p&r#%!"n#u' )i-"ri#"'&r -ir!" *" %*#i&n"%8% in %*"%s#%.

P"n#ru & -ir!% )" s%n%#%#" )" "/"!p'u> !%i pr"*is & uni#%#" !")i*%'%> "'"!"n#"'"!")iu'ui "/#"rn sp"*i-i* %r pu#"% %+"% ur!%#&%r"% %'ur%( *'i"n#ii sun# )i+"rs" p"rs&%n"*&n*ur"n#ii sun# -ir!"'" )" %*"'%si pr&-i' )in 8&n% in *%r" %*#i&n"%8% %*"%s#%> %

u+"rn%!"n#%'" s" r"-"r% '% C%!"r% )" C&!"r# si In)us#ri"> A "n#i% L&*%'% p"n#ru Pr&!")iu'ui> -urni8&rii sun# % "n#ii "*&n&!i*i *%r" %u %*"s# &,i"*# )" %*#i+i#%#" )in )i+"rs pi%#% -&r#"i )" !un*% s" r"-"r% in sp"*i%' '% pi%#% *"'&r sp"*i%'i8%#i in %*"s# )&!"niu

C'i"n#ii p%r#" *&!p&n"n#% % !")iu' "/#"rn "n"r%'> sun# r"pr"8"n#%#i )in #%'i#%in)i+i8i'&r si % &r %ni8%#ii'&r *%r" s&'i*i#% si *&nsu!% pr&)us"'"> s"r+i*ii'" s%u 'u*r%r)" -ir!% in *%u8%.

11


13/27

In %*#u%'% p"ri&%)% &ri*" -ir!% % *&ns#i"n#i8%# -%p#u' *% "s#" "/#r"! )" i!p&r*un&%s*% !u'# !%i ,in" *&nsu!%#&rii pr&)us"'&r s%'"> r"%'i8%n) in %*"s# s"ns )i+"rs" s# p"n#ru % *un&%s#" *&!p&r#%!"n#u' *'i"n#i'&r s%i si *&n*"n#r%n)u3s" spr" %*"'" s" !"n#n"*"si#%#i sun# s%#is-%*u#" !%i ,in" )" *%#r" -ir!% r"sp"*#i+% )"*%# &ri*%r" %'#%.

C&n*ur"n#% & %'#% *&!p&n"n#% % !")iu'ui "/#"rn sp"*i-i* &ri*%r"i -ir!" s" r"-"r% %ns%!,'u' p"rs&%n"'&r 7uri)i*" *%r" r"%'i8"%8% s%u %u p&si,i'i#%#"% r"%'% )" % r"%'i8 pi%#% pr&)us" si s"r+i*ii ri+%'". T *&n*ur"n#i sun# *&nsi)"r%#i si %*"i % "n#i "*&n&in#"r"s%#i )" pu#"r"% )" *u!p%r%r" % *'i"n#i'&r> s%u '" %-"*#"%8% %*"%s#% *%p%*i#%*&n*ur"n#"i &ri*" -ir!% *%r" isi pr&pun" s% *&n#r%*%r"8" "-"*#"'" n" %#i+" %'" %*"s#r"%'i8"8" & %n%'i8% %!%nun#i#% *%r" *uprin)" ur!%#&%r"'" "#%p"( )"-inir"% !")iu'ui *&i)"n#i-i*%r"% prin*ip%'"'&r *%r%*#"ris#i*i %'" !")iu'ui *&n*ur"n#i%'> %n%'i8% -&r#"'&r si % in#"nsi#%#ii *&n*ur"n#"i si %n%'i8% p&8i#i&n%rii *&n*ur"n#i'&r. P"n#ru % -i si "%r")u#%,i'% p"n#ru p%r#"n"rii )" %-%*"ri> &ri*" -ir!% #r",ui" s% %n%'i8"8" -&%r#" ,in" %**&n*ur"n#" pr"*u! si p"n#i%'i *&n*ur"n#i *" p in#r% p" pi%#%> s% "+i)"n#i"8" %#us'%,i*iuni'" *&n*ur"n#i'&r in s*&pu' )" % pun" ,%8"'" un&r %+%n#%7" *&!p"#i#i+" )ur%,i'*&n# )" p"n#i%'u' s%u in#"rn si )" *%p%*i#%#"% s% )" !&,i'i8%r"> p"n#ru %)%p#%r"%

#r%ns-&r!%r"% r"surs"'&r *&r"spun8%#&r "/i "n#"'&r !")iu'ui *&n*ur"n#i%'.Furni8&rii sun# p"rs&%n"'" -i8i*" si 7uri)i*" *%r" *&n#ri,ui" '% %pr&+i8i&n%r"% -i

r"surs"'" n"*"s%r" )"s-%sur%rii %*#i+i#%#ii in *&n)i#ii ,un". In "n"r%'> -ir!"'" %u !"n#inu*r")in#% *&n+"n#i&n%'% *% *"' !%i -%+&r%,i' "s#" "/is#"n#% unui nu!%r !%r" )" -urni8&"+i#% *r"%r"% )"p"n)"n#"i )" & sin ur% surs%. Tusi )%#" -iin) *&n)i#ii'" %*#u%'" %'" %*"r," s3% %7uns '% *&n*'u8i% *% "s#" !%i pr&-i#%,i' s% "/is#" un nu!%r r")us )" -urni8&s% s" n" &*i"8" *&n#r%*#"'".

Pi%#% -&r#"i )" !un*% *&ns#% in p&pu'%#i% %*#i+%> %i *%r&r *&!p&n"n#i p&%i -ir!"i. In *""% *" pri+"s#" s*&pu' -in%' %' -ir!"i )" % *r"% ,unuri si s"r+i*ii *&!p"#i#i+" si!pun" & %#"n#i" )"&s",i#% in +")"r"% %#r% "rii> !i+%rii si r"#in"rii r"surs"'&r u!%n".

Au#&ri#%#i'" )" s#%# in*'u)" #%'i#%#"% % "n#ii'&r u+"rn%!"n#%'" *%r" pr"+%ur!%r"s* r"sp"*#%r"% %*"s#&r%. R"'%#ii'" *u %u#&ri#%#i'" )" s#%# p -i )"-ini#" in#r3&!%i '%r %> )%# -iin) -%p#u' *% s#%#u' p&%#" s% *&ns#r%n % in#r"prin)"ri'" prin in#"r!"-is*%'" si %' r" '"!"n#%ri'&r '" %'"> )%r p&%#" s% si in#"r+in% p"n#ru sus#in"r"% %*#i+i prin in#"r!")iu' su,+"n#ii'&r si %7u#&%r"'&r ,u "#%r"> !%i !u'# s%u !%i pu#in )i-"r"n#i%#" )&!"niu' )" %*#i+i#%#". L% ni+"' '&*%'> & -ir!% p&%#" %+"% r"'%#ii *u ur!%#&%r"'" %us#%#u'ui( % "n#ii'" )" pr"*#i" % !")iu'ui in*&n7ur%#&r> %)!inis#r%#ii'" -in%n*i%r"> *&sis#"!%#i8%r" ur,%n%> )"p%r#%!"n#" pu,'i*"> p&'i#i%> "#*.

