A NEW NONLINEAR FLEXIBLE SLIDING MODE SIMULTANEOUS …

A NEW NONLINEAR FLEXIBLE SLIDING MODE SIMULTANEOUS

CONTROL OF DUAL-INTERFACING-CONVERTERS FOR MICROGRID

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS COMPENSATION

s KirupanandaVariyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed To Be

University), Salem-636308, Tamilnadu, India.

S. Saravana Kumar, PG Scholar, M.E – Power System Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering, Vinayaka Mission’s KirupanandaVariyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research

Foundation (Deemed to Be University), Salem-636308, Tamilnadu, India.

Abstract

Installation of distributed generation (DG)

system in low voltage distribution systems has

popularized the concept of nonlinear load harmonic

current compensation using multi-functional Dual

interfacing converters. It is analyzed in this method

the compensation of local load harmonic current

using a single DG interfacing converter may create

the amplification of supply voltage harmonics to

sensitive loads, mainly when the main grid voltage is

highly distorted. To discuss this limitation, unlike the

operation of the conventional converter with Dual

converter, a new nonlinear flexible sliding mode

simultaneous supply voltage and grid current

harmonic compensation strategy is proposed using

coordinated control of Bi-directional dual interfacing

converter is implemented. Grid voltage phase-locked

loop and the apprehension of the load current and the

supply voltage harmonics are irrelevant for both

interfacing converters. Therefore, the computational

load of interfacing converters can be significantly

diminished. Simulated and experimental results are

captured to verify the performance of the proposed

topology and the control strategy.

Keyword: nonlinear flexible sliding mode. Voltage

and current harmonics.

I. INTRODUCTION

Growing demands of using power conditioning

circuits in low and medium-voltage power

distribution System. Equating to bulky passive filters

that are extremely sensitive to circuit parameters

variations, the active power conditioning equipment

including active power filter (APF), dynamic voltage

restorer (DVR), and Unified power quality

conditioner is preferred due to the fast dynamic

response and the excellent immunity to system

parameter changes. So for, the high penetration of

distributed generation (DG) unit with power

electronics interfacing converter offers the possibility

of a power distribution system harmonic current

compensation using multifunctional dg interfacing

converter. During this charge of neighborhood load

harmonic current compensation is utilizing one DG

interface converters could create the intensification of

supply voltage harmonics delicate burdens, in the

main once the primary grid voltage is incredibly

mutilated. Dissimilar to the operation and generation

of unified power quality conditioners (UPQC) with

arrangement converter, another harmonic current

provide voltage and grid current harmonic play

methodology is planned a utilizing facility to

dominant of those shunt interfacing converters.

Especially, the first converter is responsible for

JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations

Volume VI, Issue V, May/2019

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Page No:2113

Mr. G. Ramakrishnaprabu, M.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor , Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vinayaka

Mission

neighborhood offer voltage at load harmonics square

measure reduction. Another converter is used to

alleviate the harmonic current created by the

communication between the first interfacing

converter and also the near nonlinear load. Here

perceive essential, dominant and command of those

coincidental converters, associate altered mixture

voltage, and the current controller is in addition

created within the discussion of the paper. Utilizing

this introducing controller, the grid voltage stage

locked circle and identification of the heap current

and also the provide voltage harmonics square

measure pointless for each interfacing converters.

During this method, the machine heap of interfacing

converters may be basically lessened.

Figure1:Diagram of Local Harmonic

Compensation Using Interfacing Converter.

Past research predominantly centered on the control

of a single DG shunt interfacing converter as an

Active power filter, as their energy devices circuits

have comparative structure. To understand an

upgraded dynamic assigning objective, the ordinary

current control techniques for grid-tied DG

interfacing converter might be adjusted. To start with,

the wide data variation capacity current controllers

are utilized so that the frequencies of harmonic load

current can drop into the transmission capacity of the

user controller.

II.LITERATURE REVIEW

A half a century of the exploitation of

controlled electric drive systems built on

semiconductor elements converter devices proved to

be the most reliable and cost-effective systems.

