6 x 10. Three Lines - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/21971/index/9780521821971_index… · Name index Page numbers in italics indicate photographs or figures

Name index

Page numbers in italics indicate photographs or figures. Names (page numbers) in bold arechapter subjects (pages).

Adler, Hanna 104Alexandrov, P. S. 85, 94Alpher, Ralph 349Ambler, E. 275, 281Anderson, Carl D. 77, 138Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett 20Arrhenius, Svante 27–8, 32Artin, E. 84Astbury, W. T. 192Auger, Pierre, 77, 143, 229Ayrton, Hertha 2, 15, 15–25, 23, 218Ayrton, Will, 20, 22, 24

Baeyer, Otto von 76Bailey, Solon 64Bardon, Marcel 375, 376Bassi, Laura 1Becker, H. 138Becquerel, Henri 7, 44, 46, 50–1, 69, 229,

232Bell, Susan Jocelyn, see Burnell, Susan

Jocelyn BellBemont, Gustave 45, 47Berley, David 375Bernal, John Desmond 214, 218–9, 241–2,

249–50Berriman, R.W. 113Berson, Solomon 304–6, 309–13, 318Bethe, Hans xxi, 188, 349Bijvoet, Johannes 248Birge, Raymond 129, 133Birgeneau, Robert 356Bjorken, J. D. 432Blau, Marietta 3, 8, 109–26, 109, 374Blodgett, Katharine Burr 4, 37, 149–57, 149Bodichon, Barbara 20–2Bohr, Niels 78, 104, 128, 188, 264

Bolt, Bruce 6Boltzmann, Ludwig 79Born, Max 3, 123, 128–9, 134, 187Bothe, W. 138Bourbaki 84Bragg, W. H. 192, 198Brodsky, S. J. 432Brooks, Harriet 2, 32, 66–73, 66Bullen, K. E. 101Burbidge, (Eleanor) Margaret 164, 282–93,

282, 350Burbidge, Geoffrey R. 283, 288, 350Burnell, Martin 423Burnell, (Susan) Jocelyn Bell xx, 419–26, 419

Cameron, A. G. W. 285Cannon, Annie Jump 62, 159, 164–5, 289Carlisle, Harry 242, 251Cartwright, Mary Lucy xx–xxi, xxiv,

169–78, 169, 188Cattell, James M. 33Cauchois, Yvette 222–30, 222Chadwick, James 68, 112, 138, 144, 273Chandrasekhar, Subramanyan 179, 187, 320Charpak, George xxiiiChiewitz, O. 140Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne 334–42, 334Cocconi, Giuseppe xxi–xxiiCocconi, Vanna xxi–xxii, xxivCondon, Edward U. 129–31Conwell, Esther 315–23, 315Cooper, Vera, see Rubin, Vera CooperCronin, J. 276Cross, Charles R. 27Crowfoot, Dorothy, see Hodgkin, Dorothy

Crowfoot

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452 name index

Curie, Marie xx, 2, 7, 10, 22, 43–55, 43, 66,74, 137–8, 141–3, 146, 229, 232–3, 236,238, 258, 276, 312

Curie, Pierre 7–8, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52–4,141–2

Dalitz, R. H. 110Davy, Humphrey 17, 51, 199de Broglie, Louis xxiiDebierne, Andre 70, 233, 237Debye, Peter 128, 132Desaguiliers, John Theophilus 174Devaux, H. 41DeWitt, Bryce 328DeWitt-Morette, Cecile Andre Paule xx,

xxii–xxiv, 324–33, 324, 334Dirac, Paul A. M. 77, 180, 182, 187, 328Donne, John 174Dresselhaus, Gene 358, 359Dresselhaus, Mildred Spiewak 308, 355–61,

355du Chatelet, Emilie 1

Eddington, Arthur S. 160, 163, 421Edwards, Don 392–3, 397Edwards, Helen Thom 379, 385–98, 385Einstein, Albert 84, 121, 132, 258, 290Eliot, George 20Ellis, Charles D. 68, 76, 273Ellis, John 401, 405Endo, Morinobu 356–7Eve, A. S. 71Ewing, Maurice 106Exner, S. 79

Failla, Giacchino 308Fajans, Kasimir 75Fankuchen, Isidor 242, 250Faraday, M. 335Fermi, Enrico 77, 111, 284Feynman, Richard P. xxii, 89, 324, 328, 349,

431Fleming, Williamina 159Ford, Kent 344, 351Fowler, R. H. 179, 187Frayn, Michael 188Franck, James 127–8, 130, 132–4Franzini, Paulo 376–7, 381Freier, George 299Freier, Phyllis StCyr 294–302, 294

Frisch, Otto Robert 78, 81Fujita, M. 357

Gaillard, Jean-Marc 404Gaillard, Mary Katharine 399–406, 399Gamow, George 183, 349–50Gaposchkin, Sergei I. 163–4Garwin, Richard 370Gell-Mann, Murray 89, 429Gerlach, Walther 266Gill, Laura 32–3Ginzburg, Vitaly 416Glashow, S. L. 402, 408Glazebrook, Richard 20Glazer, A. M. 216Gleditsch, Ellen 120–1Goeppert, Maria see Mayer, Maria GoeppertGoldberg, Leo 167Goldhaber, Alfred 264Goldhaber, Gertrude Scharff 262–71, 262,

304, 308Goldhaber, Maurice 263, 266–7, 304, 308Gordan, Paul 90–1Gordon, Charles 71Gorky, Maxim 70Gould, Barbara Bodichon Ayrton 22Green, Michael 410–11Greenwood, Ted 12Gregory, C. C. L. 283, 288Griesen, Ken 291Groes, Nils 6Gulledge, Gail Leslie, see Hanson, GailGursey, Feza 86Gutenberg, Beno 99, 100–1, 103, 105

Haber, Fritz 132Hahn, Otto 5–6, 68, 75–81, 132, 140–1Halpern, Leopold 3–4, 109, 119, 123Hanson, Andrew Jorgen 436Hanson, Gail Leslie 427–39, 427Hardy, G. H. 175Hartree, Douglas R. 178, 180–1, 187Harwood, Margaret 64Hayward, R. W. 275Heisenberg, Werner 128, 187Heitler, Walter 129, 328Henri, Victor 131Herzsprung, Ejnar 61Hevesy, G. 140Hewish, Anthony 419–20, 422–3






name index 453

Hilbert, David 82–3, 87, 89, 91–2, 132Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot 5, 8–10, 10,

240–61, 240, 312Hodgkin, Thomas Lionel 258Hoffleit, Dorrit 64‘t Hooft, Gerard 408–9Hoppes, D. D. 275Hoyle, Fred 285Hubble, Edwin 57Hudson, R. P. 275Hulme, H. R. 179Hulubei, H. 224–5Hund, Friedrich 127, 129

Jacobson, Nathan 85, 93Jaffe, George 52–3Jahn, H. A. 195Javan, Ali 356Jeffreys, Bertha Swirles 178–91, 178, 179Jeffreys, Harold 101, 102, 108, 183, 185,