In in*"r*%r"% )" % s#%,i'ii si % in#"'" " '" %#uri'" *" s" s#%,i'"s* in#r" -ir!" si !")iu' %u *&n#ur%# )&u% !&)"'"(

G!&)"'u' "*&'& i* s%u s"'"*#%rii n%#ur%'" *%r" r"pr"8in#% %*"% %,&r)%r" % in#"r-"#"i*%r" s" *&n*"n#r"%8% p" rupuri )" -ir!" s%u p&pu'%#ii si pr"supun" *% su, in-'u"n#% -%*!")iu r"8is#% )&%r -ir!"'" pu#"rni*" si s#%,i'"> i%r *"'"'%'#" )isp%r

12


14/27

G !&)"'u' )"p"n)"n#"i )" r"surs" "s#" %*"% +i8iun" *%r" 'i!i#"%8% )"p"n)"n#% -ir!"i )"!")iu> )" r"surs"> *&nsi)"r%n)u3s" *% ni*i & in#r"prin)"r" nu p&%#" "n"r% in#"rn !u'#i#u)r"surs" )" *%r" %r" n"+&i" p"n#ru )"s-%sur%r"% %*#i+i#%#ii s%'"> -%p# *" )"#"r!in% r"'%-ir!" *""% *" r")u*" %u#&n&!i% in "'%,&r%r"% pr&prii'&r %*#iuni.

P"n#ru "+%'u%r"% !")iu'ui> s%r*in% "/#r"! )" )i-i*i'% si un"&ri i!p&si,i'% in 'ips% un+&'u! ins"!n%# )" in-&r!%#ii> "s#" n"*"s%r 'u%r"% in *&nsi)"r%r" % )&u% *&n*"p#" +%'&%nu!"( in*"r#i#u)in"% !")iu'ui *%r" s" r"-"r% '% %*"% s#%r" % !")iu'ui in *%r" *&n)i#ii'" +)" %*#iun" nu p -i "+%'u%#" *u pr"*i8i" si *%p%*i#%#"% !")iu'ui> )" % spri7inii *r"s#"rs%u s#%,i'i#%#"% -ir!"i.

Ori*" -ir!%> in +")"r"% *un&%s#"rii %!"nin#%ri'&r si &p&r#uni#%#i'&r &-"ri#" )" *"/#"rn> % p"n#i%'u'ui *&!p"#i#i+ %' -ir!"i si "*%r#u'ui )in#r" !i7'&%*"'" si r"surs"'" )" *%)ispun" si *%r" sun# n"*"s%r"> #r",ui" s% r"%'i8"8" un )i% n&s#i* *&!p'"# in *%r" s% -i""+i)"n#i%#" *u *'%ri#%#" -&r#"'" si s'%,i*iuni'" in#r"prin)"rii si % prin*ip%'"'&r pr&,'"!" *u*&n-run#% #"n)in#"'" *&n#ur%#" *u pri+ir" '% "+&'u#i% !")iu'ui "/#"rn @"+&'u#i% pi"#"#" n&'& i"i> "+&'u#i% p&'i#i*% si s&*i&3*u'#ur%'%> "#*. *%r%*#"ru' r"'%#ii'&r in#r-urni8&rii si %'#" rup%ri in#"r"s%#" in#"nsi#%#"% *&n*ur"n#"i @s'%,%> !")i"> pu#"rni!")iu'ui *&n*ur"n#i%'> p&8i#i% *&n*ur"n#i%'% % -ir!"i> %#uuri'" s%'" in *&!p%r%#i" *u "#*.

1$


15/27

Capitolul : Mediul ntern

M")iu' in#"rn %' -ir!"i> p%r#" *&!p&n"n#% % !")iu'ui %!,i%n# %' -ir!"i> "s#" *&nsi)")" *%#r" sp"*i%'is#ii )in )&!"niu *% -iin) *u'#ur% &r %ni8%#i&n%'%> %)i*% un sis#"! )i)"%'uri> *r")in#"> si r" u'i )" *&n)ui#% *&!un" *" un"s* !"!,rii un"i -ir!" .

T"r!"nu' )" *u'#ur% %r" p"s#" $00 )" )"-ini#ii> i%r in 'i#"r%#ur% )" !%n% "!"n#> nu!%*"s#&r )"-ini#ii % *r"s*u# s"!ni-i*%#i+ in %nii 0> r"-'"*#%n) )i+"rsi#%#"% !&)%'i#%#*&n*"p#u'ui )" *u'#ur%. V&! pr"8"n#% in *&n#inu%r" *"'" !%i r"pr"8"n#%#i+" )"-ini#ii %'" &r)in" *r&n&'& i*%.

As#-"' E) %r) T% '&r in s"*&'u' KIK %pr"*i% *u'#ur% *% -iin) %*"' in#r" *&!p'"in*'u)" *un&%s#"r"%> *r")in#%> %r#"'"> !&r%'%> '" "%> &,i*"iuri'" si &ri*" *%p%*i#%#)&,%n)i#" )" *%#r" &! *% !"!,ru %' s&*i"#%#ii . A'#i %u#&ri %pr"*i%u *u'#ur% *% !&)u

%n)ir" si !%ni"r" )" "/is#"n#% *%r" sun# '%r i!p%r#%si#" > s%u !&)u' )" +i%#% %' unu&%!"ni > s%u pr& r%!%r"% *&'"*#i+% % %n)irii *%r" )is#in " !"!,rii unui rup )" &%%i %'#ui rup > s%u *u'#ur% "s#" !&)"'u' in#" r%# %' *un&s#in#"'&r> *r")in#"'&r si *&!u!%n" *%r" )"pin) )" *%p%*i#%#"% &!u'ui % in+%#% si % #r%ns!i#" *un&s#in#"'" *%#rur!%#&%r" .

C"'" !%i r"*"n#" )"-ini#ii pri+"s* *u'#ur% *% un sis#"! )" *un&s#in#" si n&r!" p"n#ru&,s"r+%> *r")"> "+%'u% si %*#i&n% > *un&s#in#" )&,%n)i#" p" *%r" &%!"nii '" u#i'i8"in#"rpr"#% "/p"ri"n#% si % pr&)u*" *&!p&r#%!"n# s&*i%' s%u s&'u#ii )" rup p"n#ru pr%)%p#%r" "/#"rn% si in#" r%r" in#"rn% .

In#r" %*"s#" %,&r)% "/is#% )"&s",iri +i8i,i'"> ins% '% & %n%'i8% !%i %#"n#% s" pur!%#&%r"'" "'"!"n#" )" ,%8%(

3 *u'#ur% "s#" un -"n&!"n in#"'"*#u%' *&'"*#i+

3 "s#" in-'u"n#%#% )" %*#iun"% !%i !u'#&r *%#" &rii )" -%*#&ri *%r" i!p%r# *u!u'#" s-"r" %-'%#" in in#"r)"p"n)"n#% @*u'#ur% n%#i&n%'%> *u'#ur% in)us#ri%'-un*#i&n%'% si *u'#ur% )" in#r"prin)"r"

3 *u'#ur% #r",ui" pri+i#% *% un sis#"! *&ns#rui# p" !%i !u'#" ni+"'" @si!,&'uri'">n&r!"'" )" *&!p&r#%!"n#> ri#u%'uri'"> pr%*#i*i'"> +%'&ri'"> *un&s#in#"'" )&,%

Pri+i#% *% un # in#" r%#> *u'#ur% "s#" %'*%#ui#% )in ur!%#&%r"'" ni+"'uri(

Si!,&'uri'" r"pr"8in#% %*"'" "/pr"sii> i!% ini> &,i"*#"> %*#"> "+"ni!"n#" s%u *%'i#%u & s"!ni-i*%#i" sp"*i-i*% p"n#ru *"i *" %p%r#in un"i %nu!i#" *u'#uri> -iin) un !i7'&* -%#r%ns!i#"r" % un"i i)"i @insi n% pur#%#% )" !un*i#&rii un"i in#r"prin)"ri