Thyristor voltage converters (TVC) are used as soft

starters (MSS) for powerful asynchronous electric

drives and are promising in terms of their use as

systems with an economizer and for the development

of devices to control the drive speed [1]. However,

the use of TVC causes significant harmonic distortion

of the shape of the current consumed. The

excessively consumed reactive power, direct current

consumption, current pulses lead to the emergence of

additional losses of electrical energy in the elements

of the power supply system, accelerate the aging of

insulation of current-carrying parts of equipment and

negatively influence its electromagnetic

compatibility[2]. While for a soft starter with rare

starts of the drive these effects can be neglected, due

to the shunting of the TVC after acceleration of the

engine, for a soft starter with frequent starts and

systems where the TVC remains in the operation

after acceleration, they must be taken into account. In

this method, the authors describe a solution directed

at compensating the harmonic distortion [3] of the

consumable current in systems with a TVC. The main

element of the proposed device is an active energy

filter (AEF) performed on IGBT-switches controlled

by a relay current regulator [4]. The application

contains an analytical overview of the compensation

process for the harmonic distortion of the current

with the help of AEF and considers its structure and

selected components. The separate sets of amplitude

values of the phase's current consumed from the

mains also allow the AEF to solve the problem of

phase unbalance of the load currents [5]. The



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amplitude value of the current of the first harmonic

ILM is measured in the phases of the stator. The

possibilities of applying AEF in the systems with

TVC are estimated, the ways of obtaining a positive

economic effect are revealed, namely: increasing the

service life and reducing the nominal power of the

feeding equipment [6]. The main disadvantages of

this solution are the need to install expensive

equipment, additional power losses in the AEF. In

this connection, it is important to evaluate in more

detail the economic effect obtained with the use of

the AEF. Further it is necessary to investigate the

functioning of the AEF with the possibility of

correcting the current asymmetry, to evaluate the

effect of its work on the harmonic composition of the

supply voltage at the distortion of the first harmonic,

to study the efficiency of the AEF in the process of

stopping of AM with the help of MSS and at the

operation of TVC as an economizer [7]. The

modernized architecture of the control system of the

existing AEF for devices with a current transformer

is proposed, namely: feedback is introduced on the

delay angle φ, which allows compensating

exclusively the reactive power of higher current

harmonics, a voltage regulator in the DC link is

installed. Proposes a higher-order sliding mode

differentiator to give an estimate for a highly

nonlinear one-link flexible manipulator state. A

Euler-Bernoulli cantilever beam models the

manipulator, and the elastic movement is

approximated using the assumed modes method

based only on the first elastic mode [8]. Hamilton's

principle yields the nonlinear system equations that

are rearranged in the Bruno-sky canonical form in

order to derive the differentiator equations. This

article evaluates, via the included numerical

simulation results, the efficiency of the differentiator

scheme to lower the estimation error and to shorten

its required time to converge. It also evaluates its

ability to reconstruct the unknown input to the system

[9]. Multiple control strategies rely on an accurate

and robust estimation of the nonlinear controlled

system state that is not usually reachable via direct

measurement. Thus, state observation for multi-input-

multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems is an

attractive field in modern control theory. Based on

the higher order sliding modes, the problem of

differentiation has been subjecting of a large number

of research papers. It offers the possibility to avoid

derivatives direct calculation especially in the

presence of noise [10]. Step-by-step vector-state

reconstruction by means of sliding modes has been

presented in. The difficulty is estimating the

derivative of a signal is posed as an observer

problem, and it is based on a transformation to the

triangular canonical form, known as the canonical

form, followed by successive estimation of the state

vector using the equivalent output error injection.

The first-order robust exact differentiator was first

suggested by, but its successive application is

cumbersome and not effective. The same author

solved the problem using arbitrary order robust exact

finite-time convergent differentiators. The flexible

manipulators are widely encountered in modern

applications such as aircraft, and space structures due

to their exceptional advantages over rigid ones.

III.PROPOSED SYSTEM

The voltage and a current controller for a double

converter system in which the load is directly

associated with bidirectional. With the configuration,

the quality of the supply voltage can be enhanced

through direct current control of the filter capacitor

voltage. In the meantime, the harmonic current

caused by the nonlinear load and the main converter



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is repaid converter continuously. Grid current and the

supply voltage are both fundamentally made strides.