188Jensen, Hans 202, 207, 210Joliot-Curie, Frederic 8, 53, 138, 142–4, 229,

234, 328Joliot-Curie, Irene 8, 10, 53, 55, 137–48,

137, 229, 234, 237, 258, 276, 312, 328Jordan, Pascual 128

Kac, Mark 9Kallosh, Renata 407–18, 407Klein, Felix 83, 84, 86, 91Klein, Oskar 77Kleitman, Esther 13Knaggs, Ellie 195Kohlrausch, Friedrich 27–8Kohn, Hedwig 132, 134Kondo, J. 364Kravchenko, Sergey 366Krishnan, K. S. 194Kurrelmeyer, Bernhard 320

Laidlaw, Michael G. G. 325Langevin, Paul 52, 229Langmuir, Irving 4, 37, 149, 150–2, 155Larmor, J. 67Laue, Max von 266Lawrence, Ernest 278Leavitt, Henrietta Swan 5, 56–65, 56, 163Lederman, Leon 376, 394Lee, Ben W. 399, 400, 405

Lee, T. D. 274–5Lee-Franzini, Juliet 374–84, 374Lehmann, Inge 5–6, 97–108, 97Lenard, Philip 118Leray, Jean 338, 340Lichnerowicz, Andre 338, 340Lie, Sophus 88Linde, Andrei 416–7Lindsey, Gillian 12Littlewood, John 170–2London, Fritz 194Lonsdale, Kathleen 191–201, 191Lonsdale, Thomas Jackson 192, 198Lord Rayleigh see Strutt, John WilliamLorenz, Edward xxi, 172–3Lundy, Richard 398Lynden-Bell, Ruth 214

Mais, Walter 320Maltby, Margaret Eliza 6, 26–35, 26, 70Mandelbrot, Benoit 173Marconi, Guglielmo 16Marks, Sarah Phoebe see Ayrton, HerthaMoszkowski, S. A. 8–9, 11, 13Maury, Antonia 159Max, Claire xxMaxwell, James Clerk 334, 335Mayer, Joe 208–10Mayer, Maria Goeppert 8, 202–12, 202, 268,

270, 276, 289McDaniel, Boyce 391–2Megaw, Helen Dick 213–22, 213, 242Merton, R. K. 5Meitner, Lise 5–6, 8, 74–82, 74, 127, 135,

140–1, 238, 273, 276Mendeleev, Dmitrii Ivanovich 231–2, 234Meyer, Philip Randolph 33Millikan, Glen 241Milne, E. A. 179Minkowski, Rudolph 91, 128, 335–6Mohorovicic, Andrija 103Monastyrsky, Mikhail xxivMontgomery, Dorothy 403–4Moore, Henry 10Morette, Cecile Andree Paule see

DeWitt-Morette, Cecile Andree PauleMorgenstein, Myriam P. see Sarachik,

Myriam P.Moore, Henry 10Motchane, Leon xxiii






454 name index

Mott, Neville 179Mottelson, Benjamin Roy 264

Nanopoulos, Dimitri V. 400–3, 405Nernst, Walther 27, 132Neugebauer, Otto 92–3Nightingale, Florence 11, 258Nishina, Yoshio 77Noether, Emmy xx, 6, 83–96, 83, 93, 133,

177Norton, Peter 376

Occhialini, G. P. S. 113O’Gorman, Margaret 11Oldham, R. D. 99Oliver, Jack 102Oppenheimer, Robert xxii–iiiOrnstein, Martha 31Orr, Frances 32–3Orthman, W. 273Ostwald, W. 41, 86

Pais, Abraham 7Palevsky, Joan 12Pankhurst, Emmeline 22Pauli, Wolfgamg 76, 128, 273, 329Pauling, Linus 194Payne-Gaposchkin, Ceclia 63–4, 158–68,

158, 165Peachey, Margaret see Burbidge, (Eleanor)

MargaretPeierls, Rudolf E. 8Peng, H. W. 328Peoples, John 376Perey, Marguerite Catherine 231–9, 231Perrin, Frances 143, 228–9Perrin, Jean 228–9Perry, John 17, 21Peterson, H. 119Philipp, Kurt 77Philpot, John 241Pickering, Edward C. 5, 63, 65Pitcher, Frank 71Pitcher, Harriet see Brooks, HarrietPlanck, Max 79, 132, 174Pockels, Agnes 4, 36–42, 36, 150–1Pohl, Robert W. 120, 133Poincare, Henri 170–1Powell, C. F. 3, 113–4, 123Powell, H. M. 249

Power, Sheila xxiiPrendergast, Kevin H. 286Prizbarn, K. 123

Quimby, Edith 304, 308

Ralph, Mary Katharine see Gaillard, MaryKatharine

Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt) 4, 40–1Reimer, Marie 29Richards, Theodore William 233Richter, B. 441Robinson, James Harvey 31Rona, E. 120Roswit, Bernard 308–9Rubin, Robert 348Rubin, Vera Cooper 289, 343–54, 343Russell, Bertrand 258Russell, Henry Norris 159–60Rutherford, Ernest 46, 49–50, 66–71, 112Ryle, Martin 423

Sackett, Penny xxSachs, Allan 376Sachs, R. G. 208Saha, M. N. 159, 164Saito, R. 357Sakharov, Andrei 416Salam, A. 408Salant, E. O. 122Samios, Nicholas 376Sandage, Allen 351Sarachik, Myriam P. 362–73, 362Savart, Felix 27Sayr, Anne 9Schaefer, Vincent 156Scharff, Gertrude see Goldhaber, Gertrude

ScharffSchmidt, Gerhard Carl 44Schrodinger, Erwin 113, 123Schroeder, Paul 356Schwartz, Melvin 376Schwarz, John 410Schwitters, Roy 437Scott, Charlotte 20Seager, Sara xxSegre, Emilio 278Shapiro, Maurice 3–4Shapley, Harlow 57, 61, 159–60, 163–4,

166–7






name index 455

Shockley, William 316, 320Sime, Ruth 5Sitterly, Charlotte Moore 349Skodowska, Maria see Curie, MarieSmith, David Eugene 31Soddy, Frederick 75Somerville, Mary 1, 21Spiewak, Mildred see Dresselhaus, Mildred

SpiewakSponer, Hertha 127–36, 127Stahr, Martha 349StCyr, Phyllis see Freier, Phyllis StCyrSteinberger, Jack 376Stetter, G. 120–1, 123Stimson, Dorothy 31Strassmann, Fritz 5–6, 77, 80–1Straus, Eugene 311Strutt, John William (Lord Rayleigh) 4, 40–1Sussman, Rosalyn see Yalow, Rosalyn

SussmanSwirles, Bertha see Jeffreys, Bertha Swirles

Tamm, Igor 416Tang, You Chi 257Taylor, Harold 179, 184Taylor, Mary 186–7Taylor, W. H. 219Teller, Edward 129, 131, 134, 208Thatcher, Margaret 250Thom, Helen see Edwards, Helen ThomThomson, G. P. 267Thomson, J. J. 70–1Thorndike, Lynn 31Ting, S. C. C. 441Tollestrup, Alvin 398Trotter, Alexander P. 19, 21Trueblood, Kenneth 248Turner, Jean 5

Tuve, Merle 351Tyutin, Igor 408

Van der Pol, Balthasar 170van der Waerden, B. L. 85van’t Hoff, J. H. 27Vaughan, Janet 250Veltman, Martinus 408–9Venkatesan, T. 357Voigt, Woldemar 132

Wambacher, Hertha 3, 111–2, 120–1, 123Webster, Arthur G. 28Weinberg, S. 408Weisskopf, Victor F. 316, 320Weyl, Hermann 84–5, 92–3Wheeler, John 78, 330Wiik, Bjorn 397, 442Wilczek, Frank 325Williams, Ellen xxWilliams, Gary 4, 12Williamson, Elizabeth 288Wilson, Robert 392–3Wong, Chun Wa 12Wu, Chien-Shiung xx, 272–81, 272, 273Wu, Sau Lan 440–50, 440

Yalow, Aaron 307, 312Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman 8, 303–14, 303Yang, C. N. 275, 278Yardley, Kathleen see Lonsdale, KathleenYuan, Luke C. L. 280Yukawa, H. 208

Zeeman, Pieter 233Zobernig, Georg 442–3Zumino, Bruno 405Zweig, G. 429






Subject index

Italicized page numbers refer to illustrative material.