1


16/27

N&r!"'" )" *&!p&r#%!"n# *" s" r"-"r% '% !&)%'i#%#i'" )" r"%'i8%r" % r"'%#ii'&rin#"rp"rs&n%'"> -&r!u'"'" )" %)r"s%r" s%u )" s%'u#> p&r#u' s%u #inu#%> pr"*u! si r" u'i'" r"sp"*#%#" in r"'%#ii'" )in#r" "n"r%#ii

P&+"s#ir"% *%r" s" ,%8"%8% p" un -%p# %)"+%r%# si p&%#" *&ns#i#ui p"n#ru *un %)"+%r%# !&)"'> p&%#" su,'ini% & %nu!i#% i)""

Ri#u%'uri'" si *"r"!&nii'" sun# %*#i+i#%#i *&'"*#i+" *%r" > )in pun*# )" +")"r" #" n

sun# n"*"s%r" p"n#ru r"%'i8%r"% #"'u'ui pr&pus> s" *&nsi)"r% % -i "s"n#i%'" in #r%ns!i#"r*u'#ur%'" p%r#i*ip%n#i'&r

V%'&ri'" r"pr"8in#% un %'# ni+"' %' *u'#urii si s" r"-"r% '% *un&s#in#"'" )&,%n)i#" sin *%)ru' un"i *&!uni#%#i si p" ,%8% *%r&r% s" )"-in"s* *&!p&r#%!"n#"'" !"!,ri'&r si s" )%in#"'"s r"%'i#%#ii.

R"-"ri#&r '% niun"% )" *u'#ur% s3% )"8+&'#%# & %)"+%r%#% -i'&8&-i"> i%r niun"&r %ni8%#i&n%'% s%u *u'#ur% )" in#r"prin)"r" % %p%ru# *% ur!%r" % in-'u"n#"i unui s"%supr% *u'#urii. In "n"r%'> %u -&s# )"'i!i#%#" ur!%#&%r"'" s-"r" %'" *u'#urii(

1.Cu'#ur% n%#i&n%'%> )"#"r!in%#% )" -%*#&rii "& r%-i*i> is#&ri*i> )" -&r#" p&'i#i*"'i!,% si )" r"'i i" si "s#" )"-ini#% prin r%p&r#%r" '% un sp%#iu n%#i&n%' )"#"r!in%#

2.Cu'#ur% in)us#ri%'% s%u )" r%!ur% "s#" )"#"r!in%#% )" n%#ur% pr&*"su'ui )"*i8i&n%'>#" n&'& i*%> r%)u' )" in#"r+"n#i&nis! s#%#%' si r"-'"*#% sp"*i-i*u' un"i r%!uri s%u %' usu,r%!uri

$.Cu'#ur% -un*#i&n%'% "/pri!% +%'&ri'" un"i %nu!i#" sp"*i%'i8%ri -un*#i&n%'" in *%)ruin#r"prin)"ri> *% )" "/"!p'u( &!u' )" -in%n#" "s#" pr"&*up%# )" r"*up"r%r"% si r%n)%!"nin+"s#i#i"i> &!u' )" !%r "#in %r" *% prin*ip%'% pr&,'"!% *un&%s#"r"% *&!p&r#%!"

*&nsu!%#&ri'&r> "#*. A'%#uri )" %*"%s#% s-"r% % *u'#urii p&%#" -i pus% si *u'#ur% prr"-'"*#% r%)u' )" ")u*%#i" si *u'#ur% % p"rs&%n"i> pr"*u! si !i+%#i% in !un*%. V%'& pr&-"si&n%'" p -i su,s#i#ui#" )" u8%n#"'" '%r %**"p#%#"> )" n&r!"'" )"n#&'& i*" si *&*&n)ui#%

. Cu'#ur% )" in#r"prin)"r" s%u *&rp&r%#i&n%'% "s#" )"#"r!in%#% )" +%'&ri'" pr&!&+%#-&n)%#&rii -ir!"i si %p&i )" !%n% "rii %*"s#"i% )%r si )" )&!"niu' )" %*#i+i#%#"> n%#ur%si )" s#%)iu' )" )"8+&'#%r" %' -ir!"i.

T&%#" %*"s#" s-"r" %'" *u'#urii> s%u un"'" "'"!"n#" %'" %*"s#&r% s" +&r r" %sii in p"rs&n%'% %'*%#ui#% )in )%#"'" *u'#ur%'" %'" !")iu'ui in *%r" #r%i"s#" si !un*"s#" p"rs&r"sp"*#i+%.

Din *"'" "nu!"r%#" !%i sus pu#"! spun" *% !")iu' "/#"rn %' un"i -ir!" s" p&%#" %'%#ur*u'#urii n%#i&n%'" si )" r%!ur%> i%r )up% p%r"r"% n&%s#r% *u'#ur% )" in#r"prin)"r" *up-un*#i&n%'% si pr&-"si&n%'%.

D"*i !")iu' in#"rn %' -ir!"i "s#" )%# )" *u'#ur% &r %ni8%#i&n%'% *%r" %r" & i!p&)"s%+%rsi#% in "-i*i"n#i8%r"% %*#i+i#%#ii )"s-%sur%#" )" *%#r" in#r"prin)"r".L% ,%8%

14


17/27

&ri*%r"i *u'#uri &r %ni8%#i&n%'" s#%u & !u'#i#u)in" )" surs" si )" &,i*"i r"-'"*#% )ir"*#i%i!% in"% in)i+i8i'&r i!p'i*%#i @-&n)%#&ri> !%n% "ri> !un*i#&ri> "#*. .

Cu'#ur% &r %ni8%#i&n%'% s%u *u'#ur% )" in#r"prin)"r" %s% *u! & !%i nu!"s* %'#!%i !u'#" %,&r)%ri in *""% *" pri+"s#" )"-ini#i% %*"s#"i%. As#-"'> & pri!% )"-ini#i" "s#" **%r" *u'#ur% )" -ir!% r"pr"8in#% %ns%!,'u' )" r"-"rin#" si "+i)"n#" i!p%r#%si#" in &r %ni)"8+&'#%#" )"3% 'un u' is#&ri"i in#r"prin)"rii *% r%spuns '% pr&,'"!"'" )" !")iu si )" *&"8iunin#"rn% *u *%r" s" *&n-run#% in#r"prin)"r"% . Cu'#ur% )" in#r"prin)"r" in)i*% +%'&ri'">&p#iuni'" si s"!ni-i*%#ii'" i!p%r#%si#" '% ni+"'u' &r %ni8%#i"i> *%r" sun# ,%8% p"n#ru n!&)"'"'" )" *&!p&r#%!"n# *&rp&r%#i&n%'" r"'"+%n#" s%u Cu'#ur% &r %ni8%#i&n%'%)"-inii *% pr& r%!%r"% !"n#%'% *&'"*#i+% *%r" )"&s","s#" p" !"!,rii un"i &r %ni8%#ii )%'#"i &r %ni8%#ii .

Lu%n) in )is*u#i" )"-ini#ii'" pr"8"n#%#" %n#"ri&r> s" p&%#" %-ir!% *% s"#u' )" r"-"+i)"n#" > +%'&ri'"> *r")in#"'"> &p#iuni'" si s"!ni-i*%#i" )"*i *u'#ur% &r %ni8%#i&n%r"8u'#%# -in%'( D"-inir"% pr&-i'u'ui *u'#ur%' sp"*i-i* '% in#r"prin)"rii Asi ur%r"% *&nsisin#"rn" % -ir!"i> prin in#"r!")iu' r"'%#ii'&r in#"rp"rs&n%'" %'" !"!,ri'&r %*"s#"i% Asi ur% prin in#"r!")iu' *&!uni*%rii *u !")iu' )" "/is#"n#% %' -ir!"i % *&!p%#i,i'i#%#ii "/#"rn".