To lessen the computational load of dg interfacing

converter, the planned voltage and current control up

a parallel converter topology where the neigh-

boarhound nonlinear flexible sliding mode without

utilizing load current/supply voltage harmonic

extractions or phase-bolt loops is created to

acknowledge to facilitated control of voltage PWM

nonlinear flexible sliding mode converters. Here

builds load is directly introduced to the shunt filter

capacitor of the main converter. The principal

interfacing Dual converter enhances the nearby load

supply voltage quality through harmonic voltage

control.

Figure2: Proposed Block Diagram

This charges the storage of the bi-directional

converter at the nominal voltage. Performance of the

bidirectional converter during this mode is

comparable to that of a converter. Bidirectional dc-dc

converters are the device for the purpose of step-up

or step-down the voltage level with the capability of

flow power in either forward directions or in the

backward direction. This bidirectional converter is

intelligent of charging and discharging the battery

reliably. Charging and discharging is based on the

state of charge of the battery and direction of the

PWM nonlinear flexible sliding mode Algorithm for

charging of is voltage controller & power controller

proposed and given in upcoming sections. power &

voltage controller are stability Current controller

direction of the PWM nonlinear flexible sliding mode

Algorithm for charging of is voltage controller &

power controller inverter three phase load isolated

in load varying in the bidirectional connected is a

filter of sources

3.1 Battery:

An electric battery is a device containing of

one or more electrochemical cells with external

connections provided to electrical power devices

such as industries, residential application, and electric

cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its

positive terminal is the cathode, and its negative

terminal is the anode the terminal marked negative is

the source of electrons that will flow through an

external electric circuit to the positive terminal.

When a battery is connected to an external electric

load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants

to lower-energy products, and the free-energy

difference is delivered to the external circuit as

electrical energy. Historically the term "battery"

specifically referred to a device composed of multiple

cells. However, the usage has evolved to include

devices consisting of a single cell

Figure3: Battery Circuit Diagram



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3.2 Bidirectional Dc to Dc Converter:

A conventional buck-boost converter can

management the power flow in one direction only,

but power can flow in both the direction in the

bidirectional converter. Bidirectional dc-dc

converters are the device for the purpose of step-up

or step-down the voltage level with the capability of

flow power in either forward directions or in the

backward direction. Converters work as a regulator

of power flow of the DC in both the direction. In the

power generation by windmills and solar power

systems, output fluctuates because of the changing

environmental condition. These energy systems are

not reliable to feed the power as a standalone system

because of the large fluctuations in output, and hence

these energy system systems are always connected

with energy storage devices such as batteries and

super capacitors Fig. 1(b). These energy storage

devices store the surplus energy during low load

demand and provide backup in case of system failure

and when the output of energy system changes due to

weather conditions. Thus, a bidirectional dc-dc

converter.

Figure4: DC TO DC Bidirectional Converter

3.3 Current Controller:

The controller is a cascade combination of a

current error amplifier with the PWM controller and

hysteresis current controller as shown in figure 7

constituting part of the current control loop. The

PWM controller has again given by K, of the

converter. The inhibit signal is enabled when the

current error exceeds the hysteresis, in turn,

suppresses the PWM block output Resulting in the

only output from the hysteresis block. If the present

failure is within the hysteresis windows, then the

PWh4 block is enabled, but the hysteresis block

becomes ineffective thereby the output of the

controller block comes only from the PWM part of

the controller. Decoupling of the induced EMF effect

is incorporated.

Figure 5: Current Controller

3.4 Filter:

Linear filters are the combinations of resistors

(R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C). These models

are collectively known as passive filters because they

do not depend upon an external power supply and/or

they do not include active components such as

transistors. Inductors block high-frequency signals

and control low-frequency signals, while capacitors

do the reverse. A filter in which the signal flows



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through an inductor, or in which a capacitor provides

a path to ground, performs less attenuation to low-

frequency signals than high-frequency signals and is,

therefore, a low-pass filter. If the signal progresses

through a capacitor or has a path to ground through

an inductor, then the filter presents inadequate to

high-frequency signals than low-frequency signals

and therefore is a high-pass filter. Resistors on their

own have no frequency-selective characteristics, but

are added to inductors and capacitors to prepare the

time-constants of the circuit, and therefore the

frequencies to which it responds. The inductors and

capacitors are the reactive elements of the filter. The

number of elements determines the order of the filter.