α2Canum Venaticorum, 284ACA. see Association for Collegiate

AlumnaeAcademie des Sciences, 237accelerators, 391, 397acoustics, 26, 27

pitch, 27actinium, 236

decay series, 75discovery of, 233spectrum of, 233

action, as integral of the Lagrangian, 87Admiralty and War Office (UK), in World

War I, 16, 19adsorption of gases, 149airplane wing de-icing, 152Airy functions, 183Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 12algebra, 6, 84–5, 88, 90–2, 180, 380, 412, 416alpha decay, 75alpha particle, reaction with nuclei, 110alpha rays, 145

passage through matter, 138American Academy of Arts and Sciences,

27, 312, 321, 359, 372, 397Fellow, 290, 405, 448

American Association for the Advancementof Science, 33, 64

Fellow, 300, 372, 438President, 359

American Association of University Women,64, 156, 289. see also Association forCollegiate Alumnae

Annual Achievement Award, 156American Association of Variable Star

Observers, 64American Astronomical and Astrophysical

Society. see American AstronomicalSociety

American Astronomical Society, 64, 164,289–90, 346, 352, 425

American Chemical Society, 156American Geophysical Union, 106, 108American Philosophical Society, 352, 359American Physical Society, 11, 33, 156,

210, 279, 322, 341, 359, 382, 398, 405,437

Committee on Women in Physics, 322Fellow, 156, 268, 300, 372, 382, 397, 438,

448analytic function theory, 173, 175Andromeda Galaxy, 351anomalous dispersion (of X-rays), 193, 195,

197, 248–9definition, 244description of, 226

antibiotics, 251antipernicious anemia factor, 9. see also

vitamin B12

anyons, 325arcs

arc lightsanti-aircraft searchlights, patent for, 18arc lamp technology, patent for, 18

hissing of, oxidation of carbon anode, 16arthritis, rheumatoid, affliction of D.

Hodgkin, 10Association for Collegiate Alumnae, 28. see

also American Association ofUniversity Women

Committee on Fellowships, M. Maltby,33

astatine, 224astrophysics

absorption of radiation by a gas, 179beginning of, 158

asymptotic approximation (AA) method,184






subject index 457

asymptotic freedom (in strong interactions),400

atom, source of radioactivity, 44, 47Atomic Energy Project, work by I.

Joliot-Curie from 1945–1951, 143Atomic Scientists Association, 199atomic spectroscopy, 128

chemical composition and temperatures ofstars, 159–60

Auger effect. see radiationless transitionsAustrian Academy of Sciences, 121, 123Austrian Association of Woman

Academicians, 120Ayrton equation, 16Ayrton fan, 18–19

protection of troops in gas warfare, 19

background field method, 325Bakerian Lecture 1904, 67Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory, 358, 363barium, 45, 77, 80, 140–1barium titanate, 215–6, 218Barnard College, 2, 6, 27–32, 29, 32, 70,

370baryons, 429–31Battelle “Rencontres” in Seattle, 331Be star, 283Bedford College for Women, 198Bell Laboratories, 320, 370bent crystal spectrometer, 224. see also

Cauchois spectrometerbenzene

hexamethyl, 192spectrum of, 208structure of hexamethyl, 192

first determination of structure of anaromatic compound, 192

beta decay. see nuclear beta decaybeta particles, 76, 263–4beta rays, 145. see also electronsBianchi identities, 89biomedical physics, 303–6black holes

entropy formula, 413extremal, 413in string theory and supergravity,

412–13Blau-Wambacher stars, 111, 116B-mesons, 378, 444

B0 – anti-B0 mixing, 400–1

bosons, 325, 386, 395, 403, 409, 411branes, 414bremsstralung process, 442British Association for the Advancement of

Science, first woman president, K.Lonsdale, 199

Bronx High School of Science, 370Bronx Veterans Administration Hospital

(VA), 308–10Brookhaven National Laboratory, 117, 122,

265, 267, 377, 404, 431Brooklyn College, 320Brown University, 156, 176Bryn Mawr, 70, 90, 92, 155

California Institute of Technology, 289Cambridge Electron Accelerator, 436Canadian Radium and Uranium Company,

121cancer, 64, 238, 240carbon in steel, detecting and proportioning,

141carbon nanotubes, 355, 357carbon science, 355–8. see also graphite

carbon fibers, 357fullerenes, 355, 357, 360nanotubes, 355, 357–8, 360

career obstaclesanti-Semitism, 118enforced exile, 80, 109gender discrimination, 63, 81, 91–2, 106,

118, 156, 165–7, 267, 290, 307, 322–3,341, 369–71, 391, 404, 447

nepotism rules, 8, 209–10, 267, 289, 300,307–8, 330–1, 359

related to family, 32, 39–40, 71, 424–5Carnegie Institution of Washington, 158,

351Carnot’s principle, 47–8Carolina-Wilhelmina University,

Brunswick, Germany, 41carrier (chemical, for radioisotope), 141,

146Cat and Mouse Act, 22Cauchois spectrometer (bent crystal

spectrometer), 223, 226causality, 335–6, 336, 339cell walls, 37Centre de Chimie Physique at Orsay, 229Centre de Recherches Nucleaires, 237






458 subject index

Cepheid variable stars. see also variablestars

discovery of Hubble law, 57as distance indicators, 60–2, 161, 163light curves of, 163orbits, 161period-luminosity relation, 56–9, 61

CERN, 123, 390, 402, 404–6, 416, 434, 444,446–7, xxii

chalcite, 45chaos theory. see also non-linear equations

becomes fashionable, 173discovery of, xxinon-linear amplifier, dynamics of, 170

chaotic solutions, 172“dramatic fine structure,” 174

charge carrier, 235, 365charge propagation, 318chemical composition of stars. see also

stellar atmospheresastronomical spectroscopy, 290–1

Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur, 331Chevalier de l’Ordre national du Merite, 331children of