C&n-&r! p%r"rii sp"*i%'is#i'&r Ri* %r) H&) "##s si Fr") Lu# %ns "'"!"n#"'" *&!p&%'" *u'#urii &r %ni8%#i&n%'" sun#(

1. O -i'&s&-i" % -ir!"i *%r" s" r"-"r% '% !&)u' )" #r%#%r" % *'i"n#i'&r si %n %7%#

2. Un *'i!%# &r %ni8%#i&n%' > %)i*% #%'i#%#"% r"'%#ii'&r pu,'i*" *" s" r"%'i8*%r" -&r!"%8% %#!&s-"r% "n"r%'% % %*"s#"i%

$. Un s"# )" r" u'i prin *%r" s" )"#"r!in% *" #r",ui" si *" nu #r",ui" s% -%*% %n %7%#)&!"nii pr"*u! r"'%#ii'" *u *'i"n#ii> pr&)u*#i+i#%#"%> *&&p"r%r"% in#"r rupuri

. Un %nu!i# #ip )" *&!p&r#%!"n#> )%# )" %r &u' > 'i!,%7u' *&!un u#i'i8%# in -ir!%

4. Un rup )" +%'&ri )&!in%n#"> *% )" "/"!p'u( %si ur%r"% "-i*i"n#"i !%/i!"> r")u*"r"!%/i! % %,s"n#"is!u'ui> !"n#in"r"% *%'i#%#ii pr&)us"'&r si s"r+i*ii'&r '% ni+"'"'" *"'" !%i in p&si,i'"

6. Un %ns%!,'u )" n&r!"> *u! %r -i +&'u!u' )" !un*% si r%)u' )" *&&p"r%r" in#r"!%n% "ri si 'u*r%#&ri.

In )i% n&s#i*%r"% !")iu'ui in#"rn %' -ir!"i> % *u'#urii &r %ni8%#i&n%'"> un in#"r

%p%r#" #r",ui" %*&r)%# *"'&r #r"i %sp"*#" i!p&r#%n#" *%r" sun#( )ir"*#i%> )is#ri,u#i%*u'#urii. Dir"*#i% r"pr"8in#% r%)u' in *%r" *u'#ur% &r %ni8%#i&n%'% spri7in% s%u i!pr"%'i8%r"% &,i"*#i+"'&r pr&pus" )" *%#r" in#r"prin)"r". Dis#ri,u#i% %r%#% ni+"'u' )" *un&%)&p#%r" % *u'#urii &r %ni8%#i&n%'" )" *%#r" !"!,rii -ir!"i. Pu#"r"% *u'#urii %r%#% *!"!,ri'&r -ir!"i )" % %**"p#% +%'&ri'" si *"'"'%'#" %sp"*#" %'" *u'#urii.

S#u)iin) *u'#uri'" &r %ni8%#i&n%'" in -un*#i" )" r"'%#ii'" )in#r" %n %7%#i si -ir!%i"r%r i* )" %u#&ri#%#" *" )"-in"s#" r&'u' !%n% "ri'&r si % su,&r)&n%#i'&r si )" *&n*"p#

16


18/27

%n %7%#i'&r pri+in) r&'u' si s*&pu' -ir!"i> F. Tr&!p"n%%rs % i)"n#i-i*%# p%#ru #ipuri )i-*u'#uri )" in#r"prin)"r" si %nu!"(

1. Cu'#ur% )" #ip -%!i'i%'> %'" *%r"i #r%s%#uri -un)%!"n#%'" sun# r&'u' p%#"rn%'is# *%#r" !%n% "!"n#u' -ir!"i> !%i pr"*is i!p&r#%n#% *'%r% % i"r%r i"i> si %#"n#i% sp&ri# p"rs&%n"i> in)i+i8i'&r *%r" isi )"s-%s&%r% %*#i+i#%#"% in -ir!%

2. Cu'#ur% )" #ip pir%!i)%'> )"nu!i#% )" sp"*i%'is#u' &'%n)"8 si Turnu' Ei--"'> s"

*%r%*#"ri8"%8% prin -%p#u' *% # i"r%r i% )"#in" pri!%#u' in %#"n#i% %*&r)%#%> ispr" s*&p> in)i+i)u' )"pin8%n) )" '&*u' )" !un*% i%r s%r*ini'" sun# in)"p'ini#" )up% r" u'i s#

$. Cu'#ur% )" pr&i"*# @ r%* "#% #"'" i)%#% > "s#" #ipu' )" *u'#ur% *%r" s3% )"uni#%#i'" ,%8%#" p" #" n&'& ii'" )" +%r-> si s" )"-in"s#" prin &ri"n#%#" *%#r" s*&p @s""* ip" '% un pr&i"*# *&!un > si " %'i#%#" in#r" !"!,ri'&r *&'"*#i+u'ui

. Cu'#ur% )" %-ir!%r"> s" in#%'n"s#" *"' !%i -r"*+"n# in *%8u' -ir!"'&r !i*i si pun" %*" %'i#%#" in r"'%#ii'" )in#r" p%r#i*ip%n#i si s#i!u'%r"% *r"%#i+i#%#ii )"*i &ri"n#%r" *%

Cu'#uri'" %u & !u'#i#u)in" )" -&r!" )" !%ni-"s#%r"> i%r *%#"+% )i!"nsiuni p" ,%8% * p -i *'%si-i*%#" si i)"n#i-i*%#" %*"s#" #ipuri s" r"-"r% '% *"'" 10 *%r%*#"ris#i*i> *&nsi!p&r#%n#" > si %nu!"( p"r*"p#i% i)"n#i#%#ii si sp%#iu'ui> *&!uni*%r"% si 'i!,%7u'> i!,r%si %sp"*#u' "/#"ri&r> &,i*"iuri'" %'i!"n#%r"> #i!pu' si p"r*"p#i% %*"s#ui%> sis#"!u' )" r"'%in)i+i8i> +%'&ri si n&r!" *u'#ur%'"> *r")in#" si %#i#u)ini> pr&*"s" !"n#%'" si )" in+%#%r">si pr&*"s"'" )" !un*%. P" ,%8% %*"s#&r *%r%*#"ris#i*i si % sis#"!"'&r )" %n%'i8% % *u'#-%!i'i%'> sis#"!u' ")u*%#i&n%'> sis#"!u' "*&n&!i*> sis#"!u' p&'i#i*> sis#"!u' r"'i i&s> sis#"%s&*i"r"> sis#"!u' )" s%n%#%#" si sis#"!u' r"*r"%#i&n%' %u -&s# s#%,i'" #r"i #ipuri )" *u'ini%r3%*#i+"> *u'#uri !u'#i%*#i+" si *u'#uri r"%*#i+".

Cu'#ur% &r %ni8%#i&n%'% % un"i -ir!"> in %*#u%'" p"ri&%)% #r",ui" s% %i,% un%)%p#%,i'> ,%8%#% p" in&+%r"> si )"si sun# in#%!pin%#" )i-i*u'#%#i in"r"n#"> !%n% "rin*ur%7% un #ip )" *u'#ur%> *&nsi)"r%#% *"% !%i ,un% s&'u#i" p"n#ru -ir!% r"sp"*#i+%.si in#"'" "r"% !")iu'ui in#"rn %' in#r"prin)"rii p&%#" -%+&ri8% ,un% &r %ni8%r" si *&&r)%*#i+i#%#ii &ri*%r"i uni#%#i.