In this context, an LC tuned circuit being used in a

band-pass or band-stop filter is considered a single

element even though it consists of two components.

Figure6: Filter Circuit Diagram

3.5 Inverter:

Inverter boils down to a switching unit attached

to an electricity transformer. If considered our study

on transformers, you'll know that they're

electromagnetic devices that change low-voltage AC

to high-voltage AC, or vice-versa, using two coils of

wire (called the primary and secondary) wound

around a common iron core. In a mechanical inverter,

either an electric motor or some other kind of

automated switching device flips the incoming direct

current back and forth in the primary, easily by

reversing the contacts, and that generates an

alternating current in the secondary—so it's not so

very dissimilar from the imaginary inverter I

sketched out above. The switching device operates a

bit like the one in the various electronic application.

When the power is connected, it magnetizes the

switch, pulling it open and switching it off very

briefly. A spring pulls the switch back into position,

turning it on again and repeating the process—over

and over again.

Figure7: Inverter Circuit Diagram

3.6 Inductor:

An inductor is a passive electronic element that

stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. In its

modest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or

coil. The inductance is instantly proportional to the

number of turns in the coil. Inductance also used

upon the radius of the coil and on the type of material

around which the coil is wound. For a presented coil

radius and amount of turns, air cores result in the

least inductance. Materials such as wood, glass, and

plastic - known as dielectric materials - are the same

as air for the determinations of inductor winding.

Ferromagnetic substances such as iron, laminated

iron, and powdered iron increase the inductance



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obtainable with a coil having a given number of

turns.

Figure8: Inductor Circuit Diagram

3.7 Three-Phase Grid:

Three-phase PV inverters are generally used for off-

grid industrial use or can be designed to provide

utility frequency AC for connection to the power

grid. This PLECS application standard model

demonstrates a three-phase grid-connected solar

inverter. The PV operation includes an actual PV

string model, and the strings can be the series-parallel

combination to scale to a desired array output power.

The simulation connects the electrical power circuit,

the DC/DC and DC/AC control schemes, and the

thermal behavior of the semiconductors. The DC/DC

control system includes three control loops: a

maximum power point current controller, a voltage

controller, and a current controller. The outer control

loop is a current controller that ensures maximum

power is extracted from the PV string for a given

isolation level. To do this, it determines the optimal

PV terminal voltage using a proposed algorithm

known as dP/dV control. The voltage control loop

operates a PI controller and regulates the PV voltage

to this optimal level by controlling the amount of

current that is used into the boost stage. The

innermost control loop, the current controller, sets the

modulation index of the IGBT such that the desired

current is injected into the DC-link.

3.8 PWMNonlinear Flexible Sliding:

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or Pulse-

duration modulation (PDM), is a method of reducing

the common power given by an electrical signal, by

effectively chopping it up into discrete parts. The

average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load

is controlled by turning the switch connecting supply

and load on and off at a fast rate. The higher the

switch is on related to the off periods, the higher the

total power supplied to the load. Along with the

charging circuit, it is one of the primary methods of

reducing the output of solar panels to that which can

be utilized by a battery. PWM is particularly suited

for running inertial loads such as motors, which are

not as immediately affected by this discrete

switching. Because they have inertia, they respond

deliberately. The PWM switching frequency must be

high sufficient not to affect the load, which is to say

that the resultant waveform recognized by the load

must be as smooth as possible.

Figure 9: Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This proposed method of bidirectional

converter system utilizing MATLAB2017a software

is to be used and simulate the system function and

coordinated into the simulation model of a control

system. In the MATLAB/Simulink condition, using



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the capacities and Systems display library SIM Power

to set up the entire system.