Bell Burnell, Susan Jocelyn, 424Choquet-Bruhat, 340Conwell, Esther, 321Curie, Marie, 44DeWitt-Morette, Cecile, 330–1Dresselhaus, Mildred, 359Freier, Phyllis, 301Gail G. Hanson, 436Gallliard, Mary Katharine, 404–5Goldhaber, Gertrude, 267Hodgkin, Dorothy, 258Joliot-Curie, Irene, 143Kallosh, Renata, 417Lee-Franzini, Juliet, 381Lonsdale, Kathleen, 198Maltby, Margaret, 33Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia, 164Rubin, Vera, 349, 352Sarachik, Myriam, 370Wu, Chien-Shiung, 279Yalow, Rosalyn, 310

chlorine gas, 18–9cholesterol, 240cholesteryl iodide

chemical formula of, 242, 243structure of crystalline, 242, 243

chromodynamics, 89coupling strength, 401quantum theory (QCD), 401

cinema projectors, 17City College of New York, 370closed shells, 204–7CNRS (French national Center of Scientific

Research), 228, 237, 404Co60 nuclei, beta decay of polarized, 275collaboration

B. and H. Jeffreys, 182Cartwright and Littlewood, 170–3of experimental high energy

physicists, 435L. Meitner and O. Hahn, 75, 81M. Blau and E. Rona, 120M. G. and J. Mayer, 208Marie and Pierre Curie, 7mother-daughter, 141mother-son, 264other, 194, 210, 224, 257, 275, 286, 356

collaborationsALEPH, 444CLEO, 445CMS, 438KLM, 299OPAL, 439SLAC-LBL, 436–7TASSO, 441

colliders. see also LHC; SSC; Tevatronelectron-positron, 434

LEP, 438PEP, 432, 438PETRA, 432, 441TESLA, 397

high energy, 390, 403linear, 397proton-antiproton, 390proton-proton, 434

Columbia Nevis Cyclotron Laboratories,381

Columbia Nuclear Emulsions Laboratory,381

Columbia University, 122, 209, 278, 307,370, 380, 404

Commander of the British Empire (CBE),425

Committee of Concerned Scientists, 372Compton Medal of the AIP, 360Compton scattering, 77






subject index 459

computing equipment, 248conducting polymers, 318–9configuration interaction, 180, 183conformal method, 338conservation of angular momentum, 88conserved vector current, in beta decay,

276continuous symmetry groups

finite, 88–9infinite, 88–9

cooking, 156Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), 378Cornell University, 188, 339, 348, 359, 378,

390–4, 445, xxicosmic acceleration, 415cosmic inflation, 414cosmic radiation. see also cosmic rays

nuclear composition of, 295–6solar modulation of, 297–8

cosmic ray isotopes, 298cosmic ray stars. see Blau-Wambacher starscosmic ray tracks, 111cosmic rays, heavy primary nuclei in, 113,

118cosmological constant, 414CP violation, 379, 446critical exponent, 368–9crystal structure

of barium titanate, 216determination by heavy atom method,

245ice, 214non-centrosymmetric, definition of, 244.

see also non-centrosymmetriccompounds

rules to develop phase relationships,197

structure determination, 193of benzene ring, 194

structure functions, 193of tartrates, 248–9

crystallography see X-ray crystallographydiffraction patterns see X-ray diffraction

patternsdiffuse scattering, 195–7

dynamic disorder, 195–6crystal texture, 195

electron-density maps. see electrondensity maps

first analysis of an organic crystal, 194

phase problem, 246refinement of structure, 246structure functions, 193unit cells, 246unit-cell dimensions, 242, 246–7, 251use of computing equipment, 248

crystalsdiamagnetic anisotropy, 194mother liquor, 241–2, 250optical anisotropy, 195symmetries of, 44

Curie Institute, 67Curie temperature, 50curvature, of four dimensional spacetime,

336curvature tensor, 336–7Cyrus B. Comstock Award, 279

Dame Mary Cartwright, 176dance, 381DA�NE, 379Dannie Heineman Prize in Mathematical

Physics, 341dark energy, 414dark matter

invisible component of galaxies, 345mass of, 348

Department of Scientific and IndustrialResearch (DSIR), 170

DESY, 392, 397, 401, 432, 441, 447detectors. see also nuclear emulsions

in high energy physics experiments,428

MARK I, 432TASSO, 441TPC, 442

diamonds, 196–7diffeomorphisms, 88diffuse scattering (of X-rays). see

crystallographyDirac equation, 182Dirac-Fock method, 180Distinguished Alumni Award, Brooklyn

College, 321double quantum emission, 207Duke University, 133dyslexia, 390

E. O. Lawrence Prize, 398, 405e+ e− pair production, 77, 138–9






460 subject index

earth, structure of, 97inner core, 97–101Lehmann (220 km) discontinuity, 102–3outer core, 99seismic waves from earthquakes, 98–101,

103two shell model, 98–100, 99

Ecole d’Enseignement Technique Feminine,236

Ecole Normale Superieure, 339Einstein, Albert

epitaph for E. Noether in the New YorkTimes, 94

recommendation of M. Blau for position inMexico, 121

Einstein equations, existence anduniqueness of solutions, 336

eka-cesium, 232–3electric arcs, 15–18electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions,

28electrical conductivity of solutions, 27–8electrical resistance, 364electrodynamics, 89, 335electron density maps, 193, 219, 241, 243–4,

255, 256definition of, 245

electron diffraction, 263electron magnetic spectrometer, 273,

273–4electron-atom collisions, 128electron-positron collisions, 428, 432, 440,

444electron-positron pairs, 77, 263, 397–8, 401electrons, 146, 182, 429

beta particles identical to, 264in a crystal, 316in solar corona and solar wind, 420

electroweak interactions, 408element 87, 232–3energy, law of conservation of, and

radioactivity, 47–8energy conservation, 86enzymes, 245European Physical Society, 330, 443, 448exchange forces, 182Executive Committee Special Prize of the

European Physical Society, 448Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

(EXAFS), 225

Faddeev-Popov ghosts, 410Faxen-Waller theory, 195feldspars, 214–5

plagioclase, 215Fermi surface of graphite, 356Fermilab, 117, 268, 377, 385, 388, 389,

390–2, 394, 396–7, 402, 405, 446fermions, 182, 325, 403, 409, 443ferroelectricity, 216ferromagnetism, 50, 216, 263Feynman’s path integral method,

DeWitt-Morette’s work on, 324–6Fields Medal, xxivfirst woman

first and only to receive Hughes Medal ofRoyal Society (London), 22

member of Septemviri, 176physics award from ACA, 28professor in Sorbonne, 52to receive doctorate in physics from

Cambridge University, 150Albert Lasker Award, 312first two admited to University of

Erlangen, 6first two Fellows of Royal Society

(London), 22Gold medal of the Royal Astronomical

Society, 352Henry Norris Russell Prize Lecture, 164honorary doctorate, Princeton

University, 279member of Academie des Sciences, 237Nobel Prize for theoretical physics, 202officer National Academy of Sciences,

359participant in French government, 143Ph. D. in physics, Cambridge

University, 150president of American Astronomical

Society, 164president of American Physical

Society, 289president of British Association for the

Advancement of Science, 199professor at University College

London, 197research scientist in GE, 149Thomas Alva Edison Award, 321university professors in Germany, 80use of Palomar telescope, 351






subject index 461

fission. see also nuclear fissiondiscovery of, 75, 141of a uranium nucleus, 263

flourescence, aromatic molecules, 132fragmentation. see also nuclear spallation

of heavy nuclei, 115of quark-antiquark pairs, 341. see also jets

in e+ – e− annihilations, 437, 444francium. see also eka-cesium

discovery of, 232–6physical, chemical and biological

properties, 234radioactive properties, 233–4

Franck-Condon principle, 129–30Frascati, 227, 379, 382Frayn, Michael, Bertha Swirles Jeffreys’

correspondence, 188French Legion of Honour

I. Joliot-Curie, Officer of, 144Y. Cauchois, Officer of, 229

French Society of Chemical Physics, 229Fulbright Fellowship for study abroad, 358fullerenes, 355