M")iu' in#"rn%#i&n%' %*#u%'

M")iu' in#"rn%#i&n%'> p%r#" *&!p&n"n#% % !" %3!")iu'ui &ri*%r"i in#r"prin)"ri> #%'i#%#"% -%*#&ri'&r )in %-%r% #%rii )" &ri in" % un"i -ir!"> *" p in-'u"n#% %*

Cr"s#"r"% r&'u'ui "'"!"n#u'ui in#"rn%#i&n%'> i!pun" #r%#%r"% %*"s#ui% s"p%r%# *&!p&n"n#" %'" !")iu' "/#"rn %' -ir!"i> )%# -iin) i!p%*#u' !%7&r p" *%r" p s%3' %i,% -%s" !%ni-"s#% in *%)ru' %*"s#ui !")iu.

D%*% n" r"-"ri! '% -ir!"'" *u %*#i+i#%#" in#"rn%#i&n%'%> p"n#ru *% %*"s#"% su%-"*#%#" )" *&!p'"/i#%#"% %*"s#ui !")iu> pu#"! %-ir!% *% %p%r )&u% !%ri *%#" &rii in-'u"n#% si %nu!"( -%*#&ri )in %-%r% -ir!"i s%u -%*#&ri )" !")iu in#"rn%#i&n%' si -%*#&in#"ri&ru' %*"s#"i% s%u -%*#&ri *&rp&r%#i&n%'i.

15


19/27

F%*#&rii )" !")iu in#"rn%#i&n%'i insu!"%8% *&n)i#ii'" !")iu'ui )" %-%*"ri )in #%r% &ri in"> %)i*% -%*#&rii n%#i&n%'i> si *&n#"/#u' "*&n&!i*> s&*i%'> p&'i#i*> #" n&'&

"n"r%'> !%i pr"*is -%*#&rii in#"rn%#i&n%'i. A*"s#" *%#" &rii )" -%*#&ri s" %-'% in#r3in#"r)"p"n)"n#%> i%r !")iu' in#"rn%#i&n%' %' un"i -ir!" #r",ui" pri+i# in )u,'% ip&s#%8%(in#"rn%#i&n%'% si in#"r*u'#ur%'%.

In *%#" &ri% -%*#&ri'&r )in %-%r% -ir!"i *u %*#i+i#%#" in#"rn%#i&n%'%> %u -&s# in

Pr& r"su' #" ni*> )"8+&'#%r"% #" n&'& i*%> *&nsi)"r%# % -i *"' !%i i!p&r#%n#in-'u"n#% %' -ir!"'&r !u'#in%#i&n%'" si '&,%'". D"8+&'#%r"% -%r% pr"*")"n# % #"'"*&!uin-&r!%#i*ii %u )"#"r!in%# & !%i ,un% *&&r)&n%r" si *&n#r&' % %*#i+i#%#ii -i'i%'"'&r ,un% in-&r!%r" *u pri+ir" '% )i+"rs"'" *&n)i#ii )" p" pi"#"'" )" %*#iun"

C&n)i#ii'" "*&n&!i*"> *"'" !%i )in%!i*" +%ri%,i'" %'" !")iu'ui n%#i&n%' )%r siin#"rn%#i&n%'> p s% *r""8" &p&r#uni#%#i s%u s% "n"r"8" %!"nin#%ri p"n#ru -ir!"'" pi%#% "/#"rn%. D"&s",i# )" i!p&r#%n# p"n#ru -ir!"'" *u %*#i+i#%#" in#"rn%#i&n%'% "s#"un"i s#ru*#uri &r %ni8%#&ri*" *%r" p&%#" s% *&n#r%*%r"8" %*#iuni'" n"-%+&r%,i'" %+%'&ri-i*" &p&r#uni#%#i'" &-"ri#" )" *%#r" %*"s#%. Un "/"!p'u> in %*"s# s"ns "s#" -'u*#u

%**"n#u%#% % D&'%ru'ui> s%u % !&n")"i uni*" Eur&> -%#% )" )i-"ri#"'" !&n")" n%#i&nin-'u"n#% n" %#i+ s%u p&8i#i+ *%p%*i#%#"% -ir!"i )" % *&n*ur% p" pi%#% "/#"rn%

C%r%*#"ris#i*i'" pr&)usu'ui si %'" pi"#"i in p"ri&%)% r"*"n#%> !%i pr"*is sp&rir"%)" ins#%,i'i#%#" % pi"#"i> %p%ri#i% % nu!"r&%s" pr&)us" n&i> )"s*&p"rir"% un&r n&i #!%r "#in > )i+"rsi-i*%r"% n"*"si#%#i'&r si pr"-"rin#"'&r *&nsu!%#&ri'&r> %!p'i-i*%r"% r%-%*"ri> i!pun & !%i ,un% *un&%s#"r" % !")iu'ui in *%r" %*#i&n"%8% p"n#ru % "+i#% psi#u%#ii'" n"-%+&r%,i'" p"n#ru -ir!%. As#-"'> p"n#ru -ir!% *u %*#i+i#%#" in#"rn%#i&n%'%)" i!p&r#%n# s% r"%'i8"8" & pun#" )" '" %#ur% in#r" )&u% *"rin#" *&n#r%)i*#&rii( %si

r%) sp&ri# )" in#" r%r" si *&&r)&n%r" in#r" %*#i+i#%#i'" )"s-%sur%#" p" p'%n in#"rn%

%'#% p%r#"> r%spunsu' !%i %)"*+%# '% *"rin#"'" si n"+&i'" sp"*i-i*" )i-"ri#"'&r #%ri in *%i!p'%n#%#" .

P&'i#i*% u+"rn%!"n#%'% % s#%#"'&r )" &ri in" s%u % #%ri'&r %8)% in-'u"n#"%-ir!"'&r prin &p#iuni in )&!"nii *%( s#i!u'"n#"> -%*i'i#%#i si %r%n#ii p"n#ru in+"s#i#ii> p&#%ri-%r%> pr"+")"ri '" %'" r"-"ri#&%r" '% r%)u' )" in#" r%r" '&*%'% % pr&)u*#i"i> *"ri%n %7%r"% -&r#"i )" !un*% )in #%r% %8)%> #r%ns-"ru' )" #" n&'& i"> )"s-%*"r"% un)in pr&)u*#i% '&*%'% '% "/p&r#> *"rin#" '" %#" )" *&!,%#"r"% p&'u%rii> p%s#r%r"% *&n%#i&n%' in %nu!i#" s"*#&%r" "*&n&!i*" )in #%r% )" '&*%'i8%r"> "#*.

D%*% n" r"-"ri! '% -%*#&rii *&rp&r%#i&n%'i> %*"s#i% sun# -%*#&ri *%r" #in )" "/p"ri"s#r%#" i% *&rp&r%#i&n%'%> *u'#ur% *&rp&r%#i&n%'% si n%#i&n%'i#%#"% -ir!"i.

Un r&'> %! pu#"% spun" *%pi#%'> in )"s-%sur%r"% un&r %-%*"ri p" p'%n in#"rn%#i&n%*un&%s#"r"% p%r#i*u'%ri#%#i'&r *u'#ur%'" % #%ri'&r %8)% si % #%ri'&r )" &ri in". In*un&%s#" *%# !%i ,in" p&si,i' !")iu' in#"rn%#i&n%'> #r",ui" in#r"prins" s#u)ii "/#r"! )"%pr&-un)%#" in *%r" r"surs"'" -in%n*i%r" si u!%n" i!p'i*%#" sun# )"s#u' )" ins"!n%#".