Figure 10: Simulation Model of the Proposed

System

Fig 10 shows the simulation model of the

proposed method and the characteristics of the

Simulink screen of bidirectional converter utilizing

Nonlinear Flexible Sliding Mode Simultaneous

Control. The controller reproduction comes about are

talked in following figures.

Figure 11: Input Voltage

Figure 11 shows the input voltage of the

proposed system, in this voltage is taken to the dc

source in the battery.

Figure 12: Bidirectional Converter Voltage

Figure 12 shows the bidirectional converter

voltage of the proposed system, this converter is also

charging the battery. In this proposed controller give

the constant converter output voltage.

Figure 13: Output Voltage

Figure 13 shows the output voltage of the

proposed Nonlinear Flexible Sliding Mode

Simultaneous Control system, this output voltage

efficiency is better than the existing system.



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Figure 14: Output Current

Figure 14 shows the output current of the

proposed Nonlinear Flexible Sliding Mode

Simultaneous Control system,

Figure 15: Proposed System THD

Figure 15 shows the Total Harmonics

Distortion of the proposed Nonlinear Flexible

Sliding Mode Simultaneous Control system, and

the THD is 0.12%. In this THD is very low with

compare of existing system.

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 16: Hardware Circuit Diagram

A battery-based energy storage element is

essential in solar PV based micro grid. Other electric

energy storage systems utilized in a micro grid are

discussed in operation involving a battery is

incorporated with the bidirectional DC-DC converter

(BDDC) is used to interface the battery source to the

DC bus. The two main objectives of the BDDC are

(a) Control of the direction and amount of power

from/to the battery and (b) Control the voltage and

power requirements of the DC link battery is used in

conjunction with a bidirectional converter to maintain

the DC bus voltage constant, using power converter

circuit as shown in figure 3. A buck-boost type DC-

DC bi-directional converter is employed to inject or

absorb power from DC bus. Switch S1 is operated

only when the switch is OFF giving boost operation

and switch S2 is performed only when the switch is

in OFF condition in order to realize buck mode of

operation. The design of inductor and capacitors on

high voltage side and low voltage side are crucial for

its proper function.



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5.1 Hardware Output Model:

Figure 17: Hardware Output Model

The circuit diagram which represents the Control

of Dual-Interfacing-Converters for Micro grid

Voltage and Current Harmonics Compensation.

In this system battery is the main source and also

contain Bidirectional dc to dc converter, inverter,

step-up transformer, isolator and load.

The battery is given the 12v DC to this system,

and it will boost with help of Bidirectional DC to

DC converter. This converter both working in

charging and discharging the battery volt.

The boosted voltage is given to the inverter

circuit, this will convert the DC to AC voltage to

the step-up transformer and it will give the 230v

to load.

The filter circuit is used to reduce the loss in the

inverter output so the harmonics of the system is

also decrease. The relay is used to isolate the

circuit output, if any fault occur the output

cutoff.

5.2 HARDWARE OUTPUT TABULATION

Hardware Specification Input

ranges

Output

ranges

Battery

Source

Input power 12v 7.5A

Bidirectional

DC to DC

converter

Input power 12v 24v

Controller PIC

(16f877a)

5V DC 5V DC

Inverter Output

Power

24v

DC

24v AC

Transformer step-up 24VAC 230VAC

Relay AC and DC (0-

230)v

Isolate

the circuit

Load DC Load 12V 1000RPM

Load Load 230V 3A

5.3 ADVANTAGES:

Effectively improve the power control

dynamic response.

Steady-state tracking error is zero for both

converters.

5.4 APPLICATIONS:

Micro grid system.

Power distribution system

VI.CONCLUSION:

Double-output DC-DC converters with

bidirectional characteristics were proposed in this

method. Besides the proposal of the suitable power

converters, presents their models, control strategies,

nonlinear Flexible sliding mode implementations,



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and design specification. As advantages of these

converters, it is possible to sort a single converter

with two outputs and elimination of one power

switch and its drive circuitry as well as better power

losses distribution among the power switches. The

dual-output DC-DC converter needs power switches

with current ratings higher than that observed in the

conventional solution. Selected simulated and

experimental results are presented to demonstrate the

feasibility of the converter.

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