Galactic Center, 57, 161galaxies, 57–9, 285–7, 343–5, 347–51gamma globulins, 305gamma radiation, 76–7gamma ray astronomy, 299gamma rays, 145, 223gardening, love of

Blodgett, K., 156Lehmann, I., 105Megaw, H., 219Pitcher, H., 72

Garvan Medal, 156gauge groups

global, 88local, 88

gauge theories, 90, 325, 408, 410, 412, 416Gauss-Codazzi conditions, 338Geiger-Muller counter, 146general coordinate transformations, 86,

337General Electric (GE) Laboratory,

Schenectady, NY, 155–6General Relativity (GR), 83, 84, 86, 88–90,

334, 341energy conservation in, 86, 88–9principle of equivalence, 89, 336

theory of gravity, 335–8basis for numerical exploration, 338existence and uniqueness of Einstein

equations, 336–8precise mathematical treatment of

certain elements, 335–6geodesic, 336Georgetown University, 349

Observatory, 350germanium. see semiconductorsGeV accelerators, 115–8Girton College, 20, 170, 175–6, 186, 188,

217–9Mistress of, 175, frontispiece

gluon. see also Standard Modelexperimental signature, 401gluon jets, 442–3

gluons, 378–9, 401, 409, 411, 440Godolphin School, 175Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical

Society, 352Gold Medal of the University of Paris, 230Gottingen University, 32, 84, 91, 132, 133,

187, 209Gradmaalingen, Danish seismographic

institution, 104grand unified theories (GUTs). see Standard

Modelgraphite

electronic structure of, 356graphite intercalation compounds (GICs),

355–6, 360gravitational lensing, 345gravity, 407, 410. see also General

RelativityEinsteins’ use of curvature, 336

gravity waves, 337gymnastics, 415

hadrons. see also fragmentation, ofquark-antiquark pairs

internal structure, 429–30new, discoveries of, 429, 444

half-life, 145Hamilton’s Principle of Least Action, 87Hartree self-consistent field

method, 181–2multi-electron wave functions, 181–3relativistic case, 180

Harvard College, 158, 163–4, 166–7






462 subject index

Harvard College Observatory, 57–8, 62–3,164–7, 348

Circular, 5, 57–9, 61Harvard Graduate School, 446Harvard Revised Magnitude Scale, 58, 63Harvard women at the Harvard Observatory,

165spectral properties of over 300,00

stars, 159work of, 159, 164–6

heavy primary nuclei, 113Helen B. Warner Prize, 289Helen Megaw Island, 214hemoglobin, microscopic studies, 276Henry Norris Russell Lecture, 289, 352Henry Norris Russell Prize, 164Herschel Medal from Royal Astronomical

Society, 425Higgs boson, 400–1, 440, 444–6Higgs particle. see Standard ModelHigh Energy and Particle Physics Prize

of the European Physical Society,448

history of physics, 1, 11, 31Hollins College (Virginia), 403Hubble Law, 57, 59Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 59Hughes Medal of the Royal Society of

London, 22human immune system, 305–6human rights, 372Humphrey Davy Medal of the Royal Society

of London, 51Hunter College, 307–8, 358, 383Hunter College High School, 358hydrogen bonds, 214, 242hydrophilic molecules, 151–2hydrophobic molecules, 151hyperfragments, 118hyperons, 118

ice crystals, 153, 220, 242immune system, 305–6Imperial College London, 187independent particle model. see also nuclear

shell modelatomic, 208nuclear. see nuclear shell model

Indiana University, 438indicator method, 146

Inge Lehmann Medal of the AmericanGeophysical Union, 106

Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, 237Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques

(IHES), xxiiiInstitut du Radium (Paris), 137, 233, 236Institut fur Radiumforschung, Vienna, 3,

119Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, 328Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 93,

328, 339, xxii–xxivInstitute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers (IEEE), 321Institutet for Teoretisk Fysik, Copenhagen,

328Institution of Electrical Engineers, 16, 21,

25first woman member, H. Ayrton, 21

insulin, 250antibody-antigen reaction, 306malfunction of, in diabetes, 305structure of, 9, 240–1, 248–50, 257

internal conversion of gamma rays, 179International Congress of Women, 22International Federation of University

Women, 23International Union of Crystallography,

197, 199, 259International Union of Pure and Applied

Chemistry (IUPAC), 237iodine metabolism, 305ionic dissociation, 27, 28ionization chamber, parallel plate, 44isotope, 145, 146isotropic phase space, 433Italian Physical Society, Varenna School,

329

J. J. Sakurai Prize of the APS, 405jets

axis of, determination (Hanson), 432–3in elementary particle interactions,

427–8in high energy e+ e− collisions

(annihilations), 401, 431, 442quark jets, 433, 445. see also

fragmentationexperimental discovery of, 428, 432–4

paper describing, 434as verification quarks exist, 431






subject index 463

three jet events, 401, 442, 443experimental discovery of, 442–3

John Price Wetherill Medal of the FranklinInstitute, 278

Johns Hopkins University, 209J/ψ particle, 441

Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fur Physikalischeund Elektrochemis, 133

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Insitut fur Chemis (KWI),79, 80

Kaluza-Klein theory, 327Kingswood School, Detroit, Michigan, 390Kinsey Institute, 268Kitt Peak National Observatory, 350K-meson, 117–8, 374, 377–9, 400–1

K0 – anti-K0 mixing, 400Kondo effect, 364

Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, 229laboratories for science courses, 30Lagrangian field theory, 87Langmuir trough, 150, 152. see also Pockels

troughLangmuir-Blodgett films, 151–2lanthanum, 141latent image

development of, 110fading of, 112studies of and methods for processing

photographic layers, 111Laue patterns, 195–6

photographs, 197Laura Leonard Prize, 41Lavoisier Medal, 144Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, 416Lego plots, 269Lehmann discontinuity, 103Leibniz Medal, 123leptons, mesons, and baryons, 430Leray theory, 338Les Houches Summer School of Theoretical

Physics (l’Ecole Ete de PhysiqueTheorique), 328–31, xxii–xxiii

LHC (Large Hadron Collider), 434, 436, 438,446

Lie groups, 88Lieben Prize, 121light, speed of, 297, 335, 337light bulbs, 150

light propagation in wave guides, 317–18light-emitting diodes, 316, 319lighthouses, 15liquid drop model. see nucleusLiquid Drop Model (of nucleus), 78, 203local energy conservation, 86, 89local magnetic moments, 364lonsdaleite, 197Los Alamos. see nuclear weaponslow temperature conductivity of

semiconductors, 316–7low temperature resistivity, 363–6low temperature spectroscopy of aromatic

molecules, 132

MacArthur Fellowship, 398Madeira School for Girls, 390Magellanic Clouds

Cepheid variables in, 58–9Large and Small, 57, 58

magnetic anisotropy of crystals, 194magnetism, 44magnitude scale, 57–8, 60Maldecena Conjecture, 414Manhattan Project, 203, 208–9, 278, 320many atom molecules, 131Marcel Grossmann Prize, 332, 341Maria Goeppert Mayer Award, 210mass, gravitational effects in GR, 336masses of quarks and leptons, 401–2Mateucci Medal, 144Matthew Principle, 5Maxwell–Faraday-Lorentz field theory, 335McGill University, 68Meitnerium, element 109 named for Lise