1


20/27

In %n%'i8% %*#u'ui "*&n&!i*> un "'"!"n# "s"n#i%' "s#" r"pr"8"n#%# )" r%p&r#u' )inn%#i&n%' si in#"rn%#i&n%'. Es#" ,in" *un&s*u# -%p#u' *% r%#i&n%'i#%#"% %*#u'ui "*&*&ns"*in#% % #"n)in#"i )" *&!p'"!"n#%ri#%#" p" *%r" & !%ni-"s#% )i-"ri#"'" "*&n&!ii n%ur!%r" % %!"i +%ri%#" )" -&r!" )" *&!,in%r" % -%*#&ri'&r )" pr&)u*#i". S" !%i p&%#" s"s#" %,s&'u# n"*"s%r% *&r"'%r"% *%)ru'ui "*&n&!i* n%#i&n%' *u *"' in#"rn%#i&n%' )in*"rin#"'&r )" &p#i!i8%r" % r%p&r#u'ui )in#r" r"surs" si n"+&i> prin i!,un%#%#ir"% si *&!p'"/is#"n#u'ui n%#i&n%' )" -%*#&ri )" pr&)u*#i" *u *"i *" s" %#r% )in "/#"ri&r.

In %*"s# s"ns> %+%n) in +")"r" si#u%#i% R&!%ni"i> %*"%s#% %,&r)%r" s" i!pun"n"*"si#%#"> nu nu!%i )%#" -iin) i!p'i*%#ii'&r p" #"r!"n 'un > )%r si *% ur!%r"% p%r#i*u'%#r%n8i#i"i p" *%r" & #r%+"rs"%8% )" '% & "*&n&!i" *"n#r%'i8%#% p" p'%n in#"rn si pri&r" i&n%'i8%#% p" p'%n "/#"rn> '% & "*&n&!i" )" pi%#% p" p'%n in#"rn si pri&ri#%r )" % p%r#"n"ri%# p" p'%n "/#"rn.

M")iu' in *%r" %*#i&n"%8% in pr"8"n# "*&n&!i% r&!%n"%s*% n" &,'i % s% in#"'*ir*ui#u' "*&n&!i* in#"rn%#i&n%' %#%# *% un -'u/ )" -%*#&ri )" pr&)u*#i" )%r si *% un -)" s#%,i'i#%#" si %r%n#ii in#"rn%#i&n%'".

Pr&*"su' %*#u%' )" in*%)r%r" % R&!%ni"i in *ir*ui#u' "*&n&!i* in#"rn%#i&n%' s" *%r%*#"ri8% prin( )"s* i)"r"% *&n#inu% spr" "/#"ri&r % "*&n&!i"i si )i+"rsi-i*%r"% )ir"*s#ru*#uri'&r -'u/uri'&r )" !%r-uri si s"r+i*ii &ri"n#%r"% spr" p%r#"n"rii *" p )"#"r!in%> in#"r!")iu' r"'%#ii'&r "*&n&!i*"> %**"'"r%r"% pr&*"su'ui )" in#" r%r" % R&!%ni"i in s#ru"ur&p"n" r"-%*"r"% si *&ns&'i)%r"% r"'%#ii'&r si -'u/uri'&r "*&n&!i*" #r%)i#i&n%'"> "#

L% !&!"n#u' %*#u%' #r%n8i#i% si r"-&r!% "*&n&!i*% %u )"#"r!in%# s* i!,%ri i!pin *""% *" pri+"s#" "'i!in%r"% *&n#r%)i*#ii'&r *&n*"p#u%'" si ins#i#u#i&n%'" in#r" "*&nn%#i&n%'" si !")iu' "*&n&!i* "/#"rn.

Tr"*"r"% )" '% sis#"!u' "*&n&!i* *"n#r%'i8%# '% *"' )" #ip 'i,"r> #r%ns-&r!%ri'" r%)i%u '&* *% ur!%r" % %*"s#ui %!p'u pr&*"s )" #r%n8i#i"> %u r"pr"8"n#%# p"n#ru % "n#ii R&!%ni% supun"r"% '% & s"ri" )" -&r#" )" s* i!,%r" )is*&n#inu"> "/#r"! )" pu#"rni*"> *%rri)i*%# s"ri&%s" pr&,'"!" )" %)%p#%r" si nu in pu#in" *%8uri> * i%r )" supr%+i"#uir".

A*#i+i#%#"% in#r"prin)"ri'&r r&!%n"s#i in %*#u%'% p"ri&%)% )" #r%n8i#i"> s" *&nu!"r&%s" in-'u"n#" n" %#i+" s%u p&8i#i+" )in p%r#"% !")iu'ui "/#"rn si in#"rn. In ur!% un%n%'i8"> '% ni+"'u' !%i !u'#&r -ir!"> s3% )"sprins *&n*'u8i% *% *"i !%i i!p&r#%n#i -%*#&%*#iun" -%+&r%,i'% %supr% -ir!"i sun#( pri+%#i8%r"%> r"s#ru*#ur%r"% si *"r"r"% "/#"r

A'%#uri )" %*"s#i -%*#&ri ,"n"-i*i %u %p%ru# & !u'#i#u)in" )" -%*#&ri *%r" %u %%*#i+i#%#ii -ir!"'&r r&!%n"s#i> in pr&p&r#ii )i-"ri#"> in !&) n" %#i+. Cu in*i)"n#% *"% *%)ru' %*"s#&r -%*#&ri s" ins*riu ur!%#&rii( ,'&*%7u' -in%n*i%r> insu-i*i"n#% r"surs"'&-is*%'i#%#"% ri)i*%#%> *r")i#u' s*u!p> in-'%#i% si ins#%,i'i#%#"% *ursu'ui )" s* i!,. Cu &!%i !i*% in -r%n%r"% %*#i+i#%#ii in#r"prin)"ri'&r> pu#"! !"n#i&n%( insu-i*i"n#% pr" %#r"surs"'&r u!%n"> *&n-'i*#"'" )" !un*% si !%n% "!"n#u' n"p"r-&r!%n# si &r %ni8%r"% in%% -ir!"'&r.

1


21/27

Nu pu#"! &!i#" -%p#u' *% in p"ri&%)% %*#u%'%> in#r"prin)"ri'" %u -&s# supus" un"/#"rn" pu#"rni*"> *%r" in un"'" *%8uri %u )"p%si# *%p%*i#%#"% si p&si,i'i#%#i'" '&r in#*&n#r%*%r%. A*"s# %sp"*# %p%r" *% r%spuns '% si#u%#i% in)i*%#&ri'&r "*&n&!i*i * p"r-&r!%n#"'" "*&n&!i*&3-in%n*i%r" si '% )i-i*u'#%#i'" *u *%r" s" *&n-run#% -ir!"'" in r&,i"*#i+"'&r s#r%#" i*" pr&pus".

E+&'u#i% -ir!"'&r r&!%n"s#i % -&s# in-'u"n#%#% %#%# )" %!p'"'" s* i!,%ri *" %u %!")iu' in#"rn%#i&n%' @)"8!"!,r%r"% CAER3u'ui> *ri8% )in &'- si )in -&s#% Iu &s'%+i"%'"s )" )in%!i*% !&)i-i*%ri'&r )in *%)ru' !")iu'ui "/#"rn. A*"s#% )in ur!%> *u i!p'i*%#ii !%7%supr% uni#%#i'&r "*&n&!i*" si % "*&n&!i"i in %ns%!,'u' s%u> % -&s# )"#"r!in%# )" pr&#r%n8i#i" si )" -"'u' in *%r" % -&s# *&n*"pu#% si i!p'"!"n#%#% r"-&r!%> )" *%r%*#"ru' n"*"'" !%i !u'#" &ri> % !%suri'&r )" p&'i#i*% "*&n&!i*% *%r" nu %u r%spuns "/i "n#"'&r sisp"*i-i*i#%#ii #r%n8i#i"i> )i-i*u'#%#i'&r %p%ru#" '% ni+"' !i*r&"*&n&!i*.

20


22/27

Capitolul V : Componentele macromediului 4ntreprinderii1.1. F%*#&rii "*&n&!i*i

Bn#r" -%*#&rii "*&n&!i*i %i !")iu'ui %!,i%n# "/#"rn p -i !"n#i&n%#i( pi%#%> pu)" *u!p%r%r"> ni+"'u' si ri#!u' )"8+&'#%rii "*&n&!i*"> p"n#i%'u' -in%n*i%r.Pi%#% in#""/#"rn% in-'u"n#"%8% n#r"prin)"r"% pr&)u*#i+% p"n#ru *% p" ,%8%s#u)iu'ui *"r"rii %*"%s#%,i'i pr&)us"'" *" ur!"%8% % -i -%,ri*%#"> * p pr&)us"'&r> pr"*u! si "'"!"n#" %'" s#r%#" i"i %*"s#"i%.D"8+&'#%r"% %*#i+i#%#ii )" !%r pr"supun" & s* i!,%r" )" &p#i*% n s"nsu'&ri"n#%rii pr&)u*#i"i -ir!"i *%#r" *""% *" s" *"r pi%#%. Prin in#"r!")iu' pi"#"i in#"rn" si"/#"rn" n#r"prin)"r"% in-'u"n#"%8% si "% !")iu' n ss* i!,%rii "/i "n#"'&r *&nsu!%#&ri'&r *% ur!%r" % '%ns%rii p" pi%#% % un&r n&i pr&)us%#is-%* un"'" n"+&i.

P"n#i%'u' -in%n*i%r %' un"i #%ri in-'u"n#"%8% %*#i+i#%#"% un"i n#r"prin)"ri p"n#i%' ri)i*%# +% -%+&ri8% %*#i+i#%#"% n#r"prin)"ri'&r si in+"rs. Ri)i*%r"% %*#

n+%#%! % s%n%#%#ii &*ri+" in-'u"n#"%8% %*#i+i#%#"% -ir!"'&r.%*#i+i#%#" "-i*i"n#% )"s-%sur%#% n *%)ru' n#r"prin)"ri'&r> %ins#i#u#ii'&r )" n+%#%*&n#ri,ui" '% *r"s#"r"% p"n#i%'u'ui -in%n*i%r %'!")iu'ui n%#i&n%' r"sp"*#i+.Prin in#"r!-%*#&ri'&r "*&n&!i*i s" r"%'i8"%8% un s* i!, p"r!%n"n# &r %ni8%#i" -ir!% !")iu %*"%in#"r)"p"n)"n#% #r",ui" *un&s*u#%> %n%'i8%#% si in-'u"n#%#% n !&) -%+&r%,i' )" !%n-ir!"i> &r %ni8%#i"i.

1.2. F%*#&rii #" ni*i i #" n&'& i*iș

F%*#&rii #" ni*i si #" n&'& i*i sun# r"pr"8"n#%#i n prin*ip%' )" ni+"'u' #" ni*%'"* ip%!"n#"'&r> !%sini'&r> u#i'%7"'&r> ins#%'%#ii'&r -urni8%#" n#r"prin)"ri'&r )in #%

)ins#r%in%#%#"> ni+"'u' #" n&'& ii'&r -&'&si#"> nu!%ru' si ni+"'u' 'i*"n#"'&r si ,r"+"#"'&rnr" is#r%#"> *%p%*i#%#"% )" )&*u!"n#%r" si in&+%r" s.%.M")iu' %!,i%n# #" ni*> #"%ns%!,'u' -%*#&ri'&r sp"*i-i*i in-'u"n#"%8%ni+"'u' pr&)u*#i+i#%#ii> *&s#u'ui )" pr&)u*#i pr&)u*#i"i> ni+"'u' pr&-i#u'ui n "n"r%' r"8u'#%#"'" "*&n&!i*" -in%'" %'" n#r"prin)"rii.B*&n)i#ii'" i!p%*#u'ui r"8u'#%#"'&r *"r*"#%rii s#iin#i-i*"> %*"s#i -%*#&ri %u &in-'u"n#% ur!%r" % %**"'"r%rii u8urii !&r%'" % #" n&'& ii'&r> % r")u*"rii)ur%#"i )" %p'i*%r" % *u#&%#" )&!"nii )" %*#i+i#%#".An%'i8 p"s#" s%u su, ni+"'u' %*"s#&r%#" ni*"> #" n&'& i*" *%r" %p%r n %s#-"' )" si#u%#ii "n"r"%8% )"*%'%7""*&n&!i*"

n#r"prin)"ri> *%r" '% r


23/27

1.$ F%*#&rii )" !%n% "!"n#

O n#r"prin)"r" p&%#" %+"% un ni+"' )" )%r" #" ni*%> #" n&'& i*% sup"ri&r -n#r"prin)"ri )in !")iu' %!,i%n# "/#"rn si in#"rn si #usi s% r"%'i8"8" & "-i*i"n#% si

&*&!p"#i#i+i#%#" r")us% n *%8u' n *%r" )ispun" )" un !%n% "!"n# n"p"r-&r!%n#.F%*#!%n% "!"n# "/pri!% r%)u' )" pr"+")"r"> &r %ni8%r"> *&&r)&n%r">"+%'u%r" % !")iu'ui

n !%sur% n *%r" n *%)ru' &r %ni8%#&ri* si )" "s#iun" *r"%#s#i!u'"%8% p"rs&n%'u'n#r"prin)"r" s% -&'&s"%s*% p&si,i'i#%#i'" r"sp"*#i+u'ui !")iu.Fun*#i&n%r"% -ir!"'&r "s#"

in-'u"n#%#% pu#"rni* )" sis#"!u' )" !%n% "!"n# pr%*#i*%# '% ni+"'u' si n *%)ru' !")iu'uin%#i&n%'> in#"rn%#i&n%' n *%r" n#r"prin)"r"% -un*#i&n"%8%. @E/( !%n% "!"n#u' '%

u+"rn%!"n#%' in-'u"n#"%8% %u#&n&!i% n#r"prin)"ri'&r> sis#"!u' )" *r")i#%r" %' %*"s#+&'u!u' )" in+"s#i#ii> ri#!u' )" )"8+&'#%r" %' -i"*%r"i n#r"prin)"ri n p%r#" si % -i"*%r"i "

n %ns%!,'u 3 i!p'i*i#A*#i+i#%#"% -ir!"i "s#" in-'u"n#%#% si )" !%n% "!"n#u' n#r"prin)"rii p" p'%n !&n)

As#-"'> )%*% '% ni+"' !&n)i%'s" pr%*#i*% & s"ri" )" #" ni*i p"r-&r!%n#" )" !%n% "!"n#>&,i"*#u' #r%ns-"ru'ui )" *un&s#in#" si i!p'i*i#p -i -&'&si#" si &r %ni8%#" n#r"prin)"ri'"in#"rn%#i&n%'.

1. F%*#&rii s&*i&3*u'#ur%'i

• r%p&r#u' )in#r" p&pu'%#i% ur,%n% si *"% rur%'%

• ni+"'u' )" )"8+&'#%r" %' n+%#%!ni+"' )" *%'i-i*%r" r")us> %*#i+i#%#"% n#r"prin)"rii "s#" in-'u"n#%#% n" %#i+" su, %sp" pr&)u*#i"i> ni+"'u' pr&)u*#i+i#%#ii !un*ii> n "n"r%' prin pris!%"-i*i"n#"i "*&n&!i*" si i

Ni+"'u' )" )"8+&'#%r" %' n+%#%! *%r" *&n#ri,ui" %# * !%i %'"s> '% %!p'i-i*%r"% ni+"'u'ui *u'#ur%' %'%*"s-&r!%r"% un"i !"n#%'i#%#i sp"*i-i*" "*&n&!i"i )" pi%#%. Bn %*"s# )&!"niu#r",ui" %*#i&n

n s"nsu' *%> p" )" & p%r#"> s" i!pun" pr" %#ir"% )" sp"*i%'is#i )"*%#r" -ir!"'" r&! %!p'i-i*%r"% p&n)"rii p&pu'%#i"i *us#u)ii sup"ri&%r"> prin sp&rir"% *&r"spun8%)" s*&'%ri8%r" n n+%#%!