Meitner, 81meson exchange, 208mesons, 115, 122, 386–7, 394, 429–31, 438.

see also leptons, mesons, andbaryons

B-mesons, 378, 444charmed-mesons, 401K-mesons, see K-mesonπ -mesons, 400. see also pionsupsilon mesons, 377–9, 394

metal-insulator transition, 362, 364–7,368–9

Methods of Mathematical Physics, 183, 185Michelson Medal of the Franklin Institute,

423






464 subject index

Michelson-Morley experiment, 335microwave background radiation, 345, 419,

421Milky Way

clouds of, 57. see also Magellanic Cloudsnebulae, 57size of, first measurement, 57

mirror symmetry. see parityMassachusetts Institute of Technology

(MIT), 27, 32, 321, 340, 355, 359–60,436, 441, 447

molecular films, thick, 152molecular films on water, 37, 149–50molecular spectra, 129–31molecular spectroscopy, 130–1molecular structure, 130molecular theory, 130–1molecular weight of radioactive gas, 67monolayer films, 151Moscow State University, 416mother, devoted, Marie Curie, 44Mount School (York, England), 422Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 310M-theory, 411, 412, 413–5. see also string

theoryMullard Space Science Laboratory in Surrey

(UK), 424multi-electron atoms. see Hartree

self-consistent fieldmultipole radiation, 184muons

Michel parameter, 376neutrinoless decays of, 375

musicphysical basis of, 30. see also acoustics

music, love ofDresselhaus, M., 360Jeffreys, B., 188–9Maltby, M., 30, 33Meitner, L., 79

National Academy of Engineering, 321, 359,397

National Academy of Science (U.S.), 167,209, 259, 268, 278, 290, 312, 321, 359,371, 381, 405

National Academy of Sciences (Shanghai),277

National Accelerator Laboratory (NAL),393

National Center of Scientific Research(France) see CNRS

National Central University in Nanjing,277

National Medal of Science, 278, 290, 312,359

National Science Board, 352, 406National Science Foundation, 322, 351, 371,

382, 392National Technology Medal, 398National Union of Scientific Workers, 23Nature, 4, 21, 41, 67, 70, 420–1, 423

obituary of I. Joliot-Curie by Sir JamesChadwick, 144

publication in by A. Pockels, 40Naval Ordinance Laboratory, Washington,

DC, 299–300Nazi fascism, 118Nazis, 92, 120–3

escape fromM. Sarachik’s family, 92Y. Choquet-Bruhat’s father deported

from France because of resistanceactivities, 339

left Austria because of,M. Blau, 120

left Germany because ofE. Noether, 92G. Scharff-Goldhaber, 266H. Sponer, 133L. Meitner, 5

neptunium, 224neutrinos, 273, 327, 375–6, 386, 388, 394,

398, 429, 441, 444. see also nuclearbeta decay

“desperate remedy,” 76flavors of, 376

neutroncomponent of cosmic rays in the

atmosphere, 112discovery, Joliot-Curie result, 138discovery, Chadwick, 112, 138emission from polonium-beryllium

sources, 112spectrum, from nuclear reaction, 110,

112studies with recoiling protons, 112, 136,

138neutron stars. see pulsarsNew York Academy of Sciences, 321, 372






subject index 465

New York City Mayor’s Award forExcellence in Science, 372

New York Research Foundation, 382–3Newman Laboratory of Nuclear Studies

(LNS) at Cornell, 392Newnham College, Cambridge, 104, 163Nicholson Medal of the APS, 359Nobel Committee, doubts about, 423Nobel Institute for Physics, 80Nobel Prize

B. Richter and S. C. C. Ting; Sau Lan Wukey member of team, 441

Blau recommended by Schrodinger, 113C. F. Powell w/o acknowledgement to

Marietta Blau, 4, 113Dorothy Hodgkin (Chemistry, 1964),

257Hewish and Ryle (1974), Jocelyn Bell

Burnell left out, 423Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie (Chemistry,

1935), 139Irving Langmuir (1932), Agnes Pockels left

out, 37M. Goeppert Mayer with J. H. D. Jensen

(1963), 210Marie and Pierre Curie with J. Becquerel

(1903), 51Marie Curie (Chemistry, 1911), 52Otto Hahn (Chemistry, 1944) Lise Meitner

left out, 81Rosalyn Yalow with R. Guillemin and A.

Schally (for Physiology orMedicine), 312

T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang (1957); importantwork by Chien Shiung Wu, 276

Noether’s Theorem, 84, 86–90non-centrosymmetric compounds, 244–5.

see also crystal structurenon-linear amplifiers, pathological behavior,

xx. see also chaos theorynon-linear equations, 171–2. see also Van

der Pol equationnon-reflective glass coatings, 153–6North Polar Sequence, 58, 62Northampton School for Girls, 186nuclear beta decay

Fermi theory confirmed, 273–4forbidden transitions, 274group displacement law, 75shapes of spectra, 76, 273–4

nuclear emulsions, 109, 295, 297, 299, 375,376

detectors of composition of cosmicrays, 115

sensitivity of, 112, 113, 114, 115nuclear explosions, surveillance, 102nuclear fission. see also fission

neutron emission in, 80, 203, 263, 272spontaneous, 263

nuclear pairing, 203, 206nuclear physics, 50, 75, 109, 144, 202, 262,

276, 295, 303, 391nuclear recoil. see radioactive (nuclear)

recoilnuclear shell model, 203–7

magic numbers, 8, 203–6nuclear pairing, 203–6spin-orbit coupling, 207

nuclear spallation, discovery of, xxinuclear test-ban treaty, 102nuclear weapons

Meitner refused to work on, 78Meitner’s love of physics diminished

by, 78nucleosynthesis, 288, 296nucleus, 146

liquid drop model, 78, 203Variable Moment of Inertia Model, 264

collective behavior of, 263, 264–5discovery of, 49

Oberlin College, 32, 62oily films, 36, 150Open University, 424Oppenheimer Memorial Prize, 425optical anisotropy, 195optical fibers, 316–7optical spectroscopy, 233, 291Order of Merit, 258organic solids, 318–9organometallic compounds, definition, 245Orsay Scientific Center of University

Paris-Sud, 144outdoor activities (hiking, camping, skiing,

sky-diving), 79, 156, 266, 332, 341Outstanding Junior Investigator Award, 448Oxford University, 175

pairing (nuclear), 204, 206Palomar Observatory, 351






466 subject index

parityconservation or non-conservation, 275maximal violation of parity

conservation, 275–6parity violation, 374–5particle detection, methods of, 110, 117. see

also detectorspath integral. see Feynman’s path integral

methodPatterson map, 245, 247

definition and description, 245Patterson Synthesis, 193–4penicillin, 248, 251, 252

chemical formula of, 251, 252structure of, 240, 248

pepsin crystals, 241–2Perfect Cosmological Principle, 344periodic table of elements, 75, 231–2, 234perovskites, 215–6phase problem, 246–7Phi Beta Kappa, 64, 307, 322, 446Philosophical Magazine, publication in by