24/27

-%*#&ri'&r s&*i&3*u'#ur%'i n -un*#i&n%r"% -ir!"i si !%n% "!"n#u'ui s%u.M"n#in"r"% *-&r#"i )" !un*% prin %*#iuni )" &*rir" % -&r#"i )" !un*% prin#r3un sis#"! s%ni#%r ,in" )s#ru*#ur%# *&n#ri,ui" '% ,un% )"s-%sur%r" % %*#i+i#%#ii n*%)ru' -ir!"i si in+"rs.A*#i+i3 %r#is#i*" p"n#ru *"i -%r% ni*i & '" %#ur% *u %*#i+i#%#"% -ir!"i *&n#ri,ui" '% s#i!u'% p"rs&n%'u'ui> -%+&ri8"%8% "-i*%*i#%#"% %*#i+i#%#ii )"s-%sur%#" )" r"sp"*#i+u' p"rs& p%r#i*ip%# '% %s#-"' )" %*#i+i#%#i.M"n#%'i%#"%> *% %ns%!,'u )" *&n*"p#"> *&n+in

'% ri)i*%r"%ni+"'u'ui si *%'i#%#ii pr" %#irii )" sp"*i%'i#" si n )&!"niu' !%n%1.4. F%*#&rii n%#ur%'i . E*&'& i*i

F%*#&rii n%#ur%'i "*&'& i*i sun# r"pr"8"n#%#i )" *&!p&n"n#"'" !")iu'ui n*&n7&!u'ui( r"'i"-> *'i!%> -'&r%> -%un%> r"surs"'" su,s&'u'ui> n "n"r%' *%)ru'n%#ur%' )" )"s-+i"#ii !%#"ri%'".Bn*% )in -%8% )" pr&i"*%#r" % un"i n#r"prin)"ri si %p&i n -%8% )" *&#in"s"%!% )" *&n)i#ii'" )" r"'i"-> *'i!%> )" n"*"si#%#"% %!p'%s%rii n %pr&pi"r"% surs"'& pri!"> -un*#i&n%r"% n#r"prin)"rii )"pin8 )" *'i!%.

Din#r" -%*#&rii "*&'& i*i> r"surs"'" n%#ur%'" n sp"*i%'> %p"'" %u *"% !%i !%r"%supr% n#r"prin)"rii.C%r%*#"ru' pr%*#i* n"r" "n"r%,i' %' un&r r"surs"> *&!,in%# *u *r"

%'&p%n#% % pr"#uri'&r n-'u"n#"%8% *&s#u' pr&)u*#i"i> r"n#%,i'i#%#"% si pr"#u' )" +

Prin %*#i+i#%#"% )"s-%sur%#% -ir!% in-'u"n#"%8% si "% !")iu' n*&n7ur%#&r ns"nsu'!"n#in"rii si pr"*#i"i !")iu'ui n*&n7ur%#&r s%u prin )" r%)%r"% si p&'u%r"% 'ui.

As#-"'>s" i!pun" & *r"s#"r" % pr"&*up%ri'&r p"n#ru %*#iuni p" #"r!"n !")iu si 'un +")"r"% *un&%s#"rii si pr"7%rii !")iu'ui n*&n7ur%#&r( -&'&sir"% un&r #" n&'& ii *% p&'u%r"> !"n#in"r"% "* i'i,ru'ui "*&'& i*> "'%,&r%r"% )" s#r%#" ii ,%8%#" p" r"surs" r"

1.6 F%*#&ri p&'i#i*i

2$


25/27

Bn %*"%s#% rup% p -i in*'us" ri#!uri'" )" )"8+&'#%r" %'" un"i r%!uri>&p#iuni'" pri+in) p&n)"r"% pr&pri"#%#ii pri+%#" si pu,'i*"> p&'i#i*i'" )" *r")i#%r"> )" sus#i&r#3"/p&r#u'ui> i!p&8i#%r"%. Cu * )ir"*# s%u in)ir"*#.In)i*%#&ri sp"*i-i*i *%r" )"-in"s* !")iu' )"!& r%-i* sun#( nu!%ru' p&pu'%#i"i>s#r%#i-i*%r"% p&pu'%#i"i p" + )"*i8ii'" pr"-"*#*uprin) & s"ri")" n&r!" )" )r"p# )" % *%r&r r"%'i8%r" r%spun) % "n#ii "*&n&!i*i.In-'u"n#%-%*#&ri'&r 7uri)i*i s" !%ni-"s#% %#


26/27

ConcluziBn#r3& 'u!" )in *" n *" !%i '&,%'i8%#;> n *%r" *&nsu!%#&rii )":in & pu#"r" #

=i =i s* i!,; pr"-"rin:"'" # !%i -r"*+"n#> n *%r" *&n*ur"n:% s" )"s-;=&%r; n #"r!"ni #% r"si+i> n *%r" '" is'%:i%> *u'#ur%> !")iu' "*&n&!i* =i s&*i%' sun# # !%i *&!p'"/" =)in%!i*"> n *%r" %n %7%:ii s3%u "!%n*ip%# =i %u )&, &ri*" &r %ni8%:i" #r",ui" s; *&n=#i"n#i8"8" %*"s#" s* i!,;ri p"n#ru % pu#supr%+i":ui =i % %+"% su**"s. Bn#r3un -"' s%u %'#u'> %*"s#" #"n)in:" in-'u"n:"%8; %*#i+

&ri*;r"i &r %ni8%:ii> %s#-"' *; in#"r)"p"n)"n:% )in#r" &r %ni8%:ii> +;8u#" *% sis#"!" %- p"r!%n"n# s* i!, )" r"surs" =i in-&r!%:ii *u !")iu'> r"sp"*#i+ !")iu' *u *%r" %*"s#"%in#"r%*:i&n"%8; "s#" )"*isi+; p"n#ru su**"su' &r %ni8%:ii'&r.

Bn *&ns"*in:;> &ri*" &r %ni8%:i" *&n#"!p&r%n; #r",ui" s; *"r*"#"8"> s; *un&%s*+%'&ri-i*" *&n)i:ii'" p" *%r" '" r" ;s"=#" n !")iu> n*"r* )" -%p#> !")iu' "/#"rn "s#" p%r#" *&!p&n"n#; % "s%'"> -iin) -urni8&r %' inpu#3uri'&r *%r" in#r; n sis#"!> pr"*u! =i *%)ru' n *%r" sun# '%n&u#pu#3uri'" %*#i+i#;:ii s%'". C% %#%r"> %,s"n:% un"i r%p&r#;ri p"r!%n"n#" '% *&n)i:ii%# *


27/27

5ibliogra*ie##p( . && '".r&

##p( . i ip")i%.*&!

##p( .)"+i's#ri ".r&

##ps( .s*ri,).*&!
http://www.google.ro/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.devilstrike.ro/https://www.scribd.com/http://www.google.ro/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.devilstrike.ro/https://www.scribd.com/

Documents

Atestat - Competențele mediului extern și impactul lor asupra activității firmei