H. Brooks, 69Philosophical Society of Washington, DC,

164phosporous-32, 140photoabsorption problem, 225photoelectric effect, 178photo-emulsion technique, 110photographic

emulsion, 109film, 110method and Fermi, 111

photographic emulsion detectorsalpha particle tracks, 141at CERN and Fermilab, 117stripped layers, 112

photography, interest in, Megaw, H., 219physics with GeV accelerators, 115–8piezo-electricity, 44

experimental laws of, 50pi-mu-e decay, 113, 114, 118

parity violating effect, 275pions. see also mesons, π–mesons

discovery of, 113, 115, 274lifetime of neutral, 118

pitchblende, 45, 47, 52, 112, 224, 232–4, 233plagioclase feldspars, 215plasma, 16

dense, X-ray diagnostics, 228

Pockels point, 38, 39Pockels trough, 37, 37–8

Langmuir trough, 150polarons, 318–9polonium, 146

alpha rays of, 138from decays of radium D, 138discovery of, 45in gold and tellerium, 224

Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 352positrons, 138

emission induced by alpha particles,139

predissociation, 129, 131Princeton Pennsylvania Accelerator, 377Princeton University, 93, 159, 278–9Principle of Equivalence, 89, 336Prix du Rayonnement Francais, 331Prix Thibaud, 405protoactinium, Meitner-Hahn discovery, 75proton, 146

beams, 115tracks, 110–3

proton-proton collisions, multiple pionproduction, xxii. see also scattering

Pugwash Conference on Science and WorldAffairs, 258–9

Dorothy Hodgkin, president of, 259Pugwash Movement, formation of, 199pulsars

discovery of, 419–21neutron stars as, 421–2

QCD. see chromodynamicsQSO. see quasarsQuakers. See Society of Friendsquantum gravity, 407, 410, 413–4, 416quantum mechanical tunneling, 367quantum mechanics, 128, 133, 180–3, 325,

339, 367, 378, 409early days, 53, 178, 186–7, 203many electron atom, self-consistent field

method, 181–3in physical chemistry, 208–9Saha ionization theory, 164solutions of, 183, 185wave functions 320

quantum statistics, autocorrelation of pions,xxii

quarkonium, S-wave states, 378






subject index 467

quarks. see also fragmentationb-quarks, 377–9, 402confinement of, 430spin, determination of, 433–4t-quarks, 379, 390, 396, 400up, down, and strange, 429

quasars, 282, 419defined and described, 287–8distant quasars observed, 345

quasi-one-dimensional organics, 316, 318

radar, 169–71, 173Radcliffe College, 62, 358. see also Society

for Intercollegiate Instructionradiation measurement, 238radiation sickness

pernicious anemia of Marie Curie, 53Pierre Curie, 51

radiationless transitions, 76radiationless transitions (Auger effect),

76–7radio amplifiers, 169–70. see also non-linear

amplifiersradio astronomy, pioneering program

of Anthony Hewish, 419–20and Martin Ryle, 423

radio telescopefirst, 419–20radio sources, 420, 421, 423

radioactive elements, 146, 232radioactive isotopes, 140

of Xenon, 24radioactive (nuclear) recoil, 66–8, 73, 75radioactivity, 44–6, 48–50, 54, 66, 69,

146of 3.5 hours half life, 141diagnostic for discovery of new

substance, 45natural decay series, 67, 75new type discovered (artificial

radioactivity), 139originates from, 49time dependence, 46

radiochemistry, 75, 80, 144, 234, 237Hahn-Meitner collaboration, 78Marie Curie initiated field, 50

radiodermatitis, 238radioimmunoassay (RIA), 140

scientific basis for, 306radioisotope, 141, 304–6, 308–9

radium, 7, 45, 67, 70, 138, 141, 146, 232attendant fame, 50Nobel Prize citation, 52radiation from, 47

Radium Institute (Paris), 144I. Joliot-Curie’s research, 142–3M. Perey, 236

Radium Institute (Vienna), 123radon, 67, 71, 138, 146, 224, 232Raman spectroscopy, 356–7, 360Ramsauer effect, 128Rayson School in New York City, 155recession velocities, 344recoiling protons, 112redshifts, 287, 344refractive index, 208, 244, 246relativity

general theory of. see General Relativity(GR)

special theory of, 335–6, 409, 433energy conservation in, 86

Research Corporation Award, 278Ricci tensor, 336–8Riemann tensor (Riem), 337–8

oscillating (observable gravitywaves), 337–8

Robert Wilson Prize, 398Romnes Faculty Award, 448Royal Danish Geodetic Institute, 105,

106Royal Greenwich Observatory, 289Royal Institution of Great Britain (RI), 194,

196, 259Royal Society (Edinburgh), 107Royal Society (Gottingen), 86Royal Society (London), 2, 3, 17–8, 21–2, 51,

174, 176, 184, 199Copley Medal, 259Council membership, 176Fellow, 176, 196, 258, 290

honorary, 107fellowship rejected because a married

woman is not a ‘person,’ 3, 21Hughes Medal, 22member, 187Royal Medal, 259vice-President, 199

Royal Society of Canada (Transactions),publication in by H. Brooks, 69

Royal Victoria College, 69






468 subject index

Rubin-Ford effect, 345Russell-Einstein Manifesto, 258

Saha theory, 159, 164sand ripples in water and air, 18, 22scattering

of high energy electrons by protons anddeuterium, 429

of high energy gamma rays (Comptoneffect), experimental verification ofKlein-Nishina formula, 77

of neutrons by hydrogen in emulsions,429

proton-proton inelastic, 377Schrodinger Prize, 123searchlights, 17–18seismological studies, 98–103. see also

waves from earthquakes, earthsemiconductors, 318, 319, 321, 359, 363

charge motion in, 316–17doped samples, 316, 317, 365silicon and germanium, 316

Sex Disqualification Removal Act, 22ships, emergency ventilation, 19sickle cell anemia, 276Sigma Xi, 322silicon. see semiconductorsSir John Leman School (Becles, Suffolk),

249SLAC, 429

SPEAR, 431evidence for jets, 432Mark I program, 437

Small Magellanic Cloud, 161Smith College, 278soap films, 151, 153–4Sobolev spaces, 338Society for Intercollegiate Instruction. see

Radcliffe CollegeSociety of Friends (Quakers), 199, 422solar activity modulation, 297–8solar flares, 299solar X-ray spectrum, 227solid-state, 195, 316, 321, 365, 377solitons, 318Somerville College, Oxford, 9, 249–50Soochow School for Girls, 277Sorbonne, 43, 50, 51, 52, 228–9, 237, 322sound, 27–30, 98–103, 254Soviet Academy of Sciences, 176

space groups, 192, 197, 242, 246description, 246and geometrical crystallography, 192International Tables for X-ray

Crystallography, 192spacetime, four-dimensional, 336SPEAR/Mark I, 436–7Special Theory of Relativity. see relativitysphygmomanometer, 15Spin and Pin groups, 326–7spin-orbit coupling, 204, 207spiral galaxies

large scale motions, 344, 345rotation curves of, 345–7, 347Rubin on, 343–8

spontaneous symmetry breaking, theorieswith, 325

consistency, 408sports, 415standard candles. see Cepheid variable starsStandard Model (elementary particles and

their interactions), 86, 386, 399–402,445

gauge particles, 442, 444gluon, 442photon, 441–2

grand unified theory (GUT), 401–2phenomenological implications,

402and gravity, 411Higgs particle, 401–3, 441

mass of 446history of, 399–400, 427, 444number of families in, 444symmetry breaking, 402

Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory(SLAC), 436. see also SLAC

Stanford University, 322, 417static disorder, 196stellar atmospheres

astronomical spectroscopy, 290–1hydrogen and helium, 159–60Payne’s doctoral thesis, 159–60Russell’s belated agreement, 160temperature of, Saha theory, 159

stellar photometryHenrietta Leavitt and, 57–8photographic magnitude scale, 57–8

steroid structure, 242–3, 243steroids, 250






subject index 469

Stockholm Appeal (against use of atomicbombs), 144

strange attractors, 172strange particles, 375, 388street lighting, 15string theory

description of, 411–12M-theory, 412, 413

strong force (particle physics), 430subatomic particles, 48, 367, 429suffrage movement, 20suffragists, militant, 22SUNY at Stony Brook, 381superconducting supercollider (SSC),

396superconductivity, 356, 362–3, 386,

416supergravity, 339, 403, 407, 409–10, 412–4,

416superpositions of waves, 180–3superstring theory, 403, 411supersymmetry, 339, 409

breaking of, 403string theory, role in, 411

surface monolayers, 151–2surface science, 36, 150surface tension

of nucleus, 78of water (with surface impurities), 37–9,

150–1symmetries

and conservation laws, 84, 86–7, 90of crystals, 44discrete, 380duality, 411gauge, 409. see also gauge groupsnucleus for study of, 280superfluous variables, 337

symmetrybreaking, 325, 402–3, 408–10effect on X-ray diffraction patterns, 192of general relativity. see general coordinate

transformationsrotational, 88time translational, 86, 88

symmetry groups, 88synchrotron, 386, 391–2. see also Tevatron

alternating gradient (AGS), 377beam extraction, resonant slow, 387Cornell, 391–4

Fermilab Main Ring, 385, 386radiation, 227, 279, 421, 434superconducting proton synchrotron

(SPS), 388, 396

τ − θ puzzle, 274–5, 276Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,

Bombay, 330tau neutrino, detected, 388teaching duties, of Marie Curie, 50Technical Institute outside Copenhagen,

322telescopes

in Burbidge’s work, 283–92Hubble space telescope (HST), 59photographic magnitude scale, 58radio telescopes, 419–20, 422, 424in Rubin’s work, 345–51

TESLA Test Facility Project (TTF), 397Tevatron, 376, 379, 385–6, 388–90, 394–6,

398, 446beam extraction, slow resonant, 387,

392–4Thatcher, Margaret, student of D. Hodgkin,

250The Dyer’s Hand, autobiography of Cecilia

Payne-Gaposchkin, 166thick molecular films, 152Thin Solid Films, issue dedicated to K. Burr

Blodgett after her death, 156Thomas Alva Edison Medal, 321thorium, 140–1, 232

decay series, 67, 75discovery of, 44, 46Nobel Prize citation 1911, 52very small content in rocks, 141

thyroid diseases, 305Tinsley Prize, 425Tom Bonner Prize, 279topology, 85, 171, 325–6transuranic elements, 77, 140, 146, 224

atomic properties of, 208spectra of, 224

tunnel effect, 129tunneling, 363, 367–8two-dimensional gas, thermodynamics of,

151

U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, 382U. S. Department of Energy, 360, 397






470 subject index

UC Berkeley (University of California,Berkeley). see under University

UCLA (University of California, LosAngeles). see under University

United Nations, 380universality class, 368–9universe, 57, 59, 158, 161–3, 278, 287, 296,

344, 348–50, 390, 414–5, 446Universite de Marseille, 339University College London, 198, 288University of

Bath, 424Berlin, 80Bristol, 187Caen, 327California

Berkeley, 24, 277, 330, 405Los Angeles, 11, 12Riverside, 438San Diego, 8, 210, 289, 350

Cambridge, 155, 250, 422Chicago, 155, 320, 358Copenhagen, 104Erlangen, 90–1Frankfurt-am-Main, Institute of Medical

Physics, 119Glasgow, 422Illinois in Urbana, 267, 307Manchester, 187Miami at Coral Gables, 122Minnesota, 299Munich, 266North Carolina, xxivNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill, 330Paris, 327–8, 339Rochester, 320, 322Southampton, 423Strasbourg, 237Texas, 331Tubingen, 132Vienna, 79, 119

II. Physical Institute, 119Wisconsin-Madison, 447

University Research Association, Fermilab,268

uranic rays, study of, 44uranium, 140

decay series, 75ore, 45. see also pitchblenderadioactivity of, 46, 48, 49

uranium-235, 78uranium project of Meitner, 77–8very small content in rocks, 141

U.S. Particle Accelerator School Prize,397

V-A theory of weak interactions, 377Van der Pol equation, 170–1, 170–5, xx

aperiodic solutions, xxitopological structure of aperiodic

solutions, 171Variable Moment of Inertia model, 264variable stars. see also Cepheid variable

starseclipsing variables, 160, 161light curves of, 162–3in our galaxy, 161in Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), 161

Vassar College, 348, 446velocity anisotropy, 344–5velocity fields, 345, 350vitamin B12, 241, 247–9, 253, 255, 257vortices, 18

in water and air, 18–19

W. K. H. Panofsky Prize, 437W and Z bosons, 395, 445

four jet events, 445line shape of Z, 442

W bosons, 395, 444Ward identities, 89water surface, 40

surface tension, 37–8water waves, 18, 39waveguides, 317–8waves from earthquakes, 103–4. see also

earthweak interactions, 89, 274–6, 280, 375–6,

378, 408, 410, 444weather, unpredictable in precise

mathematical sense, 173. see alsochaos theory

Weizmann Women and Science Award, 352Wellesley College, 32white lines, 225Wilson cloud chamber, 145, 146Wolf Prize from the State of Israel, 279work without pay

L. Meitner, 79M. Curie, 51






subject index 471

Maria Goeppert MayerMarietta Blau

World War I, 18–9, 53, 79World War II, 152, 199

work interrupted by, 110K. Lonsdale jailed, 199

Worldwide Standardized SeismographicNetwork, 102

XANES (X-ray Absorption Near EdgeStructures), 225

xenon, 272Xerox Presidential Prize, 321Xerox Wilson Research Center, 321–2X-ray

beam, monochromatic andconvergent, 222

diffraction, 192, 224, 247, 257effect of crystal symmetry, 192, 247

optics, 222solar, 222spectra

by reflected radiation, 225–7of transuranic elements, 224

spectroscopy, 222–5, 228X-ray crystallography, 240–3, 246–7, 249,

277phase problem, 246

X-ray diffraction patterns, 192, 195, 215,241–2, 249–50

X-ray spectrum, 227X-ray training, by I. Joliot-Curie for nurses

during WWI, 142

Yalow-Berson method, 304Yukawa potential, 207

Z bosons, 395, 444






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